Conus racemosus Sowerby iii, 1874

Pictures: Picture Link: Holotype in NMWC Mike Filmer

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Unnumbered (41), pt. 3,721, p. 59, fig. 11Type Locality: Sandwich Isl. Uncertain, (Hawaii), (corrected erroneously), (da Motta) MadagascarType Data: Holotype in NMWC Type Size: 55 x 29 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A form of Conus pennaceus Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Darioconus Species:-pennaceus f. racemosusSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:Habitat: Description: scattered white tetns and dots.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus rachelae Petuch, 1988

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer

Published in: Neo. Hist. Trop. Amer. Moll., p. 159, pl. 36, f. 3 & 4Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Golfo de Triste, Venezuela; 35 m; correction by Petuch 2013: from 100 m depth off Boca Araguao, Orinoco River Delta, Venezuela.Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 24 x 12 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-rachelae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-VenezuelaHabitat:-Found at depths around 35 mDescription:-Source: Original descriptionShell short, squat, with slightly rounded sides; shoulder sharply-angled with distinct, raised carina; shell polished, glossy, with numerous large, raised, faintly-pustulated spiral cords; anterior 1/3 of shell sculptured with wide, deeply-impressed spiral sulci; spire whorls slightly canaliculate; aperture narrow; shell color pale yellow-tan with 3 wide bands of large, orange-

brown rectangular blotches; rectangular blotches aligned in vertical rows; pustulated spiral cords with small, orange-brown dot between each pustule; spire whorls with large, evenly-spaced, crescent-shaped flammules; carina with alternating white and orange-brown dashes, corresponding to end of spire flammule.Discussion:- Conus rachelae is a very distinctive little shell, not resembling any other Caribbean species. The closest species to C. rachelae is C. penchaszadehi Petuch, 1986 from the Gulf of Venezuela and the outer coast of the Goajira Peninsula of Colombia. Conus penchaszadehi differs from C. rachelae in having a more rounded, noncarinated shoulder, in having much finer sculpturing composed of spiral threads instead of pustulated cords, and in having a color pattern of uninterrupted orange bands instead of rectangular patches.

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Conus radiatus Gmelin, 1791

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Martini (1773, pl. 53, fig. 584) Picture Link: Paul KerstenPicture Link: Solomon Island variety Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Syst. Nat. 13th ed. Vol. 1, pt, p. 3386 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: not known, designated (Delsaerdt) Island of Luzon, PhilippinesType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Martini (1773, pl. 53 fig. 584)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Phasmoconus Species:-radiatus Synonyms:- martinianus Reeve, 1844Geographic Range:-Philippines - New Guinea - FijiHabitat:-In 10- 30 m; on mud and muddy sand bottoms Description:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl narrowly conoid-cylindrical, conoid-cylindrical or ventricosely conical; outline convex at adapical third, less so or straight below. Shoulder subangulate or rounded. Spire low, outline concave to straight. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with a pronounced subsutural ridge and 1 increasing to 6-8 spiral grooves; additional spiral striae on last ramp. Last whorl with variably spaced and wide axially striate spiral grooves on basal third to half; grooves separating broad ribbons adapically and narrower ribbons and ribs near base.Last whorl beige to dark brown, sometimes shaded with pale violet, often with a narrow white or grey spiral band at shoulder and less frequently with irregularly arranged white to bluish grey axial streaks. Larval shell beige. Teleoconch sutural ramps white or grey to dark brown,

occasionally shaded with violet, often bicoloured or maculated dark and light; colour of spire may contrast with colour of last whorl. Aperture white, sometimes tinged with brown or violet.Shell Morphometry L 30-109 mm RW 0.12-0.55 g/mm RD 0.48-0.61 PMD 0.74-0.82 RSH 0.05-0.11Discussion:- There is a remarkable variability in adult size within C. radiatus. In the Solomon Is., adults are moderately small to medium-sized, while in Taiwan, Philippines and Papua New Guinea, the average adult size in most populations is 60-90 mm.

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Conus rainesae McGinty, 1953

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in FMNH C. Meyer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Not. Nat. (Phila.), no. 249, p. 1, f. 1 Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: 150 mi. Northeast of Progreso, Yucatan, Mexico; 33 fathomsType Data: Holotype in FMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 24.7 x 8.2 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Dalliconus Species:-rainesae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W. Florida, USA - Mexico; BrazilHabitat:-Moderately deep around 35 fathomsDescription:-Source Walls original descriptionVery thin and light in weight, fragile, with a good gloss; elongate biconical, the sides nearly straight then tapering to very narrow base; body whorl with numerous flat spiral ribs basally and extending midbody; ribs separated by narrower grooves containing fine axial threads; posterior third smooth; shoulder broad, carinate, smooth; spire tall, sharply pointed, the sides slightly concave; spire whorls slightly concave to flat above, weakly carinate, early 3-5 whorls with fine nodules becoming obsolete. Body whorl creamy white to pale straw/orange covered with 10-15 spiral rows of squarish reddish brown spots evenly spaced sometimes fusing into one or two bands; base often stained pale brown; spire whitish, covered with bright reddish brown spots axially elongated; aperture very narrow, uniform; outer lip thin and fragile, slightly convex; mouth white; columella internalDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus ramalhoi Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils, 1986

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMSA Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Basteria 50, p. 103, fig. 705Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Angoche, Mozambique; on muddy sand.Type Data: Holotype in NMSA deposited and catalogued Type Size: 31.7 x 10.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus elegans Sowerby iii, 1895Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Fusiconus Species:-elegans ramalhoi subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Natal to MozambiqueHabitat:-C. e. ramalhoi in shallow water, on sheltered muddy sand flatsDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. elegansSurface sculpture weaker in C. e. ramalhoi.Ground colour light violet in C. e. ramalhoi. In C. e. ramalhoi, last whorl sometimes with a few brown blotches near centre and up to 16 evenly spaced spiral rows of variably numerous and arranged reddish brown dots, from base to shoulder. Larval shell white or light brown. In C. e. ramalhoi, postnuclear sutural ramps with scattered light brown blotches; late ramps often with regularly spaced brown dots at both margins, regularly set below suture. Aperture orange to violet-brown in C. e. ramalhoi.Shell Morphometry L 24-40 mm RW 0.02-0.11 g/mm RD 0.41-0.47 PMD 0.77-0.85 (- 0.93 in subadults) RSH 0.18-0.28 C. e. ramalhoi: Mozambique, Natal; surface sculpture weak; light violet base; usually with few brown blotches near centre and about 16 evenly spaced spiral rows of variably numerous reddish brown dots; aperture orange to violet brownDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus ranonganus da Motta, 1978

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Natural Study (Thai). 2, no. 1, seq. 7, p. 8, figsOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Ranong, southwest of Thailand into Bay of Bengal; 40-80 fathomsType Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 78.5 x 26 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-ranonganaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Andaman Sea -- Burma; SolomonsHabitat:-Found at depths of 70-150 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately large to large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl narrowly conoid-cylindrical; outline slightly convex at adapical third, almost straight below. Aperture somewhat wider at base than near shoulder; siphonal fasciole prominent. Shoulder subangulate. Spire of moderate height, outline straight to slightly concave. Larval shell of about 3.25 whorls, maximum diameter 0.7-0.8 mm. About first 4 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 1 increasing to 5-8 spiral grooves. Last whorl with widely spaced spiral grooves on basal half; intervening ribbons rather weak, with or without a median groove; spiral sculpture less prominent in shells from Solomon Is.Ground colour white to cream, often partially suffused with pink or tan. In Andaman Sea shells, last whorl with closely set spiral rows of brown to reddish brown axial dashes following spiral ribbons basally; lineate pattern extending on shoulder ramp. Paler brown spots and flecks forming 3 interrupted spiral bands, below shoulder, just above centre and within basal third. Solomon Island shells with rather broad, straight to wavy, continuous axial lines from shoulder ramp to base. Siphonal fasciole and notch white in shells from Solomon Islands, white to cream or pink in shells from Andaman Sea. Apex immaculate white. Late sutural ramps with brown radial lines. Aperture white to pale pink, pink in subadults.Shell Morphometry L 75-95 mm RW 0.16-0.35 g/mm RD 0.40-0.44 PMD 0.77-0.80 RSH 0.15-0.22Discussion:-C. ranonganus may be similar to C. australis and C. armadillo. The latter species are heavier (C. australis of 80 mm: RW 0.50 g/mm; C. armadillo of 70 mm: RW 0.40 g/mm) and have broader last whorls (RD 0.44-0.56 in C. australis, 0.51-0.57 in C. armadillo). C. australis differs additionally in its more prominent and often granulose spiral sculpture of the last

whorl including spiral ribs, C. armadillo in its ventricosely conical last whorl with spiral ribbons from base to shoulder that are usually granulose basally.----------

Conus raoulensis Powell, 1958

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in ZMUC Mike Filmer Picture Link: Eric Monnier

Published in: Rec. Auckl. Inst. Mus. V, no. 1, 2, p. 83, pl. 9, f. 1Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Raoul Is., Kermadec Is.; 75-85 mType Data: Holotype in ZMUC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 18 x 9.4 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: According to Filmer a synonym form of Conus howelli Iredale, 1929Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Endemoconus Species:-howelli raoulensis formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Norfolk Island - KermadecHabitat:-Found at depths of 40-300 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeSmall, light to moderately light. Last whorl conical to broadly conical, sometimes ventricosely conical to broadly and ventricosely conical; outline slightly convex; left side slightly concave near base. Shoulder angulate, tuberculate. Spire of moderate height to high, stepped; outline straight to slightly concave. Larval shell of about 4 whorls, maximum diameter 1 - 1.1 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave with arcuate radial threads. Last whorl with strongly granulose spiral ribs and some intermittent smooth ribs.Ground colour white to pink. Last whorl with 3 spiral bands of yellow to orange blotches leaving ground colour zones below shoulder, on both sides of centre and at base, and often with indistinct brown axial lines. Occasionally, orange blotches covering the entire last whorl except for some irregular ground colour spots. Postnuclear sutural ramps with sparse orange or yellow radial streaks or flecks. Aperture pale pink.Discussion:-Strongly sculptured subadult specimens of C. howelli are very similar to adult specimens of C. raoulensis. The latter species is smaller (L 16-22 mm), has a generally broader last whorl (RD 0.67-0.76), and its last whorl pattern usually includes indistinct instead of prominent axial lines. Filmer considers C. raoulensis a synonym form of C. howelli.

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Conus raphanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:.Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers., Vol. 1 p. 722Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Indian OceanType Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 61 x 31 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-magus raphanus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Indonesia, PhilippinesHabitat:-Intertidal and upper subtidal. A sand-dweller on coral reef and in sheltered bays, often beneath rocks and dead coral.Description:- C. raphanus: shell relatively solid. Last whorl conical, usually more inflated below shoulder in adult specimens than in other forms of C. magus. Ground colour white. Pattern consists of yellow to light brown spiral bands, brown axial streaks of varying prominence, and dotted yellow to brown spiral lines either on entire last whorl or restricted to colour bands. Known from various localities in Indonesia and Philippines.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus rattus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Tableau Enc. (1798, pl. 338, fig. 7) Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers., Vol. 1, p. 700Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: America [erroneous]Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Tableau (1798, pl. 338, fig. 7)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rhizoconus Species:-rattus Synonyms:- taitensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; chemnitzii Dillwyn, 1817; viridis Sowerby ii, 1857; semivelatus Sowerby iii, 1882Geographic Range:-E. Africa - Polynesia

Habitat:-On intertidal benches and subtidal reef platforms, to about 15 m, occupying exposed as well as sheltered sites.Description:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical to broadly and sometimes broadly and ventricosely conical; outline variably convex at adapical third to three-fourths, left side concave below. Shoulder angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline slightly convex to concave. Larval shell of 3 or more whorles, maximum diameter 0.6-0.8 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 2-3 increasing to 3-6 spiral grooves. Last whorl with variably prominent fine spiral ribs at base, gradually obsolete adapically.Ground colour bluish white to greyish blue. Last whorl overlaid ?ith various shades of olive, brown or orangish brown, leaving a broad interrupted spiral ground-colour band below shoulder and another obsolete to broad one at centre. Solid darker brown spiral lines may extend from base to subshoulder area; on some portions of last whorl, brown spiral lines articulated with white dots producing a speckled appearance. Uniformly dark brown shells intergrade with shells with numerous white dots and blotches. Base violet or dark brown. Larval whorls and some adjacent sutural ramps often pale yellow. Later sutural ramps with olive or brown radial markings on white ground. Aperture violet, in large shells variably overlaid with white deep within.Shell Morphometry L 30-63 mm RW 0.24-0.73 g/mm (L 30-54 mm) RD 0.59-0.76 PMD 0.78-0.90 RSH 0.05-0.14Discussion:-C. rattus is similar to C. balteatus in shape and colouration of the shell. However, that latter species is distinguished by the tuberculate shoulder of its shell and its brownish red animal. C. taitensis refers to largely dark brown shells from French Polynesia, but such specimens also occur in Philippines. C. semivelatus refers to a subadult specimen from the Red Sea lacking the extensive white dots and blotches. C. viridis is synonym (see Wils, 1986). However, these specimens co-occur with shells heavily speckled with white (Sharabati, 1984). Smaller subadults from the Red Sea often have a dark violet-blue ground colour anterior to the bluish white subshoulder band and lack the yellow apex.

Conus rattus f. taitensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Tableau Enc. (1798, pl. 336, fig. 9) Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers., Vol. 1, p. 713Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific

Type Locality: TahitiType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Tableau (1798, pl. 336, fig. 9)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus rattus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rhizoconus Species:-rattus taitensis formaSynonyms:- taheitensis Reeve, 1843; tahitiensis Dautzenberg, 1933Geographic Range:-C & W PacificHabitat:-On intertidal benches and subtidal reef platforms, to about 15 m, occupying exposed as well as sheltered sites.Description:- form taitensis: Marquesas, broadly conical with straight sides shoulders wide, sharply angled, the spire low/flat; body color dark brown with white restricted to small blotches at midbody and shoulder; anterior ridges weak axial threads on spire whorls heavyDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus raulsilvai Rolán, Monteiro & Fernandes, 1998

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia xxx, no. 286, p. 36, figs. Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Maio Is., Cape Verde; 0.5-1.5 mType Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 19.7 x 11.2 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-raulsilvai Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Maio, Cape VerdeHabitat:-Found under large rocks resting on a rocky bottom, at about 0.5 to 1.5 m. depthDescription:-Source original descriptionSmall smooth shell with a flat to low spire, which is usually somewhat eroded in adult specimens, with a slightly concave profile. The lip is thin and straight. The background color of the shell is a very yellowish brown on which numerous close-set darker brown axial lines are superimposed in a darker pattern. These lines can be seen clearly only under magnification. In younger animals as well as in the more light-colored ones, two narrow spiral bands of a whitish shade are usually present, leaving a darker region as a wider central band; as a whole, the shell often appears to be spirally banded in lighter and darker brownish shades. A few white spots can occasionally be found about mid-body and along the shoulder. The spire whorls present two to

four (quite often three) grooves, which can be weak to quite deep. Occasionally, a deeper groove is followed by a weaker one.The interior of the aperture is white, but in some of the darker specimens-and also in the younger ones because they have thinner shells-the outer-banded pattern shows through and a darker purplish central band can be observed inside the aperture.Discussion:-The original comparison is based largely on radular features. The shell has a distinct pattern of yellow brown base with the impression of bands of light/dark brown.

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Conus rawaiensis da Motta, 1978

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Natural Study (Thai). 2, no. 1, seq. 7, p. 8, figs. Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Raya Is., Phuket, Thailand; 25-40 mType Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 39 x 23 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rhizoconus Species:-rawaiensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W. Thailand; Sri LankaHabitat:-In 25-40 m; on sand bottom with rocksDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl conical or broadly conical, sometimes ventricosely conical; outline convex adapically, less so or straight towards base. Shoulder angulate. Spire of moderate height, outline deeply concave. Larval Shell multispiral, maximum diameter 0.8-0.9 mm. First 4-6 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 1 increasing to 3-4 spiral grooves. Last whorl smooth or with variably granulose spiral ribs extending varying distance from base, occasionally to shoulder.Colour orange, often lighter at base of last whorl. In smaller specimens, last whorl often with a pale or distinct yellow spiral band at centre. Larval shell white. First 4-5 postnuclear sutural ramps white; later ramps may have brown axial blotches in subadults. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 25-48 mm RW 0.10-0.37 g/mm RD 0.65-0.72 PMD 0.83-0.95 RSH 0.12-0.19Discussion:-

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Conus recluzianus Bernardi, 1853

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in LMD Alan Kohn Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: J. Conchyl. 4, p. 148, pl. 6, f. 6Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: China SeasType Data: Holotype in LMD deposited and catalogued Type Size: 58.5 x 28 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kioconus Species:-recluzianus Synonyms:- gloriakiiensis Kuroda & Ito, 1961; urashimanus Kuroda & Ito, 1961; simanoki Tenorio, Poppe, Tagaro, 2007Geographic Range:-Japan - Queensland, AustraliaHabitat:-Found at depths of 25-250 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeUsually conical, and rarely ventricosely conical in form urashimanus; outline variably convex at adapical fourth, straight below. Shoulder angulate and undulate to tuberculate, the undulations or tubercles evenly spaced; Spire low, outline concave to somewhat sigmoid; Larval shell of 3-3.25 whorls, maximum diameter 0.8-1.0 mm. About first 1.5 postnuclear whorls variably tuberculate; following whorls undulate. More strongly so toward shoulder. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 1-2 increasing to 4-7 spiral grooves. weaker in late whorls. Last whorl with spiral ribs at base and a few widely spaced weak elevations above. Ground colour white to pale brown, or violet; Last whorl with a broad yellow to brown spiral band on each side of centre, solid or interrupted and either distinct or merging with adjacent areas; apical band may extend to shoulder. Larval whorls brown. Teleoconch sutural ramps with brown radial markings; immaculate spires intergrade with heavily maculated ones. Aperture white, often tinged with violet.Shell Morphometry L 45-80 mm RW 0.14-0.73 g/mm (L 45-79 mm) RD 0.50-0.60 PMD 0.85-0.96 (-f. urashimanus rarely to 0.83) RSH 0.02-0.10Discussion:-The holotype of C. recluzianus has faded yellow spiral bands and closely resembles specimens described as C. gloriakiiensis, although it lacks the brown spots at the apical edge of

the central ground-colour band and its last whorl is somewhat narrower (0.52 vs. 0.53-0.60). Specimens conforming to the description of C. urashimanus have a rather uniform violet-brown colouration with often discontinuous darker brown spiral bands; their shoulder is sometimes distinctly tuberculate. Form gloriakiiensis and form urashimanus occur sympatrically from Japan to Taiwan, attain the highest relative weight, and are inseparable by soft part characters (Ninoimiya, pers. comm., 1983). Indian Ocean shells are comparatively light and have distinct brown or orange-brown spiral bands on a white ground. Shells from Australia are similar to those from Taiwan.

Conus recluzianus f. gloriakiiensis Kuroda & Ito, 1961

Pictures:Picture Link: Paratype & Holotype in KIMN (Shell Museum) Mike Filmer

Published in: Venus Vol. xxi, no. 3, p. 248, pl. 17, f. 6 & 7Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Nada, Gobo, Kii Peninsula, Japan.Type Data: Holotype was in KIMN (Shell Museum) and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 51.7 x 21.7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus recluzianus Bernardi, 1853Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kioconus Species:-recluzianus gloriakiiensis formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-JapanHabitat:-Found at depths of 25-250 mDescription:- C. gloriakiiensis is used by collectors for white or brightly colored shellsDiscussion:-No Data

Conus recluzianus simanoki Tenorio, Poppe, Tagaro, 2007

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Bill Fenzan Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Visaya 2 (2), 78 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: N. W. ThailandType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 81.3 x 44.3 mmNomenclature: An available name

Taxonomy: Subspecies of Conus recluzianus Bernardi, 1853Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kioconus Species:-recluzianus simanoki subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-ThailandHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source: Original descriptionShell conical in shape, porcellaneous in texture. Last whorl straight; aperture narrow, becoming wider below midwhorl. Shoulder angulate and heavily undulate. Spire low to very low, suturual ramps striaght to slightly concave with 4 strong spiral striae and very fine growth threads. Base color white with purple hue. Pattern of large axial blotches or streaks. The irregular yellow to dark brown blotches are set in two spiral rows. Spire with axial blotches same colour as those on whorl. Basal part of columella white or cream. The main differences from C. recluzianus are larger size, more prominent undulation on shoulder and a larger and broader siphonal canal.Discussion:-No Data

Conus recluzianum f. urashimanus Kuroda & Ito, 1961

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in collection Teramachi Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Venus Vol. xxi, no. 3, p. 249, pl. 17, f. 13 & 14Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Nada, Gobo, Kii Peninsula, Japan.Type Data: Holotype was in collection Teramachi and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 70 x 37.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus recluzianus Bernardi, 1853Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kioconus Species:-recluzianus urashimanus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Japan - PhilippinesHabitat:-Found at depths of 50-250 m.Description:-Source Living ConidaeUsually conical, and rarely ventricosely conical in form urashimanus; outline variably convex at adapical fourth, straight below; Specimens conforming to the description of C. urashimanus have a rather uniform violet-brown colouration with often discontinuous darker brown spiral bands; their shoulder is sometimes distinctly tuberculate.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus recurvus Broderip & Sowerby, 1833

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1833, p. 54Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: Monte Christi, ColombiaType Data: Lectotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 51 x 23 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-recurvus Synonyms:- thaanumi Schwengel, 1955Geographic Range:-Baja California, Mexico - Peru; GalapagosHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Extract IconographyNormal length is between 40 and 60 mm. Shell shape is variable. The body whorl is narrowly elongated conical in shape in large shells. Smaller specimens are less elongated. The spire is elevated but not scalariform, conical in profile. Sutural ramps are flat to slightly concave in cross section. The shoulders are angular. Sides are flat except for the shoulder region where they are slightly convex. The protoconch is paucispiral. Color pattern is variable but rather simple. It consists of various shades of brown over a white ground color. The anterior end is white. The interior of the aperture is white. The spire is often marked by crescent-shaped brown blotches. These are the same color shade as the markings on the body whorl. The anal notch is deep. The body whorl is usually smooth except for a few sulci near the anterior end.Discussion:-C. recurvus and C. regularis can be separated by body shape (elongated in G. recurvus and more conical in G. regularis) and aperture coloration (white in G. recurvus and brown in G. regularis).

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Conus reductaspiralis Walls, 1979

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in DMNH Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Pariah no. 5, p. 5Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Geraldton, W. AustraliaType Data: Holotype in DMNH deposited and catalogued

Type Size: 33.4 x 18.3 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kioconus Species:-reductaspiralis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W. Australia, N. W. Cape to Cape LevequeHabitat:-Intertidal 30 mDescription:- Last whorl usually conical outline almost evenly straight or grading to convex at adapical fourth to third. Shoulder sharply angulate to carinate, less so in large specimens. Spire of low.Ground colour white. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry RD - 0.56- 0.70;- thevenardensis 0.63- 0.71RSH -0.05- 0.20;- thevenardensis 0.04- 0.14Discussion:-In RKK seen as a form of Conus nielsenae. Now raised to the status of a valid species. Thevenardensis is also seen as a valid species now.

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Conus regenfussi Dautzenberg, 1937

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in IRSN Mike Filmer

Published in: Mem. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg. ii, fasc. 18, p. 120, pl. II, f. 6Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: AmboinaType Data: Holotype in IRSN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 52.6 x 23.8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus generalis Linnaeus, 1767Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name regenfussi

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Conus regius Gmelin, 1791

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Martini (1773, pl. 62, fig. 684) Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Syst. Nat. 13th ed., Vol. 1, pt, p. 3379Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Jaimanitas, Cuba designated Clench 1942Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Martini (1773, pl. 62, fig. 684)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Stephanoconus Species:-regius Synonyms:- citrinus Gmelin, 1791; leucostictus Gmelin, 1791; nebulosus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; coronacivica Röding, 1798; spurius Röding, 1798; gadesi Espinosa & Ortega, 2005Geographic Range:-Georgia; S. Florida; W. Indies; BrazilHabitat:-Moderately deepDescription:-Source WallsModerately light in weight, with a low gloss; ovately low conical, the upper sides convex then straight/concave to base; body whorl with dozen widely spaced narrow spiral ridges often to midbody; ridges with fine to large granules; whorl may be rough; shoulder broad, roundly angulate, with heavy rounded coronations; spire low/high, blunt, deeply concave, the early whorls forming thick rounded cone; early spire whorls often fuse; all whorls coronate, usually concave above; body whorl white to straw, usually heavily covered with brown to olive, sometimes yellowish/reddish, blotches around clearer midbody; blotches tend to fuse leaving base and midbody and whitish blotches below shoulder on darker specimens; fine spiral lines of dark brown interrupted by small white dots encircled with brown, somewhere in pattern; pale areas often crosshatched by brown lines; spire heavily mottled with brown or body color on later whorls; early whorls white with few flecks; aperture moderately narrow, uniform; outer lip thickened, straight/concave; mouth bluish white (juveniles violet patch); columella internal;C. r. citrinus is totally yellow or orange shell, the spire white or sometimes patterned;C. gadesi is based on the description of a juvenile shellDiscussion:-No Data

Conus regius f. citrinus Gmelin, 1791

Pictures:Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Syst. Nat. 13th ed. Vol. 1, pt, p. 3389Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: CuraçaoType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Martini (1773, pl. 61, fig. 681)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus regius Gmelin, 1791Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Stephanoconus Species:-regius citrinus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonyms

Geographic Range:-Netherlands Antilles; Virgin Islands; C. BrazilHabitat:-Shallow to deepDescription:-Source WallsC. r. citrinus is totally yellow or orange shell, the spire white or sometimes patternedDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus regonae Rolán & Trovão in Rolán, 1990

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Iberus Sup. 2, pl. 1, f. 3, pl. 2, f. 3, pl. 3, f. D, pl Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Bahia de Palmeira, Isla de Sal, Cape Verde Is.; 2-4 mType Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 32.7 x 19 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-regonae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Sal, Cape Verde IslandsHabitat:-Found among rocks on bottom of stones with scattered sand and between 2 and 4 m of depthDescription:-Source Original descriptionMorphology of the seashell. The maximum length of the majority of the specimens studied is between 12 and 22 mm. The largest specimens can reach 33 mm. The silhouette is the common one of the other Sal island species although the shoulder can be a little more obtuse. The spire a little elevated, sharp in the apex when not affected by frequent erosion; not stepped, striated and with dark color interrupted by some white spots. The coloring of the shell is dark brown , a color that emphasizes and dominates on the white body. The pattern has two characteristic dark zones, a band under the shoulder and another zone in the lower part that includes the base; between them, there is one more clear zone in which wavy axial lines come together forming brown and clear areas . There is one more clear zone on the lower half of the last whorl, almost a colorless band. This pattern is quite constant although there exists some variability in its areas of distribution. Thus, the north copies are smaller and have more definite axial lines and, frequently, a brown band less marked anteriorly. Toward the South, some specimens come totally dark with few white areas. The interior of the aperture is blue/white where the whorl is well developed but, frequently, has some visible dark zone by transparency. The columella is white or violet with intermediate tones according to the pigmentation of the seashell. The periostracum is somewhat

yellow, matt and somewhat transparent.Discussion:-

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Conus regularis Sowerby ii, 1833

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Conch Ill (1833, Pt. 29, fig. 29 ) Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Conch. Illus. pt. 29, f. 29Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: None; Bay of Nicoya, Central America (in Thes. Conch. 3) and Panama (Cuming), (West coast).Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Sowerby i (183, Pt. 29, fig. 29 )Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-regularis Synonyms:- incurvus Sowerby ii, 1833; syriacus Sowerby ii, 1833; ferrugatus Sowerby ii, 1834; angulatus A. Adams, 1854; magdalenensis Bartsch & Rehder, 1939Geographic Range:-Baja California, Mexico - PeruHabitat:-Sand and rubble from intertidal to 100 mDescription:-Source Extract IconographyAdult length is between 30 and 55 mm. Shell shape is fairly constant. The body whorl is conical in shape. The spire is only moderately elevated and not scalariform, concave in profile. Sutural ramps are flat in cross section. The shoulders are angular. Sides are almost flat except for the shoulder region where they are more convex. Cords are usually absent. An occasional specimen will have one or two cords that are only just barely developed. Nodules are present only in the earliest whorls and these are actually flutes along the shoulder angle rather than well-marked hemispherical nodules. They become absent in early middle whorls. The protoconch is paucispiral. Color pattern is variable. It consists of various shades of brown over a white ground color. These brown markings are variable in pattern and color shade. When extensively developed, there may be two bands of brown to tan longitudinal blotches. A lighter colored area separates these bands at midbody. There are also spiral lines of brown or tan dashes and spots. These are usually the same color shade as the blotches. The lines are usually interrupted but they are fairly thick along the longitudinal axis. At the minimum, the brown coloration is reduced to these lines alone with no brown bands or other longitudinal markings . This is the most frequent color pattern observed. The anterior end is white. The interior of the aperture is most often brown or purple-brown but in some specimens it is white. Specimens with white colored apertures tend to be those collected in deeper water. The spire is often marked by crescent-shaped brown blotches. These are the same color shade as the markings on the body whorl. The anal notch is deep. There is no anterior notch. The body whorl is usually smooth except for a few sulci near

the anterior end.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus remo Brazier, 1898

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in SAMA Mike Filmer

Published in: Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 22, p. 271Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: San Remo, Victoria, AustraliaType Data: Lectotype in SAMA deposited and catalogued Type Size: 35 x 17.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus anemone Lamarck, 1810Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Floraconus Species:-anemone remo formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-South Australia and Victoria (Cotton: Port Macdonnell to Western Port)Habitat:- Description:-Source Living Conidae C anemoneC. a. remo color form splashed with bright orange from S Australia.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus renateae Calliez, 1993

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN Mike Filmer

Published in: La Conchiglia 25, p. 51, f. 1, 4 & 8Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Jolly-Boy Island, Eastern Indian OceanType Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 39.9 x 21 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus nobilis Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Eugeniconus Species:-nobilis renateae subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Habitat:-In 1 to 10 m; on sand bottom with Foraminifera, where water is clear and with slight currents.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. nobilisC. n. renatae from the Andaman and Nicobar Is. shows a fairly regular light to dark brown network with rather large white tents or blotches and rather few brown blotches; the spiral rows of alternating darker brown and white markings are sparse and highly interruptedDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus retifer Menke, 1829

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Verzeichn. Conch.-Sammlung Malsburg, p. 68Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: NoneType Data: There is no known specimenNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Cylinder Species:-retifer Synonyms:- solidus Sowerby ii, 1841 Geographic Range:-Mozambique to Tanzania, to Hawaii and French Polynesia.Habitat:-Intertidal to about 40 m, less frequent below 15 m; from intertidal benches to the outer side of coral reefs, inhabiting sand, rubble, algal turf, dead as well as living coral and caves.Description:-Source Living Conidae.Moderately small to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical to ovate or slightly pyriform; outline strongly convex adapically, straight to concave below, more concave on left side. Shoulder rounded to almost indistinct. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to convex or slightly sigmoid. Larval shell of about 3.25 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.8 mm. First 5-6 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly convex, with 1 increasing to 4-7 spiral grooves; additional spiral striae on latest ramps. Last whorl with prominent spiral ribs basally and weak to obsolete spiral ribs or ribbons above.Ground colour white to pale pink. Last whorl usually with 2 broad yellowish brown spiral bands leaving 3 zones of reticulated fine brown lines, at centre, at base, and below shoulder. Brown areas interspersed with blackish brown axial lines and streaks. Shells with sparse tents and prominent blackish brown axial streaks intergrade with shells with fine reticulation and light brown spiral bands. Larval whorls and first 1-4 postnuclear sutural ramps immaculate pale pink. Following ramps matching last whorl in colour pattern. Aperture white, bluish white or light pink.Shell Morphometry L 27-69 mm RW 0.15-0.37 g/mm

(L 35-54 mm) RD 0.57-0.70 PMD 0.72-0.82 RSH 0.11-0.17Discussion:-C. retifer has a generally broader last whorl (RD 0.57-0.70) than C. legatus with a somewhat bulbous subshoulder area, a greater number of tuberculate postnuclear whorls (5-6), and prominent spiral sculpture on its late sutural ramps.

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Conus richardbinghami Petuch, 1993

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in CMNH Alan Kohn Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia xxiv, no. 265, p. 11, f. 16 & 17Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: South of Cat Cay, Great Bahama Bank; 20 mType Data: Holotype in CMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 35 x 19 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Purpuriconus Species:-richardbinghami Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Great Bahama BankHabitat:-Found in sand and coral to 20 mDescription:-Source: original descriptionShell slightly elongated, thin. with widest part just below shoulder; spire flattened. with early whorls slightly projecting; protoconch small mamillate, exerted shoulder distinctly angled, ornamented with large rounded coronations; shoulder of body whorl averaging 15 coronations; body whorl smooth, polished, shiny, very faintly ornamented with extremely numerous undulating microscopic longitudinal growth lines; anterior tip encircled by 7-8 low, rounded cords; aperture narrow; shell colour bright red or bright reddish-orange with thin band of white flammules around midbody and second band of white flammules just below shoulder; spire whorls bright red with scattered large white flammules; white spire flammules extend onto shoulder. producing occasional white coronation; protoconch and early whorls bright red; interior of aperture pink, turning pinkish-white deeper inside; animal bright red; periostracum transparent yellow, with few scattered hairs on body whorl and more numerous tufts on spire whorls.Discussion:- Tucker comments: The color pattern of this species is quite striking. Most specimens are extremely bright red in coloration. They then have remarkable bright opaque white markings on this striking red color. Some Purpuriconus. cardinalis have the same shades of red but not the

white markings. Besides the coloration most P. richardbinghamae have depressed often nearly flat spires.

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Conus richardsae Röckel & Korn, 1992

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMC Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Acta Conchyliorum 3, p. 16, pl. 3, f. 1-7Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Bohol, Philippines.Type Data: Holotype in NMC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 36.5 x 14 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus luteus Sowerby i, 1833 or possibly a valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Leporiconus Species:-luteus richardsae subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines;Habitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. luteusModerately small to medium-sized, light to moderately light. Last whorl narrowly conoid-cylindrical to conoid-cylindrical or narrowly conical to conical, narrower in C. l. richardsae. In C. l. richardsae, larval shell of 3- 3.5 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.95 mm.Ground colour reddish violet in C. l. richardsae. In C. l. richardsae, last whorl with 3 spiral bands of brown axial clouds, below shoulder and on both sides of centre; dashed spiral lines from base almost to the shoulder. In C. l. richardsae, sutural ramps grey to reddish violet with brown radial blotches. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry RD - (--C. l. richardsae 0.42-0.48;) PMD - (-C. l. richardsae 0.76-0.94;) RSH 0.13-0.21 Form C. l. richardsae Philippines; narrower, ground color reddish violet with 3 spiral bands of brown axial clouds and dashed spriral lines from base to shoulder; apex darker and spire grey to reddish violet with brown radial blotchesDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus richeri Richard & Moolenbeek, 1988

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Venus Vol. xlvii, no. 4, p. 233, pl. 1, figs. 1-5, 10Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Lagoon nord, New caledonia; 225 mType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 47.9 x 22.4 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-richeri Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-New Caledonia; Chesterfield IslandsHabitat:-Found at depths of 70-400 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical; outline slightly convex. Shoulder angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.8 mm. First 5-6 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, concave in last whorls, with 2 increasing to 5 spiral grooves gradually disappearing on last ramps. Last whorl smooth except for a few spiral ribs near base.Ground colour white. Last whorl with10-20 spiral rows of orange to reddish brown blotches alternating with white. Larval whorls and adjacent 2 teleoconch sutural ramps white. Following ramps with brown radial blotches. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 36-54 mm RW 0.14-0.40 g/mm RD 0.51-0.62 PMD 0.76-0.84 RSH 0.16-0.26Discussion:-

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Conus riosi Petuch, 1986

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MORG Mike Filmer

Published in: Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xcix, .no. 1, p. 10, f. & 8Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil; Trawled 50 m.Type Data: Holotype in MORG deposited and catalogued

Type Size: 54 x 32 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: According to Filmer a synonym form of Conus daucus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Dauciconus Species:-daucus riosi formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Bahia, BrasilHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell thick, heavy, wide- shouldered, tapering toward anterior end; spire completely flattened with only first few whorls being protracted; body whorl and spire shiny with waxy feel; shoulder sharp- edged with prominent carina; shells varying in color from yellow to orange with numerous crowded vertical flammules of dark brown or reddish-brown; mid-body with clear white band; white band bordered by, or sometimes covered by, band of dark brown checkers; second band of dark flammules around anterior end; anterior tip bright apricot-orange; spire orange with numerous crescent-shaped dark brown flammules; interior of aperture pale orange; periostracum thin, translucent yellow-brown, with scattered tufts of large hairs.Discussion:-This new species is closely related to, and is often confused with, the common, widespread Conus daucus Hwass, 1792. The new Brazilian species differs from its Caribbean relative by being a larger, heavier shell, by having a different color pattern with a prominent white or brown central band, and by having an undulating suture on the spire whorls. Conus riosi also prefers deeper waters along the southern coast of Brazil, while C. daucus generally prefers shallow water reef areas around the Caribbean region. Of the specimens of C. riosi examined, none had the deep red-orange color or the rows of tiny spots seen on C. daucus.

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Conus ritae Petuch, 1995

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in FMNH C. Meyer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia xxvii, no. 275, p. 38, f. 5 & 6Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Gorda Bank, off Honduras; 10-20 mType Data: Holotype in FMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 27 x 14 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gladioconus Species:-ritaeSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Gorda bank, Honduras

Habitat:-Found at depths of 10-20 m in coral rubbleDescription:-Source: Original descriptionShell of average size for subgenus, inflated, bulbiform, widest just below shoulder; shoulder rounded, only faintly angled; spire elevated, pyramidal, with distinctly convex whorls; protoconch elevated, projecting, mamillate; spire and body whorl smooth, polished, glossy; anterior tip encircled with 6-8 faint, thin spiral threads; color intense, deep red with 2 paler rose-red bands. One anterior to midbody and one posterior to midbody; anterior tip pale, pinkish rose; intense, deep red base color overlaid with 2 wide bands of large, widely scattered pale brown cloudings; entire body whorl encircled with numerous evenly-spaced rows of very faint, tiny pale brown dots; spire whorls with evenly-spaced, large brown, crescent-shaped flammules; protoconch and early whorls bright rose-pink; interior of aperture bright rose-pink, becoming paler farther within; periostracum thin, smooth, transparent.Discussion:-Conus ritae is most similar to t C. (Leporiconus) glenni Petuch, 1993 from the San Bias Islands of Panama, but differs in being a much larger, more inflated shell with a lower spire and in being a more polished. glossy shell without raised spiral cords. The color of C. ritae is an intense red with rose-red bands while the color C. glenni is bright orange. Tucker comments: this species is apparently quite rare. It is similar in color to Gladioconus glenni but differs in shell shape and ornamentation. G. ritae has a broadly rounded cylindrical shell shape and is not ornamented with minute ridges that reach the shoulder as is G. glenni.

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Conus rivularius Reeve, 1849

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, Suppl., pl. vi, sp. 261Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: MoluccasType Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 28 x 14 mm figureNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolániconus Species:-boeticus rivularius formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Indonesia, Papua New GuineaHabitat:-Sand, shallow waterDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. boeticus.C. rivularis refers to entirely granulose shells of C. boeticus, known from Indonesia and the PhilippinesDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus rizali Olivera & Biggs, 2010

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMPM Original Description

Published in: Nautilus 124, 6 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in NMPM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 26.6 x 12.4 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kurodaconus Species:-rizali Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-PhilippinesHabitat:-Reported from depths of 100-200 mDescription:-The species is medium-sized; specimens examined are 26-39 mm in length. The shell is biconic, with an unusually tall, straight, and sharply pointed spire and a straight-sided body whorl, sharply angled at the shoulder. Outline narrow (D/L=0.397+-0.011); The larval shell has two whorls, and is praecellens-like but somewhat proportionally broader than for most specimens of Conus praecellens; this is followed by two teleoconch whorls that have a characteristic white-matte surface, somewhat crinkly; starting with the fourth teleoconch whorl, there are 8-9 spotted spire whorls. The body whorl is characterized by shallow spiral ribbons with only a narrow interstitial space between them; these are broadly spotted in light yellow-brown. Characteristically, immediately below the periphery, the first spiral ribbon lacks spots, leaving a white zone. Although there is some variation, the spots are much lighter in color than in related forms (Paratype 2 almost completely lacks spots in the body whorl).Discussion:-No Data

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Conus roatanensis Petuch & Sargent, 2011

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in LACM Bill Fenzan Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya 3 (3), 44 Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Roatan, E. HondurasType Data: Holotype in LACM deposited and catalogued

Type Size: 13.9 x 7.7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-roatanensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Roatan, E. HondurasHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell of average size for genus, oval in shape, stocky, inflated, with rounded, convex sides; spire elevated, pyramidal, slightly stepped; shell widest at mid-body. Body whorl polished and shiny, ornamented with 13-15 large, prominent spiral cords; on some individuals (such as holotype ), spiral cords ornamented with small beads; anterior tip ornamented with 7 -8 smaller smooth cords; color pure white, overlaid by prominent, regularly- spaced, reddish-brown longitudinal flammules arranged in zig-zag or zebra pattern. Spire whorls smooth, with si1ky texture; suture incised, producing faint scalariformation; spire height variable, with some individuals having higher, more prominent whorls; color white, with scattered reddish-brown flammules, corresponding to zebra-patterned longitudinal flammules of body whorl; protoconch mamillate, pale pinkish-tan in color. Shoulder sharply-angled, edged with sharp carina; subsutural area sloping, conforming to pyramidal spire; carina marked with widely-spaced small reddish-brown dots or large elongated dashes that correspond to longitudinal flammules on body whorl.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus roberti Richard, 2009

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Cossignani

Published in: Annales de la Societe des sciences naturelles de Charente Maritime 9 (9), 921-928

Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Basse Terre, GuadaloupeType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 51.2 x 14.3 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid species; could be a synonym of C. mcgintyiCurrent Group Names:-Genus:-Dalliconus Species:-roberti Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-GuadeloupeHabitat:-Deep water 300 mDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell shape is biconic , elongate, narrow with a raised spire comprising 9 whorls within the

teleoconch and 2 whorls in the protoconch, chipped at the tip. The last whorl is a conical cylindrical shape with sides which narrow towards the anterior end and show a somewhat smoothe texture with shiny surface with some oblique spiral ridges, slightly pronounced, on the anterior area. The aperture is narrow and straight. The spire shows on each whorl six or even seven spiral ridges which are broken by an intermittent structure of axial lines. The sutural ramps have an overhanging ridge with numerous tubercules. The protoconch is smooth, translucent, balloon shaped and clear brown. The base colour of the teleconch is milky white. The spire displays narrow oblique radial flammules of yellowish brown spread evenly covering the width of the sutural ramp.The last whorl shows a pattern of thirteen slightly oblique, yellow brown axial flammules similar to the ramps and covering the posterior quarter of the body whorl. The remainder of the last whorls consists of a dozen bands of yellow brown spots either triangular or rectangular on a given band.Discussion:- The new species is closest to C. mcgintyi in form. However, for the same overall size of shell, the spire of C. mcgintyi is higher and on the last whorls it shows a more pronounced convexity on the posterior end, giving it a bulging conical form. C. mcgintyi is the single member of the group showing a sculpture in deep relief of deep channels over its whole surface. Tucker comments that there is no difference in these Brazilian specimens from C. mcgintyi.

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Conus robini Limpalaër & Monnier, 2012

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Eric MonnierPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya, Vol. 3, p. 49 – 53, pl. 1, pl. 2 Ocean geography: Western PacificType Locality: Balabac Island, Palawan, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 26,15 x 13,50 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid species Current Group Names: Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:- Pioconus Species:-robiniSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Southern PhilippinesHabitat:-Depths of 10 – 25 mDescription:-Source Original descriptionShoulder is subangulate; body whorl is ventricosely conical with convex sides; the surface has a low silky gloss; the shell is sculptured on al the last whorl with many shallow spiral ribblets; ground color of the shell is translucent white; the pattern is made of axial bright orange plain blotches; this pattern is overridden with spiral red hairlines drawn upon the ribblets; these are continuous within the orange blotches; they are interrupted by small opaque white snow flakes in

the background; the spire is white with orange blotches of the same color than the body whorl; the color varies from yellowish orange to an almost black dark brown in some specimens.Discussion:- The species has been available during many years as C. fischoederi

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Conus robmoolenbeeki Tenorio, 2016

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Basteria 80 (1-3); 89-94 (2016); figs 1-8Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: N Malaita, Solomon IslandsType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 25.1 x 10.7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONOLITHINAEGenus:-Profundiconus Species:-robmoolenbeekiSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- Only known from the type locality and its vicinityHabitat:-Confirmed live specimen from depths of 498-600 mDescription:-Original DescriptionShell shape is biconical. This is a small tomoderately small sized species. The spire is high, concave and stepped, especially towards the apex. The whorl tops are concave in cross section. The paucispiral protoconch of 1.5 whorls is white, porcellaneous and translucent, with a maximum diameter of 0.95 mm. The early teleoconch whorls are white, with small tubercles which become obsolete or absent by whorl six. The first three teleoconch whorls have no cords but display arcuate radial striae. Cords are present from whorl four onwards, increasing from 4 to 6 on late teleoconch whorls. The suture is narrow and shallow. The shoulder is angulated, with a distinctive ridge present, which may be undulated or weakly tuberculated. The sides of the shell are straight or very slightly convex just below the shoulder. The last whorl is smooth or with very fine spiral striae, with 10–12 spiral grooves around the basal quarter. The posterior notch is shallow and C-shaped. There is no anterior notch. Ground color white. Early teleoconch whorls white, with small, fused brown blotches arranged in spiral forming a narrow band over the tubercles. These small brown blotches become sparse and separated from each other on lateteleoconch whorls, but may eventually reach the shoulder. Last whorl overlaid with sparse irregular axial brown streaks. Some specimens also show brown dashes forming several interrupted, well spaced spiral lines, especially around the midbody and toward the shoulder region. The columella is white. The aperture is white, straight and rather narrow. The periostracum is yellowish, thin and transparent. The operculum of the holotype is elongated, yellow-brown and serrated.Discussion:-

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Conus roeckeli Rolán, 1980

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Boll. Malacol. xvi, no. 3-4, p. 82, pl. 2, f. 2, pl. 3, f. 2 & 5 Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Baia das Gatas, Ilha da Boavista, Cape Verde Is.; 2-5 mType Size: 13.1 x 7.2 mmNomenclature: An available nameType Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued NameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-roeckeli Synonyms:-damioi Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2005; see DiscussionGeographic Range:-Boavista, Cape Verde Islands.Habitat:-Found under low large rocks, on rocky bottom, or under algae of small size.Description:-Source Original description from the SpanishSeashell obconical, of small size, sharp, with silhouette that presents straight lateral edges, shoulder somewhat angulos and spire little pronounced, straight and with elevated little apex. The spire whorls present three spiral furrows to the suture, that well is marked. Uniform straight external lip, of violet coloring in its interior with two white lines, one in the middle of the seashell and another near the posterior end; columela violet. The coloring of the shell very variable.. A pattern (holotype and paratypes 1, 2 and 3) presents an exterior appearance of spots of siena or light brown alternating with irregular shapes of white, dominating this color near the shoulder and in the midbody. Under magnification, the brown zones are formed by brown wavy axial lines on a lighter background, lines and background disappear when the white spots arise. Spire is white and brown, and the anterior tip of the seashell, darker brown. Another pattern (paratypes 4, 5 and 6) has a similar exterior appearance, but the dark brown spots concentrate on a band near the edge of the spire and there are other brown spots between it and the center of the body of the seashell. Another pattern (paratypes 7, 8 and 9) has very fine axial lines more noticeable on the spire, with a central zone with a light green tone. Another pattern (paratypes 14, 15 and 16), has almost uniform white color, being appreciated only small white spots near the edge of the spire and the tip of the seashell is somewhat darker.Discussion:-Abalde et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:231

Phylogenetic relationships of cone shells endemic to Cabo Verde based on mitochondrial genomes

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Conus rogmartini da Motta, 1982

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer

Published in: Carf. Phil. Shell News 4(2), p. 3. figs. on p. 1Ocean geography :Indo-PacificType Locality: Balut Island, Sarangani Group south of Mindanao, Philippines; ca. 120 fathomsType Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 31.2 x 17.4 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus otohimeae Kuroda & Ito, 1961Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Yeddoconus Species:-otohimeae rogmartini formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-PhilippinesHabitat:-Deep waterDescription:-Source Living Conidae. C otohimeaeShells described as C. rogmartini from S. Philippines have granulose spiral ribs on last whorl.

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Conus rolani Röckel, 1986

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in ZSM Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Spixiana ix, no. 3, p. 234, f. 1Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Tayabas Bay, Philippines. 30-175 fmType Data: Holotype in ZSM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 49 x 25.2 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE

Genus:-Phasmoconus Species:-rolani Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Taiwan to Philippines; Papua New GuineaHabitat:-Found in depths of 60-400 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical to pyriform; outline convex at adapical half to two-thirds, straight to slightly concave (right side) or concave (left side) below. Shoulder angulate, with 15-20 distinct to weak tubercles. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave or sigmoid. Larval shell of 3 or more whorls, maximum diameter about 0.9 mm. Teleoconch spire whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave, with 0-2 increasing to 4-7 spiral grooves. Last whorl with strong, often granulose spiral ribs or ribbons; grooves between axially striate and some containing 1-2 spiral threads.Ground colour white. Last whorl with spiral rows of separate to fused brown dots, spots, and bars on ribs and ribbons, concentrated in 2 incomplete spiral bands, below shoulder and above centre. Larval whorls and first 2-3 postnuclear sutural ramps usually beige to brown. Following ramps with sparse brown spots. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 46-70 mm RW 0.17-0.54 g/mm RD 0.56-0.68 PMD 0.75-0.85 RSH 0.11-0.21Discussion:-Although C. rolani was described in 1986, Dayrit recognized the species already in 1966, but misidentified it as C. granifer Reeve. Subsequently most authors considered it to be conspecific with C. grangeri (e.g. Walls, [1979]); C. sulcatus typical form and form samiae differ from C. rolani in their often less ventricose last whorls (PMD 0.80- 0.93) that have almost straight rather than convex outlines adapically and are not pyriform; their shoulders have less (10-14) but broader tubercles or bulges, and their perios traca are thicker, less translucent or opaque, and not smooth. All forms of C. sulcatus, except form samiae, can be distinguished from C. rolani by the absence of brown dots, spots, and bars from their last whorls.

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Conus rollandi Bernardi, 1860

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer

Published in: J. Conchyl. viii, p. 332, pl. xii, f. 4Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not known.Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 33 x 17 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-

Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-magus rollandi formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Habitat:-No DataDescription:- Form rollandi is white with reddish brown axial blotchesDiscussion:-No Data

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Conus roosevelti Bartsch & Rehder, 1939

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Smithson. Misc. Coll. 98, no. 10, p. 3, pl. I, f. 4 & 7Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: Clipperton Is.Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 15.3 x 9.6 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus tiaratus Sowerby ii, 1833Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Miliariconus Species:-tiaratus roosevelti formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Clipperton Is.Habitat:-Found among sand and rocks intertidally to 20 mDescription:-Source WallsHeavy, thick, with a good gloss; low conical, the upper sides convex, then concave at middle; narrow widly spaced ridges basally to third or complete body, sometimes basally granulose; shoulder broad, sharply angled, with heavy erect coronations; spire low to moderately tall, the sides convex/straight, blunt; all whorls with heavy coronations, often eroded; body whorl variable from pale brown to bluish, greyish, pinkish, whitish but covered with spiral rows of large brownish/reddish dashes alternating with white dots and dashes, rows widely spaced; midbody and shoulder area weakly marked; sometimes solid bands around midbody; base pale; spire whitish, sparsely marked with dark spots between coronations; aperture narrow, widening; outer lip thick, convex; mouth whitish blue, with pale bands; columella short, narrow, thick with low ridge;C. roosevelti is small specimen with heavy ridges and lavender to pink aperture.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus roquensis Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2015

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MMM, Cupra Marittima Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia 87, p. 5 (page unnumbered)Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Boa Vista, Cape Verde; Ponta do RoqueType Data: Holotype in MMM, Cupra Marittima Type Size: 21.7 x 12 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-roquensisSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Boa Vista, Cape VerdeHabitat:-At 1-7 m, in algae on rocksDescription:-Source original descriptionShell of small size from 15 to 23 mm; pyriform, subtriangular with spire moderately high, with convex whorl tops; the whorls of the spire have weak furrows and tend to be stepped in the vicinity of the shoulder. Three greenish spiral bands on the body whorl separate from bands of white speckles which are most evident at the centre. Thick darker marbled lines run through the entire surface of the last whorl. Aperture quite wide with internal purplish brown coloration and the usual two white bands.Discussion:- The new species is comparable with A. boavistensis but is larger, the spire profile slightly higher and the decoration of the last whorl less marbled.

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Conus rosalindensis Petuch, 1998

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in FMNH C. Meyer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia xxx, no. 287, p. 34, figs. 18 & 19Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: S. side of Rosalind Bank, Honduras (Atlantic coast); 3 mType Data: Holotype in FMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 19 x 10 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: ccording to Filmer a synonym form of Conus cardinalis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE

Genus:-Purpuriconus Species:-cardinalis rosalindensis formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-HondurasHabitat:-collected 3 m depth in carbonate sand under coral slabs and coral rubbleDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell small for subgenus, smooth with high polish; spire low, slightly stepped; shoulder sharply angled, coronated, edged with 14-16 large, rounded knobs per whorl; anterior end ornamented with 6-8 low cords; protoconch projecting, mammillate; shell color dark orange-tan with broad, slightly irregular blue-white mid-body band; band overlaid with scattered, large dark tan patches and numerous closely packed, hairlike, brown longitudinal flam- mules; spire color orange-tan with scattered large white patches; spire color overlaid with numerous closely packed, hair-like brown flammules that extend on to edge of shoulder; protoconch and early whorls bright cherry-red; interior of aperture pinkish-purple.Discussion:-Of the known Honduran Purpuriconus species, Conus rosalindensis is most similar to C. kulkulcan Petuch, 1980 from Roatan, Utila, and Guanaja Islands. The new species differs from the Bay Islands species in being a smaller shell with a more sharply angled shoulder, in being a much smoother shell that lacks rows of beaded raised threads, and in having a very different spire color pattern that lacks the densely packed, prominent, dark brown, thin flammules of C. kulkulcan. Conus rosalindensis is also similar to C. hilli Petuch, 1990 from the San Blas Islands, Panama, but differs in being a more slender shell with a higher spire, and in having larger and more prominent shoulder and spire knobs.

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Conus rosemaryae Petuch, 1990

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike FilmerPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Nautilus. 104 (2) , p. 68, f. 34 & 35Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Portobelo, PanamaType Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 25 x 13 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-rosemaryae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-E. Panama,HondurasHabitat:-Found at depths of 50 m-100 mDescription:-Original descriptionShell small for genus, extremely pyriform, turnip-shaped, wide across shoulder; shoulder carinated; spire moderately protracted, with concave whorls; body whorl polished and shiny,

faintly ornamented with numerous low threads; spire whorls smooth; anterior third of body whorl sculptured with 10 deeply-impressed wide spiral sulci; body whorl white, overlaid with dense network of large, amorphous, bright yellow-orange flammules; some specimens (paratype) overlaid with scattered rows of dots; spire whorls white with scattered large, amorphous yellow-orange patches and flammules; anterior tip of shell pale orange; protoconch and early whorls orange; interior of aperture white; periostracum thin, transparent tan, smooth.Discussion:-. Although both C. gibsonsmithorum and C. rosemaryae have color varieties with rows of dots, C. rosemaryae is a more heavily patterned, more colorful species, with large orange flammules (as in the holotype) covering most of the shell. The new species is also similar to C. sennottorum Rehder and Abbott, 1951 from the Gulf of Mexico off Yucatan, but differs in being a smaller, more slender, and more brightly colored shell.

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Conus roseorapum Raybaudi G. & da Motta, 1990

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: La Conchiglia xxii, no. 253-255, p. 41Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Bohol, Philippine IslandType Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 50.4 x 22.8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kioconus Species:-roseorapum Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines; S. China SeaHabitat:-Deep WaterDescription:-Source Walls/ RKKModerately light in weight, with a high gloss; elongate conical , the upper sides parallel below shoulder then straight/concave to narrow base; body whorl with basal low spiral ridges becoming widely spaced; spiral and axial threads; shoulder carinate, distinctly undulate or low coronate, nearly flat above; apex often projecting above an otherwise almost flat spire; early 1-2 whorls nodulose, later whorls flat, the margins undulate or low coronate; ground pale violet, often suffused with pink, orange or reddish-brown; last whorl with a broad bands, solid or interrupted and either distinct or merging with adjacent areas; apical band may extend to shoulder; bands reddish violet or orangish brown to bright orange, commonly dark brown squares at posterior end of midbody band, disappearing with growth; base usually pale; spire color as body with sparse narrow pale brown axial lines; aperture narrow, uniform; outer lip thin, fragile straight/concave; mouth pale violet; columella not visible;

Shell Morphometry L 45-80 mm RW 0.14-0.73 g/mm (L 45-79 mm) RD 0.49-0.56 PMD 0.85-0.96 RSH 0.01-0.07Discussion:-C. voluminalis has higher and more pointed spire with more nodulose whorls; spire sculpture weak, and margins of whorls are not undulate; thinner and waxy in texture;C. gloriakiiensis slightly wider, and has yellow bands and brown spots at apical side of centre band; used by collectors for white or brightly colored shells.

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Conus rosi Petuch & Berschauer, 2015

Pictures:Picture Link: David Berschauer

Published in: The Festivus, Vol. 47, Issue 3, p. 199 & 200, figures 2, 4A-G; 6D; 7 Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: off Malmok, Aruba, Netherlands AntillesType Data: Holotype in LACM deposited and cataloguedType Size: 22.40 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Tenorioconus Species:-rosi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Aruba Dutch AntillesHabitat:-Found in 6 m depth, exposed on coarse carbonate sand beneath a filamentous green algal mat Description:-Original descriptionShell small for genus, averaging only around 21 mm in length, elongated, with very high, protracted spire and almost biconic appearance, and with slightly convex sides; shoulder distinctly angled, ornamented with 15- 20 large, elongated, evenly-spaced knobs; subsutural areas of spire whorls slightly sloping; spire scalariform, with distinctly stepped whorls, ornamented with 4-6 extremely fine spiral cords; body whorl shiny, ornamented with 18-24 large, prominent, raised spiral cords; spiral cords, in turn, ornamented with proportionally-large, evenly-spaced, rounded beads, giving shell rough-textured appearance; spiral cords and beaded sculpture become larger on anterior onethird of body whorl; shell color white or pale bluish-white, overlaid with proportionally very large, widely-spaced longitudinal flammules, arranged in a zebra-like pattern; longitudinal flammules, which extend from shoulder to anterior tip, vary in color from dark reddishbrown, to dark brown, to black, with most specimens having dark chestnut-brown markings; white base color and dark brown zebra flammules overlaid with 15-20

evenlyspaced rows of tiny dark brown and white spots, which correspond to raised spiral cords; spire white, sparsely marked with very few widelyspaced dark brown flammules; early whorls dark orange-tan, turning to white on later whorls of teleoconch; aperture narrow and straight, white on interior, often with external brown flammules showing through within the interior; protoconch proportionally very large, bulbous, mammilate, composed of one and one-half whorls, colored dark orange-brown (Figure 6D); periostracum thin, smooth, pale yellow to transparent.Discussion:-

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Conus rosiae Monnier, Batifoux & Limpalaër, 2018

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN

Published in: Xenophora Taxonomy 19, 2018; p. 9 – 24; Pl. 1 -3 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Ambatomilo, 120 km in the North of Toliara, South_West MadagascarType Data: Lectotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 58 x 28.4 mmNomenclature: An available NameTaxonomy: A valid species or a synonym of behelokensis Lauer, 1989Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Darioconus Species:-rosiaeSynonyms:- Geographic Range:-MadagascarHabitat:-At depths ranging from 3 to 20 m out of the coral reef of the lagoonDescription:-Shell medium-sized to moderately large, ventricosely conical to conical in profile. The shell has a shiny texture. The apex is pink. The protoconch is most probably paucispiral. The adult shell has more than 11 whorls. the spire is of low to moderate height, from straight to slightly concave in profile. The spire whorls are juxtaposed and the suture is narrow and well=marked. The teleoconch sutural ramps are flat to slightly concave with numerous weak radial threads and very weak spiral striae. The shoulder is subangulate to almost rounded and smooth. The last whorl is convex. The adapical half of the last whorl is smooth while low narrow spiral threads progressively on the abapical half. The columellar fold is strong and ivory coloured. Siphonal lip outline is subrounded. The aperture is wider at the base near shoulder, white, pale bluish grey to pink coloured often according to the external colour of the shell. The outer lip is clearly convex and the profile of the origin of the lip is receding.The pattern and the colour of the new species are extremely variable. The ground colour of the last whorl is white mostly irregularly shaded by a greyish blue or pink hue. This overlaid with mustard, bright orange, orange to reddish brown or chestnut to very dark brown. There are 30 t0 45 irregular dotted or solid spiral lines on the spiral threads that are more or less obsolete in the adapical part of the last whorl. They are darker than the overlying colour of the shell. The last whorl is covered by variable sized ground colour tents. The spiral lines are also irregularly

interrupted by smaller tents. All the tents are outlined with dark brown on the edge towards the outer lip. The triangular tents sometimes coalesce spially or axially. To form great irregular blotches. The pattern and colour of the spire is in accordance with that of the last whorl.

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Conus rouxi Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin, 2013

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in the Western Australian Museum, Perth Eric Monnier

Published in: Xenophora Taxonomy 1, 2013; p. 22 – 24, fig, 21; Pl. 5Ocean geography: Indo PacificType Locality: South East corner of Sunday Island, Kimberley, Western AustraliaType Data: Holotype in WAM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 46,4 x 23,32 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE Genus:-Pioconus Species:-rouxiSynonyms:Geographic Range:- Western Australia from Dampier Buccaneer IslandHabitat:-Collected under rocks in muddy conditions and intertidal on flat reefs.Description:-Original DescriptionMedium sized shell. Spire moderately high and distinctly convex giving it a domed outline. The first teleoconch whorls are neither tuberculate nor stepped. Both are white. The sutural ramps have an adpressed suture and a slightly concave profile. The sutural ramp is is sculptured with three increasing to six spiral grooves.The last whorl has a slightly ovate shape. The last whorl is spirally sculptured with slightly raised cords that become more conspicuous towards the anterior end. The pattern of the last whorl has a white background with irregular shaped patches of light orange colour. There is a whiter central zone at midwhorl. This pattern is overlaid by 30 to 35 unconspicuous spiral lines of alternating orande dots and white dashes. They are present indifferently in the white background as well as in the orange patches and are placed on the spiral cords.The outer lip is white within.Discussion:-

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Conus royaikeni Veldsman, 2010

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SAMC Stephan Veldsman Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia 66 Ocean geography: South AfricaType Locality: Port Shepsone, SAType Data: Holotype in SAMC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 51 x 26 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Nataliconus Species:-royaikeni Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Natal, South Africa Richards Bay to Margate BayHabitat:-Found at depths of 20-55 mDescription:-Source Original descriptionVeldsman gives a very short description relying mainly on pictures and comparisons. The shell is straight sided, very conical, slightly concave and has a stepped spire. The background colour varies from white to pinkish or sometimes yellow with brown red narrow tent mark pattern. Prominent flat shoulder; low spire with a prominent nipple-like protoconch; columellar fold has in most cases a prominent bend.Discussion:- Very closely related to Conus natalis.

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Conus rubiginosus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures: Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike FilmerPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Enc. Méth. 1, p. 744, no. 138, (1798, Tab. Enc. pl. 344, figs 1 & 2)Type Locality: Mindanao, Philippines, Amboina, (Ambon, Indonesia), Ile de France, (Mauritius), restricted (Kohn) to Mindanao [ dubious ]Type Data: Holotype in MHNG Type Size: 66 x 35mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A form of Conus pennaceus Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Darioconus Species:-pennaceus f. rubiginosusSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- MauritiusHabitat: Description: A colour form from Mauritius which is usually conid-cylindrical to ventricosely conical; yellow (subfossile?), orange to reddish brown; axially lineate pattern of larger tents arranged in axial bands or forming axial blotches.

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Conus rubrapapillosa Dautzenberg, 1937

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in IRSN Mike Filmer

Published in: Mem. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg. ii, fasc. 18, p. 62, pl. I, f. 7Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Tjilaoet Eureun, W. JavaType Data: Holotype in IRSN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 36 x 24 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus catus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-catus rubrapapillosa formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-IndonesiaHabitat:-Intertidal reefsDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. catusA type specimen which is all a medium brown.Figure shows pinkish brown specimen slightly mottled.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus rubropennatus da Motta, 1982

Pictures: Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike FilmerPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Publcoes Occ. Soc. Port. Malac. (1), p. 6, figs 6a & bType Locality: Reunion Island, Indian OceanType Data: Holotype in MHNG Type Size: 40 x 21 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A form of Conus pennaceus Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Darioconus Species:-pennaceus f. rubropennatus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- ReunionHabitat: Shallow waterDescription: A colour form from Réunion with a ventricosely conical to conoid-cylindrical last whorl; ground colour red to reddish violet in a regular arrangement of (very) small tents.

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Conus rufimaculosus Macpherson, 1959

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMVM Mike FilmerPicture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio Published in: Mem. Natl. Mus. Melbourne, no. 24, p. 54, pl. f. 5, f. a-cOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Tweed Head, N. S. W., Australia; 15-30 fathomsType Data: Holotype in NMVM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 34 x 18.4 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Floraconus Species:-rufimaculosus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-E. Australia from southern Queensland to northern New South Wales.Habitat:-Reported from 20-60 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical; outline slightly convex, generally straighter toward base. Shoulder broadly carinate. Spire low, outline concave to slightly sigmoid. Larval shell of 1.75-2.25 whorls, maximum diameter 1.1- 1.2 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, grading to deeply concave in late whorls, with obsolete spiral striae adaxially. Last whorl with a few weak, variably spaced spiral grooves near base.Ground colour white, often suffused with pink. Last whorl with light or red-brown triangular spots to axial streaks and flames, usually somewhat concentrated below shoulder, at centre and above base, occasionally fusing into a partial network. Larval whorls white. Postnuclear sutural ramps with brown radial markings. Aperture pink, paler toward outer lip.Shell Morphometry L 40-58 mm RW 0.18-0.42 g/mm RD 0.55-0.61 PMD 0.82-0.90 RSH 0.05-0.11Discussion:-No Data

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Conus rufoluteus Bozzetti & Ferrario, 2005

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Image MNHN

Published in: Visaya 1-4 54 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Tulear, MadagascarType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 82 x 50 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus betulinus Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Dendroconus Species:-betulinus rufoluteus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-MadagascarHabitat:-Shallow water inside coral reefDescription:-Source Original descriptionBig heavy pyriform shell with straight sides and aperture. Basal part of body whorl with a dozen of regularly spaced fine spiral drills, rest of the whorl smooth apart eventual spiral growing marks. Broad rounded shoulder not distinct from the spire that is very low, almost flat except the protruding very first whorls. Body whorl uniformly yellow-orange, covered with spiral rows of pale orange-reddish spots , sometimes alternate with light yellow dashes. The spire presents larger and more evident orangish blotches. Aperture uniformly wide, white inside and orange at the edge, outer lip sharp but thick and strong. Narrow columella.Discussion:-

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Conus rugosus Lauer, 1988 A nomen nudum

Pictures:Picture Link: Figure Original Description Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Rossiniana 38, 13 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Bohol, PhilippinesType Data: There is no known specimenNomenclature: A nomen nudum:- an unavailable name (nomen nudum),described as form after 1960; see discussionTaxonomy: Not applicableCurrent Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name rugosusGeographic Range:-S. PhilippinesHabitat:-In 2-20 m; on coral reef, on sand substrate among rocks and coral blocks.Description:-Source Living Conidae. Note this name is invalid; described as form after 1960 but is widely used. Maybe we deal with a valid species.Recently renamed Conus tagaroae Monnier & Limpalaër 2013

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Conus ruppellii Reeve, 1848

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus. Suppl. pl. ii, sp. 273Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Red Sea (Ruppell); corrected to the Philippines.Type Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 24.5 x 14 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-boeticus ruppellii formaSynonyms:- fultoni Sowerby iii, 1887; Geographic Range:-Philippines, Papua New Guinea, SolomonsHabitat:-Sand shallow water.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. boeticusC. ruppellii differs by having much straighter sides; a broader shoulder; much stronger spiral lines or broad brown bands on body whorl; bluish white aperture.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus ruthae Monnier & Limpalaër 2013

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Paris Eric MonnierPicture Link: Paratype Eric Monnier

Published in: Visaya Vol. 4, no , p. 11 – 16, pl. 1Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Balabac Island, Palawan Province, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 42.93 x 21.13 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-KIOCONUSGenus:-Kioconus Species:-ruthaeSynonyms:- There are no junior synonyms

Geographic Range:-Only known from the type localityHabitat:-At a depth of 20-30 m on muddy sandDescription:- Original descriptionConical shell; spire is strongly concave in the first whorls and becomes progressively straighter or slightly convex giving an overall sigmoid aspect. Protoconch is small, rounded, white and smooth. The first teleoconch whorls are slightly stepped, have an undulated periphery and three or four spiral grooves on the sutural ramps. These features disappear after five to six whorls. The shape of the last whorl is conical with slightly sigmoid sides. The periphery is angulate although not sharply. The surface is smooth with a porcellaneous gloss. The ground color of the shell is ivory white. The pattern is made of two irregular bands of pale yellow to pale orange leaving a white central zone. The anterior one is more conspiciuous. The middle of the last whorl has some very small brown dashes arranged in spiral lines that are very irregularly spaced. In some specimens they are almost absent. The spire is white with light brown to range comma-shaped streaks that are irregularly scattered.Discussion:-

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Conus rutilus Menke, 1843

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Moll. Nov. Holl., p 27Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: South SeasType Data: Holotype in unknown collection and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 13.8 x 8.7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Parviconus Species:-rutilus Synonyms:- macleayana Tenison-Woods, 1877; smithi Angas, 1877Geographic Range:-S. Australia, New South Wales to Perth; TasmaniaHabitat:-Intertidal and uppermost subtidal; on coral reef, in sand and short weed Description:-Source Living ConidaeVery small and light. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical to broadly conical or broadly and ventricosely conical; outline convex to straight, straighter toward base; left side usually concave near base. Shoulder subangulate to broadly carinate, weakly tuberculate to undulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave to straight. Larval shell of 1.25-1.5 whorls, maximum diameter 0.7-0.9 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls distinctly tuberculate to undulate. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave, rarely with obsolete spiral striae. Last whorl with weak spiral ribs or narrow ribbons near base, seldom to centre.Colour from white or grey through yellow, pink or orange to violet and brown. Last whorl usually with spiral rows of often alternating white and dark dots or dashes as well as with dark and white wavy to zigzag-shaped axial lines and streaks. In dark shells, last whorl may be

encircled with a light band below centre; in light shells, with 2-4 interrupted to solid dark bands. Specimens with almost uniformly coloured last whorls intergrade with specimens with strongly speckled last whorls. Larval whorls white to dark brown. Postnuclear sutural ramps white to grey or matching last whorl in colour, immaculate or with brown radial markings. Aperture matching the exterior surface in colour.Shell Morphometry L 8-13 mm RW -(= 0.03 g/mm) RD 0.66-0.80 PMD 0.75-0.95 RSH 0.06-0.21Discussion:-No Data

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Copyright Paul Kersten. Rights to all images remains with the originator. Every effort has been made by the editor to respect copyright and image rights and to seek the appropriate approvals. The source of any text quoted from original descriptions or other publications is acknowledged. Acknowledgements and References can be viewed by clicking on the links provided. Should you have any queries or material which would improve the content of the website, you may contact the author at the E mail address on home page.

Last update February 2018