{Drugs of Abuse

Salvia divinorum

{• Native to

southern Mexico• Divinity rituals• Healing rituals• Hallucinogen• First recorded in

1939 • Only illegal in 5

states & 8 countriesBackground

Methods of Use

Sublingual absorption – 10-50g wet or 2-10g dry

Smoked herb - .2-.5g 10 micrograms is needed

to cause psychoactive effects

5X, 6X, 10X concentrations

Effects last between 5-15 min.

Normality restored after 20-40 min.

Diterpene salvinorin A

Kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist instead of interacting with specific serotonin receptor

Hallucinogenic effect Mood Motor control Psychotomimetic

“κ opioid-selective antagonists may represent novel psychotherapeutic compounds for diseases manifested by perceptual distortions (e.g., schizophrenia, dementia, and bipolar disorders)” [4]

{

“The drug targets a receptor that is known to modulate pain and could be important for therapies as far reaching as mood disorders.” [6]

It could have potential…

High concentrations (red) were localized in cerebellum and visual

cortex.

Inhibits motility[1]

Supposed to inhibit cholinergic transmission but later study showed there was no “direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle”[1]

Worked to decrease gut inflammation but not through KOR target.

Other usesNot approved for medicinal uses

The “Trip” Dream-like feeling or

complete terror.

Based on Environment Amount consumed

Change in body temp, flushing Harder to maintain balance Uncontrollable laughter Psychotic disturbances No hangover effect Mild headache No tolerance Sweating!

Side Effects

1. Capasso, R., F. Borrelli, J. Zjawiony, L. Kutrzeba, G. Aviello, G. Sarnelli, F. Capasso, and A. A. Izzo. "The Hallucinogenic Herb Salvia Divinorum and Its Active Ingredient

Salvinorin A Reduce Inflammation-induced Hypermotility in Mice." Neurogastroenterology & Motility 0.0 (2007): 070907093643003-??? Web. 19 Nov. 2014.

2. Casselman, I., Nock, C. J., Wohlmuth, H., Weatherby, R. P., & Heinrich, M. (2014). From local to global-fifty years of research on Salvia divinorum. Journal Of Ethnopharmacology, 151(2), 768-783. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.032

"DrugFacts: Salvia." National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Apr. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. <http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/salvia>.

3. Erowid. "Erowid Salvia Divinorum Vault : Salvinorin Activity at Kappa Opioid Receptor.” Erowid Salvia Divinorum Vault : Salvinorin Activity at Kappa Opioid Receptor. Erowid, 16 Oct. 2002. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. <http://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/salvia_info5.shtml>.

4. Roth, B. L. "Salvinorin A: A Potent Naturally Occurring Nonnitrogenous Kappa Opioid Selective Agonist." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99.18

(2002): 11934-1939. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.5. Sack, Kevin, and Brent Mcdonald. "Popularity of a Hallucinogen May Thwart Its Medical

Uses." The New York Times. The New York Times, 08 Sept. 2008. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/us/09salvia.html?_r=0>.

6. Snyder, Kendra. "BNL Newsroom | Brookhaven Scientists Explore Brain's Reaction to Potent Hallucinogen." Brookhaven Scientists Explore Brain's Reaction to Potent Hallucinogen. Brookhaven National Laboratory, 28 Apr. 2008. Web. 19

Nov.2014. <http://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=1779>.

References