during the revolution most states wrote their own constitutions constitution: a document that sets...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7
Creating a Republic
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State Constitutions
During the Revolution most states wrote their own constitutions
Constitution: a document that sets out the laws and principles of a government
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State Constitutions
States wanted written constitutions for 2 reason
Spelled out the right of all citizens Set limits on the power of government States often followed the basic of their
colonial charters which written according to English law
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Dividing Power States divided the power of government
between a legislature and an executive Concerned with putting too much power
in the hands of a few people Every state had a legislature to pass laws
› Elected by voters› Divided amongst an upper house called a
senate and lower house Every state (except PA ) had a governor :
to execute or carry out the laws
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Protecting freedoms
Bill of rights: lists freedoms that the government promises to protect
Started in Virginia (religion, press, trial by jury)
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Expanding the Right to Vote More people could vote than in
colonial times› White, male, citizen, over age 21,
own a certain amount of property or pay a certain amount of taxes
› Few states allowed free blacks to vote
› For a time, NJ allowed women to vote
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Forming a National Government
Continental Congress drafted a plan for the nation as a whole
Feared they colonies could not succeed in their struggle for independence without a national government
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The First National Constitution
Citizens felt loyal to their own states and not fell like citizens of one nation
States were unwilling to turn over power to the national government
They feared a strong government rule like that of the British
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The First National Constitution
Articles of Confederation: first American constitution written by the Continental Congress in 1777› Created a “firm league of friendship”
among the 13 states› Each state would send a delegate to a
Confederation Congress› Each state had one vote in Congress
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The First National Constitution
Congressional Power› pass laws with 9 out of 13 states
approval› declare war› Appoint military officers› Coin money
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The First National Constitution
Congressional Limits› not regulate trade between states or
states and foreign countries› not pass laws regarding taxes
To raise money Congress had to ask the states for it and states could not be forced to contribute
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The First National Constitution
National government powers were weak compared to those of the states
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A loose alliance
The Articles did not provide for a president to carry out laws
States enforced laws passed by Congress
Many disputes arose between states› Article did not set up a system of courts
to settle disputes
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Disputes Over Western Lands
Maryland refused to ratify The Articles until all land from the Appalachian Mountain to the Mississippi River was turned over to the federal government
MD worried that states would become too powerful if they were allowed to keep their land
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Disputes Over Western Lands
All states eventually accept MD demand except VA
In VA, Thomas Jefferson and other leaders believed a national government was needed and convinced VA lawmakers to give up their land claims.
1781 MD ratified the Articles of Confederation and the first American government went into effect
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Serious Challenges for the Articles of Confederation
Troubles with Money› The U.S. owed millions of dollars borrowed
during the Revolutionary War› Congress could not tax the states only ask
for money› States often turned Congress down
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Serious Challenges for the Articles of Confederation
Printed money call “Continental” had no gold or silver to back up its worth
States began printing their own money Confusing; whose dollars were worth
what? States often refused to accept other
states money Made trade difficult
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Other troubles
NY and NH both claimed Vermont States had no way to settle their
disputes under the Articles of Confederation
Foreign countries took advantage of the U.S. weaknesses› Britain refused to withdraw troops from
the Ohio Valley as agreed to in the Treaty of Paris
› Spain closed its port in New Orleans to farmers in the western lands
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A Farsighted Policy for Western Lands
Articles said nothing about admitting new states to the U.S.
Congress passed two laws concerning the Northwest Territory: lands lying north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi
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A Farsighted Policy for Western Lands
1. Land Ordinance of 1785: system for settling the Northwest territory
The land would be surveyed and divided into townships
Each township had 36 sections Each section was 1 square mile= 640 acres
each Congress planned to sell each section for
$640.00 One section in each townships was set aside
to create public schools
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A Farsighted Policy for Western Lands
2. Northwest Ordinance Set up a government for the Northwest
territory Outlawed slavery Provided for three vast area to be
divided into 3 to 5 territories in the future
When a territory had 60,000 free settlers they could ask Congress to be admitted as a new state
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A Farsighted Policy for Western Lands
In time 5 states would be carved out of the Northwest Territory
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan , and Wisconsin
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Northwest Territory
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A Farmers’ Revolt
Economic depression: A period when business activity slows, prices and wages fall, and unemployment rises
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Hard times for farmers
Demand for farm products was high during the war
As soldiers returned home, demand fell
Massachusetts raised farmers’ taxes› Courts seized farms when they could
not pay taxes› Farmers protested
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Rebellion in Massachusetts
Daniels Shay’s Rebellion: Massachusetts farmer gathers nearly 2,000 farmers and attacked courthouses preventing the sale of property for debt
Massachusetts sent militia to end the rebellion
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Time for action
American’s saw Shay’s Rebellion as a sign the Articles of Confederation did not work
Several States called for a convention in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation