AFRICAN & ASIAN INDEPENDENCE

BRITISH RULE OVER INDIA

Britain ruled India for many years, & Indians pressing for self-rule felt deserved it after involvement in WWII

Britain rethinking expense of maintaining distant colonies

East Pakistan larger population & felt neglected by government in West Pakistan Rebellion broke out & Indian army lent support to East Pakistan

Army of West Pakistan, which had occupied the East, withdrew & new nation of Bangladesh was formed from East Pakistan

MOHANDAS GANDHI

Nonviolent protestor for Indian independence

Admired as Mahatma or “Great Soul”

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC)

A.k.a. Congress Party was a national political party that represented India

1940s – India had 350 million Hindus & 100 million Muslims

Most members of INC were Hindus, but Muslims were important as well (even to hold office)

MUSLIM LEAGUE 1906 –goal to protect Muslim interests in

India

Concerned Congress Party (or INC) would look out for Hindu interests

Leader insisted Muslims resign from Congress Party & not accept Indian independence if ruled by Hindu-dominated Congress Party

British encouraging this division

League proposed partition (dividing up) of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations with a Hindu India & Muslim Pakistan

Riots started Gandhi deeply hurt

INDIA GAINS INDEPENDENCE

July 1947, Britain granted India/Pakistan independence

Millions of Hindus, Muslims, & Sikhs have to relocate

Summer 1947, while 10 million people moved, roughly 1 million died from massacres

Jan. 30, 1948 Gandhi went to Delhi to plead for fair treatment of Muslims was shot by Hindu extremist who thought Gandhi was too protective of Muslims

MODERN INDIA WITH JAWAHARLAL NEHRU

Aug. 15, 1947, India was freed & became world’s largest democracy federal system

Jawaharlal Nehru India’s first prime minister; one of Gandhi’s followers

Supported Western-style industrialization

Called for reorganization of states by language

Tried to elevate status of lower castes & expand rights of women

Indira Gandhi Nehru’s daughter prime minister in

1966

Formed closer relationship between India & SU during Cold War

Encouraged nuclear program in India

Increased food grain production

Faced a threat from Sikh extremists who wanted an independent state for Sikhs

Was gunned down by two of her Sikh bodyguards led to small war

CEYLON TO SRI LANKA

Ceylon independent in 1948 changed name to Sri Lanka

¾ of Sri Lanka 16 million people are Buddhists

AFR

ICA

NEW NATIONS IN AFRICA

Africa not willing to go back to colonial rule after WWII, especially after helping in the war

Africa’s main problem was negative impact of colonial rule

Gold Coast becomes 1st African colony to gain independence (south of Sahara) & took name Ghana

JOMO KENYATTA & MAU MAU REBELLION

British settlers not willing to give up Kenya lands

New strong Kenyan leader – Jomo Kenyatta worked hard to unite ethnic/language groups

Rise of Mau Mau secret society made up of Kenyan farmers forced out of the highlands by British

Mau Mau’s aim frighten white farmers into leaving

Kenyatta had no connection to Mau Mau, but refused to condemn them was imprisoned by British

Kenya granted independence & Kenyatta was released became 1st president

SOUTH AFRICA South Africa had constitutional government,

but gave whites power & denied black majority its rights

1948 National Party promoted Nationalism instituted apartheid, a complete separation of the races National Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights leader, Nelson Mandela

Mandela joined fight for black rights & lost; was imprisoned for 27 years

1990, finally won & ANC became legalized

Mandela released from prison 4 years later , elected president of South Africa until 1999

Under Mandela, South Africa became a democratic constitution

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA Right to self-determination (U.N Charter)

Peaceful and violent revolutions after WWII

Pride in African cultures and heritage

Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation

Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, & Portugal

Influence of superpower rivalry during Cold War

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS & DEVELOPMENT

West Africa: peaceful transition

Algeria: War of Independence from France

Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta

South Africa: Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid led by Nelson Mandela (1st black president of Republic of South Africa)

BRITAIN

MARGARET THATCHER British Prime Minister 1979-1990

Longest Prime Minister & first/only woman to serve

Nicknamed “Iron Lady”

Promotes free trade & less government regulation of business

Close relationship with US & US foreign policy

Assertion of Britain’s military power

CHINA

CHINA FOLLOWS ITS OWN PATH

Mao died in 1976 moderates took control of Communist Party

Deng Xiaoping - leader of new Communist Party

Willing to use capitalist ideas to support economy

Welcomed foreign investment & technology

Created long-term relationship with US

MIDDLE EAST

DIVISION OF PALESTINE & ISRAEL

A portion of Palestine was taken and made into Israel, giving the Jewish people a homeland and trying to solve some of the conflict

Jews claim land 3,000 years ago; Palestinians claim land after Jews driven out 135 AD; Arabs claim land since conquest in 7th century

Realizing the amount of conflict, Britain referred idea of partition to UN with Jerusalam being international city owned by neither side

All Islamic countries and Palestinians voted against it, but Jews welcomed it US & many in Europe felt sorry for Jews after Holocaust & supported the decision

May 14, 1948 creation of Israel was announced as Jewish homeland

GAMAL ABDEL NASSER

President of Egypt

1956 - Ordered seizure of Suez Canal from British won

Established relationship with Soviet Union helped him to build up military

Wanted to confront Israel, but lost men & some land

NASSER’S DAM

BUILT THE ASWAN HIGH DAM over the Nile

ANWAR SADAT & GOLDA MEIR

Nasser’s successor of Egypt, Anwar Sadat planned joint Arab attack on Yom Kippur (holiest of Jewish holidays)

Golda Meir Israel’s Prime Minister; launched counterattack & regained most of land back (with help of US)

Truce signed, ending 1973 war but tensions still high

MANDATES IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Was established by League of Nations

Granted independence after WWII

French Mandates: Syria & Lebanon

British Mandates: Jordan (originally Transjordan) & Palestine

Resulted in Middle east conflicts created by religious differences continues to this day