episodes of abnormal sudden, excessive, uncontrolled electrical discharge of neurons within the...
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Episodes of abnormal sudden, excessive, uncontrolled electrical discharge of neurons within the brain
May result in alteration in consciousness, motor or sensory ability and/or behavior
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Birth trauma/Asphyxia during birth Head injuries/ brain tumors Infectious disease Toxicity (carbon monoxide and lead poisoning) Fever Drug/alcohol intoxication Metabolic disturbances Inherited Idiopathic (unknown cause)
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History MRI/ CT scan EEG SPECT (single photon emission
computed tomography) – helps identify zone giving rise to seizures, can then be removed surgically
Blood chemistry test
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Chronic disorder Recurrent unprovoked seizure activity
CAUSE OF EPILEPSY abnormal electrical neuronal activity Imbalance of neurotransmitters:
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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Two or more consecutive seizures that occur without full recovery of consciousness between attacks
Also includes continuous electrical seizures lasting at least 30 minutes
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Generalized seizures-involves both cerebral hemispheres
Partial seizures (focal or local)› Begins in a part of one cerebral
hemisphere› Complex- may cause loss of consciousness› Simple-remains conscious
Unclassified seizures
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Video from faculty animation only chapter 44 partial seizure
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TONIC-CLONIC SEIZURE› Lasts up to a min.› Starts with tonic movements: stiffening or
rigidity of the muscles of arms and legs› Loss of consciousness› Incontinent bladder/bowel› Clonic movements follow: rhythmic jerking of
all extremities› May bite tongue› Followed by a postictal phase
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POST-ICTAL STATE: after seizure Pt is confused and hard to arouse, may sleep for hours
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Tonic seizures: › Abrupt increase in muscle tone› Loss of consciousness› Loss of autonomic signs for 30 sec to several
minutes Clonic seizure:
› Lasts several minutes› Muscle contraction and relaxation
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Absence seizure› Common in children ( familial)› Brief (seconds) loss of consciousness› Blank starring, returning to normal› May occur frequently throughout day
Myoclonic seizure:› Brief jerking/stiffening extremities› Singly or in groups› Lasts few seconds
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Atonic(akinetic)seizure› Sudden loss of muscle tone for a few
seconds, may fall› Followed by POSTICTAL(after seizure)
confusion
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Partial- only involves one side of the brain
Simple: person remains conscious
Complex: impaired consciousness bizarre behavior
amnesia