По переводу · web view2015-10-02 · one side of the magnetic polarity is 0 and the...

По переводу

Федеральное ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«Пензенский государственный университет»

ПЕРЕВОД В СФЕРЕ

ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ КОММУНИКАЦИЙ

(вычислительная техника)

Учебное пособие

Пенза ФГБОУ ВПО ПГУ 2015

Данное учебное пособие подготовлено на кафедре «Английский язык» Педагогического института им. В.Г.Белинского ПГУ в соответствии с ФГОС ВО и предназначено для студентов факультетов информатики и вычислительной техники второго года обучения, изучающих английский язык с начального уровня.

Пособие ориентировано на формирование умений письменного перевода англоязычных текстов профессиональной направленности. В рамках каждого раздела предлагаются аутентичные материалы по изучаемой тематике, адаптированные с учетом уровня владения студентами английским языком. Тексты снабжены заданиями, которые позволяют снять трудности на этапе предпереводческого анализа.

Предлагаемое пособие может использоваться как параллельно с другим учебником, так и в качестве основного учебного пособия на занятиях.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Введение……………………………………………………………………………...4

Раздел 1. Перевод в сфере профессиональных коммуникаций …………………..5

1.1. Сферы применения компьютера…….………………………………....5

1.2. Типы компьютера……………………………………… ……………..9

1.3. Архитектура компьютера……….….………………………………….13

1.4. Клавиатура и мышь…………………..………………………………...17

1.5. Языки программирования……………………………………………. .21

1.6. Устройства ввода данных……………………………………………. ..25

1.7. Устройства вывода данных………………………………………… …29

1.8. Устройства хранения данных………………………………………….33

1.9. Графический дизайн……………………………………………………38

Раздел 2. Грамматические особенности перевода…………………………………42

2.1. Неличные формы глагола (Verbals)……………………………………42

2.1.1. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)…………………………………………...42

2.1.2. Инфинитивные обороты (The Infinitive Constructions)……………..44

2.1.3. Причастие (The Participlе)…………………………………………….47

2.1.4. Функции причастия I и причастия II в предложении

и способы их перевода………………………………………………………48

2.1.5. Герундий (The Gerund)……………………………………………….49

2.1.6. Сопоставление функций инфинитива

и герундия в предложении…………………………………………………52

2.2 Модальные глаголы (сводная таблица)………………………………..54

2.2.1. Глаголы to be, to have, to do………………………………………….55

2.2.2. Сравнительная таблица употребления глаголов

to be, to have, to do………………………………………………………….58

2.3. Страдательный залог…………………………………………………...59

2.4. Местоимение it………………………………………………………….62

2.5. Слово one………………………………………………………………..64

2.6. Препозитивные атрибутивные словосочетания……………………...65

2.6.1. Двучленные словосочетания………………………………………...65

2.6.2. Многочленные словосочетания……………………………………...66

2.6.3. Схемы перевода атрибутивных групп………………………………67

2.7. Служебные слова……………………………………………………….68

Список используемой литературы………………………………………………...72

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов факультетов информатики и вычислительной техники. Курс рассчитан на аудиторную работу со студентами, начинающими изучение языка в вузе (III- IV семестры).

Цель данного курса – обучить пониманию специальных научно-технических текстов в области компьютерных технологий и сформировать умения письменного перевода иноязычных текстов профессиональной направленности.

Пособие состоит из двух разделов:

- практикум по переводу в сфере ИТ;

- грамматические особенности перевода.

Первый раздел состоит из девяти тематических блоков, содержащих аутентичные тексты профессиональной направленности: «Сферы применения компьютера», «Типы компьютеров», «Архитектура компьютера», «Материнская плата», «Языки программирования», «Устройства ввода», «Устройства вывода», «Запоминающие устройства», «Графический дизайн». Каждый тематический блок включает тексты «А» и «В», которые соответствуют базовому уровню владения языком и рассчитаны на письменный перевод с английского языка на русский с учётом этапов предпереводческого анализа.

Наличие базовых знаний по грамматике английского языка является необходимым условием для работы с пособием. Второй раздел содержит теоретические сведения и практические задания по основным разделам грамматики английского языка, обеспечивающие овладение умениями понимания и перевода оригинальной английской и американской литературы по специальности. Во втором разделе изложены основные особенности и способы перевода англоязычных грамматических конструкций на русский язык. Теория иллюстрируется примерами перевода английских предложений, содержащих определённую грамматическую конструкцию. В этот раздел включены упражнения по переводу с английского языка на русский.

Структура и принцип организации материала позволяют эффективно использовать пособие в процессе реализации дисциплины «Перевод в сфере профессиональных коммуникаций» и сформировать умения перевода, необходимые для решения профессиональных задач.

Раздел 1. ПЕРЕВОД В СФЕРЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ КОММУНИКАЦИЙ

1.1. Сферы применения компьютера.

Текст А

1. Прочитайте текст.

Use of Computers in Everyday Life.

Undoubtedly we can say that modern world will be incomplete without computers and their applications. We get all the modern facilities thanks to the invention of computers. Right from watching movies, listening to music, playing games, preparing office documents, preparing daily plans to the latest facilities of emailing, chatting, video-conferencing and social interaction through networking, computers work simply amazingly. All the other modern gadgets are the outcomes of computer, like mobile phone, ipod, usb, cd, dvd, etc. Marketing, shopping, advertising, fashion designing, event organizing, job seeking are all the latest usage of computers. It is slowly and positively dominating the lives of mankind, being a great source of information, education and entertainment.

Education.

Getting the right kind of information is a major challenge as it is getting information to make sense. Research shows that computers can significantly enhance performance in learning. Students exposed to the Internet say they think the web has helped them improve the quality of their academic research and of their written work.

Health and Medicine.

Computer technology is radically changing the tools of medicine. Software is now able to compute the risk of a disease. Mental health researchers are using computers to screen troubled teenagers in need of psychotherapy. A patient paralyzed by a stroke has received an implant that allows communication between his brain and a computer. As a result, he can move a cursor across a screen by brainpower and convey simple messages.

Science.

Scientists have long been users of it. A new adventure among scientists is the idea of a “collaboratory” , an Internet based collaborative laboratory, in which researchers all over the world can work easily together even at a distance. An example is space physics where space physicists are allowed to band together to measure the earth’s ionosphere from instruments on four parts of the world.

Business.

Business clearly see the interest as a way to enhance productivity and competitiveness. Some areas of business undergoing rapid changes are sales and marketing, retailing, banking, stock trading. Sales representatives don’t only need to be better educated and more knowledgeable about their customer’s businesses, but also must be comfortable with computer technology. The world of cybercash has come to banking - not only smart cards but Internet banking, electronic deposit, bill paying, online stock and bond trading have become an essential part of our lives.

(www.shabait.com/articles/q-a-a/14788-on-doubt-computer-is-the-best-it)

(www.ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/uses-of-computer)

2. Выполните предпереводческий анализ текста А.

2.1. Предложите варианты перевода следующих терминов:

gadget, software, psychotherapy, stroke, cybercash, mental health researcher.

2.2. Найдите в тексте выделенные курсивом слова и выражения. Предложите возможные варианты их перевода.

2.3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива в различных функциях:

- It is getting information to make sense.

- The web has helped them improve the quality of their academic research.

- Software is now able to compute the risk of a disease.

- Mental health researchers are using computers to screen troubled teenagers.

- Space physicists are allowed to band together to measure the earth’s ionosphere.

- Business clearly see the interest as a way to enhance productivity and competitiveness.

2.4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод причастий в различных функциях:

- It is slowly and positively dominating the lives of mankind, being a great source of information.

- Students exposed to the Internet think that the web has helped them improve the quality of their written work.

- Computer technology is radically changing the tools of medicine.

- A patient paralyzed by a stroke has received an implant that allows communication between his brain and a computer.

- It is an Internet based collaborative laboratory.

- Some areas of business undergoing rapid changes are sales and marketing.

- Sales representatives need to be better educated.

2.5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия в различных функциях:

- Right from watching movies, listening to music, playing games, preparing office documents, preparing daily plans to the latest facilities of emailing, chatting, video-conferencing and social interaction through networking, computers work simply amazingly.

- Marketing, shopping, advertising, fashion designing, event organizing, job seeking are all the latest usage of computers.

- Getting the right kind of information is a major challenge.

- Research shows that computers can enhance performance in learning.

2.6. Переведите следующее предложение, обращая внимание на перевод местоимения “it”:

- Scientists have long been users of it.

2.7. Переведите следующее предложение, обращая внимание на бессоюзное соединение простых предложений в сложное:

- Students exposed to the Internet say they think the web has helped them improve the quality of their academic research.

2.8. Выполните полный письменный перевод текста А.

Текст В


Technological advances are changing our lives very rapidly. Nowadays we can’t do without such gadgets as mobile phones, PCs, digital tape recorders, air conditioners, fax machines and so on. Many people feel ill at ease without their laptop computers or GPS navigation systems. However, many people say technology makes us lazier and weaker. For example such technological developments as the telephone and the Internet have made communication much easier, but they can cause the loss of social interaction. A lot of people prefer communicating through a keyboard than face to face. So they move less, speak less and they even think less. Of course, we should continue to develop technology, but we must do it wisely.

Mobile phones have changed the way people live. They give us an opportunity to stay in touch and to be reachable everywhere. It is very fast and convenient. However, mobile phones have some disadvantages. They deprive people of privacy and it is almost impossible to relax with your mobile phone on. Many people are worried about the harmful influence of mobile phones on their health. Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation. Scientists say there is no significant health effect from it. But still it is better not to use your mobile phone too often.

Nowadays more and more people are sending e-mails and SMS messages, while others say it may lead to the loss of social interaction. When we are short of time, e-mails and SMS messages are the best way of communication. But if we want to give or learn more detailed information, letters or phone calls are better.

The Internet is a great source of information and entertainment for many people. It has made possible new forms of social interaction and has become a major source of leisure. It gives an opportunity to access news, documents, images, sounds, video, games and sports reports, to make friends, to book tickets and to purchase different things online. What is more, the Internet has revolutionized the way people communicate. However, Internet addiction is a typical problem nowadays. Spending much time in front of the screen becomes a kind of obsession for many people. The symptoms of Internet addiction include sleep deprivation, decreased physical activity and social interaction with others. Besides, there is a lot of rubbish online and you can’t always trust what you read on the web. The Internet becomes dangerous when it is misused. But if it is used wisely and moderately, it helps you work, study or entertain and saves plenty of time.

(http://www.alleng.ru/engl-top/697.htm)

2. Выполните предпереводческий анализ текста В.


gadget, laptop, navigation system, Internet addiction, social interaction, sleep deprivation.

2.2. Приведите полные формы следующих аббревиатур. Переведите их на русский язык.

PC, GPS, SMS.


2.4.Переведите следующие предложения, употребляя различные способы передачи страдательного залога:

· Many people are worried about the harmful influence of mobile phones on their health.

· The Internet becomes dangerous when it is misused.

· If it is used wisely and moderately, it helps you work, study or entertain.


· Nowadays we can’t do without such gadgets.

· Of course, we should continue to develop technology, but we must do it wisely.

· They give us an opportunity to stay in touch.

· It is almost impossible to relax with your mobile phone on.

· It is better not to use your mobile phone too often.

· It may lead to the loss of social interaction.

· We want to give or learn more detailed information.

· The Internet gives an opportunity to access news, to make friends, to book tickets and to purchase different things online.


· Technological advances are changing our lives.

· They have made communication much easier.

· Mobile phones have changed people’s way of life.

· Nowadays more and more people are sending e-mails and SMS-messages.

· The Internet has made possible new forms of social interaction and has become a major source of leisure.

· The Internet has revolutionized communication.

· The symptoms of Internet addiction include decreased physical activity and social interaction with others.


· A lot of people prefer communicating through a keyboard than face to face.

· Spending much time in front of the screen becomes a kind of obsession for many people.

2.8. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод местоимения “it”:

· It is very fast and convenient.

· There is no significant health effect from it.

· It may lead to the loss of social interaction.

· It has made possible new forms of social interaction.

· It gives an opportunity to access news, documents, images, sounds and sports reports.

2.9. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзное соединение простых предложений в сложные:

- Many people say technology makes us lazier and weaker.

- Mobile phones have changed the way people live.

- Scientists say there is no significant health effect from it.

- Others say it may lead to the loss of social interaction.

- What is more, the Internet has revolutionized the way people communicate.

2.10. Выполните полный письменный перевод текста В.

1.2. типы компьютера

Текст А


Supercomputers

Supercomputers, the world's largest and fastest computers, are primarily used for complex scientific calculations. Although both desktop computers and supercomputers are equipped with similar processors, their speed and memory sizes are significantly different. For instance, a desktop computer has a hard disk data capacity of between 256 and 4000 GB and one processor with tens of MB of RAM. Meanwhile, a supercomputer has thousands of processors, hundreds GB of RAM, and hard drives that allow for hundreds, and sometimes thousands GB of storage space. While desktop computers can perform millions of operations per second, supercomputers are able to perform billions of operations per second.

Supercomputers are so powerful that they can provide researchers with insight into phenomena that are too small, too big, too fast, or too slow to observe in laboratories. For example, astrophysicists use supercomputers as "time machines" to explore the past and the future of our universe.

Another example of supercomputers at work is molecular dynamics (the way molecules interact with each other).

Research centers are constantly delving into new applications like data mining. It is a class of applications that look for hidden patterns in a group of data, allowing scientists to discover previously unknown relationships among the data.

Researchers are beginning to use supercomputers to provide them with a better understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of the brain, and how the brain itself works. Specifically, neuroscientists use supercomputers to look at the dynamic and physiological structures of the brain.

In addition to new applications, the future of supercomputing includes the assembly of the next generation of computational research infrastructure and the introduction of new supercomputing architectures. Parallel supercomputers have many processors, distributed and shared memory, and many communications parts. We have yet to explore all of the ways in which they can be assembled.

(http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Supercomputers.aspx)



GB, MB, RAM.


Data capacity, hard drive, astrophysicist, molecular dynamics, data mining, neuroscientist.


2.4. Переведите следующие предложения, употребляя различные способы передачи страдательного залога:

- Supercomputers, the world's largest and fastest computers, are primarily used for complex scientific calculations.

- Desktop computers and supercomputers are equipped with similar processors.


- Research centers are constantly delving into new applications like data mining.

- Researchers are beginning to use supercomputers to provide them with a better understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of the brain.

- Parallel supercomputers have many processors, distributed and shared memory, and many communications parts.


- These phenomena are too small, too big, too fast, or too slow to observe in laboratories.

- For example, astrophysicists use supercomputers as "time machines" to explore the past and the future of our universe.

- It is a class of applications that look for hidden patterns in a group of data, allowing scientists to discover previously unknown relationships among the data.

- Specifically, neuroscientists use supercomputers to look at the dynamic and physiological structures of the brain.

2.7. Переведите следующее предложение, обращая внимание на перевод герундия в различных функциях:

- The future of supercomputing includes the assembly of the next generation of computational research infrastructure and the introduction of new supercomputing architectures.

2.8. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на союзное соединение простых предложений в сложные. При необходимости уточните значение союзов по словарю.

· Although both desktop computers and supercomputers are equipped with similar processors, their speed and memory sizes are significantly different.

· While desktop computers can perform millions of operations per second, supercomputers are able to perform billions of operations per second.

· Supercomputers are so powerful that they can provide researchers with insight into phenomena that are too small, too big, too fast, or too slow to observe in laboratories.


Текст В


Personal Computers

A personal computer can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. In price, personal computers may range from a few hundred pounds to over five thousand pounds. As all of them are based on the microprocessor technology, it enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use of personal computers is playing games and surfing the Net.

One of the first and most popular personal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer. Then, in 1981, IBM entered the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the personal computer of choice, and most other personal computer manufacturers fell by the wayside. One of the few companies to survive IBM’s onslaught was Apple Computer. Other companies built IBM clones, computers that were internally almost the same as the IBM PC, but cost less. While IBM clones used the same microprocessors as IBM PCs, they were able of running the same software. Over the years, IBM has lost much of its influence in directing the evolution of PCs. In recent years, the term PC has become more and more difficult to pin down. In general, it applies to any personal computer based on an Intel microprocessor.

Today the world of personal computers is basically divided between Apple Macintoshes and PCs. The principal characteristics of personal computers are that they are single-user systems and are based on microprocessors. However, although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, it is common to link them to form a network. In terms of power, there is a great variety. At the high end, the distinction between personal computers and workstations has faded. High-end models of the Macintosh and PC can offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard and DEC.

(https://www.google.ru/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CCoQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fedpminstitute.yolasite.com%2Fresources%2FUNIT1-THE%2520COMPUTER%2520SYSTEM.docx&ei=dJ_lVOn0HY_naoeSgagP&usg=AFQjCNFwPYtuReypEeXuyvA7ovYkPp6xJA&bvm=bv.85970519,d.d2s&cad=rjt)



PC, IBM, CPU.


Microprocessor technology, word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, spreadsheet and database management, software, single-user system.



- A personal computer can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer.

- All of them are based on the microprocessor technology.

- Today the world of personal computers is basically divided between Apple Macintoshes and PCs.

-The principal characteristics of personal computers are that they are single-user systems and are based on microprocessors.

- Personal computers are designed as single-user systems.


- One of the few companies to survive IBM’s onslaught was Apple Computer.

- In recent years, the term PC has become more and more difficult to pin down.


- A personal computer can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user.

- One of the first and most popular personal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer.

- Then, in 1981, IBM entered the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC.

- In general, it applies to any personal computer based on an Intel microprocessor.


- Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications.

- At home, the most popular use of personal computers is playing games and surfing the Net.

- While IBM clones used the same microprocessors as IBM PCs, they were able of running the same software.

- Over the years, IBM has lost much of its influence in directing the evolution of PCs.


- It enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip.

- In general, it applies to any personal computer based on an Intel microprocessor.

- It is common to link them to form a network.

2.9. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на союзное соединение простых предложений в сложное:

- As all of them are based on the microprocessor technology, it enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip.

- While IBM clones used the same microprocessors as IBM PCs, they were able of running the same software.

- However, although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, it is common to link them to form a network.


1.3. Архитектура компьютера

Текст А


A computer is a complex machine that is capable of performing huge computations at an extraordinary speed. It mainly consists of a central processing unit (CPU), an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), computer storage, input and output devices along with its peripherals. It is these parts that make the whole system.

The CPU is the central unit in a computer containing the logic circuitry that performs the instructions of a computer's programs. The CPU performs arithmetical, logical operations on data held in the computer memory - the RAM. The RAM is seen as a vector that contains instructions and data provided by the computer programmer.

The CPU relies on an operating system such as Windows or MacOS for inputting and outputting data, interaction with the user or storing information on a disk. Most of the CPUs made today are produced by Intel or AMD, and all of these use the same instruction set or how the instructions are coded to the CPU.

The primary responsibility of a computer processor is to execute a sequential set of instructions that constitute a program. CPU operation can be divided into four basic steps, namely, fetch, decode, execute and writeback. During the 'fetch' step, the processor retrieves program instructions from memory. In the decode step, the instruction is broken down into parts. The instruction set architecture of the CPU defines the way in which an instruction is decoded. In the 'execute' step, the CPU performs the operation implied by the program instruction. During the 'writeback' step, the CPU writes back the results of execution to the computer's memory.

The CPU can deal with many millions of calculations per second. Bytes of data travel around the computer on electronic pathways, known as buses. Data from the CPU travels along these buses to other parts of the computer, telling them what to do. How quickly the CPU can deal with calculations is decided by the number of bytes that it can process at once, and the number of instructions it can deal with during one second.

To put it really simply, the CPU is like the human brain, performing all of the calculations required to complete a program.

(http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_CPU)



CPU, RAM, ALU, OS.


Computation, central processing unit, program instructions, instruction set architecture, arithmetic/logic unit, peripherals, buses.



- The RAM is seen as a vector.

- Most of the CPUs are produced by Intel or AMD.

- Most of the CPUs use the same instruction set - or how the instructions are coded to the CPU.

- CPU operation can be divided into four basic steps.

- The instruction is broken down into parts.

- The instruction set architecture of the CPU defines the way in which an instruction is decoded.

2.5. Переведите следующee предложениe, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива в различных функциях:

- The primary responsibility of a computer processor is to execute a sequential set of instructions.


- The CPU is the central unit in a computer containing the logic circuitry.

- The CPU performs arithmetical, logical operations on data held in the computer memory.

- The RAM is seen as a vector that contains instructions and data provided by the computer programmer.

- Most of the CPUs made today are produced by Intel or AMD.

- The CPU performs the operation implied by the program instruction.

- Bytes of data travel about the computer on electronic pathways, known as buses.

- Data from the CPU travels along these buses to other parts of the computer, telling them what to do.

- The CPU is like the human brain, performing all of the calculations required to complete a program.


- A computer is capable of performing huge computations at an extraordinary speed.

- The CPU relies on an operating system such as Windows or MacOS for inputting and outputting data, interaction with the user or storing information on a disk.


- It mainly consists of a central processing unit (CPU), an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), computer storage, input and output devices along with its peripherals.

- It is these parts that make the whole system.

- How quickly the CPU can deal with calculations is decided by the number of bytes that it can process at once, and the number of instructions it can deal with during one second.


- A computer is a complex machine that is capable of performing huge computations at an extraordinary speed.

- The CPU is the central unit in a computer containing the logic circuitry that performs the instructions of a computer's programs.

- The RAM is seen as a vector that contains instructions and data.


Текст В


Computer Motherboard

The motherboard is the soul of your computer. A computer motherboard is nothing but the circuit board which controls the entire functioning of the computer. All the components that make up your computer are connected to the motherboard. The CPU, which is the most important component of your computer, is mounted on the motherboard. All other components like the keyboard, monitor, mouse, hard drives, etc. are all connected to the motherboard through cables.

Peripheral device slots, serial parallel ports and input / output ports are other physical components or parts that are involved in the working of a computer. When such components are provided for by the motherboard, i.e. they are built into the motherboard, the motherboard is called integrated.

For example, to make a computer capable of connecting to networks, a network card is integrated onto the motherboard itself. So you do not need to buy a network card. This sort of motherboard allows for better air flow within the computer's case. Integrated motherboards cost less to make but their downside is that, if even one component on the motherboard fails, the entire board might have to be replaced. Repairing or replacing this sort of motherboard is expensive.

With non-integrated motherboards, electronic components and parts are fitted individually. I/O ports, connectors, RAM etc. are fixed to the motherboard using expansion slots. When needed you can add one or more components. This allows for greater customization and freedom in designing a PC. Gamers, for example, could fix a high-end graphics card of their choice, using the expansion slot, instead of settling for an average video card on an integrated motherboard.

But customizing a motherboard can be expensive and this is the problem with non-integrated motherboards. The initial cost is high as components need to be bought and fixed. Plus, there should be enough expansion slots to accommodate the multiple components. However, if a single component fails, then it has to be replaced or repaired, which is a cheaper operation as opposed to replacing the entire motherboard.

The way of differentiating computer motherboards is also based on motherboard socket types. The CPUs that are available in the current market are compatible only with specific motherboards.

(http://www.buzzle.com/articles/computer-motherboard-types.html)



CPU, RAM, PC, I/O.


Motherboard, circuit board, serial parallel ports, expansion slots, socket, high-end graphics card.



- All the components are connected to the motherboard.

- The CPU is mounted on the motherboard.

- Peripheral device slots, serial parallel ports and input / output ports are other physical components or parts that are involved in the working of a computer.

- When such components are provided for by the motherboard, i.e. they are built into the motherboard, the motherboard is called integrated.

- A network card is integrated onto the motherboard.

- The entire board might have to be replaced.

- With non-integrated motherboards, electronic components and parts are fitted individually.

- I/O ports, connectors, RAM etc. are fixed to the motherboard.

- The initial cost is high as components need to be bought and fixed.

- The way of differentiating computer motherboards is also based on motherboard socket types.


- For example, to make a computer capable of connecting to networks, a network card is integrated onto the motherboard itself.

- So you do not need to buy a network card.

- Integrated motherboards cost less to make.

- There should be enough expansion slots to accommodate the multiple components.


- I/O ports, connectors, RAM etc. are fixed to the motherboard using expansion slots.

- Gamers could fix a high-end graphics card of their choice, using the expansion slot.


- Repairing or replacing this sort of motherboard is expensive.

- This allows for greater customization and freedom in designing a PC.

- Gamers could fix a high-end graphics card of their choice, using the expansion slot, instead of settling for an average video card on an integrated motherboard.

- But customizing a motherboard can be expensive and this is the problem with non-integrated motherboards.

- This is a cheaper operation as opposed to replacing the entire motherboard.

2.8. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на союзное соединение простых предложений в сложное. При необходимости уточните значение союза по словарю.

- A computer motherboard is nothing but the circuit board which controls the entire functioning of the computer.

- All the components that make up your computer are connected to the motherboard.

- The CPU, which is the most important component of your computer, is mounted on the motherboard.

- However, if a single component fails, then it has to be replaced or repaired, which is a cheaper operation as opposed to replacing the entire motherboard.


1.4. Клавиатура и мышь

Текст А


Different Types of Computer Mice

While tablets and phones use touch screens and laptops use track pads, the mouse is the standard method of pointing, dragging and selecting for desktop computing. Mice come in several varieties. Understanding the different features of each type of mouse can help you determine which one is best for your needs.

Standard mice feature two buttons and usually have a scroll wheel that also functions as a third button. As standard mice are the most basic type, they're generally affordable and come in a variety of designs, including ones intended to provide ergonomic support. Optical mice use either an LED or laser sensor to detect the mouse pad or surface, and thereby track movement. Older mice used a rubber ball and sensors to determine which direction the mouse moved, but today optical mice are the most common type.

Trackball mice are similar to the older ball-driven mice in that they don't use optical sensors to determine position and can feature at least two buttons. The similarities end there, however, as trackball mice take the roller-ball concept and flip it upside down. The mouse itself remains stationary while you roll the ball to move the cursor. Trackball mice don't require a lot of space and don't have issues with a constantly moving cord, making them a good choice for desks with limited space.

Gaming mice differ from standard mice because they generally feature numerous extra buttons. How many buttons and where they're located vary from models. The most basic gaming mice feature two additional buttons positioned on the left side of the mouse where they can easily be accessed with your thumb. Some mice are designed for use with specific games or kinds of games, with dedicated buttons for certain tasks. The extra buttons can be useful for non-gaming tasks in some programs, but generally they are best suited for gaming and little else.

Mice are either wired and wireless. Wired mice are usually connected to your computer with a USB cable and draw their power from the computer itself. Wireless mice require batteries and use infrared or Bluetooth radio technology to connect to the computer. Infrared mice come with a dongle that must be connected to the computer to send and receive signal input. Bluetooth mice pair with your computer's Bluetooth receiver to transmit data between mouse and computer. Wireless mice have a greater range and no cords to tangle, but wired mice have less input lag.

(http://www.ehow.com/facts_4968709_different-types-computer-mouses.html)

2 Выполните предпереводческий анализ текста А.


LED, USB.


tablet, touch screen, track pad, infrared technology, desktop computing, infrared mice.



- How many buttons and where they're located vary from models.

- They can easily be accessed with your thumb.

- Some mice are designed for use with specific games.

- Wired mice are usually connected to your computer with a USB cable.

- Infrared mice come with a dongle that must be connected to the computer.

2.5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива:

- Optical mice use either an LED or laser sensor to detect the mouse pad or surface.

- Older mice used a rubber ball and sensors to determine which direction the mouse moved.

- Trackball mice don't use optical sensors to determine position.

- The mouse itself remains stationary while you roll the ball to move the cursor.

- Infrared mice must be connected to the computer to send and receive signal input.


- Standard mice are generally affordable and come in a variety of designs, including ones intended to provide ergonomic support.

- Trackball mice are similar to the older ball-driven mice.

- Trackball mice don't require a lot of space and don't have issues with a constantly moving cord, making them a good choice for desks with limited space.

- The most basic gaming mice feature two additional buttons positioned on the left side of the mouse.


- The mouse is the standard method of pointing, dragging and selecting for desktop computing.

- Understanding the different features of each type of mouse can help you determine which one is best for your needs.

- Gaming mice differ from standard mice.

- The extra buttons can be useful for non-gaming tasks in some programs, but generally they are best suited for gaming and little else.


- While tablets and phones use touch screens and laptops use track pads, the mouse is the standard method of pointing, dragging and selecting for desktop computing.

- Standard mice feature two buttons and usually have a scroll wheel that also functions as a third button.

- Infrared mice come with a dongle that must be connected to the computer to send and receive signal input.

- Wireless mice have a greater range and no cords to tangle, but wired mice have less input lag.

- Gaming mice differ from standard mice because they generally feature numerous extra buttons.


Текст В


A mouse pad is a surface for placing and moving a computer mouse. Computer mouse pads are used to prevent the build-up of dust, dirt, and oil inside the computer mouse, to reduce wear on the desk surface and to reduce wrist injury. There are three main types of computer mouse pads: ergonomic, textured, and gaming.

Ergonomic mouse pads are specifically designed to reduce pressure on the wrist tendons through careful placement of supportive padding. Although there are several different designs, all ensure that the wrist is parallel to the table surface when using the mouse. Holding the wrist and hand in this position reduces the strain on the carpal tendons located in the wrist. This can help prevent carpal tunnel syndrome, a repetitive strain injury associated with incorrect wrist position in long-term computer uses.

Textured mouse pads are very common, and have decreased in price every year due to their widespread use. Fabric became the new trend with the introduction of a rubberized silicon surface to the steel roller ball. The fabric layer provides a lint-free surface for the mouse to move on, and a small amount of cushion for the user. There is a wide range of materials that have been used to make computer mouse pads. The most common fabric type is actually a low density rubber composite, such as butadiene rubber. Mouse pads can also be made from plastic, silicone rubber, leather, cork, wood, stone, and steel.

The introduction of optical mice removed the rubberized ball, and allowed the mouse to receive the movement signal from the optical sensor installed in the base of the mouse. This change in design improved the accuracy of the mouse, while decreasing costs. Optical mice do not work well on glass or highly polished wood, as these surfaces are highly reflective. The use of a computer mouse pad resolves this issue and protects the surface from wear over time.

Gaming mouse pads are designed for extended use and provide a larger than normal working space, improved sensitivity and better ergonomics. This type of computer mouse pad is often made of plastic and is designed for endurance. The surface of computer mouse pads often has graphical images or pictures to allow users to create a customized look to suit their personal style and décor.

(http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-computer-mouse-pads.htm)



Mouse pad, carpal tunnel syndrome, repetitive strain injury, ergonomics.



- Computer mouse pads are used to prevent the build-up of dust, dirt, and oil inside the computer mouse.

- Mouse pads can also be made from plastic, silicone rubber, leather, cork, wood, stone, and steel.

- This type of computer mouse pad is often made of plastic and is designed for endurance.

2.4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива:

- Computer mouse pads are used to prevent the build-up of dust, dirt, and oil inside the computer mouse, to reduce wear on the desk surface and to reduce wrist injury.

- Ergonomic mouse pads are designed to reduce pressure on the wrist tendons.

- The fabric layer provides a lint-free surface for the mouse to move on.

- There is a wide range of materials that have been used to make computer mouse pads.

- The introduction of optical mice allowed the mouse to receive the movement signal from the optical sensor.

- The surface of computer mouse pads often has graphical images or pictures to allow users to create a customized look to suit their personal style and décor.


- The wrist is parallel to the table surface when using the mouse.

- This position reduces the strain on the carpal tendons located in the wrist.

- This can help prevent carpal tunnel syndrome, a repetitive strain injury associated with incorrect wrist position in long-term computer uses.

- Fabric became the new trend with the introduction of a rubberized silicone surface to the steel roller ball.

- The introduction of optical mice removed the rubberized ball, and allowed the mouse to receive the movement signal from the optical sensor installed in the base of the mouse.

- This change in design improved the accuracy of the mouse, while decreasing costs.


- A mouse pad is a surface for placing and moving a computer mouse.

- Holding the wrist and hand in this position reduces the strain on the carpal tendons.

- Gaming mouse pads are designed for extended use and provide a larger than normal working space, improved sensitivity and better ergonomics.


- Although there are several different designs, all ensure that the wrist is parallel to the table surface when using the mouse.

- There is a wide range of materials that have been used to make computer mouse pads.

- Optical mice do not work well on glass or highly polished wood, as these surfaces are highly reflective.


1.5. Языки программирования

Текст А

1 Прочитайте текст.

A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs, to control the behaviour of a machine or to express algorithms. Thousands of different programming languages have been created and many more are still being created.

Not any computer programming language can do anything. The are limitations, and actually different languages are used for different tasks.

Web languages are used for creating and editing pages on the web. They can do anything from putting plain text on a webpage to accessing and retrieving data from a database. They vary greatly in terms of power and complexity.

HTML is the core language of the World Wide Web that is used to define the structure and layout of web pages by using various tags and attributes. Although it’s a fundamental language of the web, HTML is static. Content created with it does not change.

XML is a language which works like HTML. Unlike HTML, it allows for custom tags that are defined by programmers. XML allows for the transmission of data between applications and organizations through the use of its custom tags.

JavaScript is a language used to provide dynamic and interactive content on webpages. With JavaScript it is possible to communicate with HTML, create animation, calculators, validate forms, and more.

VBScript is a language developed by Microsoft that works only in Microsoft’s Internet Explorer web browser and web browsers based on the Internet Explorer engine. VBScript can be used to print dates, make calculations, interact with the user, and more.

(https://charlesmanayag018.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/)

2 Выполните предпереводческий анализ текста А.


HTML, XML, VBScript.


webpage, database, World Wide Web, tags, attributes, Internet Explorer engine.



- Programming languages can be used to create programs, to control the behaviour of a machine or to express algorithms.

- Thousands of different programming languages have been created, and many more are still being created.

- Different languages are used for different tasks.

- HTML is used to define the structure and layout of web pages.

- XML allows for custom tags that are defined by programmers.

- VBScript can be used to print dates, make calculations, interact with the user, and more.


- A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a computer.

- Content created with HTML does not change.

- JavaScript is a language used to provide dynamic and interactive content on webpages.

- VBScript is a language developed by Microsoft.

- It works only in web browsers based on the Internet Explorer engine.


- Web languages are used for creating and editing pages on the web.

- They can do anything from putting plain text on a webpage to accessing and retrieving data from a database.

- HTML is used to define the structure and layout of web pages by using various tags and attributes.


- Although it is a fundamental language of the web, HTML is static.

- Content created with it does not change.

- Unlike HTML, it allows for custom tags that are defined by programmers.

- With JavaScript it is possible to communicate with HTML, create animation, calculators, validate forms, and more.

2.8. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на союзное соединение простых предложений в сложные. При необходимости уточните значение союзов по словарю:

· HTML is the core language of the World Wide Web that is used to define the structure and layout of web pages by using various tags and attributes.

· XML is a language which works like HTML.

· VBScript is a language developed by Microsoft that works only in Microsoft’s Internet Explorer web browser.


Текст В


Do we really need another programming language? There is certainly no shortage of choice. New languages emerge with surprising frequency. Some are designed by students or hobbyists as personal projects. Others are the products of large IT vendors. Why do people keep reinventing the wheel? The answer is that programming itself is constantly evolving. The rise of multicore CPUs, cloud computing, mobility and distributed architectures have created new challenges for developers.

Google created Dart. It hopes the language will become the new vernacular of Web programming. Like JavaScript, Dart uses C-like syntax and keywords. One significant difference is that while JavaScript is a prototype – based language, objects in Dart are defined using classes and interfaces. Dart also allows programmers to declare variables with static types. The idea is that Dart should be as familiar, dynamic and fluid as JavaScript and allow developers to write code that is faster, easier to maintain, and less susceptible to subtle bugs.

Functional programming has long been popular with computer scientists, but pure functional languages, like Lisp and Haskell are often considered unworkable for real-world software development. One common complaint is that functional-style code can be difficult to integrate with code and libraries written in imperative languages like C + + and Java. F# (F – sharp) is a Microsoft language designed to be functional and practical. F # is a first class language on CLR. So it can access all of the same libraries and features as other CLR languages, such as C# and Visual Basic.

Web development is too complicated. Even the simplest Web application requires countless lines of code in multiple languages. Opa proposes an entirely new paradigm for Web programming. In an Opa application, the client–side UI, server-side logic, and database I/O are all implemented in a single language, Opa. Opa accomplishes this through a combination of client – and server – side frameworks. The Opa computer decides whether a given routine should run on the client server, or both. Then it outputs code accordingly. For client – side routines, it translates Opa into the appropriate JavaScript code, including AJAX calls.

IBM Research is developing XIO, a language designed specifically for modern parallel architectures, with the goal of increasing developer productivity “times 10”. XIO handles concurrency using the partitioned global address space(PGAS) programming model. Code and data are separated into units and distributed across one or more places. It makes easier to scale a program from a single – threaded prototype to multiple threads running on one or more multicore processors in a high – performance cluster.

(http://www.infoworld.com/article/2618168/application-development/10-programming-languages-that-could-shake-up-it.html.)



IT, CLR, AJAX, PGAS, CPU, UI, I/O


Multicore CPUs, cloud computing, distributed architecture, C-like syntax, a prototype- based language, variables, functional-style code, client-side UI, server-side logic, database I/O, single-threaded prototype, high-performance cluster.



- Some are designed by students or hobbyists.

- Objects in Dart are defined using classes and interfaces.

- Pure functional languages like Lisp and Haskell are often considered unworkable for real-world software development.

- Code and data are separated into units and distributed across one or more places.

The client-side UI, server-side logic, and database I/O are all implemented in a single language, Opa.


- Dart allows programmers to declare variables with static types.

- Functional-style code can be difficult to integrate with code.


- Programming itself is constantly evolving.

- Functional-style code can be difficult to integrate with code and libraries written in imperative languages like C++ and Java.

- F# is a Microsoft language designed to be functional and practical.

- The Opa compiler decides whether a given routine should run on the client, server, or both.

- The computer translates Opa into the appropriate JavaScript code, including AJAX calls.

- IBM Research is developing XIO, a language designed specifically for modern parallel architectures.

- XIO handles concurrency using the partitioned global address space programming model.

- It makes easier to scale a program from a single-threaded prototype to multiple threads running on one or more multicore processors in a high-performance cluster.


- Why do people keep reinventing the wheel?

- It is a language designed specifically for modern parallel architectures with the goal of increasing developer productivity “times 10”.


- It can access all of the same libraries and features as other CLR languages.

- Then it outputs code accordingly.

- For client-side routines, it translates Opa into the appropriate JavaScript code.

2.9. Переведите следующее предложение, обращая внимание на бессоюзное соединение простых предложений в сложное.

· It hopes the language will become the new vernacular of Web programming.


- One significant difference is that while JavaScript is a prototype-based language, objects in Dark are defined using classes and interfaces.

- The idea is that Dark should be as familiar, dynamic, and fluid as Java Script and allow developers to write code that is faster, easier to maintain, and less susceptible to subtle bugs.

- One common complaint is that functional-style code can be difficult to integrate with code and libraries written in imperative languages.


1.6. УСТРОЙСТВА ВВОДА ДАННЫХ

Текст А


Input Devices

Input devices are broken down into 3 categories: keyboards, pointing devices, and Data-Entry devices.

The keyboard is the most popular input device for a computer. It translates numbers, letters, symbols and control keys into digital signals that can be interpreted by the PC. Keyboards may come in wireless, foldable or virtual varieties.

With the rise in graphical user interfaces, mice became the most commonly used method in controlling a computer. A mouse is used to manipulate objects and text etc. on the computer screen. This device can be plugged into the back of a computer, the back of a keyboard, or can even be cordless!

Touch pads are most commonly built into a laptop computer. A touch pad is a rectangular plastic piece which can control the pointer on a computer simply by dragging your finger across its surface. By using the touch of a finger on a computer screen, the computer is able to receive input from the movement of your finger to control operations. The finger transfers electrical currents to the computer. Touch screens are commonly used on ATMs. There are 2 common types of touch screen: resistive screens and capacitive screens. Resistive screens operate by using 2 thin layers. When one layer comes into contact with another (from someone pressing the screen), they form a connection which can be translated into a pair of coordinates a computer uses. The second technology utilizes the concept that the human body is a conductor, and when someone taps on a resisting material (such as a glass panel), a change in capacitance is observed, and the computer can determine where the user made a selection. This type of technology is known as capacitive sensing. A popular use of capacitive sensing is the touch screens in popular smart phones such as iPhones.

A Stylus (which is Latin for stake or pointed object) is a small pen-like device used to enter data by reacting to a touch-sensitive screen or film. One important feature of a stylus is its tip which ideally is made of a firm but non-scratching form of plastic. The body of a stylus can be made from anything ranging from synthetic plastic to bronze or chrome in some situations.

A scanner is a device that uses light to read an image or text and turn it into a digital message. This media can then be used to store, change and send the image or text. There are various types of scanners. The three most common are drum, flatbed and hand. Drum scanners use photomultiplier tubes (PMT). Flatbed scanners use a glass pane and a bright light. Hand scanners are dragged across the image manually. A flatbed scanner works in a similar fashion to a photocopier. The scanned image is stationary, usually sitting on a piece of glass. The scanning beam then moves across the image to copy the data. The flatbed scanner is also known as a desktop scanner. It can be found combined with printers, due to their low cost.

Input to a computer can take the form of speech. While technology for this is not widespread, speech input is constantly improving, and may find use in everyday life in the near future.

(http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Input_Devices)



graphical user interfaces, pointing device, data-entry device, touch pad, laptop, capacitive sensing, drum scanner, flatbed scanner, hand scanner, photomultiplier tube.


PC, ATM, PMT.


2.4.Переведите следующие предложения, употребляя различные способы передачи страдательного залога:

· Input devices are broken down into 3 categories.

· Digital signals can be interpreted by the PC.

· This device can be plugged into the back of a computer.

· Touch pads are most commonly built into a laptop computer.

· Touch screens are commonly used on ATMs.

· This media can then be used to store, change and send the image or text.

· Hand scanners are dragged across the image manually.

· The flatbed scanner can be found combined with printers.


· A mouse is used to manipulate objects and text etc. on the computer screen.

· The computer is able to receive input from the movement of your finger to control operations.

· A scanner is a device that uses light to read an image or text and turn it into a digital message.

· The scanning beam then moves across the image to copy the data.


· Mice became the most commonly used method in controlling a computer.

· A Stylus is a small pen-like device used to enter data.

· The body of a stylus can be made from anything ranging from synthetic plastic to bronze or chrome in some situations.

· The scanned image is stationary, usually sitting on a piece of glass.

· The scanning beam moves across the image.

· Speech input is constantly improving.

2.7. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия:

· A touch pad can control the pointer on a computer simply by dragging your finger across its surface.

· By using the touch of a finger on a computer screen, the computer is able to receive input from the movement of your finger.

· Resistive screen operate by using 2 thin layers.

· A Stylus is a small pen-like device used to enter data by reacting to a touch-sensitive screen or film.


· It translates numbers, letters, symbols and control keys into digital signals.

· One important feature of a stylus is its tip.

· It can be found combined with printers.

2.9. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на союзное и бессоюзное соединение простых предложений в сложные. При необходимости уточните значение союзов по словарю:

· When one layer comes into contact with another (from someone pressing the screen), they form a connection which can be translated into a pair of coordinates a computer uses.

· The second technology utilizes the concept that the human body is a conductor, and when someone taps on a resisting material, a change in capacitance is observed, and the computer can determine where the user made a selection.

· While technology for this is not widespread, speech input is constantly improving, and may find use in everyday life in the near future.


Текст B


Multiple-mouse systems

Some systems allow two or more mice to be used at once as input devices. 16-bit era home computers such as the Amiga used this to allow computer games with two players interacting on the same computer. The same idea is sometimes used in collaborative software, e.g. to simulate a whiteboard that multiple users can draw on without passing a single mouse around.

Microsoft Windows, since Windows 98, has supported multiple simultaneous pointing devices. Because Windows only provides a single screen cursor, using more than one device at the same time generally results in seemingly random movements of the cursor. However, the advantage of this support lies not in simultaneous use, but in simultaneous availability for alternate use. For example, a laptop user editing a complex document might use a handheld mouse for drawing and manipulation of graphics. But when editing a section of text it is common to use a built-in trackpad to allow movement of the cursor while keeping your hands on the keyboard.

DirectInput originally allowed access to multiple mice as separate devices, but Windows NT based systems could not make use of this. When Windows XP was introduced, it provided a feature called "Raw Input" that offers the ability to track multiple mice independently, allowing for programs that make use of separate mice. Though a program could, for example, draw multiple cursors if it was a full screen application, Windows still supports just one cursor and keyboard.

As of 2009, Linux distributions and other operating systems that use X.Org, such as Open Solaris and FreeBSD, support unlimited numbers of cursors and keyboards through Multi-Pointer X.

There have also been propositions of having a single operator use two mice simultaneously as a more sophisticated means of controlling various graphics and multimedia applications.

(http://dictionary.sensagent.com/MOUSE%20COMPUTING/en-en/)



collaborative software, cursor, handheld mouse, trackpad.


Windows NT, Windows XP.


2.4.Переведите следующее предложение, употребляя различные способы передачи страдательного залога:

· The same idea is sometimes used in collaborative software.

2.5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива в различных функциях.

· Some systems allow two or more mice to be used at once as input devices.

· The Amiga used this to allow computer games with two players.

· It is common to use a built-in trackpad to allow movement of the cursor.


· The Amiga used this to allow computer games with two players interacting on the same computer.

· A laptop user editing a complex document might use a handheld mouse for drawing and manipulation of graphics.

· When editing a section of text it is common to use a built-in trackpad while keeping your hands on the keyboard.

· "Raw Input" offers the ability to track multiple mice independently, allowing for programs that make use of separate mice.

2.7. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия:

· Multiple users can draw on a whiteboard without passing a single mouse around.

· Using more than one device at the same time generally results in seemingly random movements of the cursor.

· There have also been propositions of having a single operator use two mice simultaneously.

2.8. Переведите следующее предложение, обращая внимание на перевод местоимения “it”:

· When Windows XP was introduced, it provided a feature called "Raw Input".

2.9. Переведите следующее предложение, обращая внимание на союзное соединение простых предложений в сложное. При необходимости уточните значение союзов по словарю:

· Though a program could, for example, draw multiple cursors if it was a full screen application, Windows still supports just one cursor and keyboard.

· When Windows XP was introduced, it provided a feature called "Raw Input" that offers the ability to track multiple mice independently.


1.7. УСТРОЙСТВА ВЫВОДА ДАННЫХ

Текст А


Types of Output

A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. Information shown on a display device is called soft copy because the information exists electronically and is displayed for a temporary period of time. Display devices include CRT monitors, LCD monitors and displays, gas plasma monitors, and televisions.

Some types of output are text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video. Text consists of characters that are used to create words, sentences, and paragraphs. Graphics are digital representations of nontext information such as drawings, charts, photographs, and animation. Tactile output such as raised line drawings may be useful for some individuals who are blind. Audio is music, speech, or any other sound. Video consists of images played back at speeds to provide the appearance of full motion.

A digital image is a numeric representation of an image stored on a computer. They don't have any physical size until they are displayed on a screen or printed on paper. Until that point, they are just a collection of numbers on the computer's hard drive that describe the individual elements of a picture and how they are arranged. Some computers come with built-in graphics capability. Others need a device, called a graphics card or graphics adapter board that has to be added. Depending on whether the image resolution is fixed, it may be of vector or raster type. Without qualifications, the term "digital image" usually refers to raster images also called bitmap images. Raster images that are composed of pixels are suited for photo-realistic images. Vector images which are composed of lines and co-ordinates rather than dots are more suited to line art, graphs or fonts. To make a 3-D image, the graphics card first creates a wire frame out of straight lines. Then, it rasterizes the image (fills in the remaining pixel

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