© fall 2005, pflugerville isd, 7th grade 7th grade science

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade

7th Grade Science

http://www.1biology.50megs.com/anteriorskeleton.htmhttp://www.ucfv.bc.ca/biology/terry/111/mendel3.jpg

http://science.howstuffworks.com/animal-camouflage2.htm

Unit 2 : Chapters 7,8,9,10,14© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade

Unit 2: Life Science

Chapter 9: Introduction to the Human Body

Section 1: Body Organization

Section 2-4: Body System Interactions

Unit 2 : Chapters 7,8,9,10,14© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade

Unit : 2 Life Science

Chapter 10: Mendel and HereditySection 1: Mendel and His PeasSection 2: Introducing MeiosisSection 3: Evolution

Chapter 14: Animals and BehaviorSection 1: What is an Animal?Section 2: Animal BehaviorSection 3: Living Together

Unit 2 : Chapter 9 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade

Introduction to the Human Body

Why is water an important part of homeostasis?

What Do You Think?



• Remember from Chapter 8 that homeostasis is the bodies way of having a stable internal environment.

• In order for all of the systems of our body to work together, we must maintain homeostasis.


Let’s Review!

- 1 -

Describe how bones help your body maintain a stable internal condition while you live in a changing external environment.

http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062883/K=skeletal+system/v=2/SID=e/l=IVR/SIG=11sghop8u/EXP=1130873051/*-http%3A//www.fihm.com/html/syl/syl_10.html


Answer

• Bone support your body, store and release minerals, and enable your muscles to move the body. Some bones also make blood cells.

• All of these things help maintain homeostasis.



Systems of the Body and their Functions

System Function

Integumentary System

Your skin, hair, and nails protect underlying tissue.

Muscular SystemYour muscles move your

bones.

Skeletal SystemYour bones support and

protect body parts.

Cardiovascular System

Your heart pumps blood through your blood vessels

to the rest of your body.


Introduction to the Human BodySystems of the Body and their Functions

System Function

Nervous SystemReceives and sends electrical messages throughout the body.

Lymphatic SystemReturns leaked fluid to blood vessels. It also helps get rid of

germs.

Digestive SystemBreaks down the food you eat into

nutrients that can be absorbed in your bloodstream.

Endocrine SystemMade of glands that regulate body functions by sending out chemical

messages.



Systems of the Body and their Functions

System Function

Respiratory SystemYour lungs absorb oxygen and

release carbon dioxide.

Urinary SystemRemoves wastes from the blood

and regulates body fluids.

Reproductive SystemThe male reproductive system

produces and delivers sperm.

Reproductive SystemThe female reproductive system

produces eggs and nourishes and shelters the unborn baby.


Interactions of the Human Body

Websites to visit:

An interactive tour of all of the body systems.

Interactive Human Body

Kids Health: "My body"

Unit 2 : Chapter 9 : Section 2-4© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade


• You may not think of bones as simple machines, but they are.

• What simple machines would your bones act as?

Your bones are machines!



• Bones function as levers!



How do our organ systems work together?

What Do You Think?



How are organ systems interrelated?

• All of the organ systems rely on each other for our whole body to work.



How are organ systems interrelated?

• An example is that your muscular system needs your skeletal system, so it will have bones to support the muscles. If we did not have bones to hold up our muscles, we would be a big blob on the ground!



How are organ systems interrelated?• Our cardiovascular system relies on

the respiratory system to oxygenate the blood.

• All of our systems rely on the integumentary system to hold our organs in place.



As a group at your table. Describe in your notes how each of these systems rely on each other.

1. The cardiovascular and nervous system.

2. The digestive and muscular system.

3. The skeletal and nervous system.

4. The urinary and muscular system.

5. The respiratory and nervous system.


Let’s Review

- 1 -

Why would the muscular system need the skeletal system?



• The muscles need the bones to help them stand up. Without the bones, our muscles would be a big blob on the ground!



Pre-AP Website

http://www.texashste.com/html/APHS.HTM


Mendel and His Peas

Some of your science class has brown eyes, some blue eyes, some hazel eyes. Where do

people get these different traits?

What Do You Think?


Mendel and His Peas

Vocabulary Chapter 101. Heredity- the passing of traits from

parent to offspring.2. Self-pollinate- A plant is often able

to pollinate by itself because it contains both the male and female reproductive structures. This only requires 1 parent.


Mendel and His Peas

3. True-breeding- all of the offspring will have the same trait as the parent when self-pollinated

4. First-generation- the very first set of offspring from two parents

5. Dominant trait- the trait observed when at least one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited


Mendel and His Peas

6. Recessive trait- a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited

7. Genes- a segment of DNA that carries hereditary instructions and is passed from parent to offspring

8. Alleles- multiple forms of the same gene


Mendel and His Peas

9. Genotype- an organisms inherited combination of alleles

10. Phenotype- an organisms inherited appearance


Mendel and His Peas

Gregor Mendel

• Gregor Mendel, born in 1822, is named the “Father of Genetics”.

http://www.pitt.edu/~biohome/Dept/Frame/pisumprize.htm


Mendel and His Peas

Gregor Mendel

• Mendel began doing experiments with garden peas. He studied the shape of the seeds, how tall the plants grew to be, as well as the color of the flowers produced.

http://www.fieldmuseum.org/exhibits/traveling_mendel.htm


Mendel and His Peas

Gregor Mendel

• Mendel crossed flowers that were true-breeding for each characteristic.

• He crossed a purple flowered plant with a white flowered plant.

http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/KH_lecture_images/Mendel/Mendel.html


Mendel and His Peas

Gregor Mendel• He created a

first-generation of plants that all had purple flowers.

• Where did the white color go??

Purple Parent

White Parent


Mendel and His Peas

• Mendel took two of his four first generation purple flowered plants and crossed them together.

• He then got three purple plants, and one white flowered plant.

Purple Parent

Purple

Parent


Mendel and His Peas

Gregor Mendel

• Mendel noticed in the first generation, all of the white flowers seemed to disappear. He called this a recessive trait. The white color faded into the background at first. It then showed back up as he pollinated the flowers again.


Mendel and His Peas

Gregor Mendel

• The color (purple) that seemed to mask over the recessive color was named the dominant trait.


Mendel and His Peas

Gregor Mendel• Mendel was responsible for figuring

out that each plant carried two sets of instructions for each characteristic (one from the “mom” and one from the “dad”).

• Like many scientists, his work was not accepted until after his death.


Let’s Review

- 1 -

1. If you crossed a true-breeding black rabbit with a true-breeding white rabbit, all of the offspring would be black. Which trait is dominant in rabbits: black fur or white fur?

2. Which trait is recessive?


Answer

• The trait for black fur is dominant over the trait for white fur. The white fur trait is recessive.

http://www.buckeyevalleyfarms.freeservers.com/photo.html

Black RabbitWhite Rabbit


Mendel and His Peas

What is the difference between sexual reproduction and asexual

reproduction?

What Do You Think?


Mendel and His Peas

Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

Two parents needed One parent needed

New organism shares traits of both parents.

New organism is an exact copy of parent.

Most multi-celled organism reproduce

this way.

Most single-celled organism reproduce

this way.


Let’s Review!

- 1 -

Which kind of reproduction results in offspring that are different from the

parents- sexual or asexual reproduction?

Explain why.


Answer

Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are different from the parents. In sexual reproduction, two parent cells join together to form a new individual who has his or her own combination of genes.

Unit 2 :Chapter 10 : Section 3© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 7th Grade

Mendel and His Peas

How do mutations relate to DNA and genetics?

What Do You Think?


Mendel and His Peas

Evolution• Many scientists believe that changes

in the plants and animal species on earth can be explained by evolution.

• The theory of evolution is the process by which populations accumulate inherited changes over time.


Mendel and His Peas

Mutations and Natural Selection

• According to the theory of evolution, two processes are necessary for populations to change over time. These are mutations and natural selection.


Mendel and His Peas

Mutations• In order for a population to change,

genes must be able to change.

• Genes are made of DNA.

• DNA is made of 4 parts, called nucleotides.


Mendel and His Peas

Mutations cont…

• The order of the nucleotides that are put together determines what characteristics you will receive from your parents.


Mendel and His Peas

Mutations cont…• Changes in the type or

order in which these bases appear are known as mutations.

• Mutations can be harmful, helpful, or not change an individual at all.

http://www.wolflodge.org/visibiliti/prophecy/three%20legged%20frog.jpg


Mendel and His Peas

Click below to see a video on mutations

http://www5.unitedstreaming.com/index.cfm


Mendel and His Peas

Natural Selection

• Natural selection is a word that Charles Darwin made very popular.

http://www.darwin.pan.pl/img/darwin.jpg


Mendel and His Peas

Natural Selection• According to Darwin’s theory, natural

selection says that:

- organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in an environment are more likely to pass their traits on to future generations.


Natural SelectionNatural selection can be divided

into four steps:

1. Overproduction

2. Genetic Variation

3. Struggle to Survive

4. Successful Reproduction

Mendel and His Peas


Mendel and His Peas

1. Overproduction• More individuals

are born than will become adults.

• Not all of these frog eggs will become adults.

http://www.davidbjack.com/011113_Frog_on_eggs.jpg


Mendel and His Peas

2.Genetic Variation

• The individuals in a population are not exactly the same.

• Each has its own set of traits, such as size, color, and the ability to find food.


Mendel and His Peas

2.Genetic Variation• Some traits make an

individual more likely to survive and reproduce.

• Other traits make survival and reproduction less likely.

http://www.knowlton.clara.net/family/Albinism/Albino_lionmale_s.jpg


Mendel and His Peas

3.Struggle to Survive• An environment might not be able to

support all of the individuals born.

• Also, many individuals are killed by other organisms.

• Only some of the individuals in a population become adults and reproduce.


Mendel and His Peas

4. Successful Reproduction• The organisms that survive and

reproduce have traits that are carried on by their many offspring.

• This makes the “good” traits more dominant in the populations of individuals.


Let’s Review!

- 1 -

How are the feathers of peacocks and the bright flowers of some plants related to successful reproduction?

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/kids/2004/05/images/peacock-big.jpg

http://www.mooseyscountrygarden.com/gardening-articles/colour-bright-pink-flowers.jpg


Answer

• The feathers of peacocks attract mates. The bright coloring of

some flowers attracts pollinators. Both of these traits increase the

chances of successful reproduction.


Mendel and His Peas

Websites to Visit

http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/teachers/

Adaptations

Toothpick Fish Activity


Animals and Behavior

What is the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?

What Do You Think?



• The Animal Kingdom consists of both vertebrates and invertebrates.

• A vertebrate is an animal that has a skull and a backbone.

• An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone.

• Less than 5% of known animal species are vertebrates!



There are 5 characteristics shared among ALL animals.

1. Animals have many cells.- All animals are multicellular or made of many cells.

Cheeks cells come from a multicellular

animal…you!http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~dwilson/Images%20of%20cells2/thumbnails/Cheek%20cells.jpg



Continued…• Animals have

many cells.- Animal

cells are eukaryotic, which means they have a nucleus. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/microarray/biology_intro_files/cell.jpe



Continued…

• Animals have many cells.

- Animal cells do not have cell walls, they are surrounded only by a cell membrane.

http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/cellMembrane.jpg

Cell Membrane



2. Animals usually reproduce by sexual reproduction.

- Animal sex cells (the egg and sperm) join together.

- The cell divides and eventually becomes an embryo.

http://www.sptimes.com/News/112001/photos/pulse-embryo.jpg



3. Animals have many specialized parts.

- Animal cells differentiate (change) as an organism is growing and developing.

- The cells eventually become liver cells, bone cells, and tongue cells.



3. Animals have many specialized parts.

- These cells form tissues, which may form organs.

http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/large/liver.jpg



4. Animals move.

- There are many different ways that animals can move.

- Animals move in search of food, mates, or shelter.



5. Animals are consumers.

- Animals cannot make their own food.

- They are consumers, which means they eat other organisms.

- Animals consume everything from other animals, plants, lichens, to even drinking blood!


Let’s Review!

- 1 -

Rabbits are consumers. Describe how rabbits use food

resources.


Answer

Rabbits eat plants, which give the rabbits energy for life functions.

http://www.all-creatures.org/picc/rabbit-14_small.jpg



What is the difference between and learned behavior and an

innate behavior?

What Do You Think?



Animal Behavior Vocabulary

1. Innate behavior- a behavior that is influenced by genes and does not depend on learning or experience

2. Learned behavior- a behavior that has been learned from experience or observation



3. Migrate- to travel from one place to another

4. Hibernation- a period of inactivity and lowered body temperature that some animals experience in the winter

• Estivation- a period of reduced activity that some animals experience in the summer.



There are some traits among species that help to enhance the survival of those

species.Examples are:

• Animals use many different methods to get food. Chimpanzees use sticks to get ants out of an anthill. This way they can get enough food while using the least amount of energy.



• Some animals use camouflage to blend into the environment.

• Some animals can drive other animals away by using external stimuli. Skunks use chemicals as external stimuli.

http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062883/K=animal+camouflage/v=2/SID=e/l=IVR/SIG=12rpuefkp/EXP=1131649864/*-http%3A//www.harcourtschool.com/glossary/

science/define/gr4/camouf4a.html



• Many animals are brightly colored and use this external stimulus as warning coloration.

• Often bright colored organisms are poisonous, and predators stay away from them.

http://www.utexas.edu/opa/pubs/oncampus/01oc_issues/oc010320/oc_snakes2.html



• Hibernation, estivation, and migration help many animals survive in harsh conditions.



• Natureworks: Coloration

• Natureworks: Adaptations

• Natureworks: Migration

• NOVA: Seeing Through Camouflage

Look Here!



Explain why communication among humans is so important.

What Do You Think?



Communication is very important to an animals survival.

• Communication is where a message travels from one animal to another, and the receiver responds in some way.



Animals communicate in many different ways.

• Communication helps animals live together, find food, keep away from enemies, and protect their homes.

• Birds communicate by songs.



Click on the link below to listen to several different bird songs.

Were you able to differentiate between fear, mating, food calls, etc…?

http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/bird_songs/



• Other animals communicate through pheromones. Pheromones are chemicals given off by animals as communication signals.

http://www.medaille.edu/vmacer/120_graphic_05pheromone.jpg



• Dolphins and whales communicate by complex noises and whistles. At the bottom of the page on this internet link, you can hear dolphin and whale sounds.

http://neptune.atlantis-intl.com/dolphins/sounds.html



• All of these forms of communication help animals to live together, find food, keep away from enemies, and protect their homes.

• All of these things are crucial to their survival.


Let’s Review!

- 1 -

Both wild turkeys and fireflies have traits that

enhance their reproduction.

Compare those traits.

http://static.flickr.com/25/54275872_21a5082e99.jpg


Answer

• Male wild turkeys and fireflies use visual displays to enhance reproduction.

• Turkeys display their impressive tail and chest during the day.

• Fireflies flash bursts of light at night to attract a mate.

http://www.arbec.com.my/fireflies/images/firefly2.jpg



Websites to visit:

Animal Facts

Animal Phyla Details

Natureworks: Communication

Unit 2 : Chapter 14 : Pre-AP Extensions



Pre-AP Extensions

• Another way that scientists divide animal groups is by body arrangement known as symmetry.

• Symmetry is the arrangement of an animals body parts around a central location.




There are three types of symmetry.1.Radial

symmetry is shaped like a wheel. There is a center point around which the body parts are arranged.

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/animaldiversity.htm




2. Bilateral symmetry is when an animal could be divided down the middle and each side should be a reflection of the other.

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/animaldiversity.htm




3. Asymmetrical organisms are not arranged in any particular order around a center point.

http://www.scubaheartland.com/photos/sponges.jpg

© fall 2005, pflugerville isd, 7th grade 7th grade science

Documents

human body section

body functions

body organization section

body system interactions

body parts

body fluids

human body systems

pflugerville isd