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MHI

Coy :-:FM 31-16DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL

COUNTERGUERRILLAOPERATIONS

HEADQUARTERSDEPARTMENT F TE ARMY

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYFEBRUARY 1 963

AGO 7700A

WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM

FM 31-16

FIELD MANUAL I HEADQUARTERS,DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

No. 31-16 WASHINGTON 25, D.C., 19 February 1963

COUNTERGUERRILLA OPERATIONS

Paragraphs Page

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL_________________________________ -1, 2 2

2. THE ENEMY RESISTANCE MOVEMENTSection I. Organization of the resistance movement--__--______------ __-- - _------ --------- 3-17 3

II. Guerrilla force operations ___________________________…__…--…-------------. 18-33 9

CHAPTER 3. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF COUNTERGUERRILLA OPERATIONSSection I. General ----------------------------------_________________________________ 34-38 20

II. Command and staff -----------------------______------ 39-41 22III. Conduct of operation ------------------------_______________________________ 42-46 24IV. Use of airmobile forces ____________________________-- -----------------------. 47-52 31V. Use of airborne forces _____________…_____-----_____________________________- 53, 54 35

CHAPTER 4. POLICE OPERATIONS

Section I. General -------_________________________ 55,56 37II. Population control _________._____________________……_______- - 57-61 38

III. Security measures____ ._____________-_________________________-------------.. 62-67 43

CHAPTER 5. COMBAT OPERATIONS

Section I. General--_________________________________ _________________________________ 68, 69 49II. Harassment of the guerrilla force ______-_________…-____…_--------____________ 70-77 49

III. Offensive operations -__________-___ -------------------------________________ 78-88 60IV. Denial of sponsoring power support _________________________________ -- 89-91 71

CHAPTER 6. COMBAT UNITS, COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS, AND ORGANIZATION FORCOMBAT

Section I. General _______________---_______- -- - - - - 92-94 75II. Infantry and airborne brigade __-_________-______..____________________------ 95-96 76

III. Infantry and airborne infantry battalion __________-_________…_____-_---------- 97-103 76IV. Armor and armored cavalry units ______-___._____.__________________--______- 104, 105 84V. Army aviation support __________----------------------______________________ 106, 107 86

VI. Fire support __________-... . ...______________________ 108-110 88VII. Intelligence support …_________________________________…_____--------------- 111-120 92

VIII. Engineer support ______________________________…___________________________ 121, 122 99IX. Other combat support_-__--_______-__-__--__-_ ____________________________--- 123-131 99

CHAPTER 7. COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT_-__-__.______-__-_________- ___-------------__ 132-141 103

8. TRAINING ___-_____-__---___--___---____________ _. .....................--- 142-153 112

APPENDIX REFERENCES _____.----__-_-__--____-___.________________________________ _____- _ 117

INDEX -________________-_--_-.--......................_____------------ ------- 121

TAGO 7700A-Jan 1


CHAPTER 1

GENERAL

1. Purpose and Scope fantry, and Mechanized Infantry Battalions;

a. This manual provides guidance for all in- and FM 7-11, Rifle Company, Infantry; Airfantry and airborne commanders and where borne Infantry, and Mechanized Infantry; andfantry and airborne commanders and, where

applicable, staffs of the brigade, battalion, and is designed to discuss only those areas whichrifle company when they have the primary mis- require special emphasis in counterguerrillasion of conducting counterguerrilla operations.This guidance also applies to mechanized in- e. Counterguerrilla warfare is a contest offantry and armor units of comparable level imagination, ingenuity, and improvisation bywhen they have been appropriately tailored to the opposing commanders. Commanders mustdelete the major portion of their mechanized be ever alert to change or adapt their tactics,vehicular support. Commanders and staffs must techniques, and procedures to meet the specificbe prepared to conduct counterguerrilla opera- situation at hand. Once the routine operationstions on a detached or semi-independent basis. of a counterguerrilla force become stereotyped,

b. This manual discusses the nature of guer- surprise (a major ingredient of success) hasrilla forces and the supporting underground been lost.elements and civilian auxiliary of resistance f. Users of this manual are encouraged tomovements; and the organization, training, tac- submit recommended changes or comments totics, and techniques to destroy guerrilla forces improve the manual. Comments should bein active war (active or nonactive nuclear or keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and linenonnuclear) and subliminal war. of the text in which the change is recommended.

c. The tactics prescribed herein are developed Reasons should be provided for each commentfor existing combat units which may be tailored to ensure understanding and complete evalua-to meet the requirements of counterguerrilla tion. Comments should be forwarded directlywarfare. These tactics maximize the use of to the Commandant, United States Army In-Army aviation for lift, reconnaissance, and fire fantry Combat Developments Agency, Fortsupport. These tactics generally have universal Benning, Ga.application for this type of warfare. However,since guerrilla warfare is normally conducted 2. Termson the most difficult terrain in an area of opera- a. Civilian Support. The comparatively un-,tions, commanders must modify these tactics organized body of disaffected civilians whichto fit the particular terrain in which they are provides continuous support to the more or-operating. For example; in jungle areas, moreemphasis must be placed on the use of foot mo-bility; in swamps and inundated areas, on the b. Guerrilla Force. The armed combatant ele-use of watercraft; and in the desert, on the use ment of a resistance movement organized on aof vehicular mobility. military or paramilitary basis.

d. This manual is an adjunct to FM 31-15, c. Resistance Movement. An organized effortOperations against Irregular Forces; FM 7-30, by some portion of the civil population of aInfantry, Airborne, and Mechanized Division country to resist the legally established govern-Brigades; FM 7-20, Infantry, Airborne In- ment or an occupying power.

2 AGO 7700A


CHAPTER 2

THE ENEMY RESISTANCE MOVEMENT

Section I. ORGANIZATION OF THE RESISTANCE MOVEMENT3. General c. Small groups then begin to live and work

within the dissident order and gradually or-a. A guerrilla force is the armed manifesta-tion of a resistance movement by a portion of ganize into underground elements that conduct

covert activities to support the resistance move-the population of the area against the localgovernment or occupying power.

d. The factors which inspire a resistanceb. The fundamental cause of a resistancemovement may arise internally in an area ormovement is the real, imagined, or incited dis- movement may arise internally inn area orcountry, or they may be created or assisted bysatisfaction of a portion of the population with

prevailing politl s , o e o c - "out-of-country" elements which desire to spon-prevailing political, social, or economic condi-this dissatisfaction will crys- sor the movement for their own cause. Often,

tions. Normally, this dissatisfaction will crys- another country will lend support to a localtallize early in the resistance movement into another country will lend support to a locala firm ideological base. This ideological base resistance movement and attempt to control the

movement to further its own aims.may be essentially positive in nature with suchgoals as national independence, economic and 5. Organization of a Resistance Movementsocial improvements, or the securing of individ-ual rights. However, many times, particularly a. As elements of the population begin toduring the early stages of a resistance move- group together for covert underground opera-

tions, the organization of the resistance move-ment, this base will be primarily negative with tions, the organization of the resis e move-ment is born. Thereafter, as the size of thesuch goals as relief from actual or alleged op- themovement grows, the organization develops

pression, elimination of foreign occupation, or along clearer and clearer lines. The organiza-tion of a resistance force differs from a regularforce in that it is developed for a specific pur-pose, for specific terrain, and to combat a speci-

a. Resistance movements begin when- fic enemy. As the purpose, terrain, and enemy(1) Sufficient numbers of the population differ, the organization will vary.

of an area become discontented with b. Depending on the phase of growth theexisting conditions which cannot be resistance movement has reached, it will varychanged by peaceful and legal means, in size from a few small groups to a large, com-and plex, paramilitary organization of thousands of

(2) A strongly motivated leadership ele- personnel. Once sufficient strength and civilianment rises to lead the discontented support is present, the small underground ele-population in its cause of changing ments found in the early stages of the resistancethe existing situation. movement will normally expand into an irreg-

ular force with two organized element: anb. The movement focuses its initial attention overt or guerrilla element, and a supportingovert or guerrilla element, and a supporting

on the spreading of the attitudes and beliefs of covert or underground element. Both these ele-the early members of the movement to greater ments depend on civilian and/or sponsoringportions of the population, thereby turning dis- power support to sustain themselves duringcontent into disaffection and a willingness to operations. This civilian support is often calledparticipate in resistance activities. the "auxiliary." While one individual may oper-

AGO 7700A 3


ate both as a member of a guerrilla band and of (2) The regional troops are less well or-a supporting underground cell of the irregular ganized, trained, and equipped thanforce, these two elements are discussed sep- the regular forces. In the advancedarately in the paragraphs below. stages, they are generally organized

into battalions and regiments, and6. Guerrilla Force (Fig. 1) constitute the "mature guerrillas" in

a. The overt guerrilla arm of the resistance the true sense. One of the primarymovement may vary from small groups to large duties of the regional force is to pro-paramilitary units of division or larger size tect the regular army while it is train-with extensive support organizations. Large ing and preparing for future opera-organizations normally include elements for tions. This force launches small at-combat, intelligence and counterintelligence, tacks, harasses the enemy, keeps thepopulation control, and logistic support. enemy off balance, and ambushes rein-

forcements. Fillers are obtained fromb. Members of large guerrilla units are usu- the popular troops.

ally severed from their normal civilian pur-suits, while members of small guerrilla bands (3) The popular troops are divided intomay alternately be either guerrilla fighters or two groups, a labor force and a homeapparently peaceful civilians. Members of guer- guard. The labor force is mainly re-rilla units may include- sponsible for collecting intelligence,

making road repairs, building bases,(1) Civilian volunteers and persons im- fortifying villages, and acting as por-

pressed by coercion. ters for the regular army. The mem-(2) Military leaders and specialists. bers of the home guard receive limited(3) Deserters. military training and extensive poli-(4) In active war, military individuals or tical indoctrination. The home guard

small groups which have been cut off, furnishes limited security for officialsdeliberate stay-behind forces, escaped at village level.prisoners of war, and downed airmen.

c. In the advanced stages, guerrilla forces 7. The Underground (Fig. 2)may consist of a regular army, regional troops, a. The underground element of a resistanceand the popular forces. The distinctions be- movement must conduct most of its supportingtween these forces are based on differences in activities in a covert manner because of thetraining, equipment, and mission. countermeasures used against it. Consequently,

(1) The regular army is the elite battle members of the underground usually maintainforce and is normally not employed their identity as part of the civilian population.when there is a chance it may be de- Successful underground organizations are com-feated. The regular army is kept free partmented by cells for security reasons. Theto engage in a war of movement and cellular organization prevents one member,to select the time and place for combat. upon capture, from compromising the entireIt possesses the best equipment, weap- organization.ons, and uniforms, has the highest b. Covert resistance activities normally con-pay, and is used strictly in its primary ducted by the underground may include espion-mission of defeating the conventional age, sabotage, dissemination of propaganda andforce opposing it. The regular army rumors, delaying or misdirecting orders, issu-is organized along conventional lines ing false or misleading orders or reports ofand is well trained and led. It operates assassination, extortion, blackmail, theft, coun-in close conjunction with the regional terfeiting, and identifying individuals for ter-and popular forces. Fillers are usu- roristic attack.ally selected from the best of the re- c. The terroristic element of' a resistancegional troops. movement is normally a part of the under-

4 AGO 7700A


2'340 MENREGIMENT

POLITICAL IREGIMENTALCOMMISSIONERICOMMANDER ICHIEF OF STAFF|

MEDICALI ISUPPLYIIISCOUTING AND|

GROUP II GROUP |I I N T E L L I G E N C E

COMMUNI-I PERSON- fOPERATIONS AND||CATIONS I NEL EDUCATION

760 MENBATTALION

BATTALION CHIEFPOLITICAL DEPUTY BATTALION

…____________ - -- '- -COMMISSIONER CHIEF

I I I

MACHINEGUNI INTELLIGENCE EMED ICALI SECRETARY

PLATOON I IPLATOON PLATOON ISQUAD

180 MENCOMPANY

COMPANY CHIEFDEPUTY CHIEFPOLITICAL DIRECTOR

361MEN

ISQA ||1 MEDICAL INTELSECRETARY SERUIC PLATOON

1 I M ENSQUAD11

LEGEND

COMMAND

… - - - - POLITICAL CONTROL

ALL FIGURES ARE REPRESENTATIVE.

Figure 1. Type guerrilla force organization.

AGO 7700A 5


PROPAGANDA DISTRICT, CITY, OR VILLAGE TELCELLS (1) CHIEF AND COUNCIL CELLS (2)

PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL PRINCIPALESPIONAGE SABOTAGE TERRORISMAGENT AGENT AGENT

ESPIONAGE SABOTAGE TERRORISMSUBAGENTS SUBAGENTS SUBAGENTS

rESPIONAGE |SABOTAGE TERRORISMAGENTS AGENTS AGENTS

(1) CLOSELY CONTROLLED PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTACK ON THE ENTIRE AREA.

(2) DIRECT REPORTING TO CHIEF AND COUNCIL.

® CUTOUTS. THESE ARE SECURITY MEASURES WHICH PERMIT CONTROL ANDCOMMUNICATION BUT PREVENT PHYSICAL CONTACT.

Figure 2. Type underground organization.

ground organization. While terrorism will not individuals to actively support the movementnormally be used extensively unless necessary, and to force individuals to cease active resist-the maintenance of support for the resistance ance to it.movement will normally dictate its employment. e. Since the methods used by the terroristic

d. Terrorism is the prime means of the re- element normally do not conform to the pro-sistance movement for the intimidation of the fessed moral base of the resistance movement,civilian population. It is used both to coerce every means is used to indicate that the element

6 AGO 7700A


arises from the civilian support for the move- b. Guerrilla forces organized as the result ofment rather than from the organized elements extensive advance planning and preparation areof the force. The terroristic element operates normally commanded by personnel with anin an intensively covert and divorced fashion. adequate military background.Often, only a few members of the resistancemovement will know who constitutes the ter- 10. Disciplineroristic element and the nature of its opera- a. Far too often, the term "guerrilla" sug-tions. gests a body of individuals entirely without

discipline. Nothing could be more untrue.8. Civilian Support While spontaneously formed units may have

a. In any civilian population there are cer- poor discipline initially, it is not long beforetain individuals who are sympathetic to a re- they learn that only with the strongest disci-sistance movement; but who, for various rea- pline can they succeed.sons, do not actively participate as members of b. Effective guerrilla forces maintain strictthe guerrilla force or underground. It is on discipline in all essential matters. It will sur-these individuals the movement depends for the pass the discipline found in regular forces. Itmajority of its support. is enforced with quick and severe action, pos-

b. It is often erroneously believed that the sibly without recourse to formal investigationscivil population of an area in which a resistance and trials. Series infractions or neglect of dutymovement is active can be broken down into are often punished by death. To achievetwo general categories, those friendly to the surprise in operations and security of theresistance movement and those friendly to the force, the guerrilla force commander has no

alternative but to insist on implicit obediencelocal government or occupying power. Often,in fact, a great part of the population has noconcern about the struggle and is sympathetic 11. Moraleto neither combatant. Extreme care must beused in dealing with the civilian population in a. Morale is of prime importance in guerrillaan effort to cultivate their support. warfare. It is a factor which must be con-

sidered for the members of the guerrilla force,c. Since ths neutral majority of the popula- the underground, and their civilian support.

tion is a prime target for counterguerrilla Enemy propaganda readily reaches these ele-propaganda, the resistance movement will often ments and is a constant threat to morale.use terroristic measures to ensure that it doesnot become aligned with the forces countering b. The belief in the ideological cause of the

eresistance movement. resistance and in ultimate victory is the mostimportant morale factor for the guerrilla force.

9. Command c. Guerrilla leaders conduct continuous pro-

a. Successful guerrilla campaigns have in- paganda operations to maintain the morale ofvariably been characterized by intelligent lead- the guerrilla force and its underground andership. Guerrilla forces that develop with little civilian support. News of local successes andor no advance preparation are led by recog- victories is widely distributed. Outstanding ex-nized local leaders who may or may not have ploits of certain individuals and groups may bea military background. When a recognized publicized and honored. When the situationmajor guerrilla force leader lacks a military permits, parades, ceremonies, and social eventsbackground, an allied sponsoring power may may be held. Regular periods may be devotedinfiltrate qualified personnel to serve as military to political indoctrination.and technical advisors to the guerrilla com-mander. By so doing, the military capabilities 12. Trainingof the guerrilla force are effectively exploited a. For guerrilla forces to operate successful-without destroying the command structure of ly against modern military forces without heavythe established organization. losses, individuals and units must receive train-

AGO 7700A 7


ing and acquire those skills peculiar to guerrilla 14. Evacuation and Hospitalizationoperations. The command, staff, combat, and a. Medical support in guerrilla warfare isservice echelons of a guerrilla force strive for often nearly nonexistent. Lack of evacuationthe same proficiency as that of regular forces. facilities, hospitals, medical supplies, andfacilities, hospitals, medical supplies, and

b. Guerrilla forces are often capable of at- trained personnel may preclude the organiza-taining great proficiency under the most ad- tion of adequate medical support. A guerrillaverse conditions. Individuals and units receive force often uses existing civilian facilities totraining in areas under the control of the care for its sick and wounded, in which case theguerrilla force. Technical training is accom- patients pose as civilians while undergoingplished by dispatching special instructors to treatment.subordinate units.

b. Historically, some guerrilla forces havec. One effective means of training utilized by been known to develop highly organized and

large, highly organized guerrilla forces is to effective medical support units and installations.recruit members and utilize them initially in Their organizations have paralleled those ofduties of little importance, and then pro- regular forces and have included field hospitalsgressively "graduate" them upward as they be- located in inaccessible areas. They have re-come better trained until they become a part cruited doctors, nurses, and technical per-of the armed guerrilla effort. For instance, a sonnel from the civilian population, and haverecruit may advance from a messenger to a obtained medical supplies from the localmember of a sabotage team and then to mem- populace, from raids, and from external sources.bership in the guerrilla force.

c. Guerrilla forces normally do not need the13. Supply same degree of medical support or the extensive

medical support backup required by regulara. the ntinu t o .may geforces. Most guerrilla operations are plannedforce and the extent to which it may be em-

ployed strategically or tactically depend on ade- to result in comparatively few casualties. Em-quate supplies and equipment. In general, a ploying surprise and basing its operations onguerrilla force lives off the land. The avail- excellent intelligence, the guerrilla force strikesability of food may often limit the size of the weakly defended objectives or enemy forcesforce that can be concentrated and the staying unprepared to offer resistance. However, thispower of the force. advantage is offset to some degree by the in-

b. Food is normally procured from the creased requirement for medical care for sick-populace by systematic levy. These levies are ness and infections resulting from continuoussupplemented by raids on enemy supply depots exposure to the elements and an. inadequate diet.and convoys. Other supply requirements includ-ing clothing, medical supplies, fuel, and com- 15. Transportationmunications equipment are procured locally. a. Guerrilla forces will utilize every meansArms, ammunition, demolitions, and other of transportation available. They develop apurely military-type materiel come from local cross-country mobility difficult for a regularcaches, battlefield salvage, raids on enemy in- force to equal. The extent and kind of trans-stallations, and/or external sources. Guerrilla portation used by a guerrilla force is limited byforces may operate small factories to produce the area the force controls, the means at itsand repair military-type materiel. disposal, and the topography. Historically,

c. As a general rule, the full potential of a guerrillas have made extensive use of animalsguerrilla force in the latter and sophisticated for mounts, pack animals, animal-drawn vehi-stages of development can be exploited only if cles, and boats.adequate supplies are infiltrated in from ex- b. Forces that reach a high degree of de-ternal sources. The amount of external logistic velopment and that control large areas may besupport may vary from small, irregular ship- expected to use motor and mechanized groundments of critical supplies to total support. vehicles and aircraft.

8 AGO 7700A


16. Communication 17. Legal Status of Guerrilla Forcesa. Communication is as important to guer- a. Under the Geneva Conventions, a guer-

rilla forces as to regular forces. Unified guerrilla may, in time of war, have legal status.rilla forces establish efficient communication When he is captured, he is entitled to the samesystems to exercise command, control, and co- treatment as a regular prisoner of war if he:ordination and to permit the flow of informa- (1) Is commanded by a person responsibletion. Intelligence, counterintelligence, security, for his subordinates.and propaganda also depend upon communica- (2) Wears a fixed and distinctive sign rec-tions. The nature of guerrilla force organiza- ognizable at a distance.tion and operations makes radio the most flexi- (3) Carries arms openly.ble and effective way to fulfill the complex com- (4) Conducts operations in accordancemunications requirements. with the laws and customs of war.

b. Modern, portable, long-range radio trans- b. The underground element of a resistancemovement normally does not have legal status.

mitter-receiver equipment provides excellentcommunications for guerrilla forces. Other con- c. Groups of individuals who take up arms

against an invader have the status of belli-ventional and improvised communication means gerents, but inhabitants of occupied areas whoare used extensively. These include wire, visual rise against the occupier are not entitled tomeans, and messenger service. Depending on belligerent status. However, the occupationthe terrain, the existing situation, and the force has the responsibility of making the oc-facilities available, the guerrilla force may use cupation actual and effective by preventingboth mounted and foot messengers. Land com- organized resistance and suppressing resistancemunication nets over enemy-held territory are activities. The law of land warfare authorizescleverly organized and operated. Women and the occupier to demand and enforce compliancechildren are often used as messengers. Every with his countermeasures (FM 27-10).conceivable ruse will be used to conceal docu- d. Historically, legal status has been of littlements on messengers and to pass along in- concern to guerrilla forces and has had littleformation. effect on their operations.

Section II. GUERRILLA FORCE OPERATIONS

18. Prerequisites for Successful Guerrilla Opera- bolster the support of the guerrillations (Fig. 3) force. A sponsoring power can assist

in the routine supply and training ofa. Irrespective of whether a guerrilla force is the guerrilla force and furnish adeptoperating in resistance to an established gov-leadership, funds, barter items, andernment or against an occupying power, the fol- complex items of military supply.lowing are the minimum prerequisites for the Outside assistance, whatever its form,Outside assistance, whatever its form,will usually give moral and psychologi-

(1) Civilian support. Guerrilla forces must cal support to the resistance move-receive help from the civilians in the ment.area. This help may be voluntary ormay be forced through blackmail or (3) Favorable terrain. Terrain gives ad-terrorism. They furnish food, cloth- vantage to a guerrilla force in directing, and other supplies, hideouts, proportion to the disadvantages ittransportation, and medical support to gives to the regular force combatingthe guerrilla force. In addition, they it. Terrain such as jungles, mountain,act as home guards and provide in- swamps, etc., which restricts the ob-tegral parts of the guerrilla force in- servation, fire, communications, andtelligence and warning nets. mobility of the regular force is ideal

(2) Outside assistance. Often, assistance for operations of guerrilla forces.from an outside power will further Until a guerrilla force has secured

AGO 7700A 9


SOCIAL

OUTSIDE ASSISTANCE

POLITICAL

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

AESTHETICFAVORABLE TERRAIN

fNTELLECTUAL

SUCCESSFUL

RESISTANCE UNITY OF EFFORT

MOVEMENTS

RELIGIOUS

DISCIPLINE

USE OF PROPAGANDA

INTELLIGENCE EFFORT

WILL TO RESIST

Figure 3. Prerequisites for successful resistance movements.

10 AGO 7700A


control of a large area, it must depend prerequisites will hit at the very core of theto a great degree on difficult terrain organization and make the eventual destructionfor the security of its base of opera- of the force an easier or perhaps unnecessarytions. task.

(4) Effective leadership. See paragraph 9.(5) Unity of effort. The responsibility for 19. Characteristics of Guerrilla Operations

the development of strategy for a re- a. A guerrilla force employs surprise, mobili-sistance movement must be extremely ty, and dispersion of forces to demoralize thecentralized; and once developed, must enemy and upset his current and projected op-be rigidly adhered to by all elements erations. It normally seeks to paralyze theof the force. The guerrilla force can- enemy force. Only in its latter stages of de-not tolerate strong internal rival fac- velopment, when it has achieved the semblancetions. Within established strategy and of a conventional force, will it attempt to de-policies, subordinate guerrilla corn- story the enemy in actual combat. Guerrillamanders develop and execute their inoperations follow the same principles anddividual programs to exploit special- methods of combat as conventional operations;ized situations and attack local targets only their application differs.of opportunity. b. Surprise is a major requirement of suc-

(6) Discipline. See paragraph 10. cess in guerrilla operations. To offset the(7) Use of propaganda. A guerrilla force enemy's superiority of forces and equipment,

must use propaganda to maintain con- guerrillas strike where the enemy is weak andfidence in its victory and sympathy in where he least expects an attack. Reliable in-its cause among its civilian support. telligence and sound security enhance the

(8) Intelligence effort. The survival of a surprise. Operations are conducted extensivelyguerrilla force depends on informa- in the hours of darkness and during periods oftion about its enemy. It must con- adverse weather conditions.tinually operate extensive intelligence c. Mobility is another necessary requirementc. Mobility is another necessary requirementnets among the civilian population. for the success of a guerrilla operation. OnlyLikewise, the guerrilla force cannotLikewise, the guerrilla force cannot when the guerrilla force has developed to theaccomplish its operational missions point where it can conduct conventional opera-without timely and accurate intelli-without timely and accurate intelli- tions, will it attempt to match or surpass thegence concerning its potential targets.

ground vehicular or aerial mobility of its enemy.(9) The wll to resist. Above all else, the Quite conversely, in the earlier stages of de-guerrilla force must have a will to re-e velopment it will gain its mobility differentialsst. From the mdevotion to e the cause o by operating in terrain which cannot be easilysuthe resinstrance movement comes the traversed by the mechanical mobility of thesustaining strength of the force. The enemy. Mobility for the guerrilla force comescause may be national liberation, per- from the extensive movement of small forces

sonal gain or aggrandizemfenet, a polit over a large area under the cloak of secrecy.cal revolution, or the defense of some A guerrilla band may strike and be miles awayindividual right. It may be a program from the scene of the action before enemy rein-of desperation against conditions sobad that all is to be gained and nothing forcements arrive.lost by resistance. The single-minded d. Dispersion of forces is a principal charac-devotion to a movement may cause the teristic of guerrilla operations. Normally, guer-members of a guerrilla force to pursue rilla operations are small-scale operations car-an extremely fanatical course of ac- ried out over an extensive area. Guerrilla war-tion during the resistance movement. fare is a war of detachment rather than massSee paragraph 11 for a discussion of contact; a war of quick paralyzing blows fol-guerrilla force morale. lowed by swift withdrawals. Generally, guer-

b. The subversion, destruction, or denial to rillas avoid pitched battles and seldom defenda guerrilla force of any one or more of these objectives. If hard pressed, they may disperse

AGO 7700A 11


among the civilian population and then reas- b. A sound intelligence system is vital tosemble at a prearranged place. successful guerrilla force planning and opera-

tions because its tactics stress striking the20. Areas of Operation (Fig. 4) enemy where he is weak and where he least

a. In general, the various areas of operation expects to be hit. Guerrilla intelligence in-and the type of guerrilla activity conducted in cludes a detailed study of the terrain and ofeach depends primarily on the degree of guer- enemy strength, movements, dispositions, arm-rilla force control that exists. During the ament, and habits. Immediate disseminationcourse of a campaign, this degree of control will of information, especially up-to-date changes, isfluctuate with the combat action that takes a necessity. Besides combat intelligence, guer-place, the size of the guerrilla force, and the rilla forces are interested in strategic considera-attitude of the civil population. tions such as the enemy's political, economic,

administrative, and propaganda policies andb. Areas of operations and the operations measures.

conducted in them are as follows:c. Guerrilla activity readily lends itself to

(1) Areas effectively controlled by the supplying valuable information to allied reg-guerrilla forces. Normally, the head- ular forces. During certain phases of an activequarters, camps, and bases are located war campaign, the primary mission assignedin this area. Resistance is offered to to guerrilla forces may be intelligence. Reg-enemy forces attempting to penetrate ular forces allied to a resistance movement maythe area. be expected to infiltrate personnel and equip-

(2) Areas effectively controlled by the ment to aid and direct the guerrilla force incounterguerrilla force. Guerrilla of- the collection and evaluation of informationfensive operations in this area are and the production and dissemination of in-limited to raids, small ambushes, snip- telligence. Unless supervised by trained per-ing, and mining operations. Other ac- sonnel, guerrilla forces may lack the ability totivities are usually restricted to covert correctly evaluate reports and observations,operations by the underground. and may often pass on exaggerated informa-

(3) Areas not effectively controlled by tion as true.either force. This is the principal d. The organization of guerrilla force intel-area of guerrilla force offensive opera- ligence staffs and nets normally parallels thattions. The force attempts to bring of regular forces. To collect information, themore and more of this area under ef- guerrilla force uses extensively organized netsfective control. They do not offer de- of spies, informers, and agents. Civilians liv-termined resistance to the enemy's ing near or working in enemy installations re-entry into this area, but rather con- port on industrial operations, equipment,duct harassing operations against him. weapons, dispositions, habits, and morale.

c. The guerrilla force normally divides the Government officials sympathetic to the resis-entire area into smaller areas of responsibility tance movement supply valuable informationwhich are assigned to subordinate units. With- on the enemy's political, economic, administra-in these areas, subordinate units carry out as- tive, and propaganda measures. Agents andsigned tactical missions, exercise population observers located at strategic points report oncontrol, and collect food and supplies. ground, air, and naval movements.

21. Intelligence 22. Counterintelligence

a. Gtierrilla force intelligence organization a. Counterintelligence in guerrilla forceand operations are influenced by two major operations is as important to security as intel-considerations; intelligence essential for the ligence is to the actual operations. Throughguerrilla force's own operations, and the pro- propaganda, orders, and threats, guerrilladuction of intelligence for any regular force forces discourage individuals from collaborat-they are allied with. ing with the enemy. Guerrilla force agents and

12 AGO 7700A


/ / I! AREA EFFECTIVELY CONTROLLED BY GUERRILLA FORCE /II! /

GUERRILLA FORCE! I.BOUNDARIES:

AREA UNDER EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF NEITHER FORCE

AREA EFFECTIVELY CONTROLLED BY COUNTERGUERRILLA FORCE

Figure 4. Type guerrilla force area of operations.

AGO 7700A 13


loyal civilian supporters methodically seek out the various sympathies and interests of theenemy spies and informers. Counterintelligence populace which supports the resistance move-agents are used extensively to cover all zones of ment. Morale stimuli and guidance, providedguerrilla force operations. They are placed in by an outside sponsoring power to a guerrillaall fields of activity. Traitors to the cause are force, are fully exploited by the force toharshly punished or ruthlessly eliminated. strengthen the common bonds of the resistance

b. Personnel joining the guerrilla force ranks movement. Also, the enemy's psychological ef-are screened thoroughly. Normally, they are forts to undermine the guerrilla force arerequired to undergo a period of minimal respon- countered.sibility, during which they are closely observed, b. Psychological-warfare-type operations arebefore they are accepted as bona fide members carried on by rumors, meetings, indoctrinationof the organization. courses, news reports, handbills, and in some

cases, by clandestine broadcasting stations. Re-23. Security gardless of the media, guerrilla force propa-

a. Guerrilla forces gain security through in- ganda is circulated to foster high morale amongtelligence, counterintelligence, movement of friendly troops and civilians, to promote loyal,forces, dispersion, organization of the civilian energetic support from the populace, and to un-population, and the routine measures normal to dermine enemy morale.any regular force. As the resistance movement c. The guerrilla force subjects its enemy to aexpands, the problems of security become more continuous and insidious propaganda attack.complex. Headquarters, camps, and other in- The techniques of half-truths, insinuations,stallations are located in inaccessible areas. All faulty logic, and black propaganda are used ex-installations are kept mobile and surrounded by tensively. Every effort is made to undermineelaborate guard and warning systems. Alter- the counterguerrilla will to resist and subvertnate locations are planned and prepared in ad- the legal government.vance so any installation threatened by enemyaction can be evacuated quickly and become 25. Population Controloperational in a safer area. a. To ensure support and loyal cooperation,

b. Radio stations are moved frequently to guerrilla forces attempt to exercise control overavoid detection. the civilian population. Control :measures may

c. Important areas may be protected by a include-series of organized positions to meet and delay (1) Propaganda, orders, and threats.small-scale enemy thrusts. (2) Violent action against uncooperative

d. Travel of unauthorized individuals in cer- individuals and communities.tain areas is restricted, and information about (3) Organization and regimentation of theinstallations is normally limited to personnel civilian population.who actually man, or have direct dealings with, b. Guerrilla forces use intelligence propa-them. For example, a platoon leader may not ganda to gain and maintain civilian support.know the exact location of his company head- They appeal to the people's national pride andquarters. Seldom will he know the location of patriotic spirit. The most effective psychologi-his battalion headquarters. The application of cal warfare methods, however, seldom preventthis principal throughout the structure of a a dangerous percentage of the populace fromguerrilla force limits the amount of informa- collaborating with the enemy. To control civil-tion that may be extracted from captured per- ian activities and to discourage collaboration,sonnel. the guerrilla force may publish restrictive or-

ders and policies and enforce them by acts of24. Psychological Operations violence. Individuals who fail to comply with

a. The existence of a unified guerrilla force these orders and policies are ruthlessly killeddepends on the accord that can be brought to or severely punished. Often whole communities

1 4 AGO 7700A


that show antiresistance tendencies may be supplies and stocks or blocking the movementdestroyed. of food supplies from rural areas. Bombs may

c. Normally, the guerrilla force makes a few be exploded in public gatherings, communica-ruthless examples to influence the population tions centers, or administrative offices. Arsonof a large area to comply with its desires. The is often used to destroy whole communities, thusguerrilla force may resort to taking prominent warning all the surrounding communities toindividuals from a community and holding them support the resistance movement. Officials oras hostages. The people are made to understand soldiers of the enemy force may be killed andthat no harm will come to the hostages as long the corpses may be displayed in pro-enemy com-as the community remains loyal to the cause munities. The discovery of the bodies exposesand cooperates with the guerrilla force. the entire community to investigations and

punishments.d. The organization of the civilians into units

under local leadership is one of the most effec- c. Unjust or misplaced punishment to countertive methods to extend control over the civilians civil disturbance is vigorously exploited by theand to ensure their loyal support. Attempts are guerrilla force to gain sympathizers andmade to make every individual, male or female, strengthen their cause.young or old, to feel he is a part of the resist-ance movement. A portion of each supporter's 27. Sabotagetime is devoted to some task in support of the a. Sabotage is used to attack the enemy's warguerrilla force. The danger of spies, informers, waging potential. When conducted under aand collaborators is stressed and everyone is well-organized plan and on a large scale, itcharged with the responsibility of detecting and becomes one of the guerrilla force's most effec-reporting all suspects. Besides these countertive weapons. Sabotage may be conducted byintelligence missions, organized civilians may the overt guerrilla force, the supporting under-be used on intelligence missions, civil disturb- ground, or by sympathetic civilian supporters.ances, sabotage, security details, and supply In a short time, it is capable of producing awork. Civilians who are organized and com- marked degree of material and moral disinte-mitted to an active part in the resistance move- gration. Its scope and application, in relationment in conjunction with guerrilla forces to both objectives and areas, are almost un-seldom defect to the enemy. At the proper time, limited. Industry, government, administrativethe civilians provide the mass of the manpower offices, power sources, materials, transporta-that can be exploited against the enemy. tion, public services, agricultural production,

and communication agencies are examples of26. Civil Disturbances possible objectives.possible objectives.

a. To hamper war production and enemy b. Sabotage readily lends itself to guerrillamorale, agents and sympathizers of guerrilla operations because it may be accomplished withforces may be expected to organize and insti- means available to the guerrilla. It requiresgate labor strikes, slowdowns, protest meetings, neither elaborate equipment nor logistical sup-and riots. Under the cover of this instigated port from outside sources. Methods and meansconfusion, industrial property, machinery, pro- used by the guerrilla force may vary from theducts, and raw materials may be sabotaged. most common to the most unusual. DestructionPower, communications, and transportation fa- or removal of cables, machinery, and rails arecilities are damaged and government officials, common forms of sabotage. Arson, varyingindustrial leaders, and military leaders are ab- from the most basic means to the most elaborateducted or assassinated., devices (such as the use of clock works), is

b. Whole communities that collaborate with utilized against goods, installations, and rawthe enemy or refuse to support the guerrilla materials. Explosives in the form of bombs orforce may be punished. This punishment may charges are widely used to destroy buildings,include the destruction or looting of local food bridges, and road beds.

AGO 7700A 15


O ASSAULT ELEMENTS /

O ELEMENT TO ISOLATE ADVANCE GUARD

ELEMENT TO CUT OFF RETREAT I

O ELEMENT TO PREVENT REINFORCEMENT

0 ELEMENT TO HALT LEADING VEHICLEOR PARTY

/P/

Figure 5. Type guerrilla ambush.

16 AGO 7700A


28. Ambushes (Fig. 5) minated by a prearranged s.gnal as the enemy'scounteraction begins to form. A planned with-a. The ambush is the most common guerrilla drawal covered by security detachments is exe-form of attack. It is based on thorough intelli-cuted. Often, the guerrillas will withdraw bygence and detailed planning, and executed with detachments in several directions to frustrate

surprise, shrewdness, and violent determina-h surprise, shrewdness, and violent determina- and complicate enemy pursuit. Prearranged de-tion. Guerrilla ambushes are directed against tails are used to maintain visual contact and torail and motor troop and supply movements and report on enemy pursuing units. Subsequentagainst closed foot columns. Defiles and ravines ambushes will often be conducted to delay orambushes will often be conducted to delay orin mountainous or wooded areas are good sites destroy the pursuing enemy force. In favorablefor ambushes. Road signs may be altered to terrain and during periods of low visibility,lure convoys onto suitable side roads. The guer- guerrillas may simultaneously ambush enemyrillas, if possible, employ sufficiently strong columns moving toward each other. After de-forces to enable them to completely smother ceiving the enemy and inducing a fire fight, theand destroy the enemy by quick, violent action. guerrilla will withdraw, leaving the two enemyCommanding ground, concealment, and camou- forces to fight each other.flage are fully utilized. Attacks are usuallymade at close range to compensate for poor 29. Raidsmarksmanship and to gain maximum effect. a. Guerrilla forces conduct raids to destroyAutomatic fire may be used to cover the entire or capture arms, equipment, and supplies, or totarget in depth. Shotguns and grenades may kill or capture personnel. The raiders also de-be used. Roadblocks, demolitions, mines, or stroy important installations such as guardedrecoilless weapons are often used to halt fast- bridges, power plants, and communication cen-moving columns or trains at the desired place ters. Raids may be planned only to harass orof ambush. demoralize the enemy. The raid, like the am-

b. Silence and immobility are scrupulously bush, is based on thorough intelligence and de-observed in the area of the ambush. Small tailed planning, and is executed with alacrityenemy advance guards are usually permitted to and violence.pass through the ambush position and dealt b. The guerrilla force making a raid is usu-with by a separate element. Fire is opened and ally organized into three principal elements,the attack is launched by prearranged signal with each being assigned a specific mission. Oneusually given by the element charged with halt- element eliminates the guards. As surprise ising the head of the column. The action is usu- indispensable for the success of this operation,ally violent and short-lived. If the enemy is in- ruses may be used to approach and eliminate thecapable of counteraction and there is no threat sentries before they can sound the alarm. Theof local enemy reinforcements, the guerrilla use of firearms in this task is usually forbidden.force quickly salvages usable supplies and Following the elimination of the guards, an-equipment, destroys the remainder, and with- other element kills or captures personnel anddraws. The guerrilla will be particularly cer- destroys or carries away equipment and sup-tain to salvage the ammunition left at the site plies.of the ambush since this is an important source c. A third element of the guerrilla forceof resupply of this critical item. covers the operation and the withdrawal.

c. The guerrilla force uses extensive security d. Sometimes, the guerrilla force will use ameasures to cover its movement to the ambush fourth element in the conduct of raids to infil-position and to conceal the action and the with- trate into the target area prior to the raid anddrawal. Secondary ambushes, some distance assist the subsequent raid according to prear-from the site of the principal ambush, are fre- ranged plans.quently used to destroy or delay enemy rein-forcements. 30. Operations against Lines of Communication

d. When the guerrillas are not strong enough a. Guerrilla forces can operate very effec-to destroy the enemy completely, action is ter- tively against enemy lines of communication.

AGO 7700A 17


They deny their use to the enemy and harass, ing to the objective area are methodically dis-delay, or destroy all movements along the rupted. Guerrilla forces establish roadblocksroutes. Units are normally assigned sectors of and use sabotage and ambushes to intercept, de-the line of communication to be blocked. Within lay, or destroy all troops and supply movementseach sector, the bridges and road beds are de- into the objective area.stroyed to the degree necessary to prohibit traf- c. In active war, attacks in force becomefic. Often, trees are felled and slides are caused more frequent and are conducted on an ever-to further block the route. Mines and demoli- increasing scale as the combat zone of the spon-tions are used extensively. soring allied regular force moves nearer the

b. Guerrilla tactical units are usually de- area of operations of the guerrilla force. Theseployed on a broad front along the line of com- attacks are effectively exploited by the guer-munication. They engage small enemy forces rillas during the critical periods of enemy oper-and prevent the route from being repaired or ations which require unusually large movementscleared. They ambush enemy supply and troop of supplies and troops. During these criticalmovements. If superior enemy forces are periods, guerrilla forces are particularly capa-massed against any sector, the guerrillas with- ble of great achievements and of providingdraw and seek another sector of the line of com- valuable assistance to the allied regular force.munication which is less strongly protected. Byconstantly shifting their forces to the enemy 32. Defensive Combatweak points, a line of communication may be so a. Defensive combat is an exceptional formthoroughly disrupted that the enemy is forced of combat for guerrilla forces. Guerrillas nor-to abandon the route or to employ sizeable mally lack artillery, antitank weapons, andforces to protect it. other means to face conventional forces in set

battle. As a general rule, they avoid a prolonged31. Attacks in Force position type defense. When committed to de-

a. Guerrilla forces which have attained a fensive combat, they modify the principles ofhigh level of organization and are adequately defensive combat to best meet their needs andarmed, equipped, and supported logistically, are to offset their deficiencies. The guerrillas selectcapable of attacks in force against isolated terrain that denies or restricts the enemy's useenemy garrisons, combat units, and installa- of armor and complicates his logistical support.tions. Guerrilla operations of this nature closely They seek terrain that will give them every pos-parallel regular offensive operations and are sible advantage.guided by the established principles of offensive b. In conjunction with their position defense,combat. Guerrilla forces may often be more the guerrilla force conducts raids and ambusheseffective against certain objectives than regular and attacks the enemy's lines of communication,forces of comparable strength. The guerrillas, flanks, reserve units, supporting arms, and in-by exploiting their organization, mobility, intel- stallations. Camouflaged snipers fire on officers,ligence of the enemy, and detailed information messengers, and other worthwhile targets.of the terrain, can often attack objectives from Routes of approach are mined. Diversionaryboth without and within. Agents, small units, actions in adjacent areas are often intensifiedand loyal civilians may be infiltrated into the to distract the enemy. The guerrillas use skill-objective area prior to the actual attack. Co- ful ruses to lure the attacking enemy into divid-ordinated surprise attacks may then be launched ing his forces.simultaneously against every echelon of the . c. Guerrilla forces may be expected to engageenemy to include his security, command, supply, in defensive combat to prevent enemy penetra-and communications. These operations may be tion of guerrilla-controlled areas, to gain timeclosely supported by air, land, and sea action of for their forces to accomplish a specific mission,regular allied forces sponsoring the guerrillas. or to assemble their main force for action.

b. Normally, the guerrilla force tries to iso- d. They may resort to defensive action to con-late the objective from adjacent areas. The tain enemy forces in a position favorable forroads, railroads, and wire communications lead- attacking the enemy's rear or flanks. Guerrilla

18 AGO 7700A


forces may be given defensive missions to hold less likely to fight to the death if he knows heobjectives pending arrival of regular forces will be released after capture. As a rule, thewith which they are allied. administration of prisoners is in too great a

conflict with their methods of operations to be33. Prisoners of War conducted extensively.

a. Guerrilla policy on taking prisoners is in- b. The guerrilla will habitually exert a de-fluenced by many factors. The treatment given finite effort to capture certain well-known andguerrilla prisoners taken by the enemy may af- effective leaders of the enemy to use as hos-fect the guerrilla policy. The guerrilla force's tages.ability to secure, feed, and guard prisoners mayoften be a guiding factor. If the guerrillas con- c. The characteristics, religious beliefs, andtrol a large area where prisoners may be accom- mental attitudes of the tribes, factions, ormodated or if they can evacuate prisoners to groups that make up a guerrilla force have aallied regular forces without jeopardizing guer- great bearing on the attitudes and actions of therilla operations, they may take prisoners. The force. Many groups place little value on humanproper treatment and indoctrination of pris- life and may be expected to treat an enemyoners may have the effect of making an enemy accordingly.

AGO 7700A 19


CHAPTER 3

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF COUNTERGUERRILLA OPERATIONS

Section I. GENERAL

34. Mission after it is formed. Likewise, destroying such amovement is much easier during its early stagesa. The mission of counterguerrilla operations

is to subvert, kill, or capture the enemy guer- than when it has reached more advanced stagesrilla force and prevent the resurgence of the re- of developmenta However specifically identif

ing the resistance elements in the early stagessistance movement. The accomplishment of is often extremely difficult.this mission will usually require the successfulaccomplishment of the following inherent op- b. Counterguerrilla operations must includeerations: appropriate action against the civilian and

(1) Police operations. underground support of the guerrilla force,without which it cannot operate.(a) Population control.

(b) Security of troops, installations, c. All policies toward a guerrilla force andcommunities, and lines of com- its civilian and underground support must bemunication. firm. Government forces must determine which

(2) Harassment of the guerrilla force (to elements of the civilian population are support-locate, harass, and inflict casualties on ing the guerrillas. Since this may be difficultthe enemy). initially, strict controls may be necessary and

(3) Offensive operations to destroy the have sometimes proved effective. Harsh meas-guerrilla force. ures against entire populations, however, may

(4) Assistance in a program of civil im- influence mass defections and encourage sup-provement. port for guerrilla forces. The civil population

(5) Denial of sponsoring power support must be apprised of the reasons for actions(if applicable). taken against it and must be made to under-

stand that such measures are of a temporaryb. Since the probable guerrilla force reaction nature and will be discontinued when coopera-to applied pressure is to move to another areaor "lie low" until the vigor of current counter- on s effected.action has lessened, commanders must be par- d. An area confronted with a serious guer-ticularly alert to consider the force not yet rilla menace must be considered a combat area.destroyed merely because opposition has halted. Units in such areas must maintain the same

c. Terrain, as a tactical objective, means little alert and aggressive attitudes as forward troopsto guerrillas until the size and organization of in conventional war. A "rear area" psychologythe force begins to parallel that of a conven- makes it easy for guerrilla forces to employ onetional force. Commanders must orient their of their most potent weapons, surprise.efforts continually on the destruction of the e. Purely defensive measures only allow theenemy; not on terrain, which can usually be guerrilla force to grow and become strong.yielded by the guerrilla force with little or no They are justified only when the strength oftactical loss. the friendly forces available does not permit

offensive action. Even limited offensive opera-tions are preferable to a purely passive attitude.

a. Preventing the formation of a resistance Offensive action should be continuous and ag-movement is much easier than dealing with one gressive.

20 AGO 7700A


f. Points of greatest guerrilla force vul- ground. This keeps the guerrilla force on thenerability are- move, disrupts its security and organization,

(1) Support of the civilian population. and lowers its morale.(2) Food and medical supply. b. Long periods of inactivity permit the guer-(3) Command structure. rilla force to lick its wounds, reorganize, and

resume offensive operations.(4) Morale.(5) Arms and ammunition supply. 37. Surprise

g. Secrecy of all tactical movements and sur- a. Surprise is sought in all operations.prise in all operations are essential to success Against well-organized guerrilla forces it isagainst guerrilla forces. Indigenous personnel difficult to achieve and requires that everywho are not members of recognized paramili- echelon of command, to include platoon andtary organizations should not be utilized by squad leaders, employ the most ingenious andcounterguerrilla forces. Exceptions to this imaginative methods. Surprise may be gainedmust be subject to the strictest security by continually varying operations and by thescreening. use of unorthodox tactics and techniques.

h. To be successful, any force engaged in b. Caution is exercised throughout the plan-counterguerrilla operations must have: ning, preparation, and execution of operations

(1) Greater mobility than the guerrillas. to prevent the guerrilla force from learning(2) Sound intelligence about the terrain, their nature and scope in advance. Special

the guerrilla force, and the entire pop- security restrictions are applied to the move-ulation. ments of commanders, communications, recon-

(3) Effective secure communications. naissance, movement of troops, and concentra-(4) Well-trained individual soldiers. tion of supplies and equipment. Cover plans,(5) Aggressive and imaginative leader- ingeniously exposed to guerrilla force intel-

ship. ligence, may be used to deceive the enemy of the

(6) Realistic evaluation of the capabilities true intentions.and limitations of own and allied c. Extreme care is exercised to keep civilianforces. supporters of the guerrilla force from learning

(7) Comprehensive analysis of vulnerable our intentions. When necessary, civilian com-and critical installations throughout munities in an area of immediate operationsthe sector plus predetermined pri- may be surrounded and the inhabitants detainedorities for the allocation of available incommunicado until the operation has beenresources. executed.

(8) Effective measures for locating and 38. Mobilityemploying national resources (man-

atialto meet critical a. Superior mobility is essential in counter-guerrilla operations to achieve surprise and to

deficiences.successfully counter the mobility of the enemy

36. Continuity force. The extensive use of airmobile forces, ifused with imagination, will ensure the military

a. Continuous pressure is maintained commander superior mobility. The use of tanksthroughout a campaign against guerrilla forces. and other track vehicles, in areas suitable forIf contact with the guerrilla force is lost, ag- employment, must also be considered in coun-gressive efforts must be made to reestablish terguerrilla operations.contact through the use of aerial surveillance, b. The terrain in which the guerrilla forceextended patrols, aerial "hunter-killer" teams, chooses to operate may be so difficult that exten-and coordinated harassing actions. "Hunter- sive improvisation and use of animal packs andkiller" teams may be deployed to an area by air, animal-drawn vehicles may be necessary to in-but for effective search, particularly in the crease the mobility differential of the friendlyjungle, they must often be deployed on the force.

AGO 7700A 21


c. Often, aggressive leadership, the will to forces. The boats used must be faster thanfight, dependable intelligence, and good physical those of the enemy, be crew-portable, and carryconditioning will make a foot mobile conven- at least half a rifle squad. The peculiarities oftional force superior to the guerrilla force at its the area may create a requirement for bothown type of warfare. shallow draft and "skin" type watercraft.

d. In swamps and inundated areas, the exten- e. In areas where inland waterways are plen-sive use of watercraft for movement may be tiful, river patrols with armored amphibiousfeasible and necessary. Reaction forces (re- vehicles and gunboats may be used to improveserves) may be habitually based on boats to mobility.facilitate rapid reaction to located guerrilla

Section II. COMMAND AND STAFF

39. Leadership e. The scope and nature of a commander'smission may emphasize political, economic, and

a. The morale of forces engaged in counter- social considerations to a greater extent thanguerrilla operations presents problems quite in conventional operations. The methods anddifferent from those encountered in normal techniques of combat that commanders havecombat. Operating against an elusive, violentlycombat. Operating against an elusive, violently been trained to apply during conventional opera-destructive force that seldom offers a clear tions may have to be modified or even, in sometarget, that disintegrates before opposition, and ases disre arded

cases, disregarded.then reforms and strikes again is quite differentfrom operating against the more orthodoxforces encountered in normal combat. Visibleresults can seldom be observed. a. The general principles of command and

b. This problem must be countered by strong staff action are applicable to counterguerrillaand capable leadership, by indoctrination in the operations, but the techniques of their applica-importance of the counterguerrilla operations, tion must conform to the conditions imposed byand by utilizing self-reliant and daring junior the various situations arising.leaders. b. The responsibilities of the commanders,

c. Counterguerrilla operations usually re- unit staffs, and special staffs, and the relation-quire the use of many small patrols and static ship between these entities and with the sub-security posts, often operating for prolonged ordinate commanders are essentially the sameperiods of time. Being separated from their for counterguerrilla operations as for conven-parent units and surrounded by a possibly hos- tional operations (FM 7-series). However,tile and unfriendly population has a deteriorat- command and staff action in operations againsting effect on the morale of the men in these guerrilla forces places a relatively higher em-small groups. Once again, strong leadership phasis on theand thorough indoctrination, plus maintenance (1) Detailed planning of small-scale de-of the offensive, assist the commanders in deal-ing with this problem. This problem is alsominimized when troops are kept in the area (2) Extensive contingency planning forlong enough to become thoroughly familiar with employment of reserve (reaction)it and when small units are granted a degree of forces.initiative in developing methods of combating of the intel-(3) Detailed coordination of the intel-the guerrilla force. ligence collection effort.

d. Commanders of all echelons find them-d Commanders of all echelons find them- (4) Detailed planning and coordination ofselves operating for prolonged periods of time activities concerning the civilian pop-on independent missions where much of their ulation.support, both moral and material, depends ontheir own ingenuity, skill, knowledge, courage, (5) Incorporation of civilian assistanceand tenacity. into operational planning.

22 AGO 7700A


(6) Detailed integration of administrative (b) The capability of friendly forces tosupport functions (especially aerial control the harvest, storage, andresupply) into all tactical planning. distribution of food.

(c) The availability of water and fuels.41. Planning Factors (d) The availability of arms, ammuni-

a. Planning for counterguerrilla operations tion, demolition materials, and otherrequires a detailed estimate of the situation. supplies.Close attention is given to both the civil (po- (4) Guerrilla force relations with any al-litical, economic, social) and the military situa- lied sponsoring power, including-tions. (a) Direction and coordination of guer-

b. The following specific factors are con- rilla activities.sidered in the commander's estimate: (b) Communications with the guerrilla

(1) Terrain and weather. force.(a) Suitability of terrain and road net (c) Capability of enemy to send or-

for both guerrilla and counterguer- ganizers and supplies to the area.rilla operations. (5) The organization of existing guerrilla

(b) Existence of possible guerrilla forces and their activities, including-bases. (a) Their origin and development.

(c) Effect of weather and seasons of the (b) Their strength, morale, and statusyear on both guerrilla and counter- of training.guerrilla operations. (c) The personality of the leaders.

(d) Relations with the civil population.(2) Inhabitants. (e) Effectiveness of organization and

(a) Loyalty of various segments of the unity of command.population to the enemy, morale, (f) Status of equipment and supplies.strength of will to resist, and (g) Effectiveness of communications.willingness to undergo hardship. (h) Effectiveness of intelligence andParticular attention is given to the counterintelligence.following: (i) Known or suspected dispositions.

1. Farmers and other rural dwellers. (j) Tactics being employed.

2. Criminals and "tough" elements. (6) The size and composition of friendly3. Persons known to adhere to the forces available for counteroperations,

philosophy of the resistance move- including-ment. (a) Own forces and their ability to op-

4. Former members of armed forces. erate in the terrain.5. All persons with strong leadership (b) Other military units available in the

capabilities or tendencies. area if needed.(b) Size and proportion of population (c) Civil police, and self-defense units.

likely to engage in guerrilla activi- (d) Friendly guerrilla forces.ties. (e) Friendly vulnerabilities.

(c) Size and proportion of population (f) Effectiveness of measures for em-ployment of national resources

likely to support our forces. ployment of national resources(manpower and material) within

(d) Relative susceptibility of various sector to meet critical deficienciessector to meet critical deficiencieselements of the population to enemy such as personnel for security ofand/or friendly propaganda. critical installations.

(3) The resources available to the guer- (7) The existing policies and directivesrilla force, including- regarding legal status and treatment

(a) The capability of the area to furnish of the civilian population and the guer-food. rilla forces.

AGO 7700A 23


Section III. CONDUCT OF OPERATIONS

42. Area Organization tive control of the enemy guerrilla force, the as-a. A military unit engaged in counterguer- signed areas of responsibility will usually be

rilla operations normally is assigned a specific much smaller than in the more populated areasarea of operation. Whenever military consider- where the friendly force or neither force exer-ations permit, this area encompasses a politicalsubdivision of the affected area. Such an assign- signed to a unit may be too large to be clearedment is effected to- concurrently by the subordinate units. In this

case, the commander must establish a priority(1) Make maximum use of existing civil for the clearance of the sectors or subsectors,(2 Madministrative agencies. ting police and assign areas of responsibility to the subor-

(2) Make maximum use of existing police dinate units accordingly.and paramilitary forces.and paramilitary forces. f. Figure 6 shows a schematic brigade area

(3) Make use of existing intelligence nets. of operations. Note that one battalion has moreb. The assignment of a political subdivision area than can be cleared concurrently by its sub-

ensures maximum assistance from the civil ordinate units. Consequently, one subsector inauthorities and therefore releases the maximum its area is not occupied initially. This subsectornumber of military personnel for purely mili- will be placed under surveillance and patrolledtary tasks. under battalion control until it can be assigned

c. However, it must be realized that political to a subordinate unit for clearance.subdivisions will seldom provide optimum mili- g. To indicate the flexibility possible in thetary areas of operation and, in most cases, the organization of an area of operations, figure 7boundaries of the assigned areas must be dic- shows another schematic brigade area of opera-tated by overriding military considerations. tion in which, because of the existing terrainThe principles governing the selecting of unit and enemy situation, the companies have beenboundaries are the same in counterguerrilla op- assigned areas which are not contiguous in allerations as for conventional warfare. cases. The gaps between the companies are kept

d. The brigade is normally assigned a specific under surveillance utilizing Army aircraft andarea of responsibility. The brigade commander forces (such as the reconnaissance platoon/assigns specific areas of responsibility (sectors) armored cavalry platoon and civilian paramili-to subordinate battalions, and battalion com- tary patrol units) under battalion control.manders normally do the same (subsectors) to h. In any case, the subsector assigned a com-subordinate companies. The company company should be no larger than the unit can clearmander does not normally assign specific areas and/or control without large groups of theto his platoons, but rather assigns tasks/mis- enemy circumventing its forces and regroupingsions to further the accomplishment of the elsewhere in the subsector.company mission. Within the assigned sector or i. A company normally retains a platoon ( ±)subsectors, commanders at all echelons down to as a local reaction force. Likewise, a battalionand including company level will normally es- normally retains a reaction force of at least twotablish one or more combat bases from which to platoons. The brigade normally retains a veryconduct offensive operations, and static security strong reaction force of battalion (-) size toposts as needed to secure troops, installations, counter and destroy large consolidations ofand lines of communication. Each brigade, bat- enemy guerrillas in the area. The reactiontalion, and company assigned an area of respon- forces must have the capability of operating assibility will normally maintain a reaction force an airmobile force. If the terrain permits, they(reserve) of appropriate strength at its base to may be mechanized.be used in local reaction to any contact madewith the guerrilla force. 43. Designation of Clearance of an Area (Fig. 8)

e. The size of the area assigned to a unit de- a. The standing operating procedures of apends on the mission, the terrain, the nature of unit engaged in counterguerrilla operationsthe guerrilla force, and the troops available. In should include some prearranged system for thean underdeveloped, rugged area under the effec- designation of the degree of friendly control

24 AGO 7700A


x:-:X

LEGEND:

53 COMBATBASE

Figure 6. Schematic brigade area of operations.

AGO 7700A 25


AIXxa

LEGEND

go COMBATBASE

Figure 7. Another schematic brigade area of operations.

26 AGO ?oo700A


%i 8 l n f a

AGOt " I 27/

Z -Q

.//

AGO 7700A 27


existing in any specific area so information can be established. Whenever possible, the entirebe easily disseminated to all friendly troops and company operates from one base to facilitatethe civil populace. security and control. Normally, the majority of

b. The following designations based on traffic the elements of the company move out from thelight colors may be used: combat base(s) and operate from small unit

patrol bases.(1) Red area. This area is under the part-

time or continuous control of the b. A combat base is the focal point for allenemy guerrilla force. Here the enemy tactical operations against the guerrilla force inlocates its headquarters and bases and the area of the unit concerned. It will includeoperates with comparative impunity. the essential command, control, and adminis-Normally, the civilians in this area trative elements of the unit, and, quite often,support the resistance movement, certain support elements of higher units locatedeither willingly or through coercion. there to facilitate the support of the host unit.All personnel encountered in this area c. The combat base is located to facilitateare suspected members of the guer- future tactical operations in the area and torilla force, the supporting under- facilitate its own security. Whenever possible,ground, or the civilian auxiliary. combat bases are established on highly defen-Troops maintain a combat status in sible terrain since the majority of the unit willthese areas. Vehicles must travel in be absent most of the time in combating, con-convoy with an armed escort. ducting surveillance, or reconnoitering for the

(2) Yellow area. This is an area in which guerrilla force, and only the local reaction forceguerrillas often operate, but which is will remain to secure the base.under neither friendly nor guerrilla d. The size of the base will vary with the sizeforce control. Troops must carry inof the friendly units occupying it, the defen-dividual weapons in these areas and sibility of the terrain, and the probability ofmust not move alone. Vehicles must guerrilla attack. In any case, the combat base ishave at least one armed guard riding as small as is practicable to facilitate itsin the open. Curfew and other popula- security.tion control measures are strongly en- e. A combat base is organized with encirclingforced. positions prepared from which it can be de-

(3) Green area. This area is firmly under fended against guerrilla attack. Protective ob-friendly control in which stringent stacles are prepared to support the defensivepopulation control has been lifted. positions. Outposts and listening posts are es-Resistance activities in these areas are tablished well forward of the defensive positionsgenerally restricted to covert activi- and occupied at all times. All possible roads andties. Troops must not move alone, but trails leading into the area are mined. Roadsneed not be armed. Vehicles may move and trails are used by friendly forces only asfreely without guards. necessary.

44. Mobile Combat Bases f. The provision of troop facilities is a con-sideration in the organization of a combat base.

a. Units conducting tactical operations Whenever possible, temporary overhead shelteragainst guerrilla forces establish combat bases is provided. An adequate water supply shouldfrom which to operate. However, it is not nor- be located nearby or, ideally, within the base.mal for a battalion or higher unit to be assignedan area small enough for it to operate entirely leyball or wrestling must be provided. A goodfrom one such base; it is far more normal for

base will assist in maintaining high morale inthe battalion to assign specific areas of respon-sibility to subordinate companies, and require the unit.that they establish combat bases in their respec- g. The highest standards of discipline andtive areas. Depending on the size of the com- sanitation must be maintained in the combatpany subsector, one or more combat bases may base. Normally, a commander will seldom see

28 AGO 7700A


his men during operations against guerrilla they can give an alarm. Concealed approachesforces, except for the brief periods they are in to the security posts are mined. Areas fromthe combat base. Most of the time, members of which short-range fire can be placed on thethe unit will be away operating from forward position are cleared and mined. Areas of poorpatrol bases on patrols, raids, ambushes, out- visibility are improved or covered with auto-posts, etc., under the control of junior leaders. matic weapons. The immediate area of the

h. Combat bases must be completely mobile outpost is dug-in and reinforced with earth and(preferably transportable by foot or Army air- sandbags. Personnel are provided auxiliarycraft at company level) and must be moved exits and covered routes from their shelters toperiodically within the area of responsibility to the combat positions. Buildings used for shelterprevent the guerrilla force from receiving de- should be selected with care. Generally, woodentailed information about their location and dis- or other lightweight constructions are avoided.position. If they must be used, the walls should be rein-

forced for protection against smallarms fire.i. When the guerrilla force has reached thet. When the guerrilla force has opreached the If the post consists of more than one position,state of development where its operations ap- consideration is given to the use of connectingproach those of conventional forces, the use of trenches. Supplies are stored in dispersed andwidely separated bases will normally be tac- protected caches. Adequate security must be

protected caches. Adequate security must beprovided for communication installations and

45. StattsSecurity Posts (Fig. 9) equipment. Combat efficiency is maintained bytraining and periodic alert drills.

a. A static security post is any organized se- d. Indigenous personnel, other than paramili-curity system for the protection of fixed critical tary personnel, are not allowed to enter themilitary or civil installations, or critical points defensive positions, and those living in the im-along lines of communication such as terminals, mediate vicinity are screened and evacuated, iftunnels, bridges, and road or railway junctions. necessary. Friendly civilians may be helpfulThey will be utilized as necessary to adequately in warning of the approach of guerrilla units.secure the assigned area of operations againstguerrilla attack. The size of the post depends on e. All consideration possible is given to troopthe mission, the size and characteristics of the comfort during the organization and prepara-hostile force, the attitude of the civil populace, tion of the security post. At best, morale willand the importance of the area being secured. suffer among troops who must operate forIt may vary from a two-man bridge guard to a prolonged periods of time in small groups awayreinforced company securing a key communica-tion center or civilian community. Static se- f. If a static security post is far removedcurity posts in remote areas will necessarily be from other battalion units and there is a pos-larger than those nearer supporting forces. sibility of isolation of the post by guerrilla ac-

b. The organization of a static security post tion, sufficient sustaining supplies are pre-will vary with its size, mission, and distance stocked within the post. A static security postfrom reinforcing units. In any case, the outpost should never have to depend solely on the localis organized for the security of both the installa-tion and the security force. Reliable communi- g. The defense of an installation should becations must be established between remote varied often to counter information the enemystatic security posts and the parent unit base, may have received concerning the dispositionand the parent unit must be prepared to coun- and routine operations of the security force.terattack within its reserves or reaction force This may be accomplished by varying:to assist the outpost. (1) Patrol and sentinel routes.

c. Static security posts are organized and (2) Fixed posts and listening post loca-prepared for all-around defense. Adequate tions.guards and patrols should be used to prevent (3) Schedule of changing guard.surprise. Precautions are necessary to prevent (4) Password.guards being surprised and overpowered before (5) Position of automatic weapons.

AGO 7700A 29


REMOVABLE BARRICADE

HOLE IN FLOORFOR RADIO

REINFORCEDWALLS

WIRSTREAM BANKS EVACUATED

TRAND FORWARD ECES

CLEARED AND MINED

sufficient detail to ascertain the de-

-OUTPOST

STREAM BANKS EVACUATED

AND FORWARD SLOPESCLEARED AND MINED

Figure 9. Typical static security post (guarding bridge).

46. Sequence of Operations (a) Conduct an intelligence effort insufficient detail to ascertain the de-

a. Normally, the following sequence will be gree of enemy control existingfollowed: through the area, to determine the

(1) The brigade or battalion commander, degree of civilian support existing

assigned the mission of combating throughout the population of the

guerrilla forces within a specified area, area, and to gain a working knowl-

must accomplish the following tasks edge of the terrain in the area.

prior to assigning areas of responsi- (b) Establish liaison with U.S. govern-bility to subordinate units and fully mental agencies, local civil authori-

deploying his forces in depth through- ties, and local indigenous forces

out the area: within the area.AGO 7700A

3O


(2) These tasks may be accomplished prior ance movement. Civic action is con-to movement of the unit into the area ducted to enhance the civilian capa-or after such movement while the unit bility to support the friendly effort.is located in large, secure, and con- (3) Harassment of the guerrilla force, pri-solidated combat bases in the area. marily by ground patrols, aerial

b. Depending on its mission and the civil and "hunter-killer" teams, and aerial sur-military situation in its assigned area, the unit veillance is initiated against the guer-may be required to conduct any or all of the rilla force to locate it and keep it underfollowing operations: pressure. When an enemy element is

(1) Police operations. located, an offensive reaction with ade-quate combat power is initiated with-

(2) Harassment and offensive operations out delay to destroy it.against the guerrilla force.

(4) If the unit's area of responsibility is(3) Assistance in a program of civil im- on a border with a sponsoring power,operations are conducted to deny in-

(4) Denial of sponsoring power support. gress/egress across the border by thec. Assuming the situation requires that the enemy guerrilla force and the spon-

unit conduct all of the above operations, the soring power.following sequence of tasks would normally (5) When a sizeable guerrilla force hasbe performed after the intelligence effort and been located, coordinated offensiveliaison discussed above has been conducted: operations are conducted to destroy it.

(1) The commander establishes subordi- (6) After the destruction of the guerrillanate areas of operation and combat force, efforts are continued to effect abases, and establishes the necessary program of civil improvement to re-static security posts and other security move the initial cause for unrest andmeasures, utilizing local civil police resistance in the area.and self-defense units to the maxi- d. While the above sequence is generally nor-mum. mal, it by no means should indicate that one

(2) Population control and isolation of the phase of the sequence must be successfully con-guerrilla force from its civilian sup- cluded before the initiation of the next. Con-port is established. Propaganda pro- versely, the conduct of these phases should over-grams are continued to create civilian lap in time with police operations, civic action,support for the friendly cause and and combat operations against the guerrillacivilian disaffection from the resist- force being conducted concurrently.

Section IV. USE OF AIRMOBILE FORCES

47. General b. The employment of Army transport air-craft to lift combat forces in counterguerrilla

a A guerrmilla force asuttempts to maintain o operations includes (but is not limited to) the-superior mobility by a superior knowledge of (1) Rapid movement of reaction forcesthe terrain, the use of difficult terrain, the use (reserves) for offensive or reinforcingof surprise hit-and-run tactics, and distribution action.of forces in depth. The imaginative, extensive,and sustained use of airmobile forces offers the (2) Movement of combat and reconnais-sance patrols into and out of the as-most effective challenge available today to this signed patrol area.mobility differential of the enemy guerrilla signed patrol area.force. It is imperative that, whenever possible,the concept of counterguerrilla operations be (4) Rotation of units at forward patrolbased on the maxium employment of this type bases.

(5) Conduct feints or simulated reinforce-of force.ments.

AGO 7700A 31


(6) Movement of troops into and out of tion, and composition should be considered be-jungle or mountainous areas of opera- fore airmobile elements are committed. Thetions. collection of enemy information is continued

(7) Rapid emplacement of troops during throughout the conduct of the operation. Allan encirclement or pursuit. means and sources are exploited to collect ac-

curate and timely information so a continuing(8) Movement of troops to the scene of a estimate of the situation can be made.

raid.d. Terrain and Weather. Terrain limits the

(9) Movement of artillery and other movement of airmobile troops to a lesser degreeweapons provide fire support to the than ground elements. However, dense vege-force. tation which is often encountered in areas in-

c. The control of Army transport aircraft is habited by guerrilla forces, restricts air-to-retained at the highest level of command com- ground observation, reduces the effectiveness ofmensurate with its effective employment to sup- air-to-ground fires, increases the difficulty ofport the tactical operations of the combat units. navigation and accurate location of enemy posi-Due to the decentralized nature of counterguer- tions, and limits the number of landing areasrilla operations and the extensive areas as- available. Limited road nets dictate greatersigned to combat units, sufficient aircraft will reliance on air movement for both combat op-be under the operational control of the brigade erations and logistical support. The lack ofto support the routine operations of the unit. manmade features makes navigation more diffi-Normally, enough aircraft will be provided for cult. Weather is a controlling factor in em-the simultaneous lift of the combat elements ployment, as high winds, icing conditions, andof the brigade reaction force. periods of low visibility may reduce the effec-

d. Under unusual circumstances, aircraft tiveness of aircraft. However, air activities

may be placed under the operational control of must be planned to follow up quickly and tobattalions or companies for prolonged periods exploit these adverse weather conditions.of time. However, it is far more normal for Weather forecast facilities may not be available

aircraft to be placed under the operational con- in the underdeveloped areas in which operationstrol of these units for the conduct of specific against guerrilla forces are conducted.

tasks or for specified short periods of time. e. Troops Available. The assignment of mis-sions and the planned employment of airmobile

Army transport aircraft is to the reaction troops is dependent on the personnel and equip-forces when committed. ment available. To ensure sustained operations,

consideration must be given to previous andIf. See FM 57-35, Airmobile Operations. contemplated employment of the unit, status of

equipment and troops, and adequacy of logistics48. Factors Affecting Employment to support the mission. Because of limited sur-

a. General. As with any combat unit, em- face transportation, poor road network, andployment of an airmobile force is based on the guerrilla force activities, greater emphasis mustfactors of mission, enemy situation, terrain be placed on movement of supplies by aerialand weather, and the troops available. means.

b. Mission. The assigned mission is the pri-mary consideration and determines the organi- 49. Employment of Army Transport Aircraftzation for combat, combat formations, and a. General.scheme of maneuver. Because guerrilla forces (1) When an Army aviation element isusually lack sophisticated weapons, airmobile assigned a mission, the commanderelements may engage in aggressive offensive takes immediate steps to establishaction to cause maximum destruction of the liaison with the supported unit and

enemy once it is located. assists the supported commander inc. Enemy Situation. All available informa- preparation of the operations plan in

tion of the enemy location, strength, disposi- accordance with detailed guidance pro-

32 AGO 7700A


vided in FM 57-35. The aviation unit ments for specific task assignmentscommander's planning is done concur- with control of the support aircraftrently with the planning of the ground retained at brigade level.force commander. Plans of each are b. Contingency Planning. Detailed plans fordetailed and coordinated. As soon as airmobile operations against guerrilla forcesthe aviation unit commander is inare prepared to cover all contingencies. As soonformed of the supported unit com- as possible after the unit moves into an areamander's plan of maneuver, he- of operation, the aviation unit commander de-

(a) Determines the composition of termines the location of potential landing zones,flights. drop zones, and assembly areas throughout the

(b) Designates flight leaders and the area of operations. Whenever possible, a detailedunits to be supported by each. reconnaissance is made of each aforementioned

(c) Briefs personnel of his unit on the area to determine its suitability for use anddetails of the operation, to include the number and type of aircraft it can accom-location of the loading zone, air modate. In addition, an investigation is maderoutes, and landing zones. to determine whether the civilian populace is

(d) Coordinates plans for refueling, friendly or hostile. A catalog of these areas,together with all available information, is of

(e) Coordinates the use of pathfinders, significant assistance in planning airmobileassaults to include employment of the reaction

(f) Prepares plans for debriefing air force, as well as for the defense of friendlyair crews upon completion of the bases. Troops may be unloaded by ropes whilemission. the aircraft hover over areas in which landing

(2) The ability of aircraft to deliver asareas are not available.sault forces quickly and directly on, c. Air Movement. Normally, elements ofor immediately adjacent to, objectives aviation support will be in an alert status onresults in tactical surprise. An aggres- landing areas within the combat bases or at asive ground attack in conjunction with location convenient to the supported force.an airmobile assault exploits surprise When practicable, reaction forces and aircraftand thereby aids in the destruction of are in the same general location. Necessarythe guerrilla force. In order to facili- equipment, which is bulky and time consumingtate the rapid and orderly conduct of to prepare for loading, may be preloaded aboardan airmobile operation under maxi- appropriate aircraft to conserve time.mum security conditions, detailedunit standing operating procedures(SOP's) are developed. This is espe- (1) The assault phase of the airmobilecially important in the conduct of air- operation begins with the landing ofmobile operations against guerrilla the lead elements and continuesforces, where speed of reaction and through the destruction of the guer-secrecy are of prime importance. rilla force.

(2) After the initial mission is completed,(3) Because requirements for the limitedair transport available to the unit nor- the avrmobile force may engage n a

may exceed the capabilities of the variety of operations. These may in-mally exceed the capabilities of theavailable aviation units, the co- eclude link-up with other forces tomander establishes mission priorities encircle the enemy operations to ex-that determine the allocation of avia- ploit initial successes, establishing ation support to requirements of the new combat base, or withdrawal fromforce. Priority of available support is the area. Additional combat forces andnormally given to the reaction forces. logistical support needed for exploita-Elements of the available aviation tion are aerial delivered as required.support normally are placed in sup- Freedom of maneuver is restrictedport of the transported combat ele- when the airmobile force is required

AGO 7700A 33


to protect landing areas for the designed to complement each other. The flexibilitylivery of additional troops, supplies, of the organization permits rapid organizationand equipment, and for the evacuation of "hunter-killer" teams specifically tailored toof casualties. This restriction is less accomplish the assigned mission.pronounced with helicopters than with d. During combat operations against guer-airplanes, for the helicopter has rilla forces, the assembly area for air cavalrygreater flexibility in selection of land- elements is normally located within the brigadeing areas. Throughout the operation, combat base. Strict security measures must behelicopters continue to deliver troops, employed to prevent guerrilla forces from de-supplies, and equipment direct to the stroying the combat or service elements of theusing ground units, thus reducing the troop when they are within the base. In thisrequirements for stocking supplies or regard, full advantage is taken of the securitymaintaining vulnerable land lines of available from other forces in the base. Ex-communications. ceptionally, elements of the air cavalry troop

may be located at battalion and company bases50. Employment of Air Cavalry Troop when required by the tactical situation.

a. The brigade may receive an attachment of e. Minimum air traffic control restrictionsall or part of an air cavalry troop during coun- are imposed on elements of the air cavalryterguerrilla operations. Successful employment troop. The use of airspace in the troop area ofof elements of the air cavalry troop in opera- operations requires coordination with friendlytions against guerrilla forces is predicated upon ground elements and agencies using airspace ineffective use of its unique characteristics and the area of operations.capabilities and an understanding of its limi-tations. The environment in which counter- 51. Aerial Fire Supportguerrilla operations are conducted and thenature of the enemy forces require modification a. Capability. Army transpo:rt aircraft sup-of normal tactics and techniques. The combat porting units engaged in counterguerrilla op-operations of the troop are devoted primarily erations may have limited capabilities for pro-to employment as all or part of small aerial viding supplemental fire support to maneuver"hunter-killer" teams, aerial reconnaissance elements of the brigade and subordinate units.and security, aerial escort, and aerial fire sup- Aerial weapons consist of detachable automaticport for combat operations. weapons and antitank guided missiles or rockets

capable of being mounted on the tactical trans-b. The air cavalry troop is a combined arms port or light observation helicopters.

force with combat elements mounted in organicarmed helicopters. The unit combines the char- b. Fundamentals of Employment. Employ-acteristics of tactical three-dimensional mobil- ment of the aerial fire support means of Armyity and highly destructive air firepower. The aircraft is based on the following fundamentals:troop operates largely in the ground environ- (1) Surprise. The effectiveness of aerialment (nap-of-the-earth) which is the air space fire support in counterguerrilla oper-extending from the ground to a few feet above, ations depends on the degree of sur-but generally below the level of the surrounding prise attained. Armed helicopters at-terrain formations. This reduces the exposure tain surprise with their speed, ma-time of aircraft to enemy ground and air action. neuverability, and ability to cross ter-Helicopters armed with antipersonnel, antima- rain obstacles to strike the enemy at

an unexpected time and place fromteriel, area, and point fire weapons are capable

unexpected directions. Every effort isof providing destructive and suppressive fires. made to avoid establishing patterns

c. Elements of the troop may operate as a which permit guerrilla forces to an-unit or with tactical groupings of aero-scout, ticipate planned operations. Surpriseaero-rifle, and aero-weapons elements inte- is also achieved by well-executed ma-grated with other elements. The capabilities neuvers at low altitude using availableand characteristics of these elements are de- cover and concealment, and by avoid-

34 AGO 7700A


ing areas or routes suspected of being exploit the capabilities of both unitsinhabited by persons sympathetic to while offsetting the limitations of each.the cause of the guerrilla forces. Once (4) Tactical air support. Close air supportan enemy force is located, it is at- missions are requested from Air Forcetacked with all possible speed and to provide cover for Army aircraftviolence to destroy the hostile force. operations and to provide fire support

in the objective area, particularly(2) Fire and movement. Airmobile forces when it is outside the range of artil-

with air cavalry elements use the tech- lery. During the rations, thenique of fire and movement to destroy forward air controller is normally air-hostile guerrillas and for self-protec- borne in Army aircraft.tion. Aerial weapons, as well as thoseof the supported ground elements, are 52. Control Measuresused to provide suppressive fires to The dense vegetation, limited road nets, lackprotect the movement of aircraft and of manmade features, and other easily identifi-reduce their vulnerability to ground able terrain features characteristic of areas infire. The psychological effect of con- which guerrilla forces operate, make the use ofcentrated fire from advancing armed normal measures for controlling aircraft ex-helicopters is such that it may dis- tremely difficult. When they are available,organize and delay guerrilla force ele- maximum use is made of easily recognizablements attempting to escape and thus terrain features. It may be necessary to resortassist the ground pursuit force. to artificial marking devices such as pyrotech-

nics, felled groups of trees, balloons suspended(3) Teamwork. Aerial weapons, whenfrom treetops, or treetops which have been

employed, normally are integrated marked by paint or other marking agentswith the ground force. The flexibility sprayed from an aerial vehicle. Use of suchin organization of Army aviation ele- marking devices is coordinated with the groundments, when armed, allows rapid or- combat force to ensure that guerrilla forces doganization of teams specifically tai- not use similar marking devices to decoylored to accomplish the mission. Team- friendly elements into an ambush. It may bework between aerial weapons and necessary to rely on the use of homing devicesground elements is essential to fully used with FM radios or nondirectional beacons.

Section V. USE OF AIRBORNE FORCES

53. General c. The primary advantage of airborne forcesis their capability to drop on or in the vicinitya. Airborne infantry units with their cap- of any given point.

ability for vertical entry into an area of oper-ations by either parachute or air landing are d. Since airborne forces normally land withespecially well suited for counterguerrilla oper- a minimum of supplies and equipment, the priorations. planning for adequate and timely logistical sup-

port is essential. More than normal reliance isb. Major airborne infantry units may be as-signed the primary mission of combating guer- placed on the use of "on call" follow-up supply.rilla forces or airborne infantry battalions or e. Airborne artillery and mortars to accom-rifle companies may be attached to infantry pany airborne operations are desirable andunits conducting counterguerrilla operations. should be included in planning when feasible.In any case, the only essential difference be- Their use will be dependent upon the size andtween airborne forces and other combat forces mission of the force, the area of operations, andemployed against guerrilla forces is the mode the limitations imposed by aircraft availabilityof entry into the area of concern. and lift capabilities.

AGO 7700A 35


f. See FM 57-10, Army Forces in Joint Air- (4) Each airborne unit should maintain inmobile Operations. a ready status-

(a) All combat and parachute delivery54. Concept of Employment of Airborne Forces equipment.

a. When a major airborne infantry unit is (b) Rations to sustain itself in combatassigned the primary mission of combating operations for 24 hours.guerrilla forces, it will conduct the operations d. The effective employment of airborneas prescribed in this manual in the same general forces in counterguerrilla operations withoutmanner as infantry units. delay normally dictates that the troops drop on

b. If an airborne infantry battalion or rifle extremely small drop zones (:DZ). In casescompany is attached to an infantry unit as- where no drop zone is available, troops may besigned a primary counterguerrilla mission, the dropped in a river, on a beach, or in the jungleairborne unit will normally be retained as all with ropes to lower themselves down out of theor part of the reaction forces (reserves) of the canopy. Often, the drop zone will be selectedunit to which it is attached and its subordinate and marked after the unit is airborne by theelements. pathfinder observer flying in the observation

aircraft mentioned above. The following meas-c. When airborne units are organized as all ures are taken to ensure a drop pattern which

or part of a reaction force, the following con- will produce deployed, tactical units on landingsiderations apply: on a small drop zone:

(1) Ground alert of sufficient troop trans- (1) Aircraft are loaded tactically so pla-port aircraft to airlift these forces is toons and squads land as units.maintained 24 hours a day. (2) Aircraft formations which will pro-

(2) Each airborne rifle company is rein- vide a narrow pattern and facilitateforced with fire support and logistical rapid delivery are employed.support necessary to accomplish itssupport necessary to accomplish its (3) Identification devices for all members

mission. of the airborne unit are used. Thesemission.may be armbands, scarfs, or other

(3) One observation aircraft with a pilot distinctive markings on the uniform.and pathfinder observer is maintained (4) Complete delivery of the personnelon 24-hour alert by the appropriate load of each aircraft is made duringlevel of command. one pass over the DZ..

36 AGO 7700A


CHAPTER 4

POLICE OPERATIONS

Section I. GENERAL

55. General sonnel far beyond the capability of the militaryunit responsible for these operations.

a. Police operations are those operations con-ducted primarily for the purpose of- b. It is imperative that the maximum effort

be made by counterguerrilla forces to organize,train, and utilize available civilian sympathizers

(2) Security of military troops and instal- in the area to assist in the administration oflations, key communities, and lines of population control and conduct of the securitycommunication. of the area.

b. All units engaged in counterguerrilla oper- c. The following types of indigenous unitsations will normally be required to deal in some should be organized and trained (if not exist-degree with the civil population in its assigned ent) and employed in police operations as di-area. The unit commander may be given the rected by higher headquarters:authority and responsibility of exercising mili-

(1) National police and civil guard units.tary control over the civil population in hisarea, or he may be required only to coordinate These are unif ed armed policewith a civil administration which has authority

duties in nonurban areas. They arefor population control. In either case, intensive duties in nonurban areas. They areattention to the problem is essential. organized to operate throughout the

brigade area of operations underc. The objectives of police operations are to- centralized control. They exercise law

(1) Isolate the guerrilla force from its enforcement and support the elementscivilian support. of the military units by assuming re-

(2) Prevent interference with friendly sponsibility for internal security inoperations by the civilian population. the assigned area.

(3) Secure military troops, installations, (2) Municipal and local police. These areand lines of communication from guer- uniformed civilian police who performrilla attack. the normal law enforcement missions

(4) Secure civilian installations and com- in large urban areas.munities from guerrilla attack. (3) Civilian self-defense forces. These are

(5) Solicit the active support of the civil armed, nonuniformed units organizedpopulation for the friendly cause. at the town, village, and hamlet level

d. Units may be required to conduct police to combat dissident activity, protectoperations concurrently with the conduct of the local area, and provide surveil-

lance, guides, and local contacts toharassing and offensive action against a guer- lance, guides, and local contacts tosupport the brigade in the conduct of

rilla force, or they may be given the primaryits mission. The importance of secur-

mission of conducting police operations. ing outlying rural towns and villagesing outlying rural towns and villagesshould never be deemphasized. The

56. Use of Civilians in Police Operations psychological effect of having self-psychological effect of having self-a. The effective conduct of police operations defense forces in a town, village, or

normally requires an extensive number of per- hamlet to protect the town from the

AGO 7700A 37


guerrilla forces will assist materially under the operational control of the subordinatein securing the support of the popula- battalion commanders in whose area they oper-tion for the friendly cause. ate. The national police or civil guard units and

(4) Special police. These may be or- guards of long lines of communication are nor-ganized and trained for special tasks mally controlled by the brigade. Their opera-requiring special skills or aptitudes. tions are closely coordinated with those of theThese units may include- subordinate battalions.

(a) Foresters or gamekeepers. e. The activities of the military units and(b) Factory, mine, ranch, or railway these indigenous forces may be more effectively

guards. coordinated by the establishment of a pacifica-(c) Personnel with special knowledge of tion committee at brigade and battalion level if

remote underdeveloped areas. agreed on by the United States and host country(d) River and coast patrols. agreements. This committee is headed by the

(5) Civilian intelligence agencies and per- military commander and composed of militarysonnel. These may include specialists personnel and representatives from the civilianin- administrative and paramilitary agencies. The

(a) Smuggling. organization of a pacification committee at com-(b) Black marketing. pany level is normally not practicable.(c) Sabotage. f. Figure 10 shows a schematic brigade area(d) Espionage. of operations in which pacification committees

have been organized at brigade and battalion(6) Civilian combat-type units. These are levels and numerous civilian agencies arenormally specially selected and trained levels and numerous civilian agencies are

volunteer units which conduct small- employed.g. Often, all the civilian administrative andscale activities throughout the brigade governing agencies in a military unit's area ofarea. They may wear uniform apparel responsibility will be sympathetic to theor civilian attire. They are normally friendly cause and can assume almost total re-employed for prolorrged periods of sponsibility for police operations. Conversely,time in the uninhabited portion of the the civilian agencies may at times be sympa-brigade area to hunt down, harass, thetic to the resistance movement, or non-and destroy small guerrilla bands lo- existent in many cases.cated in the area. h. Numerous civil affairs units are organized

d. All these civilian units except the national specifically to assist commanders in maintain-police or civil guard units and guards for long ing civil population control through the use oflines of communication are normally placed organized indigenous agencies.

'Section II. POPULATION CONTROL

57. General The basic objective, to isolate the guerrilla forcefrom the populace, must be kept in mind.a. Rigid population control and stern admin- from the populace, must be kept in mind.

istrative measures are imposed on a populace b. Administrative measures imposed to sup-which is collaborating with guerrilla forces. press an unfriendly populace and minimize itsThe extent of the control and the degree of ability to collaborate with hostile guerrillasternness imposed on the civilian population forces may include-depend on the situation within the assigned (1) Employment of roadblocks (par. 58)area. Information about public attitudes must and patrols.be gathered and judged carefully. Control andrestrictions are relaxed on a populace in direct (2) Search and seizure operations (par.proportion to its efforts to cooperate. The sin- 59).cere will of the civilians to oppose guerrilla (3) Constant surveillance by block controlforce coercion should be adequately supported. (par. 60).

38 AGO 7700A


RED AREAii1iiiIIIIIIIIII11(IIII Il I~lIII IJI )1iiii iiiIIIIIII11 llllll IIII

YELLOW AREA X

'

VILLAGE

TOWN X

HAMLET

PCNATURAL GAS

PC

LEGEND:

AGO 7700A 39AGO 7700A 39


(4) Apprehension of guerrilla force sym- ganized to either halt traffic or pass traffic aspathizers (par. 61). desired.

(5) Prevention of illegal political meetings b. Roadblocks are normally located whereand rallies. there is sufficient space for the assembly of

(6) Registration and documentation of all people under guard and for the parking ofcivilians. vehicles for search and investigation. Troops

(7) Inspection of individual identification must be positioned in the vicinity of the road-documents, permits, and passes. block where they can apprehend those attempt-

(8) Restrictions on public and private ing to avoid the check point.transportation and communication c. Elements of the friendly force must bemeans. trained and rehearsed so as to be capable of

(9) Controlling all movement. establishing a roadblock in a short period of(10) Curfew. time at any hour. Civilian personnel or units(11) Censorship. may be used, depending on the situation.(12) Control of the production, storage, d. The processing of personnel and vehicles at

and distribution of food stuffs and pro- the roadblock is as rapid and efficient as pos-tection of food-producing areas. sible. The attitude of the personnel conducting

(13) Controlled possession of arms, am- the operation should be impersonal.munition, demolition, drugs, medicine, e. The search must be thorough. Guerrillaand money. sympathizers may attempt to smuggle re-

(14) Complete evacuation of areas, if stricted items through the roadblocks in hub-necessary. caps of cars, handlebars of bicycles, false bot-

toms of carts, and through other devious means.c. Vigorous enforcement and stern punish- Personnel accomplishing the search should bement is applied to carry out administrative.well trained. The person accomplishing themeasures. Half-heartedness or any other sign search should be covered by a rmed guardsearch should be covered by an armed guard

of laxness will breed contempt and defiance.Violators are apprehended and justly and who watches the suspect closely, and by anViolators are apprehended and justly and

rapidly punished. Care is taken to punish thetrue offenders. The guerrilla force may initiateacts of violence in communities which are ear-nestly cooperating with friendly forces to pro- a. Search and seizure operations are con-voke unjust retaliation against those commun- ducted to screen a built-up area or large water-ities. Any unjust or misplaced punishment at craft, apprehend guerrilla force members, andthe hand of elements of the friendly force is uncover and seize illegal arms, communication

means, medicines, and other items of a criticalvigorously exploited by the guerrilla force to n Anature. A search and seizure operation may begain sympathizers and strengthen their own conducted any time and may be used as acause. Every means is used to publicize the preventive measure against the possible ac-preventive measure against the possible ac-nature of offenses for which punishment is cumulation of critical items by the population.imposed. The populace must be made to realize The operation is conducted as a controlled in-that the action is not arbitrary, but necessary to convenience to the population and should suffi-enforce law and order. ciently irritate and frighten the populace so

they will not collect restricted items, harbor58. Roadblocks (Fig. 11) guerrilla force leaders, nor support them in the

a. Roadblocks are employed to control the future. Conversely, the operation must not bemovements of civilians and illegal goods, to ap- so severe as to drive the civilians into collabora-prehend members of the guerrilla force, and to tion with the guerrilla force because of resent-check the adequacy of other controls such as the ment.use of identification passes. They are estab- b. A built-up area to be searched is dividedlished as surprise checks and are normally or- into zones and a search party is assigned to

40 AGO 7700A


e9~~ 'W OODS ~,

C ONCEALED FRINDLY TROOPS WHO

CONCSEIZE PERSONNEL WHO ATTEMPT TO

TURN BACK ON SEEING ROADBLOCK.

O& SECURITY FORCES.

GS VEHICLE AND PERSONNEL INSPECTION AREAS.

Figure 11. Physical layout of a roadblock.

each zone. A search party should consist of c. Unannounced searches may be conducted.

three elements- After an area is cordoned, an announcement of

(1) A search element to conduct the the procedures expected of the populace may

search. expedite the search.

(2) A security element to encircle the d. It is desirable for loyal civilians or other

area, prevent entrance/exit, appre- local paramilitary personnel to perform the

hend, and detain persons, and secure operation or accompany the search elementsopen street areas. during the action.

(3) A reserve element to assist as needed.

AGO 7700A 41


e. Each head of a household or business is 61. Apprehended Guerilla Force Membersdirected to assemble all occupants into oneroom or area, and then to accompany the search a. Counterguerrilla operations can generatelarge numbers of prisoners which can createparty to prevent any later charges of looting serious problems for the military unit and canor pilferage. Force is used only if necessary. often cause extreme political, social, and eco-often cause extreme political, social, and eco-

f. Buildings which have been cleared are nomic difficulties. Whenever possible, thesemarked with a coded designation to ensure that prisoners should be turned over to the nextno building is missed during the operation. higher headquarters as soon as possible. If the

g. If active resistance develops to the search brigade or lower unit must assume any respon-and seizure operation, offensive operations are sibility for the administration of prisoners, theconducted to eliminate the resistance formed. principles discussed below will apply. See para-

graph 17 for a discussion of the legal status of60. Block Control guerrilla forces.

a. Block control is the constant surveillance b. When guerrilla force members desert orand reporting of civilian activities within a surrender voluntarily and indicate that theirblock or other small populated area by a loyal attitudes and beliefs have changed, at least inresident of that block or area who has been part, the following principles govern theirappointed and is supervised by an appropriate administration:authority. Block control is one of the most (1) Confinement is used only for screeningeffective and economical means of population and processing, and should be sepa-control. However, it takes considerable time rate from prisoners who exhibit noto establish and, by its nature, operates much change in attitude.better under civil authority than under military (2) Promises made to induce defection orcontrol. It is possible for a military unit to surrender must be met.establish and control a system of block control (3) Post-release supervision is essential,if such is necessary due to the lack of an effec- but should not be stringent.tive civil administration. In any case, the mili-tary unit must actively support all established (4) Relocatlon may be necessary to pre-vent reprisal from the guerrilla force.block control systems in its assigned area andexploit them to the maximum. c. When guerrilla force members are cap-

b dividing . tured, they can be expected to retain their atti-b. Block control is instituted by dividingeach Block ontrolr isto ionestitute by which tude of opposition. The administration of these

each block or area into zones, each of which captured personnel is governed by the followingincludes all the buildings on one side of a streetwithin a block. A zone leader is appointed from principles:among the residents for each zone and a sepa- (1) Confinement is required, possibly forrate block leader is appointed for each block. extended periods.Zone leaders report all movements, to include (2) Prisoners charged with specific crimesarrivals and departures, to the block leaders. are brought to justice immediately.The block leader reports periodically to the Charges of crimes against persons aremilitary commander or some civil authority on made, if possible, instead of chargesall movements within his block. Unusual activi- of crimes directly concerned with theties are reported immediately. resistance movement, which may re-

c. If the loyalty of the zone and block leaders sult in martyrdom and serve as a rally-is questionable, informants may be located ing point for increased guerrillathroughout the area as an effective check on activity.their operations. The informants may be or- (3) Captured members of a guerrilla forceganized in a way similar to that of the block will require intensive reeducation andcontrol system itself. reorientation during confinement.

42 AGO 7700A


(4) Families of prisoners may have no nationals of a sponsoring power. This han-means of support and a program of dling will normally include the segregation ofcare and reeducation should be initi- these personnel from other captured enemy.ated to administer adequate support. The interrogation of these prisoners may pro-

d. Special handling is required for captured duce information of strategic value.

Section III. SECURITY MEASURES

62. Troop, Installation, and Community Security be guarded as a unit. To further conserve per-

a. In areas threatened by a guerrilla force, sonne maximum use is made of physicalsecurity measures must be taken to safeguard obstacles and aids such as wire, mines, alarms,

the military personnel, military and civilian illumination, searchlights, and restricted areas.the military personnel, military and civilianinstallations, and key communities. Vigilant Fields of fire are cleared and field fortificationssecurity and sound defensive measures will not are constructed for guards and security forcesonly minimize our losses, but will tend to dis- The guard or security system should be supple-courage guerrilla force operations. mented by a vigorous patrol system.

b. Troop security is a command responsi- e. All soldiers, including headquarters per-bility and function. All elements of the military sonnel, are trained in tactics to be used againstunit must be thoroughly briefed on known or guerrilla forces. Specially trained dogs may besuspected guerrilla forces. Combat security used with guards and patrols. Rigid securitymeasures, including extensive patrolling, are means are enforced on native labor to includeemployed on the march, during halts, and while screening, identification, and supervision as ain the combat base to minimize losses from defense against sabotage within installations.guerrilla ambushes and attacks. Troops in rear All security measures are kept on a "ready"areas may acquire a sense of false security and basis, and all personnel keep their weaponsrelax their vigilance even though guerrillas available for instant use.threaten them with dangers as great as those f. The routine means of securing an installa-in the forward areas. Commanders of units tion are altered frequently to prevent guer-which have not experienced or witnessed a guerrilla forces from obtaining detailed accurate in-rilla attack must exercise methodical super- forma !on about the composition and habits ofvision to maintain security discipline. Since the Ad se.guerrilla operations may be spasmodic, longquiet periods will further tend to reduce secur- 63. Security of Lines of Communicationity vigilance. a. A Military unit may be required to secure

c. Supply discipline must be strictly enforced, the lines of communication in its assigned areaand it must be emphasized to troops that sup- or given the primary mission of securing aplies lost, traded, or thrown away will be re- major route or network of routes by a highercovered by the guerrillas and used against our headquarters. Lines of communication are dif-forces. Arms and equipment must be salvaged ficult to secure in guerrilla-infested areas.from battle areas and from civilians who have Limited manpower usually prevents completecollected them. security of long lines of communication.

b. Railway installations and rail traffic ared. Command posts and administrative sup- secured by establishing defined areas of respon-port installations are secured from guerrilla

a.Special attention is g sibility from theater command (or corres-ponding echelon of command) down through

to the security of arms, ammunition, and other subordinate commands such as the field armies,equipment of critical value to the enemy force. the communication zone commands, the areaTo economize on manpower, it is important to commands, and down to and including the com-select sites for command posts and trains instal- pany. Standing operating procedures are nor-lations that readily lend themselves to defense. mally published by theater or the correspond-Installations are grouped together so they may ing echelon of command.

AGO 7700A 43


c. Within the areas threatened by hostile armed security detachments. All trafficguerrilla forces, security measures are taken to through danger areas is controlled by trafficprotect designated installations, repair and control stations.maintenance crews, and rail traffic. Importantinstallations such as bridges, underpasses, tun- 64. Security of a Convoy with a Strong Securitynels, water towers, marshalling yards, and Detachment (Fig. 12)roundhouses are secured. The right-of-way and a. Special combined arms teams may be or-area within 300 meters of the tracks may be ganized and trained to accompany and protectdeclared and posted as a restricted zone. Civil- convoys in hostile guerrilla areas. The force isian inhabitants living within this zone are organized with adequate combat power to suc-evacuated and unauthorized persons are pro- cessfully counter guerrilla raids and ambushes.hibited from entering. Underbrush and thick The size and composition of the detachment willforests are cleared from both sides of the road- vary with the topography, the capability of thebed. Static security posts, including block- hostile force, and the size and composition of thehouses, may be established along the right-of- convoy. In any case, the security detachmentway. Frequent ground and aerial patrols are should have the following subordinate elements:conducted along the routes and to the flanks todiscourage trespassing in the restricted zone, (1) A headquarters element to provide theto detect mines and sabotage along the roadbed, command, communication, and medi-and to give warning of guerrilla activities. cal facilities.Armored railroad cars may be used to supple- (2) An armored element (if available) toment patrolling. Railway inspection, mainte- provide increased firepower andnance, and repair crews are provided with shock action.armed security detachments to defend them (3) A mechanized or motorized infantryagainst guerrilla attack. element.

d. When passing through areas of likely am- (4) A combat engineer element to supple-bush (ravines, defiles, forests, or areas over- ment the combat forces, make minorgrown with heavy underbrush), automatic bridge and road repairs, and detectweapons may keep up continuous fire to the and remove mines and obstacles.flanks until the danger area is passed. Flamethrowers may also be used to an advaAt.-ge in b. The combined arms team is usually organ-this role. In addition to preventing a possible ized into a holding element and an attacking ele-ambush, they clear out heavy underbrush and ment.prevent the site from being used in future c. Before entering the danger area, the con-operations. Such fire is opened only on the com- voy command responsibility is clearly fixed. Themand of the convoy commander. For added commander is briefed on the latest informationprotection against sabotage and mines, an en- about the area through which he is to pass. Hegine pushing cars loaded with rocks and earth formulates his plans and issues his orders tomay be run ahead of important trains. Other include formation, intervals between echelonstechniques will be devised to counter successful and vehicles, rate of travel, and detailed plansguerrilla interdiction as opportunities arise. for action if the guerrilla force attacks the con-Security detachments guarding the right of way voy. All elements are briefed to act initially ac-have their own communications system which cording to prearranged plans, as there will sel-is tied in to the administrative railway com- dom be enough warning for orders to be issuedmunications system. on the road. If the infantry is motorized, the

canvas covers on the trucks are removed ande. Highway through hostile guerrilla areas tailgates are left down. When practical, per-

are secured by the applicable methods listed sonnel are entrucked in such a way they canabove for the security of railway rights-of- detruck rapidly into their pre-drilled forma-way. Lone vehicles and convoys not capable tions. Arms and ammunition are readied forof providing their own security are grouped to- immediate action, and senior noncommissionedgether and escorted through danger areas by officers are charged with the responsibility of

44 AGO 7700A


ARMOR <I /

INFANTRY

ENGINEERS

~ ~iill INFANTRY AND ARMOR

SECURITY DET HO

_ ~INFANTRY AND ARMOR

LEGEND

ok INFANTRY AND ARMORf ELEMENTS OF CONVOY

INFANTRY AND ARMOR [M HOLDING ELEMENT

4LI ATTACKING ELEMENT

_. . INFANTRY AND ARMOR

Figure 12. Convoy with a strong security detachment.

keeping alert the personnel in their vehicles tage from their mobility and firepower. If nowhen passing through danger areas. tanks are available, a heavy vehicle with sand-

d. The formation of a security detachment bags placed on the floor beneath personneland its integration into a convoy may and should should lead the convoy.be varied. Guerrillas may be expected to ob- e. A strong attack element is placed on theserve convoy habits and prepare their ambushes rear of the convoy formation where it can haveto cope with the expected formations. The hold- maximum flexibility in moving forward to at-ing element is distributed to provide close-in tack any guerrilla force attempting to ambushdefense throughout the convoy. If available, the head or center of the convoy.tanks lead the convoy to gain maximum advan-

AGO 7700A 45


f. Convoys may be escorted by reconnaissance traffic control station. Captured guerrillas areor armed Army aircraft and may have tactical interrogated about the location of the rendez-air support on call. vous where the guerrilla unit is to reassemble.

g. An advance-guard formation preceding the m. After an ambush, patrols may be sent toconvoy is normally ineffective against guerrilla interrogate and, if necessary, apprehend civil-ambushes. The guerrilla force will allow the ians living near or along the routes of approachadvance guard to pass the site of the main to the ambush positions.ambush, and then block the road and deal withthe main body and the advance guard separa- 65. Security of a Convoy with a Weak Securitytely. Detachment

h. When hostile guerrillas are the governing a. If the security detachment accompanyingfactor, the convoy speed is kept slow (15 to 25 a convoy is not strong enough for decisive actionkm per hr.) in areas of likely ambushes. When against a guerrilla attack or ambush, the fol-passing through these areas (ravines, defiles, lowing instructions apply:forests, or areas overgrown with heavy under- (1) Part of the available troops are placedbrush), automatic weapons may be used to keep well forward in the convoy, and the re-up continuous fire to the flanks until the danger mainder are placed to follow the con-area is passed. Fire, however, is opened only voy by about 3 minutes..on the order of the convoy commander. (2) Radio contact is maintained between

i. At the first indication of an ambush, ve- the two groups if possible.hides stop, taking care to remain in the tracks (3) A fairly fast speed is maintained.on the vehicle in front. No effort is made to- Defiles are traversed at the maximumclear the road by driving to its side or shoulders, safe speed. Sharp curves, steepwhich may be mined. Personnel, other than the grades, or other areas where slowdriver and assistant driver, dismount as rapidly speeds are necessary, are recon-as possible, not waiting for the vehicle to come noitered by foot troops before passage.to a stop. Drivers turn off ignitions, brake their (4) At the first indication of ambush whilevehicles to a stop, set the hand brake, and leave the convoy is in motion, leading vehi-the vehicle in gear before detrucking. Assistant cles, if the road appears clear, in-drivers are alert to assist in case the driver be- crease speed to the maximum consis-comes a casualty. tent with safety in an effort to smash

j. Upon dismounting, personnel take cover through the ambush area.and open vigorous fire on the suspected targets. (5) Drivers or assistant drivers of vehiclesTanks (if available) open fire and maneuver to disabled by enemy mines or fire seekthe most favorable ground in the immediate to direct their vehicles to the sides orvicinity. off the roads so vehicles in the rear

k. While the holding element conducts its ac- may continue through.tion to protect the convoy, the commander (6) Troops from vehicles stopped in therapidly surveys the situation and issues orders ambush area dismount and return fire.to the attack element at the rear of the convoy Troops from vehicles breaking throughto begin one of its pre-drilled offensive maneu- the ambush dismount ad attack back

against the flanks of the ambush posi-vers against the guerrilla force, preferably anenvelopment. The fire of the holding element tion. The rear guard of the convoy,

upon learning the main body has beenis coordinated with the attacking element by ambushed, dismounts and attacks for-ambushed, dismounts and attacks for-

prearranged communications. ward against the flanks of the ambush1. After driving off the guerrilla force, position. Both attacking groups ex-

security details are posted to cover the reorgani- ercise care that they do not fire on eachzation of the convoy. The convoy commander other.reports by radio and gives a brief account of the (7) If the guerrilla force allows the mainengagement either to his commander or to a convoy to pass through and then am-

46 · AGO 7700A


bushes the rear guard, troops from the ume of fire. As this element attemptsmain body return and relieve the rear to gain fire superiority, the elementsguard by an attack against the flanks which have escaped the initial burstof the ambush position. of enemy fire immediately begin pre-

b. Since there will seldom be time for the drilled maneuvers against the flanksissuance of orders after the ambush is dis, and rear of the enemy ambush withoutcovered, the actions of the security detachment further orders.are rehearsed by drills prior to the departure (2) The second technique is to have theof the convoy. If the security element is over- element which is initially fired uponrun, individual elements should take action to return the fire and immediately as-destroy supplies rather than allow the guer- sault the enemy positions. This tech-rillas to capture them. nique requires extensive training and

an unusual altertness of the friendlyc. The use of reconnaissance Army aircraft force. However, this action tends tofor surveillance of routes immediately forward astound and confuse the enemy and, inof a convoy will often provide adequate early most cases, will cause him to panic atwarning of impending danger to the front. If the apparently mad and recklesssuch warning is received, the security detach- action, thereby aiding the unit inment may move forward from its positions more rapidly achieving success withwithin the convoy and engage the located enemy fewer casualties. Such a course offorce prior to the arrival of the convoy in the action will seriously hinder thedanger area. enemy's withdrawal and may force

him to remain in the area until66. Counterambush (Fig. 13) friendly reinforcements arrive.

a. Since the ambush. is a tactic used exten-sively by guerrilla forces, any force operating 67. Conventional Defenseagainst guerrillas must be extremely adept inagainst guerrillas must be extremely adept in a. In the latter stages of development, a guer-conducting counterambush actions. -It Mfiust be rilla force may have reached the point in size,realized that a unit caught in an ambush is at a organization, training, and equipment where ittremendous disadvantage and must react with- can employ combat power approximating thatcan employ combat power approximating thatout the slightest hesitation in order to avoid of conventional forces. At this time, the forceannihilation. Counterambush techniques are can be expected to turn its attention to theconducted in training as immediate action drills seizure and control of large areas of the countryuntil each member of a unit will respond almost involved. At this point, the operations becomeindsttinctively when first fired upon. conventional in nature and the opposing force

b. There are two general techniques which will conduct coordinated attacks -to seize andcan be effectively employed in countering am- control the enemy-held terrain.bushes. They are- b. Defense against such coordinated attacks

(1) The element which receives the infitial will be planned and executed by the militaryburst of enemy fire takes cover and force in accordance with the doctrine prescribedimmediately returns a maximum vol- in the FM 7-series for conventional operations.

AGO 7700A 47


AMBUSH

1 *7 7 < aLEGEND

LEGEND

'/ FRIENDLY ELEMENTS

Figure 13. Counterambush by fire and maneuver.

AGO 7700A48


CHAPTER 5

COMBAT OPERATIONS

Section I. GENERAL68. General b. Normally, the presence of civilians within

the area of operations will dictate the con-a. Combat operations are those operationsa. Combat operations are those operations tinued conduct of police operations concurrentlyconducted against a guerrilla force (or elementswith combat operations against the guerrillaof the underground which have incited large-

scale organized riots) to seize and hold urban force.areas. If any portion of the assigned area of aunit is a RED area (under effective control ofthe guerrillas), priority must be to these op- Combat actions against guerrilla forces areerations to harass and destroy the guerrilla extremely decentralized until sizeable guerrillaforce. Figure 14 shows a brigade area of op- elements have been located. Even then, opera-erations in which the majority of the combat tions are centralized only to the degree neces-power of the brigade has been employed in sary to effect the destruction of the locatedoperations within the RED areas. enemy force. A continuous distribution of force

in depth is necessary.

Section II. HARASSMENT OF THE GUERRILLA FORCE

70. General c. Once the area under the control of thea. At the start of combat operations against guerrilla force has been definitely determined,

a guerrilla force, the location and strength of harassment operations are restricted to thisthe elements of the enemy will seldom be known. area. They are conducted primarily by the useIf they are known, offensive operations may be of-initiated against them immediately. Normally, (1) Reconnaissance patrols (par. 73) tohowever, an extended program of harassment locate guerrilla units and bases.by the military force is necessary to- (2) Combat patrols (par. 74) and raids

(1) Locate the guerrilla force. (par. 76) against known and suspected(2) Inflict casualties. enemy bases, installations, patrols,(3) Gain detailed knowledge of the ter- and outposts.

rain. (3) Aerial "hunter-killer" teams (par.(4) Restrict the freedom of action of the 75)

guerrillas. (4) Ambushes (par. 77).(5) Force the guerrilla force to consolidate (5) Marking targets.

or cease operations. (6) Mining probable guerrilla routes of(6) Establish friendly control over areas communication.

of operations. (7) Continuous aerial surveillance.b. While the harassment operations against d. During the conduct of this harassment

the enemy may continue for weeks and months, (fig. 15), the majority of the elements of thethey are nevertheless necessary, unless the loca- rifle companies combating the guerrilla forcetion and size of the elements of the enemy will operate from forward patrol bases in theguerrilla force are known in enough detail to company subsectors and maintain continuouspermit immediate offensive operations. pressure on the enemy force.

AGO 7700A 49


/ YELLOw AREA

Figure 14. Schematic brigade area of operations for combat operations.

50 AGO 7700A


e. These harassing operations are conducted d. Priority of use of Army aircraft must beday and night. Operations at night are directed to the movement of the reaction forces. De-primarily at guerrillas moving about on tactical pending on the situation, the aircraft may beand administrative missions. Operations dur- habitually located with the reaction forces ofing the day are directed primarily at guerrillas the battalions and companies. In any case, therein their encampments while resting, regroup- should be a minimal delay between a requesting, or training. for assistance from a reaction force and its air-

mobile or airborne deployment into the re-71. Use of Reaction Forces quired area of operations. It is imperative that

commanders realize that all the extensivea. When a guerrilla element is located dur- harassing operations conducted to locate aing harassing operations, the friendly forceing a tin the eny guerrilla force and all the police operations

making contact with it engages e enemy an conducted to secure troops, installations, com-destroys it if it has sufficient combat power.If it does not have sufficient combat power, ites of communication arenaught if the unit cannot react immediatelymaintains contact with the encountered enemy with sufficient combat power (reaction forces)and requests assistance from its parent unit. to destroy contacted elements of the guerrillaThis unit rapidly deploys its reaction force or force. It is the extensive use of airmobile andforces from other sectors or subsectors (pre- airborne forces which will primarily give theairborne forces which will primarily give theferably by Army aircraft) to engage and de- unit this capability of immediate reaction.story the guerrilla force.

e. For simplicity, reaction to sizeable con-solidated enemy forces which have been locateddiscovered guerrilla forces will consist pri- are called OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS and

marily of a pursuit. In such cases, efforts are discussed separately in paragraphs 78 throughmade to envelop the enemy force and cut it 88.off from the rear. Once the escape of the guer-rilla force has been blocked, it may be destroyed 72. Patrol Basesby the pursuing force. The mobility required a. Patrol bases are temporary bases estab-to conduct such a pursuit is provided by ground lished throughout the area of responsibility ofand air vehicles and by accelerated foot move- a company from which platoons and squads ofment. the unit conduct harassing patrols, raids, and

c. Throughout operations against guerrilla ambushes.forces, unit commanders at all levels continually b. Patrol bases are carefully sited and shouldestablish priority assumptions as to what ac- not be occupied for more than 48 hours. Theytion the guerrilla force may take in each situa- primarily depend on the secrecy of the locationtion and prepare plans for decisive reaction to for security.each assumed enemy action. These plans are c. When a patrol base is occupied, the per-simple, prepared in detail, and rehearsed. To sonnel are disposed in a perimeter defense forbe effective, these plans must be based on the maximum security.best possible intelligence of the area and the d. The following deceptive measures may beenemy force. Since the guerrilla is most active taken to counter enemy intelligence efforts toduring the hours of darkness, it must be as- locate the base:sumed that most reaction plans will be con- (1) All movements to the base are made atducted during the same period. A current list night if possible.of possible guerrilla targets must be maintained. (2) Daylight movements to the base areCommon targets may include important road made by infiltration.and railroad junctions, defiles, bridges, homes (3) Local civilians who inadvertently dis-of important persons, key military and police cover the location of the base are de-installations, key communities, public utilities, tained until the base is moved.public gathering places, and commercial estab- (4) Bases are located in difficult areaslishments. away from all trails and paths.

AGO 7700A 51


- -) 3 ~LEGEND

PATROL BASE

Figure 15. Schematic of a rifle company conducting harassing activities.

(5) Fires should be avoided or used only boots in the vicinity of the base to pre-as necessary. clude leaving identifying boot prints

(6) Noise discipline is scrupulously ob- on the ground.served in the vicinity of the base. e. Figure 16 shows a typical platoon patrol

(7) Civilian footwear may be carried by base.personnel and used to replace combat

52 AGO 77TOA


f. All small rifle units should have an SOP 74. Combat Patrolsestablished for the immediate occupation of apatrol base utilizing the clock system. When a. Combat patrols may vary in size from athis SOP is understood, each individual in a squad to a reinforced company. They generally

ly seek out and attempt to destroy elements ofunit can move immediately to his relative posi- seek out and attempt to destroy elements oftion on initial arrival at the base area. He the guerrilla force. Missions for a combatknows his area of responsibility and the menon his right and left. The use of this SOP will (1) Attack guerrilla camps or bases.eliminate large adjustments of the defensive (2) Pursue guerrillas after contact hasperimeter of the base. been made.

g. The initial occupation of a patrol base (3) Execute an ambush.should always be preceded by action to ascer- (4) Dominate an area to deny its use totain the area is clear of enemy and civilian per- the guerrilla force.sonnel. This is accomplished by dispatching a (5) Search remote areas.security detachment into the area ahead of theremainder of the unit. Additional securityScreen and clear villages.measures may consist of several small patrols b. In patrolling relatively inaccessible areasdispatched from the patrol base to make re- such as swamps and jungles, aid to and evacua-connaissance of the surrounding area. This re- tion of casualties should be planned. The pre-connaissance would locate all avenues of ap- selection of drop and/or landing zones will oftenproach into the patrol base and provide in- be necessary. Often the patrols may be requiredtelligence of the surrounding area. to prepare these drop and/or landing zones.

c. Combat patrols may be particularly ex-73. Reconnaissance Patrols tended in operations against guerrilla forces.

a. The effectiveness of counterguerrilla op- They may last for days, especially in under-erations can be measured by the amount and developed areas. It is essential that only thereliability of intelligence the military force necessary items of clothing and equipment becollects or otherwise has available to it. Ex- carried, since any excess carried only con-tensive reconnaissance patrols provide an effec- stitutes an overload and impedes the mobilitytive information gathering agency available to of the patrol. Consideration must be given inthe commander. advance to the items of special equipment the

patrol needs to accomplish its mission. Suchb. A reconnaissance patrol is one dispatched

specifically for the purpose of collecting in- equipment may often include highly sopaistiformation. Whenever possible, it avoids con- cated items such as infrared devices and radarformation. Whenever possible, it avoids con-

tact with the enemy and will usually conduct equipment In jungle terrain, it is normallytactiwith thebat eny and wl ueansua onductf - preferable to arm a combat patrol with a pre-decisive combat only as a means of self-pre-

servation. A reconnaissance patrol is normal-ly small, composed of from two to five members to compensate for the limited visibility andwho avoid contact and move by stealth. Some short fields of fire. Fragmentation grenades aremeans of avoiding contact with civilians who also used extensively in the jungle.might compromise the security of the patrol d. Combat patrols are extensively covered inare- FM 21-50 and 21-75.

(1) Movement by night.(2) Movement of the patrol in civilian 75. Aerial "Hunter-killer" Teams

transport. a. The employment of aerial "hunter-killer"(3) Use of indirect circuitous routes. teams mounted in armed helicopters utilizes(4) Introduction of a patrol into the area both the mobility and firepower of these craft

of concern by the use of helicopters, to the maximum and will have a decidedly de-boats, parachute, etc. preciating effect on the morale of the force.

c. For detailed techniques of patrolling, see b. "Hunter-killer" teams may be employedFM 21-50 and FM 21-75. in two general ways:

AGO 7700A 53


NOTE: OUTPOST MAY UTILIZE SOUND-POWEREDTELEPHONES FOR COMMUNICATION.

Figure 16. Type platoon patrol base.

54 AGO 7700A54 AGO 7700A


(1) Aerial search. Utilizing this techni- tacking when and where the enemy least ex-que, the team flies over an assigned pects it, due to inclement weather, limitedarea or route in search of elements of visibility, or the use of terrain considered im-the guerrilla force. When the enemy passable.is located, it may be engaged from the c. The composition of the raiding force mayair or the members of the team may vary in size from a squad to a reinforcedland and engage the enemy on the battalion. The raiding force is normally or-ground, utilizing to the maximum the ganized into an assault element and a securityaerial fire support of the helicopter(s), element. Larger raiding forces may have aThe technique has little value over support element. (For additional informationthickly-vegetated areas and should be on the composition and organization of a raid-limited to those operations in which ing force, see FM 21-75.)sufficient intelligence exists to justifytheir use and then only in conjunction d. The use of airborne and airmobile troopswith ground operations. enhances the chances of absolute surprise in a

(2) Ground search. Utilizing this techni- raid. The technique of parachuting troops atoque, the helicopters) lands in an as- night into an objective area with a daylight

signed area suspectelnd of containing after-action pickup by helicopters from pre-signed area suspected of containinghostile guerrilla elements. The per- selected landing zones (LZ's) offers a variety

sonnel unload, screlen the area, and of targets far behind enemy lines or in areaswhich the enemy considers relatively secureengage located guerrilla elements, us-from such attacks. However, the area must being the fire support of the helicopters.one in which the troops can easily locate them-The personnel then reload and move

to the next assigned area and repeat selves once on the ground and measures mustthe same process. Members of these be taken to ensure accurate delivery.teams should be trained in trackingprocedures and may follow guerrillas 77. Ambushto their base. If they encounter a a. An ambush is a surprise attack upon asuperior force, the reaction force is moving or temporarily halted enemy with thecalled in. mission of destroying or capturing the enemy

c. "Hunter-killer" teams in armed helicopters force.offer infinite possiblities for destruction-type b. Ambushes are effective for the destructionraids on known enemy installations, using to or capture of-the maximum the inherent firepower andmobility of the craft. They can move in, strikethe objective, and move out without a great (2) Guerrilla patrols.deal of preparation or support from other (3) Guerrilla raiding parties (before orsources. after the raid).

(4) Guerrila forces being driven toward76. Raids (Fig. 17) the ambush by other friendly forces.

a. A raid is a surprise attack on an enemy (5) Targets of opportunity.unit or installation, followed by withdrawal of c. There are two types of ambushes, deli-the attacking force after the accomplishment of berate ambushes and ambushes of opportunity.the mission. Counterguerrilla operations, by These are discussed in FM 21-75; however, theytheir very nature, offer numerous opportunitiesfor the utilization of raid techniques. A raidhas little chance for success unless it is based (1) Deliberate ambush.on accurate, up-to-date, and detailed informa- (a) When inadequate intelligence exists,tion of the area, unit, or installation to be an area ambush may be establishedraided. with several delibrate ambushes

b. The success of a raid ultimately depends located along likely avenues of ap-on surprise. This can best be obtained by at- proach or withdrawal (fig. 18).

AGO 7700A 55


SUSPECTEDGUERRILLAINSTALLATION

POI

LEGEND

O PATROL LEADER M DEMOLITION TEAM

e ASST PATROL LEADER ASSAULT ELEMENT

• AUTOMATIC WEAPONS OF ARTILLERY CONCENTRATIONS

SECURITY ELEMENT

Figure 17. Typical raid patrol in vicinity of objective.

56 AGO 7700A


(b) When adequate intelligence exists, enemy element is covered by fire.a deliberate ambush may be estab- Enfilade fire is desirable. The enemylished at a specific point on a parti- is allowed no avenue of escape oncecular avenue of approach or with- he is trapped. If the ambushed enemydrawal (fig. 19). force is a vehicular element, initial

(2) Ambush of opportunity, fire is delivered against the front orrear vehicle, whichever is at weakest(a) A patrol may be directed to move an rear vehicle, whichever is at weakest

ara , s t an a s point of the ambush site. If both frontarea, select an ambush site, and and rear are equally strong, fire isambush the first profitable targetdelivered against the trail vehicle first.that appears.

(b) A patrol may, if it sees the enemy (3) After the ambush, a hasty search offirst, quickly establish an ambush'to the ambushed area is made by pre-surprise and destroy them. This determined individuals for documents,will require prior training to en- weapons, ammunition, and equipment.able immediate execution. If the equipment is too heavy to carry,

it should be destroyed. The assaultd. The ambush force is composed of an as- element then moves rapidly to the ral-

sault element and a security element. lying point, covered and followed by(1) The security element protects the as- the security element.

sault element and covers the avenuessault element and covers the avenues e. Factors essential to the successful ex-of approach into the ambush site ecution of an ambush are-which may be used by the enemy toreinforce the ambushed forces. This (1) A good plan. The plan for a deliberateelement also covers the withdrawal of ambush must provide for every coursethe assault element after the ambush is of action the enemy is capable ofcompleted and guards the rallying adopting and must be rehearsed in de-point. It normally does not participate tail. Plans must be as well rehearsedin the attack on the ambushed enemy. as the situation permits. They must

take into consideration the length of(2) The assault element captures or de- the target. A single platoon, moving

stroys the enemy. It is composed of in a column of two's with 5 meters be-the ambush commander; the killing tween men, spreads more than 100group whose mission is to kill or cap- meters from front to rear. A convoyture the enemy within predesignated of 10 vehicles, with 50 meters in-sectors of fire of the established kill- terval, covers a road distance of moreing zone; the search party from thekilling group whose mission it is tosearch the dead and wounded for docu- (2) Control. Very close control must bements and pick up weapons, ammuni- maintained in executing an ambush.tion and equipment; and the front and This is best achieved through re-rear stop groups who prevent the hearsals and establishment and main-enemy from escaping through the tenance of good communications.front or rear of the killing zone. Thefront or rear of the killing zone. The (3) Patience. A patrol may be forced to

occupy an ambush site well ahead ofmines when to open fire. In close ter- the arrival of the target. Patience israin, this may be on sight; in openterrain, it may be on a predeterminedsignal or when the enemy has reached tained.a predesignated point. In any case, (4) Camouflage. The key to a successfulthe accurate, rapid commencement of ambush is surprise. Surprise cannotfire is essential to success. Sectors of be achieved if men, weapons, andfire into the ambushed enemy are pre- equipment are not well camouflageddesignated to ensure that the entire and camouflage discipline enforced.

AGO 7700A 57


GUERRILLACONTROLLED \

AREA

"'\\ AMBUSH\ AMBUSHK•\\ fORCE FORCE B

. \ \~C

AMBUSHFORCE A

\\%. % LIKELY4% I GUERRILLA

s ] TARGETS

LEGEND

TRAILS

Figure 18. Area ambush.

(5) Information of the enemy. However equipment with which the ambush will besketchy information of the enemy executed.may be, it must be used to the fullest g. Equipment carried by ambush patrolsin plans, preparation, and execution. varies with the assigned mission. For example,

f. The size and organization of an ambush more equipment is needed to ambush an enemypatrol depend on the purpose of the ambush, vehicular convoy than a foot column. Since thethe force to be ambushed, and the weapons and success of ambush patrols depends on surprise

58 AGO 7700A


AUTOMATIC

WEAPON

AUTOMATIC

WEAPON

LEGEND

* SECURITY ELEMENT

Figure 19. Point ambush.

AGO 7700A 59AGO 7700A 59


and shock action, sufficient automatic weapons (1) When the primary purpose is harass-are needed to deliver a heavy volume of fire. ment, the area is sealed off to preventThis is especially true when ambushing foot reinforcement and escape of theelements. In addition to automatic weapons, enemy. Maximum damage is inflictedvehicular targets require antitank weapons, with demolitions and automatic weap-demolitions, antitank and antipersonnel mines, ons fire. A very heavy volume of fireand incendiary grenades. The use of flame is delivered for a short time and athrowers or fougasse mines is particularly withdrawal is made quickly andsuited to ambush operations, and provides il- quietly. No assault is made and phy-lumination of the enemy for night operations. sical contact is avoided.Smoke is effective against tanks. Adequatecommunications are of great importance to (2) When the primary purpose is damage,ensure a smoothly coordinated ambush. Radios the area is sealed off with securityare an excellent means, but the use of field tele- teams. Maximum damage is inflictedphones should be considered because of in- with demolitions, antitank weapons,creased reliability and security offered. If and automatic weapons fire from theavailable, the entire ambush force may be support team or element. Fires areequipped with infrared devices. lifted or shifted and an assault with

heavy fire and great violence is con-h. An "ideal" ambush site restricts the ducted to complete destruction. The

enemy on all sides, confining him to an areaassault team provides security on thewhere he can be quickly and completely de-far side while designated teams kill orstroyed. Unfortunately, it is seldom possible

to prepare an "ideal" ambush site and com- capture personnel and destroy vehiclesand equipment. On a command or bypletely restrict the enemy. Natural restrictions and equipment. On a command or by

or obstacles such as cliffs, streams, embank- prearranged signal, all elements with-ments, or steep grades which force vehicles to draw to the objective rallying pointslow down are used whenever possible. Arti- and move out quickly.ficial restriction such as barbed wire, mines, (3) When the primary purpose is to obtainlong bamboo spears placed in the underbrush, supplies or capture equipment, secu-and cratered roads are used not only to con- rity teams seal off the area. Demoli-fine the enemy to the desired area, but also to tions and weapons are used to disableinflict casualties. vehicles, but not to destroy them. The

i. The manner in which an ambush is ex- assault team must use care to ensureecuted depends primarily on whether its pur- its fire does not damage the suppliespose is harassment or damage. To a lesser or equipment you seek to capture. Des-degree, the manner of execution is determined ignated teams secure the desired items.by whether the ambush is deliberate or an Other teams then destroy vehicles andambush of opportunity. equipment if desired.

Section III. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

78. General sive operations, the brigade and division reac-tion forces (reserves) are normally the basica. Once a sizeable guerrilla force has beena. Once a sab guerrillaoffensive units employed. Offensive operationsdefinitely located, priority of all available com-are extremely difficult to execute and, conse-bat power is given to offensive operations to quently, should be planned i n great detail.eliminate the enemy. Offensive operations nor- Troops must be well briefed and rehearsed.mally require a friendly force much larger than

the located guerrilla force. The brigade, bat- b. Since the immediate application of combattalion, and company may conduct offensive power is usually necessary to effectively engageoperations or participate in the conduct of such and destroy a located guerrilla force before itoperations by larger units. In large-scale offen- disperses, emphasis must be placed on the use

60 AGO 7700A


of airmobile and airborne forces for the conduct enter the area. Nonparticipants caught in theof these operations whenever possible. area are usually held as hostages.

c. The encirclement of a guerrilla force usu- b. The objectives of these operations may beally offers the most effective means to fix it in solely to conduct resistance, or, more probably,position and ultimately destroy it. However, if to commit the counterguerrilla force to actionslack of time, inadequate forces, or the terrain against the civil population which will resultprevents or does not favor an encirclement, it in a gain of sympathizers for the guerrilla forcemay prove successful to conduct surprise at- and make it appear that it is promoting a popu-tacks against the enemy and follow them up im- lar cause.mediately with aggressive pursuit ("screen" c. When an urban area has been seized, itthe area). The extensive use of armed Army must be reduced as soon as possible to preventaircraft in this attack makes maximum utiliza- an apparent success or victory by the guerrillation of their mobility and firepower. force, to maintain popular support for the

d. The techniques for the conduct of these friendly cause, and to free troops for use else-operations are discussed in the following para- where.graphs. d. The tactics of reducing a barricaded built-

e. After a successful attack on a resistance up area (fig. 21) resembles the conventionalforce, the area is always combed for supplies, tactics of normal street and house-to-houseequipment, and documents. fighting.

e. A cordon is established to surround and79. Enticement To Surrender seal the barricaded area. The cordon is estab-

a. Whenever tactically feasible, the psycho- lished at the next street or road out from thelogical warfare technique of using broadcasts barricaded area which offers good visibility,and leaflets should be utilized in an effort to fields of fire, and ease of movement. All unau-entice a located and fixed guerrilla force to sur- thorized persons are cleared from the interven-render prior to the conduct of offensive opera- ing area. The cordon controls all entrance/exittions against it. This technique has proven ef-fective historically and should never be disre-garded. A captured guerrilla is as effectively f. Announcements are made to the insurgentsdestroyed as a dead one. by such means as loudspeaker broadcasts and

b. Commanders are cautioned not to use these leaflets, that the area will be attacked at atechniques when the success of the offensive given time unless the insurgents lay down theiroperations against the enemy depends on sur- arms, return their hostages safely, and sur-prise. Normally, the guerrilla force should be render peacefully. Amnesty and protection mayencircled with all exit routes denied to the be offered to those who surrender prior to theenemy before an attempt is made to entice him attack.to surrender. g. During the period between the time of the

announcement and the time of the attack, a80. Combat in Urban Areas show of force in the vicinity of the barricaded

a. Since built-up areas are the most unfavor- area will assist in impressing on the insurgentsable terrain for an overt combat element of a the hopelessness of defending against the forth-guerrilla force, it will not normally choose to coming attack. This show of force may be ac-fight in these areas until it has reached the lat- complished by airlifting or parachuting the at-ter phases of its organizational development tack units into their attack positions as earlyand has strength and capability comparable to as possible, by firing indirect fire into unin-the conventional force. However, underground habited areas on the fringe of the barricadedelements in cities and towns often incite or- area, and by making all overt preparation forganized rioting, seize portions of urban areas, the attack as obvious to the insurgents as pos-erect street barricades, and resist attempts to sible. Tanks and armored personnel carriers

AGO 7700A 61


CORDON AND SCREENING POSTS.

BARRICADED AREA. HIGH BUILDINGS (1 & 2)SHOULD BE CLEARED FIRST.

Figure 20. Reducing barricaded urban area.

(if available) with their inherent massiveness, where possible, and receive prisoners and res-are very good show of force weapons. cued hostages from the attacking elements.

h. If the insurgents do not surrender, maneu- i. If the area is large, it is either divided intover and fire support elements attack at the pre- sectors for control purposes or the attack isscribed time and clear the area as rapidly as controlled by the use of progressive phase lines.possible with a minimum of killing and destruc- As each sector or phase line is cleared, the cor-tion of property. The cordon remains in place don moves to exclude it. Close surveillance ofto maintain security, support the attack by fire cleared areas is maintained in case underground

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~62 ~~~~~~~~AGO 7700A


passageways are used as escape routes. Suc- ness. The encirclement should be completed byceeding sectors are attacked and cleared one at daylight.a time. d. The initial encircling movements (fig. 21)

j. Commanders must be alert to the psycho- are executed with alacrity to maximize surprise.logical aftereffects of an offensive operation Maximum use of airmobile and airborne troopsagainst a barricaded urban area. In any case, will contribute speed to the early phases of theinnocent civilian adults and children will prob- encirclement. Upon arriving on the line ofably be killed and wounded by the action. The encirclement, units immediately occupy defen-guerrilla force will attempt in every way pos- sive positions. It is preferable that the entiresible to exploit this fact to the utmost to arouse line of encirclement be occupied simultaneously,hatred by the civil population for the counter- if possible. If a simultaneous occupation is notguerrilla for'ce. A very effective means avail- possible, the best escape routes are coveredable to counter such psychological warfare ef- first. This initial occupation of the line offorts lies in the effective use of the loudspeaker encirclement is the most critical period of theannouncements and leaflets prior to the attack. operation. If large guerrilla formations realizeThese announcements and leaflets categorically during this period that they are encircled, theystate to the insurgents and the remainder of the can be expected to react immediately and vio-lently. The guerrillas will probe for gaps andcivilian population that in the forthcoming at- lently. The guerrillas will probe for gaps andattack weak points to force a gap. Escapetack, (1) civilians will probably be killed or

routes may be deliberately established as am-wounded, and (2) the responsibility for suchbushes. Continuously throughout the encircle-actions rests entirely on the insurgents, who ment, the guerrillas will attempt to escape frommay surrender and negate the necessity for the area either individually or in small parties.such action. Difficult terrain should not be considered a bar-

k. Chemical and biological munitions are par- rier to guerrilla forces, but must also beticularly effective for area coverage of built-up patrolled. Guerrillas will often select the mostareas. Incapacitating agents may be used when difficult terrain, such as a swamp for an escapetemporary effects are desired. route, since the possibility of being detected is

less.81. Encirclement e. From the outset of the occupation of the

a. Of all the possible offensive actions open initial line of enoirclement, the units occupyingto a counterguerrilla force, the encirclement the encircling positions provide strong combat

patrols well to their front so early warning ofoffers by far the greatest possibility for fixing atrols well to their front so early warning ofattempted guerrilla breakouts may be received.a guerrilla force in position and achieving de- If strong combat patrols are not utilized, the

cisive results. By the same token, it is one of minimum security required is an outpost lineminimum security required is an outpost linethe most difficult operations to conduct. The with a multiple of listening posts.brigade, battalion, and company may conductan encirclement or participate in an encircle- tioned behind the line of encirclement ready forment conducted by a larger unit.ment conducted by a larger unit. immediate movement to any portion of the line

b. The encirclement requires a high relative threatened by a guerrilla breakout. After thepreponderance of friendly troops. However, emplacement of the units on the line of encir-firepower, aerial reconnaissance, surprise, and clement, priority of all airlift support shouldthe use of strong airmobile reserves can sub- be to these reaction forces.stantially lessen the troop requirement. g. Indirect fire support can serve to cloak an

c. The prior planning, preparation, and exe- impending encirclement operation by gainingcution of an encirclement are aimed at sudden, and maintaining the guerrillas' attentioncomplete encirclement which will completely through effective destruction and harassingsurprise the enemy. Normally, maximum secur- fires while the encircling units occupy theity and surprise can be gained by occupying the initial line of encirclement. Such deceptionline of encirclement during the hours of dark- plans should be incorporated whenever possible.

AGO 7700A 63


RESERVE

BASE

RESERVE

NOTE: PHASE LINE BLUE IS INITIAL LINE OFENCIRCLEMENT.

Figure 21. Initial encirclement.

Fires should be planned in detail to support the (3) Fragmenting the disc.encirclement after it is discovered by the enemy. (4) Hammer and anvil.

h. Following the initial encirclement, thecapture or destruction of the guerrilla force is 82. Tightening the Noose (Fig. 22)conducted methodically and thoroughly. This a. This technique of culminating an encircle-may be accomplished in any of the following ment operation is characterized by a coordinatedways: shortening of the line of encirclement by the

convergence of friendly troops into the encircled(1) Enticement to surrender. area. As the line is progressively shortened,(2) Tightening the noose (contraction of more units are removed from the line and added

the encirclement). to the reserve forces.

64 AGO 7700A


b. Sometimes against small guerrilla forces, 83. Fragmenting the Disc (Fig. 23)the entire encircled area may be cleared by this

a. After the line of encirclement has beenprogressive protraction of the line of encircle- contracted until a "critical mass" has beenment. However, against larger enemy forces,it is much more probable that at some point achieved, one effective way to continue thethe contraction will reach a "critical mass," attack and annihilate the enemy is by "frag-requiring some action other than further menting the disc." By this technique, the guer-contraction. rilla force is split by offensive action into suc-

cessively smaller units until the destruction ofc. It is sometimes feasible, after the contrac-

tion of the line of encirclement to a "critical the fragmented unit has been accomplished.mass," to establish counterguerrilla "killing b. Difficulties in conducting such an opera-zones" and let the enemy "escape" into them. tion include:

RESERVE

GU ERRILLABASE

RESERVE

NOTE: PHASE LINE RED IS THE LINEOF CONTRACTED ENCIRCLEMENT.

Figure 22. Tightening the noose (contraction of encirclement).

AGO 7700A 65


A. FIRST BISECTION

B. SECOND BISECTION

Figure 23. Fragmenting the disc.

(1) Closely controlling the use of support- encirclement has been contracted to a "criticaling weapons and movements of troops mass."during small-unit linkups. b. This technique utilizes two forces, one to

(2) Massing sufficient strength to effect hold the enemy in position (the anvil), and onethe operation. to force the guerrilla force against the anvil

(3) Possible fanatical reaction by the element by offensive action and annihilate itguerrilla force, resulting in increased with crushing pressure (the hammer element).casualties. Either element may effect the actual destruc-

tion, but the majority of it will usually be ac-84. Hammer and Anvil (Fig. 24) complished by the forces composing the hammer

a. This "blacksmith-type operation," long a element, while the anvil serves predominantlytactic of conventional warfare, is an effective as a blocking force holding the guerrilla forcetechnique for annihilating the enemy after an in place.

66 AGO 7700A


c. Emplacement of the hammer element can mechanized vehicles (if terrain permits), air-best be accomplished by airmobile or airborne mobile and airborne troops, and water craft.troops. It is desirable to emplace the hammer e. Reaction forces of all units are preparedforce as late in the operation as possible in an to move out on a moment's notice to conducteffort to gain surprise and thus effect greater a pursuit against enemy forces located by pa-confusion among the guerrilla force on discov- trols in the area or attempting to flee the sceneery of the strong thrust being made against it. of raids and ambushes. These forces are given

d. Aerial reconnaissance should be continu- the highest priority for use of available trans-ous during the attack so mobile reserves may port to ensure their delivery to the scene ofbe moved as early as possible to potentially action as soon as possible.threatened areas.

86. Rabbit Hunt (Fig. 26)e. This technique is most profitably employed

when the blocking (or anvil) element is located a. The "rabbit hunt" is a very effective tech-nique for finding and destroying elements of aon, or immediately in rear of, a natural ter- nique for finding and destroying elements of a

rain obstacle. This gives more strength to the guerrilla force known or suspected to be in a~~blocking position. ~relatively small area.blocking position.

b. This technique involves the use of three

85. Pursuit (Sweep) (Fig. 25) forces:(1) The hunting element. This element be-

a. When contact is made with a guerrilla gins on one boundary of the area toforce, the probable reaction of the guerrillaforce will be to inflict the maximum casualties be cleared and advances parallel to theon the regular force without becoming deci- direction of beat in a line formationsively engaged, and then flee the scene of action. methodically searching the area and,This method of operation dictates that military on finding the. enemy, either destroysforces operating against guerrilla forces be him or pushes him deeper into theparticularly adept in the conduct of pursuits. area.

(2) The blocking or ambush forces. Thisb. A pursuit is the maintenance of contact

with, and the continuation of offensive action force takes up static positions aroundagainst, a fleeing enemy. It may be conducted the entire area to be cleared, less theby any size force. However, often the unit that side occupied by the hunting element.makes the initial contact with a guerrilla force It engages any enemy trying to exitwill require rapid augmentation to maintain the area under the pressure of thepressure against the fleeing force, envelop it, advancing hunting element.and eventually effect its destruction. (3) Reserves. Adequate reserves are lo-

c. A force conducting a pursuit is normally cated behind both the hunting elementorganized into two elements, the direct pressure and the blocking or ambush forcesforce, and the encircling force(s). The direct ready for employment if the enemypressure force pursues the enemy and maintains attempts to make a concerted breakoutconstant offensive pressure on him as he with- at any point around the area.draws. The encircling force(s), employing c. Success in this operation is gained only assuperior mobility (preferably by using air- a result of a scrutinizing search of the area.mobile or airborne forces), conducts local en- This requires that the personnel of the huntingvelopments (single or double) to cut him off element be particularly close together duringand destroy him. The brigade and subordinate their advance through the area.units may conduct a pursuit or participate in d. Since the secrecy of this operation pre-the conduct of a pursuit by a larger force. cludes the extensive preparation of fields of fire,

d. The superior mobility may be gained by the members of the hunting element and thethe use of more trafficable terrain, fresh troops, blocking or ambush forces are armed predomi-superior knowledge of the area, motorized or nantly with light automatic or semiautomatic

AGO 7700A 67


TERRAIN OBSTACLE

A. ENCIRCLEMENT COMPLETE

TERRAIN OBSTACLE

B. HAMMER ACTION INITIATED

TERRAIN OBSTACLE

C. FINAL CRUSHING ACTION

Figure 24. Hammer and anvil.

68 AGO 7700A


ENCIRCL ING;.?

DIRECTPRESSURE ENEMYFORCE

LEGEND

FRIENDLY ELEMENTS

Figure 25. Pursuit.

weapons. The use of expert riflemen with sniper the initiation of the bombardment or as closerifles is very effective. thereto as is possible.

e. It is imperative that the blocking or am- c. The fire flush is an effective technique tobush forces be kept informed of the location of keep the guerrilla on the move in a large area."the hunter line" to ensure that friendly troops The larger area is divided into smaller 1000-do not fire on each other. meter (plus or minus) square areas, some or all

f. In difficult terrain, each member of the of which are periodically surrounded andhunting element may be issued a compass and flushed out with fire (fig. 28).ordered to advance on a given azimuth. Forsimplicity, the hunter element should alwaysadvance on a straight line throughout the oper- a. In the latter stages of development, aation. guerrilla force may have reached the point in

size, organization, training, and equipment87. Fire Flush (Fig. 27) where it approximates the combat power of a

a. An effective variation of the "rabbit hunt" conventional force. At this time, the force canis the "fire flush." be expected to attempt the execution of exten-

b. In this technique, the blocking or ambush sive control over large areas. Any attempts toforces encircle an area approximately 1000 counter this control will probably be met withmeters square and await the enemy to exit the a conventional-type positional defense.area as he is subjected to intense saturation- b. Coordinated attacks on these positionaltype indirect fire and/or attack by tactical air defenses will be planned and executed in ac-support. For security, the friendly troops oc- cordance with the doctrine prescribed in thecupy their ambush positions coincidentally with FM 7-series for conventional operations.

AGO 7700A 69


TRAILS -

AREA OF HUNT

I O E

,/ HUNTI NG ELEM ENT

BLOCKING OR AMBUSH POSITIONS

Figure 26. Rabbit hunt.

70 AGO 7700A70 AGO 7700A


Section IV. DENIAL OF SPONSORING POWER SUPPORT

89. General (6) An effective system of licensing andidentifying all friendly military and

a. Operations are initiated simultaneously wnwith other counterguerrilla operations to deny civilian watercraft using the offshoreguerrilla elements the benefit of "safe havens"across international boundaries and support by e. While certain definite portions of an inter-an external sponsoring power. These operations national land boundary may be placed underrequire effective measures to secure extensive effective surveillance and control by the use ofland border or seacoast areas and to preclude static security posts, reaction forces, groundcommunication and supply operations (to in- and aerial observers, electronic listening posts,clude aerial resupply) between a sponsoring and patrols, the continuous surveillance andpower and the enemy guerrilla forces. control of an entire extensive land border is

extremely difficult. Since it is not possible tob. The methods of contact and delivery ofpersonnel, supplies, and equipment whether by . place military forces at all the crossing sites, a

priority system for the sites requiring militaryair, water, or land must be determined at the forces is often established. In the followingearliest possible time. Detailed surveillance of

paragraphs, two operational concepts for theborder areas must be conducted continuously to control of extensive land borders are discussed.determine the-

(1) Location of ingress/egress routes and They are-~~crossing sites. ~(1) Restricted zone.

(2) Friendly population buffer.(2) Frequency of crossing.(3). Volume of traffic. 90. Restricted Zone(4) Type of transportation. a. Under this concept, an area of predeter-

(5) Terrain conditions. . mined width contiguous to the border is de-clared a restricted area. Appropriate proclama-

(6) Probable blocations of "safe havens tions are issued to the civilian population so allacross the border. . personnel understand that any individual or

c. Military units may be given the primary group encountered in the area will be con-mission of preventing ingress/egress across a sidered as an element of the enemy force if itboundary or shoreline, or they may be required cannot be readily identified as a member of ato conduct denial activities concurrently with friendly military or paramilitary unit.the conduct of combat operations against the b. So far as practicable, the restricted zoneguerrilla force. is cleared of vegetation and other obstacles to

d. The surveillance and control of extensive good observation over the area. Defoliates andcoastal areas normally require the use of- earth-moving equipment may be used for this

(1) Coordinated ground patrols of the purpose. Since the clearance of the zone alongshoreline. the entire boundary is normally not feasible, a

(2) Coordinated offshore sea patrols of priority of areas for such clearance is usually(2) Coordinated offshore sea patrols ofthe shoreline and river delta areas. necessary.

c. The restricted zone is controlled by the(3) Reinforcing aerial, visual, and photo-

use of ground and aerial observers, electronicgraphiccwaters and the shoreline. o e listening posts, and patrols. It is preferable

that these activities be conducted by indigenous(4) Static observation posts along the forces to economize on the available militaryshoreline in the vicinity of river moucombat power which can be better utilized invicinity of mriver mouths, good ground combat operations against the guerrilla force.lines of communication, and accessibleportions of the shoreline. 91. Friendly Population Buffer

(5) Effective centralized control and co- a. Utilizing this concept, the civilian popula-ordination of all these activities. tion in the area of operations is redistributed

AGO 7700A 71


RESERVE (R OUR

1000 METER) SQUARE 0TARGET AREA FORSATURATION FIRES

O 0RESERVE

LEGEND:

c2 BLOCKING OR AMBUSH POSITIONS

Figure 27. Fire filush.

72 AGO 7700A


31

TARGETAREA8 AUGUST

30 ,

TARGETAREA1 AUGUST

29 ./_

O1000 TARGETMETER AREA

(± I') 5 AUGUST

51 l 52 53

54 55METER(+)

Figure 28. Fire flush used periodically in large area.

as necessary to assure that all civilian personnel under the supervision of civilian agencies ofresiding in the vicinity of the border are sym- the national government or the local friendlypathetic to the friendly force. This may entail government.the- c. Extensive resettlement operations must be

(1) Screening of all personnel now settled preceded by detailed economic, social, andalong the border. political preparation so the socio-economic

(2) Resettlement of those persons of stability of the area is not endangered by thedoubtful sympathy along the border. shifts in population. The conduct of these oper-

(3) Supplementary resettlement of the ations without such preparation can result inborder area with elements of the civil- the following undesirable effects in the resettle-ian population with friendly sym- ment area.pathies from the interior of the area (1) Political instability.of operations. (2) Extensive unemployment.

b. The extensive resettlement of portions of (3) Inequities in land distribution.the civilian population is beyond the capability (4) Inadequate public utilities.of military units and must be accomplished (5) Inadequate housing.

AGO 7700A 73


(6) Intermingling of conflicting religious (2) Friendly local civilians for employ-beliefs and social mores. ment as self-defense units' to control

the border area.d. This concept provides- the border area.(3) A lack of potential civilian contacts(1) A good potential informant net along

and "safe houses" for use by thethe border. enemy in border crossing activities.

74 AGO 7700A


CHAPTER 6

COMBAT UNITS, COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS, ANDORGANIZATION FOR COMBAT

Section I. GENERAL

92. Capabilities a. Conduct police operations.

In counterguerrilla operations, the infantry b. Conduct harassing activities against anand airborne brigade and the subordinate in- enemy force.fantry and airborne infantry battalions and c. Conduct offensive operations against arifle companies have the capability to- guerrilla force.

a. Conduct offensive operations against the d. Participate in operations as all or part ofenemy by means of fire and maneuver in order the reaction force of a higher headquarters.to destroy or capture him.

e. Deny sponsoring power support.b. Repel an enemy attack by fire, close com-

bat, and counterattack. f. Provide active assistance to the implemen-tation of a program of civic action.c. Conduct extensive combat and reconnais-

sance patrolling, to include long-range patrol- 94. Organization for Combatling when appropriately equipped.

a. The task organization of the unit engagedd. Conduct police operations, to include the a. The task organization of the unit engaged

exercise of population control and the estab- in counterguerrilla operations depends on theparticular requirements of each situation. Nor-lishment of adequate security measures to se-mally, the specific terrain and civil and militarycure military troops, military and civilian in- al the specific terrain and civil and militarysituations in the area of operations will requirestallations, key communities, and lines of com-a small-scale tailoring of the battalion and sub-

munication, when appropriately augmented. ordinate rifle companies prior to counterguer-e. Conduct air landings when provided with rilla operations. Depending on the particular

sufficient air transport. situation, emphasis during this tailoring isf. Conduct airborne operations by parachute placed on the provision of-

with minimum marshalling and planning pro- (1) Superior mobility by-cedures (airborne units only). (a) Providing an extensive airmobile

g. Conduct operations in all types of terrain capability to the unit. (This may beand climatic conditions. centralized at higher unit levels.)

h. Participate in limited amphibious opera- (b) Removing from the organization alltions. unnecessary ground vehicles which

i. Participate extensively in the implementa- cannot be utilized to the maximumtion of positive programs of civic action. on the applicable terrain.

j. Advise, train, and assist indigenous forces (c) Removing all except the essentialin counterguerrilla operations. items from the load of the individual

soldier to increase his foot mobility.93. Missions (d) Providing non-TOE aids to mobility

The infantry and airborne brigades and the as required, such as boats, ropes,subordinate infantry and airborne infantry motorcycles, and bicycles.battalions and rifle companies may be assigned (e) Providing indigenous transportationany one or combination of the following mis- means such as commandeered civil-sions in counterguerrilla operations: ian transport and pack animals.

AGO 7700A 75


(f) Employing indigenous bearer units to assist in the performance of policefor pack operations. control and civic action.

(2) Superior firepower by providing an (5) Adequate capability for tactical self-extensive airmobile capability to the sufficiency by the attachment of suffi-unit. (This may be centralized at cient intelligence, counterintelligence,higher unit levels.) signal support, and infrared light

(3) Removal from the organization of equipment to make the unit capablethose weapons which have marginal of semi-independent or independentvalue in the area, such as large anti- operations.tank weapons. b. Emphasis is given to the substitution of

(4) Adequate capability for dealing with lightweight items of equipment throughout athe civilian population in the area by unit engaged in counterguerrilla, operations. Inproviding the force with sufficient some cases, the procurement and issue oftranslators, interpreters, civil affairs civilian-type items may be feasible because ofpersonnel, and other supporting units their lighter weight.

Section II. INFANTRY AND AIRBORNE BRIGADE

95. General to assist in the conduct of population control

In counterguerrilla operations, the infantry and security operations. In such situations, theand airborne brigade may be employed as a sub- brigade will normally receive substantial at-ordinate element of the division or, with appro- tachments of military intelligence, psychologicalpriate reinforcing combat, combat support and warfare, and civil affairs units. Figure 29combat service support units, as an independent shows a type brigade task force organized foror semi-independent force. It has the capability counterguerrilla operations at this end of theto command and control up to five attached scale of possible missions.maneuver battalions. It also has the capability d. When the brigade is organized primarilyof commanding and controlling indigenous for the conduct of offensive combat operations,forces. the emphasis is on the attachment and support

of military combat and combat support units96. Task Organization which enhance the combat power of the bri-

a. Combat, combat support, and combat serv- gade. See figure 30 for a type brigade organ-ice support units are attached or placed in sup- ized primarily for offensive counterguerrillaport of the brigade as required by the specific operations.mission assigned. In counterguerrilla opera- e. Normally, the mission assigned the bri-tions, the emphasis is normally on the attach- gade will be somewhere between these two ex-ment of combat support units. tremes and will include the concurrent conduct

b. The missions assigned to the brigade may of police and combat operations in its assignedvary from the execution of control over a seg- area. In these cases, the organization of thement of the civilian population in an area under brigade will be appropriately balanced to per-effective friendly control to the execution of mit the successful accomplishment of the di-purely combat tasks as the reaction force of the versified mission.division in an area under effective control of f. The brigade may receive the attachmentthe guerrilla force. of sufficient combat service support units to

c. In the former case, the brigade is organ- make it administratively self-sufficient. Seeized with emphasis on the attachment and sup- chapter 7 for a discussion of the units nor-port of civilian and military personnel and units mally required by the brigade for this purpose.

Section III. INFANTRY AND AIRBORNE INFANTRY BATTALION

97. General of the infantry and airborne infantry. The per-a. The battalion is the basic tactical element sonnel, equipment, and training of the battalion

76 AGO 7700A


i 4 1 I ! I ' (10:1

HQ & HQ |(105 H) (COMP)

3 1

DOG SD SELF-D~LEGEND:

---- ATTACHED NONDIVISIONAL UNITS

D 4.2 INCH MOTROR MUNCPAL POLCE75 MMSELF-DEFENSE UNITS

W SPECIAL POLICE

....- ATTACHED NONDIVISIONAL UNITS

~*- OPERATIONAL CONTROL

*ie 4.2 INCH MORTARS OR 75 MMPACK HOW MAY BE SUBSTITUTEDFOR 105 HOW

Figure 29. Type brigade task force for police operations.

AGO 7700A

77


HQ & C

HQ(+) (COMP) !

*·0HQ &HO

(105 H)

SVC

I…----- ------r 0*@

3 ~ SCT DOG EC (+)

I LEGEND

… -…-…---- ATTACHED NONDIVISIONAL UNITS.SEE CHAPTER 7 FOR COMBAT

I SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS.

* 4.2-INCH MORTARS OR 75-MMI 0 * PACK HOW MAY BE SUBSTITUTED

PSYWARFOR 105 HOW.

Figure 30. Type brigade task force for combat operations.

AGO 7700A78


provide for a versatile force which can effec- (1) Communication platoon.tively combat guerrilla forces with a minimum (2) Ground surveillance section.tailoring to meet the exigencies of the mission, h. The organization, missions, capabilities,terrain, and enemy situation. The commandterrain, and enemy situation. The command limitations, and methods of employment of thesestructure of the battalion is designed to accept units are discussed in detail in FM 7-20. The

an augmentation of f orces As necessary. The following discussion of these units is concernedbattalion is capable ot fighting with or without only with areas which are of particular concernvehicles and with a minimum adjustment of to counterguerrilla operations.equipment and personnel whenever dismounted,mechanized, motorized, amphibious, airmobile, 98. Rifle Companyor joint airborne operations are required.

The rifle companies (fig. 33) are the basicb. The major units of the infantry and air- maneuver elements of the battalion. They may

borne infantry battalions and details of the occasionally be detached from the parent bat-headquarters company are shown in figure 31. talion for employment under the control of a

c. In counterguerrilla operations, the infan- higher headquarters.try and airborne infantry battalion normallyare employed as subordinate, attached elements 99. Reconnaissance Platoonof a brigade. In exceptional cases, they may be a. If the terrain of the area of operations willemployed directly under the control of a higher not permit the extensive use of vehicles, theheadquarters, or conduct independent opera- employment of the reconnaissance platoon maytions with proper augmentation. be modified or it may be employed in its normal

d. Due to the decentralized nature of counter- role as a foot-mobile force. The latter has theguerrilla operations, the battalion will normally advantage of retaining the unit as a valuablereceive the attachment of numerous combat intelligence collection agency. While the equip-and combat support units to assist in the ac- ment of the tank section may be deleted fromcomplishment of its mission. Normally, the the platoon, the personnel of this section maybattalion can expect little immediate combat be employed as augmentation to the S2 sectionsupport from higher headquarters because of- or to other elements of the battalion. The sup-

(1) The size of the area of operation. port squad can be integrated into' the mortar(2) The decentralization of combat sup- section of a rifle company, or its personnel may

port by the larger units. be used as augmentation for the battalion mor-

e. The battalion task organization depends on tar and Davy Crockett platoon.the particular requirements of each situation. b. If the battalion area has any substantialUnder unusual circumstances, the battalion may amount of terrain suitable for wheeled orhave continuous operational control of certain tracked traffic, the entire platoon with its or-Army aircraft to provide an airmobile capa- ganic ground vehicle means may be employedbility. Normally, however, Army transport in its normal reconnaissance and security role.aircraft will be retained under the operational

c. The platoon may also be employed as ancontrol of higher headquarters to be allocatedto specific task assignments as required. A "economy of force" unit to conduct police oper-type battalion task force is shown in figure 32. ations in trafficable areas not under effective

control of guerrillas, thereby releasing moref. The organic combat units of the infantry rifle companies for direct action against the

and airborne infantry battalions are theguerrilla force.(1) Three rifle companies.

d. With its organic mobility, the platoon can(2) Reconnaissance platoon. disperse over a relatively large area, periodi-(3) Antitank platoon. cally visit the civilian communities and static(4) Mortar and Davy Crockett platoon. security posts in the area, patrol lines of com-

g. The organic combat support units of the munication, and still mass rapidly to counterinfantry and airborne infantry battalion are a contacted guerrilla element anywhere in thethe- area.

AGO 7700A 79


BATTALION

& HOH IHO RI1

BNl O CO

! IcoHOANHANK SPTH IHCOmm

0 * *. *0 0 0

Figure 31. Infantry and airborne infantry battalion.

AGO 7700A

80


2 HQ &(IO (105 H) E lhQ

I0 . I_W. I

AUGMENTATION I * *

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE

PSYWAR (LOUDSPEAKER, SPLEAFLET, RADIO. NEWSR,AND PRESS)

CIVIL AFFAIRS

SIGNAL SD

AERIAL RESUPPLY

MILITARY POLICE DET

TRANSPORT AVIATION

GROUND TRNSPORTATION__ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ ~ LEGEND:

-0- OPERATIONAL CONTROL

WI S SELF-DEFENSE UNITS

W s'l SPECIAL POLICE

WI LOCAL OR MUNICIPALPOLICE

MAY BE REPLACED ALL ORIN PART WITH 4.2 MORTARS.

Figure 82. Type battalion task force.

AGO 7700A 81


U~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U

Z~~~~~~~~

w

F- F-~~~~~~>

· I ~ ~ W

6· O~~ 0O

(DN:0I w o

:i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -'

z~~~~~~~~~~~~

! !, q

ELE

w n

· ~~~~·

s~~~L Ir

0 :82 ACO 7700Aw

N

z

o

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a V~~~~~aIz I

I I>o ob>d

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82 AGO 7700A


100. Antitank Platoon emphasized. These fires are very effective ininflicting losses (or threatening such losses),a. When the battalion is conducting opera- curtailing movement, disturbing the rest of the

tions against a guerrilla force in remote, under-guerrilla force, and lowering its morale.

developed areas with difficult terrain, the anti-tank platoon may be deleted from the organi- e. Consideration is given to resupplying allzation. In such a case, consideration is given mortar squads at their position by aerial re-to retaining the personnel of the platoon as an supply methods.augmentation of other elements of the battalion.

102. Communication Platoonb. If the terrain and nature of the operation

permit the effective use of the platoon, it will a. The communication platoon and communi-normally be retained under battalion control cation personnel of the headquarters company

provide continuous communication means forwith priority of employment in support of thebattalion reaction force. Only exceptionally the battalion headquarters by-will squads of the platoon be attached to the (1) Installing, operating, and maintainingrifle companies. Such as an attachment will all communication facilities within thenormally so impede the cross-country mobility battalion headquarters.of the companies as to outweigh its value as (2) Establishing and maintaining commu-additional combat power. nication to the rifle companies, ele-

ments of the headquarters company,101. Mortar and Davy Crockett Platoon and attached and supporting weapons.

a. Due to the nonnuclear environment usually b. The extreme dispersion of the elements offound in counterguerrilla operations, and the the battalion will normally require an extensiveextensive area normally assigned the battalion, substitution of radios and an augmentation ofthe mortar and Davy Crockett platoon will usu- other signal equipment. Substituted and aug-ally require extensive reorganization. This re- mentation equipment will normally include-organization may include the following (1) Short-range portable FM radios andchanges: medium-range portable or mobile AM

(1) Deletion of the Davy Crocket section. radios for ground-to-ground communi-(2) Addition of more mortar squads. cations.(3) Augmentation of the forward observer (2) Short-range portable FM radios for

and fire direction personnel and equip- ground-to-Army aircraft communica-ment to provide the capability for de- tions.centralizing the mortar firing positions (3) Short-range portable AM-UHF radiosand operations to dispersed two-squad for ground-to-Air Force or Navy air-sections. craft communications.

(4) Substitution of 81-mm mortars for (4) Appropriate radio relay equipment4.2-inch mortars. and long-distance antennae.

b. Except in large-scale offensive operations (5) Signal flags, lights, panel sets, andutilizing the battalion in coordinated action, the other visual signaling and/or markingplatoon can be best utilized by attaching mortar devices.squads to subordinate maneuver elements. c. It is imperative that the required equip-

c. For security, the firing elements will nor- ment be planned for, received, and integratedmally occupy positions within the combat bases into the organization prior to the commitmentof the units to which they are attached. If a of the battalion into counterguerrilla opera-section is required to occupy firing positions tions.outside the combat bases, rifle elements may be d. Radio communication is the primary meansused to secure the positions. of communication within the battalion and with

d. The employment of harassing mortar fires civil agencies. The extended distances may re-against an elusive guerrilla force must be quire the use of both aerial and ground relay

AGO 7700A 83


stations. The increased use of radio creates a j. The use of public radio stations is a mostgreater communications security problem. The effective means of mass dissemination of infor-guerrilla force must be presumed to have means mation to the civil populace. Conversely, anyfor acquiring communications intelligence. In such radio station in the hands of the enemyorder to reduce the value of this source of in- will assist him materially in gaining and/ortelligence to the guerrilla force, the use of retaining civilian support in the area.continuous wave (CW) and codes for radio k. Infrared light equipment may be used astransmissions is routine. an alternate communication means.

e. Wire communication is used to the maxi-mum extent possible. Normally, the vulnerabil- 103. Ground Surveillance Sectionity of wire communications to guerrilla action a. The battalion conducting operationsdictates that wire be used only in secure bases against guerrilla forces often has additionaland installations. If wire lines must be laid medium-range (AN/TPS-33) and short-rangethrough insecure areas, an unusually large (AN/PPS-4) radar teams attached to assistmaintenance requirement must be anticipated. in the implementation of the battalion surveil-In addition, the lack of security of traffic on the lance plan.lines must be realized by all users of the net. b. These radars are normally used to extend

f. Visual means of communication are effec- surveillance forward of static security posts,tive for ground-to-ground communications be- combat bases, and forward patrol bases.tween small units and for ground-to-air signal- c. Since a great part of the combat opera-ing and marking. tions against guerrilla forces involves the use

g. Messenger service between combat bases of small-unit patrols, particular considerationor installations is the most secure means of com- should be given the use of radar teams at com-munication available, but requires an accom- bat and forward patrol bases to assist the pa-panying security guard for each messenger. trols by-Pigeons may be effectively used as messengers, (1) Locating enemy activity which may beespecially by individuals or agents. detrimental to the patrols.

h. Communication with local civil and police (2) Vectoring patrols toward enemy ac-authorities may require the issuance of military tivity or on a desired route.communication equipment to these civil agen- (3) Receiving coded signals from friendlycies or the use of commercial-type sets by the patrols.battalion. d. During the conduct of an encirclement,

i. The friendly communications means are a they may be effectively used for surveillanceprime target for the guerrilla force. Ground forward of the line of encirclement to give earlysignal installations must be guarded, unsecured warning of an attempted breakout by the en-wire lines must be patrolled, and normal com- circled guerrilla force. It must be realizedmunication security precautions must be prac- that the use of radar in densely vegetated areasticed. is extremely limited.

Section IV. ARMOR AND ARMORED CAVALRY UNITS

104. Armor (1) Are easily ambushed by unsupporteda. The poor terrain occupied by a guerrilla infantry.

force normally prevents the use of massed (2) Have limited value in difficult terrain.armor. However, if the terrain in the area of (3) Compromise the secrecy of operations.operations is trafficable, the brigade and sub- b. If tanks are used against guerrilla forces,ordinate units may receive the attachment of they must be closely supported by infantry.some tanks for employment as a part of the Even though guerrilla forces habitually lacksecurity or offensive forces. It must be realized sophisticated antitank weapons in great quan-that tanks have the following general disadvan- tity, they are normally quite skilled at impro-tages in counterguerrilla operations: vising means to destroy or cripple tanks. The

84 AGO 7700A


development of recoillness weapons and light munications capability permit their effectiverockets has certainly increased the guerrilla employment to-antitank potential. (1) Secure surface lines of communication.

c. The tank, with its inherent appearance of (2) Installation and community security.massiveness, is an ideal "show of force" weapon (3) Conduct contact patrols between theand, if used, can be expected to keenly impress self-defense forces guarding villagesthe guerrilla force and the civilian population. throughout the area.

d. Terrain permitting, tanks may be effec- (4) Establish roadblocks.tively utilized in counterguerrilla operations (5) Mass sufficient forces rapidly to reactto- to any contact made with guerrilla

(1) Patrol lines of communication, thereby forces in its assigned area.releasing infantry or airborne infan- (6) Apprehension of guerrilla force mem-try units for offensive operations bers.against the guerrilla force. (7) Conduct extensive ground surveillance

(2) Provide increased firepower and shock of large areas uncovered by friendlyaction to convoy security detachments. forces.

(3) Execute offensive operations against (8) Collect and report information of in-consolidated guerrilla forces in traffic- telligence valueable terrain as part of a unit's reaction (9) Provide armed escorts for airmobileforce. operations.

(4) Escort of government chiefs in danger (10) Provide armed aircraft for use asareas. aerial "hunter-killer" teams.

(5) Reconnaissance of extensive areas. (11) Provide a pathfinder capability (in(6) Conduct demonstrations and feints. airborne divisional units).

(12) Provide convoy security.e. When tanks are employed in counterguer-

rilla operations, they must act with speed and c. Figure 34 shows the organization of theaggressiveness. Emphasis is placed on- armored cavalry squadron.

(1) Advanced planning. d. An armored cavalry unit has the capability(2) Rapid movement to contact. of dispersing in small units over a large area,(3) Maximum use of surprise and shock periodically visiting all key communities, and

action. yet being always ready to assemble a combatforce rapidly at any point in its area of respon-

f. For additional guidance on the employment sibility to counter a guerrilla action.of tank elements organic to the division, seeFM 17-1 and FM 17-15. e. The brigade or battalion may be given

operational control or attachment of a portion105. Armored and Air Cavalry of, or, exceptionally, the entire divisional air

a. Since the conventional mission of these cavalry troop. The elements of this unit, or-a. Since the conventional mission of theseganized to utilize both the firepower and theunits to provide security for the elements of

the division is normally not applicable in coun- mobility of the armed helicopter, are a valuableterguerrilla operations, they may be attachedto the brigade and battalion for employment in f. See paragraphs 47 through 52 for a dis-counterguerrilla operations. cussion of the tactical employment of air cavalry

b. They are particularly well organized to units in counterguerrilla operations.conduct police operations over large trafficable g. For additional guidance on the employ-areas not under the effective control of guer- ment of armor and air cavalry units, see FMrilla forces. Their organic mobility and com- 17-36 and FM 17-95.

AGO 7700A 85


Section V. ARMY AVIATION SUPPORT

106. General tached to) battalions or companies for pro-longed periods of time. These aircraft may

a. In counterguerrilla operations, the brigade physically operate from landing areas in thewill normally be supported by an extensive com-plement of Army aircraft from the following brigade combat base(s) or from those of the

lower units. In any case, the aircraft will nor-sources: mally return to the brigade base for logistical

(1) Aviation battalion, division. support.(2) Air cavalry troop, divisional armored(2) Air cavalry troop, divisional armored d. The conduct of aerial surveillance can usu-

cavalry squadron. ally be best coordinated throughout the entire(3) Aviation section, division artillery. area when directed and controlled by the(4) Nondivisional aviation units. brigade.

b. A type composite aviation battalion which e. The brigade must be prepared to providemay support the brigade is shown in figure 35. adequate aircraft without delay to lift its re-

c. To provide the most effective utilization action forces or those of the subordinate unitsof these aircraft, they are normally controlled when their commitment against a located enemyas centrally as the situation will permit. When- force is required. In counterguerrilla opera-ever tactically feasible, the brigade will main- tions, the effectiveness of reaction operationstain control over all aircraft except the light are often directly proportional to the speed withobservation helicopters habitually required by which the reaction forces are committed.subordinate commanders for command, con- f. Within the priority for employment oftrol, and reconnaissance. Elements of the air- available Army aircraft to support tacticalcraft support are normally placed under the operations, extensive use is made of these air-operational control of subordinate commanders craft to provide combat service support to theas required for the accomplishment of specific subordinate elements (pars. 132-141).support tasks. However, when required by thesituation, aircraft may be placed under the 107. Tactics and Techniques of Employmentoperational control of (or exceptionally, at- See paragraphs 47 through 52.

86 AGO 7700A


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AGO 7700A 87


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Figure 35. Type composite aviation battalion.

Section VI. FIRE SUPPORT

108. General signed area, and the nature of the enemy witha. The coordination of fire support in counter- little or no interest in the seizure or retention

of terrain will normally dictate--guerrilla operations is conducted as discussed () A greater decentralization of organic(1) A greater decentralization of organicin the FM 7-series so far as practicable. The and attached fire support (normallynature of the mission, the large size of the as- by attachment to subordinate units).

88 AGO 7700A


(2) A relative lack of brigade and bat- limited or difficult accessibility intotalion control and coordination over preplanned friendly ambushes.all fires utilized within their assigned (d) Deceive the guerrilla force as to theareas. plan of counterguerrilla action.

(3) Greater security of firing positions. Placing fires in areas other thanwhere an operation is planned will

b. Nuclear fires normally cannot be profitably distract the guerrilla from the mainemployed in counterguerrilla operations. If effort and enhance the element ofthey are used, they must be closely coordinated, surprise.not only with military operations in the area, (e) Provide illumination during hoursbut also with the civilian population. However, of darkness. Illumination is particu-appropriate chemical and biological weapons larly valuable during guerrilla nightmay be used effectively. raids on important installations

such as bridges, power plants, com-munication centers, supply points,

a. Fire support is employed as follows: and villages sympathetic to the(1) Field artillery can provide effective counterguerrilla cause.

fire support in counterguerrilla opera- (f) Block escape routes of a guerrillations if used with imagination and force which is being attacked or en-ingenuity. The following capabilities circled.of field artillery should be considered (g) Inflict casualties to encircled guer-in operational planning: rillas with massed fires during

(a) Can fire in all conditions of weather "tightening the noose" operations.and terrain. These fires are particularly effective

(b) Can provide effective support day once the contraction reaches theor night. point where a "critical mass" is

(c) Can engage a target with accurate achieved.fire without warning. (4) In counterguerrilla operations, the

(d) Can maneuver massed fires rapidly division will normally attach most orwithin a large area. all of the division artillery to the sub-

ordinate brigades. One 105-mm how-(2) Artillery normally has the following itzer battalion is normally attached tolimitations in counterguerrilla oper- each brigade. 4.2-inch mortars may

ations, particularly in underdevel- be substituted for howitzers. During~~~~oped areas: ~operations, the brigade will seldom

(a) Limited mobility due to difficult ter-receive any appreciable ground artil-

~~~~~~rain. V~lery support beyond this attachment(b) Limited ground observation due to from higher headquarters.

rugged terrain, heavy vegetation,rugged terrafeing, heavy vegetation, e(5) Depending on the situation, divisionaland the fleeting nature of the enemy. artillery and artillery attached to the(c) Limited freedom to fire due to civil- brigade may be given the tactical mis-brigade may be given the tactical mis-ian villages, activities, and move- sion of supporting the subordinate

ments within the area of operations. battalions engaged in counterguerrilla(3) Supporting artillery fires can be ef- operations by-

fectively employed to- (a) Attachment.(a) Assist in the defense of static secur- (b) Direct support.

ity posts, roadblocks, and patrol ac- (c) Reinforcing.tions against guerrilla attack. (d) General support.

(b) Harass guerrillas during periods of (e) General support-reinforcing.reduced patrol activity by friendly (6) Because of the large size of the areaelements. of operations, artillery units are often

(c) Flush guerrillas out of areas of attached to battalions.

AGO 7700A 89


(7) Consideration should be given to the assist in the defense of the firingaugmentation of artillery units with position.additional survey personnel to permit (10) Counterguerrilla operations place aaccurate target location and survey burden on communications and firecontrol during decentralized opera- control which may be met only by im-tions. provisation. Since radio is the most

(8) The terrain in which guerrilla forces flexible, mobile, and at times the onlyoperate will often limit or prevent possible means of communication inartillery support of ground units in very difficult terrain, it may be neces-the conventional manner. However, sary to make extensive use of Armythe demoralizing effect of artillery fire aircraft as radio relay stations be-on guerrilla units will often justify tween the firing units and the forwardits use when there is little possibility observers with the ground combatof its inflicting substantial damage. troops and to perform functions nor-Before artillery support is ruled out mally associated with the fire directionin any operation, all limitations are center (FDC). The airborne FDCcarefully analyzed and studied. Flexi- adjusts fire and monitors, relays, andbility and ingenuity will often make performs tactical fire direction; thatartillery support possible under cir- is, exercises the command of units incumstances which are seemingly the the selection of targets, the designa-most adverse. Range and trajectory tion of units to fire, and the allocationcapabilities and the capability of all of ammunition. Technical fire direc-means of communication and of Army tion is accomplished by stationing aaircraft are exploited. Pioneer work computer (preferably equipped with amay permit the use of trails and dry graphical firing table fan) at each bat-stream beds to reach firing positions tery position. The advantage of thisin difficult terrain. All leaders, to in- system is that it will allow for decen-clude section leaders, must be skilled tralized operation of the firing unitin reconnaissance, pioneering, and with retention of centralized control.field expedients. Ground reconnais- (11) Since ground transportation is limitedsance may often be conducted by small in most operations against guerrillacivilian parties. Aerial and map re- forces, the greatest possible use isconnaissance must be thorough to made of Army aircraft to transportcompensate for the relative lack of supplies, especially ammunition.good ground reconnaissance. Whengood ground reconnaissance. When b. Tactical air support (close air support andpossible, firing positions should be tactical air reconnaissance) and naval gunfireoccupied just before the time they are (if applicable) will be requested and controlledto be used. as discussed in the FM 7-series. The transitory

(9) Once a guerrilla force has been defi- nature of guerrilla targets and the possibilitynitely located in an area and offensive of long reaction times in the use of these sup-operations are planned to destroy the porting weapons often make a greater depend-force, artillery is placed so fires may ence on the use of organic and attached weaponsbe massed in the area to be cleared, mandatory. Fire bombs, with their area-typeif possible. A combat-tested technique effects, are normally the most effective muni-for using artillery in such a situation tion. The use of organic and attached airborneis shown in figure 36. The positions fire support (armed Army helicopters) must beof attached artillery may be estab- fully exploited.lished, utilizing battery, platoon, or c. Chemical and biological munitions are ex-section firing positions, depending on tremely effective in counterguerrilla operations.the situation. The positions should be They may be employed to-established for all-around defense. (1) Restrict selected areas to the guerrillasInfantry personnel may be used to (with persistent agents).

90 AGO 7700A


// AiUERR~~W\\ \\ VC·LUER

Fiure6. Use of airborne fire direction center.

Figure 36. Use of airborne fire direction center.

(2) Destroy the enemy force and leave the rilla operations minimizes the requirement forarea trafficable for military units and extensive coordination of fire support by thecivilian personnel (with nonpersistent brigade and battalion, except when the unit isagents). conducting coordinated offensive operations

(3) Incapacitate an enemy force inter- against a located enemy force.mingled with friendly civilians with b. Except for coordinated offensive opera-no permanent effects to the civilians tions, the preparation and implementation of a(with incapacitating agents). coordinated and integrated fire support plan is

(4) Remove vegetation restricting obser- normally not practicable. By the same token,vation and fields of fire (with defoliant the employment of extensive fire control meas-agents). ures (fire coordination lines, no-fire lines, etc.)

(5) Destroy food-producing crops of the is normally not necessary in decentralizedguerrilla force (with crop disease counterguerrilla opcrations, since their use mayagents). restrict or slow down the operations of sub-

d. Portable flame weapons and flame field ordinate units. However, in the final phases ofexpedients are extremely effective in counter- an encirclement when artillery fires are usedguerrilla operations. to destroy the guerrilla force, a fire coordina-

tion line or no-fire line may be used to ensure110. Fire Support Planning and Coordination that converging friendly elements are not fired

a. The decentralized nature of counterguer- upon.

AGO 7700A 91


Section VII. INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT111. General four types will normally be conducted with

a. Successful counterguerrilla operations by varying emphasis at the same time.the brigade and subordinate units require (1) Preventive measures which are imple-accurate, detailed, and timely intelligence. Aofunit which conducts counterguerrilla operations security within the social structure ofwithout sound intelligence wastes time, mate- the operational area that guerrillarial, and troop effort. In counterguerrilla o activity will not further develop.erations, the commander is even more deeply (2) Reactive measures which are designeddependent upon intelligence and counterintel- specifically to counter subversive andligence than in conventional warfare situations. guerrilla actions which threaten theSeveral factors are responsible for this. First, security of the command or accom-guerrilla activity is an advanced stage of a plishment of its mission.preceding environment which fostered the de- (3) Aggressive measures which are de-velopment of dissidence and insurgency. It is signed to strike at the root of thethe product of, and continues to exist as a re- subversive civilian support apparatussult of, a complex of interrelated military, and the guerrilla force in order topolitical, economic, and social factors. A com- destroy them entirely.plete awareness and intimate knowledge of the (4) Remedial measures taken in coordi-background of the prevailing situation is essen- nation with other components of thetial to the conduct of current counterguerrilla command to correct conditions whichoperations; therefore, intensive intelligence have led to the development of themeasures to pinpoint the roots of subversion guerrilla situation.that support the guerrilla force are requisite.Second, the tactics of guerrilla forces and the d. A basic essential in any type of counter-

clandestine nature of their popular support guerrilla intelligence operation is a thoroughrequires accurate, timely, and continuous in- understanding of the target area and societin all its aspects, augmented by a completeformation for intelligence analysis as an essen- understanding of the prevailing internal andtial preliminary to the planning or application understanding of the prevailing internal andof effective countermeasures. Third, since guer- external forces supporti ve ounterguerrilla intelligencerilla operations depend for success upon intel- society. Effective b ased on such knowledgenligence regarding the activities and forces must be an extension of previous efforts toopposing them, counterintelligence security dis- must be an extensin f previous efforts tocipline becomes vitally important in denial of counter dissidence and subversion, and mustthis plin e b eomes vitally important in denial of y. exploit any friendly or allied intelligence assets

developed prior to the emergence of enemyb. The general doctrine, methods, and pro- guerrilla activity. The basic inventory of in-

cedures for collecting, processing, and dissemi- telligence on a specific area and situation isnating intelligence are covered in FM 30-5. derived from area and country studies sup-The standard practices of counterintelligence plemented with situational intelligence collectedand clandestine intelligence operations are set more recently on the scene. This body of avail-forth in FM's 30-17 and 30-18. All are appli- able data forms the basis of the commander'scable to counterguerrilla operations in a vary- estimate of the guerrilla situation and the sub-ing degree, depending on the mission, situation, sequent intelligence collection plan of his in-and environment. There are, however, addi- telligence officer.tional special aspects of intelligence specific tocounterguerrilla operations which are further 112. Area Studies and Intelligence Requirementsdeveloped here. a. The area study includes a detailed exami-

c. Counterguerrilla intelligence activities nation of the following factors affecting amay be generally categorized under four head- country: geography, sociology, economy, poli-ings as shown below. These categories are not tics, and other specific fields constituting poten-in priority or chronological order; in fact, all tial danger points.

92 AGO 7700A


b. Following is a cursory discussion of some (d) Principal routes connecting sepa-principal factors which should be included in rate guerrilla-controlled areas.an area study. It is in no sense exhaustive in (e) Roads and trails in the vicinity ofscope; rather, it is intended to illustrate the friendly installations and lines ofimportance of considering these factors in in- communications.telligence support of counterguerrilla opera- (f) Location of fords, bridges, andtions. ferries across rivers; seasons of the

(1) Geography, topography, terrain, cli- year when the rivers are in floodmate, flora, and fauna. An intimate stage.knowledge of the terrain is necessary (g) Areas where drinking water is notfor effective counterguerrilla opera- available or where foot travel istions. Mild or tropical climate favors difficult or impossible.the guerrilla forces who must depend (h) Location of all small settlementslargely on the land, as this type of and farms in and near guerrilla-climate ensures year-round vegetation controlled areas.and foliage for subsistence, cover, and (i) If guerrillas are known to have orconcealment. Rigorous cold climates are suspected of having contact withhamper guerrilla operations, since in- the enemy regular force, location ofcreased logistical support is required suitable areas for airdrops or boatfor operations under these conditions. or submarine rendezvous; roads andOnly when the unit's knowledge of the trails leading into enemy-held areasterrain begins to approach that of the or neutral countries friendly to theenemy guerrilla can that unit meet the guerrillas.guerrilla on anything like equal terms. (j) Escape and evasion routes of theTerrain intelligence is continuously guerrillas.collected, recorded, and disseminated. (2) Sociological factors. Population sizeUp-to-date photo maps are prepared. and distribution, basic racial stock andTerrain models may be constructed physical characteristics, ethnic andand used for briefing subordinate com- minority groups, social structure, re-manders. Particular effort is made to ligion, and culture (all) must be con-collect information of the following: sidered in area studies.

(a) Areas likely to serve as guerrilla (a) Dense populations, such as are usu-bases. Such areas have the follow- ally found in cities and metropolitan

ing characteristics: areas, are more easily controlled anding characteristics:protected by government forces.

1. Difficulty of access, such as moun- Since the population of these areastains, jungles, or marshes. tend to identify themselves with

2. Protection from aerial reconnais- trade unions, cultural groups, andsance. political parties, they may be sub-

3. Terrain which favors defense and jected to a greater degree of sub-covered withdrawals. version.

4. Location usually one day's journey (b) People residing in sparsely settledfrom small civilian settlements areas such as small villages andwhich may provide food and act as farms are more strongly influencedoutposts. by their immediate environment;

5. Adequate water supply. that is, such considerations as fam-(b) Roads and trails approaching sus- ily relationships and those factors

pected or possible guerrilla areas. related to obtaining food, clothing(c) Principal roads and trails travers- and shelter, and are more suscepti-

ing and passing along the circum- ble to a lesser amount of subversion.ference of the guerrilla controlled (c) The racial stock and physical char-area. acteristics of the population of an

AGO 7700A 93


area are important considerations (1) Formulation of an estimate of thein counterguerrilla operations. A guerrilla situation. In the formulationtendency exists among the popula- of the estimate of the guerrilla situa-tion of underdeveloped countries to tion, the operationally significant fac-fear and distrust persons who are tors, in addition to those required fornot of their own race. all intelligence estimates, may be con-

(d) Ethnic groups constituting minority sidered under three general cate-factions become a consideration in gories.counterguerrilla operations; be- (a) The first of these comprises the con-cause of discrimination or persecu- ditions which constitute naturaltion, they may be either a source of strengths or sources of resistancediscontent or of major assistance. to the guerrillas. These are such

(e) Social groups may also exercise things as healthy national institu-great influence and control over tions, strong and loyal forces, andtheir members. sound popular attitudes. These fac-

(f) In countries where religion exerts tors will be exploited.a strong influence, control of or (b) The second category embraces con-gaining the favor of the clergy could ditions in the target; society in whichbe a powerful weapon. the potential exists either to exploit

(3) Governmental considerations. An un- these as counterguerrilla strengths,derstanding of the formal structure of or where neglect of them will invitethe government and its operatons is exploitation by the enemy. In thisimportant. Its relationship with the category fall such matters as am-population, its relationship within the bitious officials and popular hungerinternal departments of the govern- for social improvement.ment such as police, communications, (c) The third category includes the fac-etc., and the relationship each of these tors which have already been seizeddepartments has with the population. by the enemy and which are being

(4) Political considerations. Area studies effectively dominated or exploitedmust consider the political forces by him. These factors are con-which influence the operation of a sidered for neutralization.society. Political organizations are (2) Based on the estimate of the guerrillaoften classified in accordance with situation formed as a result of the con-social, economic, or cultural charac- sideration of the above factors, theteristics. They may be identified as intelligence staff prepares an opera-liberal, conservative, or radical. Im- tional assessment based on theportant considerations in politics are strengths, weaknesses, and exploitablethe leaders, their motivations, ambi- areas of the operational situations.tions, and influence. (3) The operational assessment will deter-

(5) Economic considerations. Among the mine for the intelligence staff theeconomic considerations are the types intelligence gaps which exist. Theseof economy, agricultural or industrial, intelligence gaps are those areas aboutliving conditions, transportation, com- which the unit or higher, lower, ormunications, food supply, and stand- adjacent echelons cannot supply in-ard of living of the various segments formation.of the population. (4) The next step in the planning is the

formulation of the collection plan.113. Intelligence Planning

b. Conventional intelligence techniques musta. Once the intelligence staff has completed be adapted to the situation and tailored to ex-

its study of the area or areas of probable opera- ploit the characteristics, capabilities, and limi-tion, it must begin its planning. This planning tations of the particular area of operation andwill consist of the following: enemy being encountered. Procedures must be

94 AGO 7700A


established which clearly define the responsi- mary use as information collection agencies.bility for intelligence and its automatic exploi- In addition to the military intelligence unitstation. mentioned above, the agencies may include ele-

ments of the U.S. Army Security Agency114. Agencies (USASA). These elements may support the

brigade by providing communications and non-a. Information collection agencies organic to brigade by providing communications and non-communications intelligence, certain communi-

support include--ing in communications security.

(1) The scout section and the aviation pla-toon of the brigade headquarters and c. Numerous civilian and paramilitary collec-headquarters company. tion agencies are normally available for support

(2) Combat battalions and other combat within the area of operations of the brigadeunits. Each combat battalion has an and its subordinate units. These may include-organic reconnaissance platoon and (1) National, municipal, or special policeground surveillance section which are units.specifically designed for information (2) Self-defense units.collection and target acquisition. In (3) Civilian administrators.addition, the subordinate companies (4) Friendly guerrilla units.and platoons of the battalions have an (5) Civil affairs unitsinformation collection capability.

(3) Combat support units. Supporting 115. Sourcesartillery units have excellent target The most common sources of informationacquisition capabilities with their available in counterguerrilla operations are-ground and aerial observers, aircraft,and countermortar and medium-range a. Agencies of the civilian population.surveillance radars. All combat sup- b. Enemy activity.port units, which have habitual con- c. Captured personnel, documents, and enemytact with the civilian population, such material.as engineer units engaged in civil d. Studies and reports.construction, are good informationcollection agencies.collection agencies. e. Photographs and maps.

(4) Administrative support units. These f. Any civilian who can be induced to reportunits are normally considered to have on the activities of the civilians in the area.extremely limited capabilities for in-formation collection. However, in 116. Overt Combat ntellgencecounterguerrilla operations when a. Through training and constant emphasis,these units may be extensively en- the personnel of the brigade and subordinategaged in providing logistical support units must acquire a keen awareness of theto the civilian population, they may value of information, regardless of how unim-be valuable collection agencies. All portant any single item may seem. Everythingdoctors, aidmen, supply specialists, observed is reported and everything reportedtruck drivers, and other administra- is processed as possible intelligence. Everytive personnel whose duties require member of the unit is trained to constantlyclose contact with the civilian popula- think in terms of what to observe and what totion are trained and employed to col- report. The reporting of negative informationlect and report information. These gains importance in counterguerrilla opera-personnel can often give an extremely tions.valid index of the sympathies of the b. Information collection is a full-time dutycivilian population in a local area. of every member of the unit, whether on duty

(5) Provisional long-range patrols. or off, and whether engaged in routine ac-b. Other military agencies may be attached tivities, reconnaissance and surveillance patrols,

to, or placed in support of, the brigade for pri- or combat operations against the guerrilla force.

AGO 7700A 95


c. The brigade and battalion collection plans names and locations of sweethearts, families,are prepared in great detail and must ensure relatives, and friends of known members of thethat the orders or requests for information dis- guerrilla force are obtained. These persons arepatched to collection agencies are in clear, con- valuable as sources of information, as hostages,cise, and simple terms. Every man must know and as bait for traps that can be laid for guer-what to look for. rillas visiting them. When hostages are taken,

d. Continuous surveillance of the area of consideration must be given to provisions of theoperations may be accomplished by the coordi- Geneva Convention for the protection ofnated employment ofcivilians. In communities friendly to the guer-

rilla force, some persons are usually responsiblefor collecting food and other aid for the guer-

(2) Ground surveillance from observation rillas and for furnishing message centers andposts located on dominant terrain or safe houses for guerrilla messengers. Everyon trails, paths, road junctions, and effort is made to discover these persons. It isthe edges of forests, jungle areas, and often preferable not to arrest them immediately,other difficult terrain. but rather to watch their activities and contacts

(3) Constant patrolling. and seek to apprehend guerrilla couriers.

e. Prisoners of war are taken whenever pos- h. Communications provide the essential linksible. Every opportunity is given the enemy to between a guerrilla force and any outside reg-surrender, except when the success of combat ular force sponsoring or allied with it. Controloperations depends on surprise. Interrogation and coordination within guerrilla commandsof. prisoners is conducted at the lowest level and with allied regular forces all depend onwhen trained interrogators are present. The communications. Guerrilla forces are parti-principle of evacuating prisoners expeditiously cularly adept at the use of clandestine meansto higher headquarters for further exploitation of communications. Radio is normally the es-applies to those taken during counterguerrilla sential means of communication in guerrillaoperations; however, due to the wider areas of organizations. The use of codes by guerrillas isresponsibility assigned battalions, higher head- well understood and commonplace. Special con-quarters may authorize more lengthy retention sideration is given to intercepting and locatingand interrogations at this level than is normal guerrilla force transmitter-receiver stations.in other types of operations. Prisoners should Intelligence efforts include the breaking of codesbe segregated into appropriate groupings, such and the operation of special radio stations thatas- attempt to enter the guerrilla, force radio net

(1) Guerrilla and underground leaders. using many call signs and procedures. If clever-(2) Other volunteer members of guerrilla ly operated, such stations may occasionally

obtain valuable information or transmit mess-forces and underground cells. ages to mislead the guerrilla force. Radio di-(3) Impressed members of guerrilla forces rection finders are used to locate guerrilla force

and underground cells. transmitter-receiver stations. Enemy radio fre-(4) Civilian supporters and sympathizers. quencies may be jammed to deny the use of

f. Any "new faces" among the civilian radio channels.population within the area of operations are i. A special effort is made to collect informa-carefully and thoroughly interrogated as a tion that will lead to the capture or destructionroutine matter. They may be observers, inof guerrilla commanders. The enemy resistanceformants, or guerrilla force members. movement may never recover from such a

g. Personality files on guerrilla commanders, stunning blow as the loss of its commanders.guerrillas, members of the underground, andcivilian support in the area are maintained. 117. Other IntelligenceAll names and data on persons likely to be a. The use of covert intelligence techniquesconnected with the resistance movement are are necessary in counterguerrilla operations tocollected. Efforts are made to obtain rosters complement the overt collection efforts whichand organizational data of guerrilla forces. The are relatively ineffective in determining-

96 AGO 7700A


(1) The location, strength, and capability children moving between preselectedof guerrilla forces. points as couriers. Normally, the

(2) The location, strength, and activities points are relatively close together.of enemy underground cells. While such a system requires many

(3) The strength and activities of civilian couriers to cover a large area, it re-supporters of the resistance move- quires no person to move far from hisment. normal area of activity. For instance,

a boy may carry a message to a rela-b. Since the major source of military in- tive's house; the relative may carry

formation available to a force conducting it to the grocer; and he, in turn, maycounterguerrilla operations is the civilian give it to a vender to carry to anpopulation, every effort is made to develop adjacent town.a reliable informant net utilizing civilian per- d. The enemy guerrilla force can be ex-sonnel. In many cases, such a net will have pected to use every means available, includingalready been established by civil authorities or terrorism, to compromise the informant net offriendly indigenous forces in the area of opera- the friendly force. This requires the imple-tions. Since the establishment of an extensive mentation of the most stringent counterin-informant net requires a considerable period of telligence measures within the net.time, commanders are encouraged to supportand utilize any reliable informant operations (1) The most effective of these measuresalready being conducted in their area. It is is the use of the "cutout." A "cutout"normally not feasible for units below brigade is any technique devised for the trans-level to attempt to establish informant nets. mission of information and orders be-tween persons or groups without the

c. Historically, many informant nets have receiving and transmitting person orgrown into extremely complex and extensive group ever making physical contactorganizations. In many cases, this has been with or learning the identity of theso despite the lack of sophisticated communica- receiver. The most common exampletion equipment available for the transmission of a "cutout" is one person leaving aof the information gathered. The means and message in an unattended place to bemethods for effective transmission of informa- picked up later by some other unkowntion by civilian sources are limited only by the person.bounds of imagination. The following are a (2) "Cutouts" must be used extensivelyfew of the improvised procedures for com- throughout the entire informant net.municating information which have been ef- If a compromise is then made of somefectively used during various past counterguer- portion of the net, only a small partrilla operations: of the apparatus is revealed while the

(1) The use of coded activities such as a rest of the net remains entirely opera-person walking down a road in a cer- tional.tain direction, hitching or unhitching (3) When indications are received that anan animal from a plow, drawing water informer is suspected of clandestinefrom a well at a certain time of day, operations by the enemy force, heetc., each with a specific prearranged should be immediately removed frommeaning. the area of operations. If he is allowed

(2) The use of stationary coded signals to remain, he may be subjected tosuch as a certain arrangement of terroristic measures effective enoughwashed clothes hanging to dry, lights to force him to compromise a portionon or off in certain windows, mud of the net.dabbed on tree trunks or walls in cer- e. Attempts may be made to infiltrate specialtain forms, and the laying of plows, agents into guerrilla forces by a wide varietybarrels, etc., on the ground in an ar- of methods. Agents disguised as liaison person-rangement feasible to aircraft. nel from a sponsoring enemy regular force may

(3) The extensive use of old people and be parachuted at night into guerrilla com-

AGO 7700A 97


mands. Agents disguised as downed air crews veloped and enforced continuously to preventof the enemy regular force also provide an penetration of the enemy into the intelligenceeffective penetration method. operation and to detect possible enemy agents

already within the operation. Since the guer-118. Flow of Information and Intelligence rilla force is usually numerically inferior to

Intelligence production in counterguerrilla that of the force opposing it, it depends heavilyoperations is in accordance with the standard on intelligence and counterintelligence for suc-intelligence cycle of collection, production, dis- cessful operations. Denial of intelligence to thesemination, and use. guerrilla force will greatly weaken his ability

a. Collection programs in counterguerrilla to retain the initiative and continue his efforts.operations will be more diversified; in that, due c. Counterintelligence operations depend into the number of sources and the type of these great part on the information of civilian in-sources, the number and type of collection formants concerning enemy sabotage, subver-agencies involved will be broader. Collection sion, and espionage activities.techniques will range from open research to d. The brigade and its subordinate elementsthe more sophisticated collection performed by place emphasis on the following counterintel-intelligence specialists. ligence measures:

b. Production of counterguerrilla intelligence (1) Background investigation of civilianswill involve wider, more diversified, and more in sensitive civil positions.frequent coordination with intelligence opera- (2) Screening of all civilians employed bytional counterparts. The intelligence picture the unit.is likely to be more complex than in the con- (3) Surveillance of all known or suspectedventional military operation. members of the resistance movement.

c. Dissemination is perhaps the most critical (4) Control of civilian movement.aspect of the intelligence staffing process. Sys- (5) Adequate internal security of instal-tems are vitally needed which ensure immediate lations and bases.and continuing communication to all elements (6) Indoctrination of all personnel on allof the counterguerrilla forces having a need for aspects of security.the information. (7) Careful use of security classification

d. The augmentation necessary to conduct procedures and safeguarding of plans,this intelligence program may include- orders, and reports.

(1) Personnel to assist in providing con- (8) Communication security procedures.trol and operational supervision ofsubordinate intelligence efforts. 120. Intelligence Support of Tactical Deception

(2) Interrogators. a. In counterguerrilla operations, brigades(3) Interpreters and translators.(3) Interpreters and translators. and lower echelons habitually plan and executesmall-scale cover and deception operations to(5) Intelligence research and analysis per- disguise the intentions of units which must fre-sonnel.

(6) Censo rshipnnel. unquently move under the observation of large(6) hCensorship units. numbers of civilians during combat operations.(7) Photointerpreters.

While the planning of these operations is a pri-19'. Counterintelligence mary S3 responsibility, the intelligence analysis

a. Effective counterintelligence increases the for the operations must be developed by the S2.security of the military unit and increases the b. Intelligence support for cover and decep-probability of attaining surprise in operations tion activities may include-against the guerrilla force. In counterguerrilla (1) Intentionally permitting erroneous in-operations, counterintelligence activities are formation to be "leaked out."normally complicated by the presence of large (2) Requesting information from unreli-numbers of civilians of unknown reliance. It able sources concerning one area,is very difficult to distinguish friendly and while planning operations in a dif-enemy elements of the population. ferent area.

b. Adequate security measures must be de- (3) Communication electronic deception.

98 AGO 7700A


Section VIII. ENGINEER SUPPORT

121. General (7) Provide engineer parties with patrols,raiding forces, ambush forces, convoy

a. In counterguerrilla operations, engineer security detachments, search and sei-support is normally provided the brigade by zure forces, and static security posts.the attachment of one or more engineer com-panies from the division engineer battalion. (8) Supply potable water and natural con-

struction material on independent andSpecial engineer units and equipment may beattached if required by the particular situation. semi-independent-type operations.In any case, the brigade and subordinate units (9) Provide engineer construction supportwill normally require more engineer support for the conduct of civic rehabilitationthan during conventional operations. projects.

b. The decentralized nature of the operation 122. Support of Police Operations and Civicand the large size of the assigned area nor- Actionmally require the further attachment of en-

of he a. The requirements for logistical support ofgineer elements to subordinate units of thegineer elements to subordinate units the civilian population and the rehabilitation

brigade. Engineer elements may be requiredof civilian installations may require the employ-ment of engineer construction units in the bri-

(1) Clear or improve roads and trails gade area.throughout the area.

b. These units may be employed to construct(2) Assst aIn the establishment of mune- or rehabilitate civilian installations, to includefields and protective obstacles around

the following:static security posts, combat bases,military and civil installations, and (1) Roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, andkey communities. marshalling yards.

(3) Assist in the detection and clearance (2) Water reservoirs, filtering plants,of enemy minefields and obstacles. dams, locks, and pipelines.

(4) Conduct route reconnaissance and road (3) Churches, schools, hospitals, shelters,and bridge classification, and improve and warehouses.existing bridges or build bridges to (4) Resettlement areas.open lines of communication. c. Engineer construction units may be em-

(5) Assist in the light construction of ployed under the control of a higher headquar-shelters, storage areas, command ters or attached to the brigade. Seldom willposts, aid stations, etc. they be attached to battalions or lower echelons.

(6) Assist in the preparation of defensive d. For details of engineer capabilities andpositions. tasks, see FM's 5-135 and 5-136.

Section IX. OTHER COMBAT SUPPORT

123. Ground Transportation (2) Patrols of lines of communication.

a. Depending on the mission, trafficability of (3) Resupply and evacuation.the terrain, the size of the area of operations, (4) Support of civic action projects.and the civil and military situations, the bri- (5) Evacuation of civilians during reset-gade and subordinate units may require the tlement operations.habitual support of additional wheeled vehi- b. The terrain found in the area of opera-cular mobility from corps and field army trans- tions usually does not favor the use of attachedportation units. Additional vehicles may be re- armored personnel carriers in operationsquired for- against an enemy guerrilla force. However,

their employment in police operations may be(1) Motorizing reaction forces. extremely effective if the terrain is trafficable.

AGO 7700A 99


Consequently, units may receive an attachment lated transmitter-receivers provided organi-of armored personnel carriers. cally.

c. Armored personnel carriers may be uti- d. Units may require an augmentation oflized for- signal support for the purpose of constructing,

(1) Mechanization of all or part of the rehabilitating, and/or maintaining civilianreaction forces, terrain permitting. communication facilities.

(2) Employment with convoy security e. Infrared light equipment may be used asdetachments. an alternate communication means.

(3) Employment on remote static security125. Chemical Unitsposts.

(4) Transport of key civilian government a. Army Chemical Corps units are availableofficials. to provide the following support for the bri-

(5) Use of patrols of lines of communica- gade in counterguerrilla operations:tion. (1) Smoke operations.

(6) River crossing operations or on-river (2) Servicing of flamethrowers.patrols. (3) Decontamination.

(7) Use as a flamethrower vehicle by add- b. The initial source of chemical supply anding a flame gun and tanks. maintenance is provided by elements of the

d. Armored personnel carriers with their division support command.speed, mobility, and appearance of massivenessare an excellent "show of force." They may 126. Army Security Agency Unitsdeeply impress the resistance force and the a. The ASA will be utilized to provide thosecivilian population. types of intelligence security and electronic

warfare support as set forth in AR 10-122.124. Communication Units To accomplish this task, agency support will

a. The brigade receives direct signal sup- be echeloned into three compatible and inte-port to its headquarters from a forward com- grated types as follows:mand communication section of the division (1) Man pack subsystem. To furnish di-signal battalion. This section connects the bri- rect support to lower echelon combatgade into the division area communication troops in contact with the enemy.system and operates a brigade station in the (2) Forward area subsystem. To provideDivision Comd/Op Net RATT. This section is direct support to division and for-located at the brigade CP and may be attached ward elements while utilizing vehiclein counterguerrilla operations. mobility.

b. In addition, in counterguerrilla opera- (3) Rear area subsystems. To incorporatetions, the brigade receives general signal sup- ASA activities in support of all ele-port from a forward area signal center platoon, ments to rear of the division.just as in conventional operations. This pla-toon provides message, message center, mes-senger, teletypewriter, crypto, telephone will be tailored to fit specific missions.switching and patching, radio wire integration, c. ASA unit mobility will be compatible withand multichannel radio-relay facilities. The that of the supported unit.platoon is normally in area support and oper-ates from the vicinity of the brigade trains 127. Psychological Warfare and Civil Affairsarea. Units

c. The brigade and its subordinate elements TOE's 33-500E, 33-600E, and 41-500E showwill normally require an extensive substitution the available psychological warfare and civilof portable amplitude modulated radio sets for affairs units which may be attached duringcertain of the shorter range frequency modu- counterguerrilla operations.

100 AGO 7700A


128. Use of Dogs (2) Dense vegetation tires them rapidly.

a. Patrol, tracker, and security dogs are a (3) Enemy and friendly forces cannot bevaluable asset in counterguerrilla operations. differentiated by the dogs.Their employment should habitually be con- (4) The performance of the dogs de-sidered in the planning of all patrol and secur- creases as the number of personnel inity operations. The successful employment of. its vicinity increases.these dogs is primarily dependent on the skillof the handler and the knowledge and full un- stamina to resist local diseases in thederstanding of the capabilities and limitationsof the dogs by all commanders and staffs. area of operations.

(6) The proficiency of the dogs can beb. Patrol dogs work from scents in the airmaintained only through continuousand from noises. They are trained to give si-training under the supervision oflent warning of individuals or groups by point-

ing. While they must always work under the trained personnel.control of handlers, they can normally be em- 129. Use of Civil Forces and Individualsployed on a lead or loose. On patrols, the dogwill normally lead. If it is working loose, the a. To minimize the requirements for mili-handler must continually keep it in sight. Since tary units, maximum assistance will be soughtthe handler must keep his attention on his dog, from indigenous police units, paramilitaryhe is normally provided an armed escort for units, and local individuals who are sympa-protection. The handler should move so that thetic to the friendly cause. The national policythe dog can take maximum advantage of the at the specific time and appropriate directiveswind. A dog is normally capable of detecting will dictate to a great degree the way thesehumans at a distance of 200-300 meters di- nationals may be employed.rectly up wind. b. Within national policy, the employment

c. Tracker dogs follow human ground scents of the units and individuals may include theirin hope of receiving a food reward at the end use as:of a successful mission. They may be employed (1) Intelligence agents and informers.night or day. A scent remains more concen- (2) Propaganda agents.trated during the night. It is important that (3) Government and key civil adminis-the dog be brought to the source of the scent as trators.rapidly as possible and that it is transported to (4) Civil police, local police, special police,(4) Civil police, local police, special police,the source so it arrives fresh and untired. and self-defense forces.Once it has been decided to employ trackerdogs in an area, attention must be directed to-

(6) Trackers and guides.ward preventing contamination of the areawith other extraneous scents. Movement offriendly forces in the area is restricted. (8) Counterguerrilla combat units.

d. Security dogs are employed to augment c. Use of nationals must be based on soundthe normal security of static security posts. intelligence and planning. The premature or-

ganization and exploitation of such forces mayThey are trained to give early warning of ap-invite treachery. To avoid dangerous reper-proaching individuals or groups.cussions, the commander must first establish

e. While these dogs can be worked night and an efficient counterintelligence organizationday and in most types of terrain and weather, and use it to screen those persons available forthey do have the following definite limitations use. Hostile guerrilla forces may be expectedwhich must be recognized by all personnel con- to infiltrate agents into any locally organizedcerned with their employment: units to obtain information and to exploit these

(1) Heavy rain adversely affects their units in conjunction with guerrilla operationsperformance. at the opportune time.

AGO 7700A 101


d. When there is some doubt about the loy- (1) Preventing air delivery of suppliesalty of the nationals, they may still possibly and equipment by a sponsoringbe used on certain nonsensitive duties to re- power.lease regular troops for military operations. (2) Conducting aerial resupply and otherIt may also be possible to use them in other logistic functions.jobs where they do not have a close relationshipwith the local population. (3) Conducting close air support, inter-

diction, and tactical air reconnais-

130. Use of Allied Forces sance.

a. Whenever possible, allied regular troops (4) Delivering airborne and airlandednative to an area are employed against hostile forces.resistance movements within the area. Their b. Naval forces can assist in the conduct offamiliarity with the country, people, language, counterguerrilla operations by--and customs makes them invaluable. (1) Disrupting guerrilla coastal supply

b. Total responsibility for control over lib- channels.erated areas is transferred to the local govern- (2) Providing sea transport.ment as soon as possible. Premature transfer, (3) Conducting shore bombardment, closehowever, may threaten the stability of the re- air support, interdiction, and tacticalestablished power. Close liaison and ample air reconnaissance.support is provided for the reestablished gov- (4) Preventing seaward escape of guer-ernment and its organized forces until it isentirely self-sufficient. Such support may beadministered through advisory and liaison (5) Providing seaborne supply and othergroups or civil affairs units. logistic functions.

c. Marine forces can assist in the conduct of131. Support by Other Services counterguerrilla operations by conducting op-

a. Air Force units can assist in the conduct erations in the air and on the! ground similarof counterguerrilla operations by- to those performed by the Air Force and Army.

102 AGO 7700A


CHAPTER 7

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT

132. General e. Due to the decentralized nature of coun-terguerrilla operations and the extensive areas

a. Combat service support encompasses the of operations normally assigned to militaryfields of personnel support, logistical support,and the administrative aspects of civil affairs. units, the brigade may be tailored to be ad-ministratively self-sufficient. In these cases, it

b. The combat service support of infantry will normally require the attachment of a pro-and airborne infantry brigades and lower units visionally organized support battalion to pro-is discussed in detail in the FM 7-series. So vide logistical support. The support battalionfar as practical, the procedures discussed in may include the following units:these field manuals will be followed in counter-

(1) Headquarters and headquarters de-guerrilla operations. However, the extendeddistances between units, the diversity of themission, the lack of security of supply installa- (2) Medical company.tions and the lines of communication, and the (3) Forward support maintenance com-requirement to support the population admin- pany.istratively as prescribed by higher headquar- (4) Administrative company or detach-ters, will normally require modification of these ment (provisionally organized).procedures to some degree. (5) Supply and transport company (pro-

c. At division level, combat service support visionally organized).(except civil affairs) is provided by units of (6) Aerial supply platoon.the division support command which is organ- (7) Air equipment support detachmentized on a functional basis as shown in figure (if airborne units are attached).37. Personnel, administrative, and replace-ment functions are the responsibility of the di- ministratively self-sufficient brigade task force,

ministratively self-sufficient brigade task force,vision adjutant general. Logistical supportoperations are under the operational control i s not administratively dependent on the d

.ofrtheodivo supprth com ratond lcomandr.l vision as prescribed in FM 7-20; but, instead,of the division support command commander.

Df.thetais division. combatrservicenreceives its combat service support from theDetails of division combat service support, andthe organization and operation of the Adminis-trative Support Operations Center (ADSOC) g. The following discussion of combat serv-

are covered in FM 54-2. ice support is concerned primarily with areaswhere increased emphasis must be placed on

d. The brigade is normally a tactical echelon certain facets of the functions of personnel,which enters administrative channels only to logistics, and civil affairs, and where modifica-the extent necessary to ensure the successful tion of the procedures employed by the combataccomplishment of its mission. Combat bat- service support units may be required for thetalions assigned to the brigade are logistically successful conduct of counterguerrilla opera-self-sufficient when normal logistical support is tions.available through the division support com-mand. Normally, personnel and administrative 133. Personnelfunctions and services are accomplished for a. The brigade and battalion Sl's exercisethe battalions by the appropriate staff section unit staff supervision over all personnel activi-of the division administration company. ties of their respective units. They coordinate

AGO 7700A 103


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personnel activities of the unit and recommend (4) The characteristics of the operationschanges to plans, policies, and orders to ensure including the lack of tangible results,effective use of the available human resources. poor living conditions, and long peri-

b. The major areas of personnel responsi- ods of inactivity.bility are- (5) Lack of knowledge of guerrilla and

(1) Maintenance of unit strength. subversive tactics.(2) Personnel management. (6) Natural dislike of clandestine or(3) Development and maintenance of police-type work.

morale. f. An indoctrination, education, and recrea-(4) Maintenance of military discipline, tion program must be carried out on a continu-

law, and order. ing basis to effectively offset these morale andpsychological pressures within the unit.(5) Headquarters management.

(6) Miscellaneous. g. The maintenance of discipline, law, andorder is extremely important when dealingc. These major areas are discussed in detail with large segments of an indigenous popula-

in the FM 7-series. Generally, the procedures tion. The conduct of the members of the mili-discussed there apply to counterguerrilla op- tary unit must impress the civil populationerations. However, continuous command em- with their ability, courtesy, and moral fiberphasis must be given to the following areas: and with the neatness, security, and efficiency

(1) Orientation of replacements. of their bases and installations.(2) Development and maintenance of h. See paragraph 61 for a discussion of the

morale. principles governing the handling of appre-(3) Maintenance of discipline, law, and hended guerrilla force members.

order.(4) Handling of prisoners of war. 134. Logistics, General

d. Prior to counterguerrilla operations, re- The brigade and battalion S4's exercise unitplacements must receive an extensive orienta- staff responsibility over all logistical matterstion on the nature of the terrain and climate, for their respective units, they insure that theunusual health hazards, characteristics of the logistical support system is feasible and im-population, their relations with the civil popu- mediately responsive to the requirements oflation, and the ideological and political fallacies subordinate units.of the resistance movement. b. The major areas of logistical responsi-

e. Troops employed in counterguerrilla op- bility are-erations are subjected to morale and psycho- (1) Supply.logical pressures far different from those found (2) Maintenance.in normal operations. This is particularly true (3) Medical support.when the operation is against a revolutionary (4) Transportation.movement in a situation short of war and re- (5) Miscellaneous services.sults in large degree from--

c. The focal point for logistical operations(1) The natural reluctance of the soldier at the brigade is the brigade trains. Activities

to repress women, children, and old in the brigade trains are under the staff super-men who are active in resistance vision of the S4. The exact composition of theactivities. brigade trains will vary with the tactical situa-

(2) The sympathy of some soldiers for tion and the disposition of the combat and com-certain stated objectives of the resist- bat support units attached to, or in support of,ance movement. the brigade. Normally, in counterguerrilla op-

(3) Fear of guerrilla force atrocities and erations, the brigade trains will include-an impulse to take vindictive retalia- (1) Elements of the brigade companytion because of such atrocities. headquarters.

AGO 7700A 105105


(2) Brigade staff section personnel not from those employed for conventional opera-normally located at the command post. tions.

(3) Maintenance and supply section of the g. Flexibility and responsiveness of logisti-aviation platoon. cal support in counterguerrilla operations are

(4) Division support command elements, facilitated by-or logistic elements of this command (1) Preplanning so all units are equippedattached to the brigade, if it is or- with the minimum essential suppliesganized for administrative self-suffici- and equipment required for current,ency. planned, and possible contingent op-

(5) Service elements of combat, combat erations.support, and administrative support (2) Stocking levels of supply at echelonsunits attached to, or in support of the lower than normal in order to expe-brigade, as necessary. dite supply.

(3) Maximum use of available Armyd. In counterguerrilla operations, the bat- (3) Maximum use of available Armytalion will normally organize and employ only port, consistent with establishedone trains organization instead of utilizing porities for the tactical employmentboth the field and combat trains as prescribed priorities for the tactical employmentin FM 7-20. These trains will normally be lo-cated in the vicinity of the battalion headquar- 135. Supplyters or reaction force for security. Seldom willlogistical elements of the infantry or airborne a. Units engaged in counterguerrilla opera-infantry battalion be located in the brigade tions are provided only those supplies andtrains as in conventional operations. The bat- equipment essential to the accomplishment oftalion trains will normally include: the assigned mission and any possible contin-

(1) Class I distributing point. gencies which may arise. Other supplies are(2) Glass III distribution point. maintained in the brigade and battalion trains(2) Class III distribution point.

(3) Class V distributing pointand static security posts so as not to reduce the(3) Class V distrabuting point. foot and air mobility of the combat elements.(4) Kitchen area. No company or smaller unit is encumbered with(5) Maintenance area. any supplies or equipment which are not man-(6) Bath and clothing exchange units. portable.(7) Motor park.(8) Medical elements. b. Sufficient stocks of supplies and equip-

ment are maintained at the brigade and bat-(9) Salvage collecting point. talion trains and at secure static security posts

(10) Collecting points for excess equip- to ensure the provision of logistical supportment and captured enemy material, without interruption.

(11) A drop zone or aerial resupply point.(12) Elements of trains of attached units c. The planning of resupply activities in(12) Elements of trains of attached units. counterguerrilla operations must be extremely(13) A water point. detailed and accomplished well in advance of

e. Company trains are the logistical ele- the actual requirements. Resupply proceduresments, including vehicles, equipment, and per- are standardized at all levels of command. Itsonnel which provide logistical support for the is imperative that the experience factors oncompany. Company trains are normally located which to base this standardization be computedin the combat base(s) of the applicable early in the operation.company. d. Emphasis is placed on the maximum

f. While currently prescribed logistical sys- utilization of aerial resupply within the avail-tems are adequate to support all facets of ability of aircraft and the established prioritycounterguerrilla operations, the techniques of for their employment to support tactical oper-support employed must be geared to the opera- ations. Preselected rendezvous points for re-tional requirements and may vary considerably supply are established for all units. These

106 AGO 7700A


points vary according to a prearranged sched- situations, assists in the implementation of theule so their use will not indicate the location of military program of civic action, and may pre-a friendly base to the enemy. vent serious drains on a struggling civilian

e. Once experience factors (to include civil- economy. Stocks of the following suppliesian population requirements) have been deter- should be maintained for issue to the civilianmined, a standard basis load to cover the de- population:sired period of time (normally 1 day) can be (1) Food (staples such as salt, oil, tea,established for each unit, irrespective of its sugar, potatoes, and rice).size. These basic loads for battalions, corn- (2) Clothing (may include cloth in bolts,panies, platoons, and squads can be used for the salvaged military clothing, and/orprepackaging, rigging, and prepositioning of new items of locally procured cloth-supplies in brigade and battalion trains areas ing).ready for immediate air delivery either auto- (3) Shelter (salvage tents and/or con-matically or on call. Whenever possible, no struction materials).package is prepared which weighs over 50 (4) Medical supplies (medicine, bandages,pounds. This facilitates the removal of sup- vaccines, and ambulatory aids).plies from the resupply rendezvous point. (5) Fuel (of the type characteristic to

f. Emphasis is on unit distribution of all the heating systems of the area).supplies to units as far forward as possible. i. Strict control must be exercised over theFor instance, the issue of supplies to a com- assembly storage and distribution of indige-pany should be not only to the company trains nous supplies destined for civilian consump-in the combat base, but also directly to ele- tion, lest they be used to establish a "blackments of the company conducting operationsfrom static security posts and forward patrol hands of the guerrilla force. Civil affairs units

bases. organized and trained for this purpose willg. The procedure for requesting items of often be available to assist in the exercise of

supplies and equipment can be simplified by the this control.preparation and use of a catalog supply sys- j. Minimum dependence is placed on theternm. This system-

local economy for the provision of supplies and(1) Utilizes a brevity code in which a equipment unless encouraged to bolster the

single item or several associated items economic status of the area. Often, authorityare identified and requested by an ab- may be granted to use supplies such as food asbreviated code word. See FM 31-21. payment for services rendered by the civilian

(2) Comprises both packages of associated population. Such payments must be made inindividual items and units comprising the name of the friendly force and not as anseveral packages. This combination individual gesture.permits the user maximum flexibility k. All friendly troops must understand thein choice of supply consistent withthe use of the abbreviated coded re- difficulties in providing logistical support in

quest and communications transmis- counterguerrilla operations and the importancesion security. See FM 31-21. Figure of conserving, maintaining, and securing avail-38 shows a portion of a sample cata- able supplies and equipment. Troops mustlog supply list. realize that supplies lost or abandoned will be

recovered by the resistance force and usedh. The counterguerrilla force must be pre-

pared to provide essential items of supply to against them. Maximum use is made of cap-elements of the civilian populace, especially tured enemy supplies for civilian support.civilian victims of guerrilla attacks, isolatedpopulation centers, and groups relocated orconcentrated for security reasons. The pro- a. The difficulties in maintaining a reliablevision of these items provides for emergency resupply system in counterguerrilla operations

AGO 7700A 107


UNIT DATAUNIT UNIT

CODE DESIGNATION WT NO.PKGS CONTENTS

CHEMICAL 46 LBS 1 SIXTEEN GRENADES, HAND, SMOKEALPHA GRENADE NO. 1 WP, M15 PACKED IN INDIVIDUAL

(16 RDS). CONTAINERS.

CHEMICAL 47 LBS 1 SIXTEEN GRENADES, HAND, INCEND-ALPH GRENADE NO. 2 IARY, (TH) AN, M14 PACKED IN

(16 RDS). INDIVIDUAL CONTAINEIRS.

Figure 38. Portion of sample catalog supply list.

make the continued emphasis on preventive e. A forward support company of the divi-maintenance mandatory. Commanders at all sion maintenance battalion, with appropriatelevels must permit adequate time for equip- augmentation, operates as part of the divisionment care and maintenance and the conduct of support command elements in each of the bri-all required operational checks on available gade trains areas and performs field mainte-equipment. nance to the extent of its capability. This unit

b. All commanders are responsible for main- is backed up by the main support company.tenance activities of organic and attached units. f. When the brigade is organized for inde-

c. Organizational maintenance (1st and 2d pendent and semi-independent; operations, aechelon) of all equipment is a unit responsibil- forward support company with appropriateity. All units in a brigade task force are pro- augmentation is normally attached to thevided the personnel and equipment necessary brigade.to perform organizational maintenance. g. The infantry or airborne infantry bat-

d. Field maintenance of all equipment (ex- talion conducting counterguerrilla operationscept signal cryptographic, electrical account- will normally require considerable augmenta-ing, and medical) of the brigade and attached tion of its maintenance platoon. The extent ofunits is performed by the maintenance bat- this augmentation will depend on the particu-talion of the division support command. Field lar requirements of the situation. In any case,maintenance of signal cryptographic equipment it normally includes a composite 3d echelonis performed by the division signal battalion. maintenance team from the 'forward mainte-Field maintenance of medical equipment is not nance support company supporting the parentaccomplished in the division. brigade. This team habitually functions in the

108 AGO 7700A


battalion trains area. It performs 3d echelon standards of sanitation and first aidanl back-up 2d echelon maintenance support and buddy aid training.for chemical, engineer, ordnance, quarter- (9) Utilization of indigenous medical re-master, and signal items. sources and capabilities when avail-

h. On-site maintenance must be performed able and acceptable.whenever possible. Emergency repair teams (10) Cross-training of all combat personnelshould be air transported to the site of rein the practical application of emer-quired maintenance whenever the aircraft gency treatment.availability permits.

(11) Training and utilization of paramedics

137. Evacuation and Hospitalization to support airborne units during air-borne parachute operations and to

a. The provision of medical support in make vertical entry into isolatedcounterguerrilla operations must be as flexible areas to provide emergency medicaland imaginative as the supported combat op- support to combat units.erations.

d. The emergency treatment and evacuationb. During counterguerrilla operations, the procedures to be followed should be prescribed

extended distances between installations and in unit SOP's.the semi-independence of the operations com-

e. Medical support should be provided theplicate medical support and will normally re-quire* augmen o of o i m l civilian sick and wounded in the area of opera-quire augmentation of organic medical units

and modificnation of the supporting medical tion when the operational conditions permit.and modification of the supporting medicalservice organization and procedures of higher

138. Transportationheadquarters.a. Certain unusual transportation problemsc. Measures the military units may take to a. Certain unusual transportation problems

must be considered in providing transportationovercome the complicating factors are--support to combat units in counterguerrilla op-

(1) Greater reliance on self-aid and buddy erations. These problems arise primarily be-aid. cause of-

(2) Establishment of small aid stations (1) The size of the normal area of opera-with a treating and holding capability tions.at static security posts, combat bases, (2) The difficult and underdeveloped na-and other echelons lower than normal. ture of the area the guerrilla force

(3) Provision of sufficient Army aircraft chooses for tactical operations.to move medical elements rapidly to (3) The lack of security of ground linesreinforce existing treatment and hold- of communication.ing installations where the patient b. Transportation planning for counterguer-load has risen unexpectedly. rilla operations must provide a reliable trans-

(4) Maximum use of scheduled and on-call portation system responsive to the require-air evacuation. ments of both tactical operations and logistical

(5) Provision of small medical elements support.to support extended patrols, "hunter- c. Often, the terrain and the existing civilkiller" teams, and raid and ambush and military situation will require that a mili-forces. tary unit release to the next higher headquar-

(6) Assignment of specially trained enters certain of its ground vehicles not neces-listed medical personnel capable of sary for command, control, and transportationoperating small treatment facilities support. Conversely, if the terrain is traffica-with minimum supervision. ble, military units assigned the primary mis-

sion of conducting police operations in a large(7) Use of indigenous litter bearer teams. area will usually require an augmentation of

(8) Strict enforcement of the highest organic ground transportation means. This is

AGO 7700A 109


due primarily to the extended distances that (5) Civic action projects to support themay exist between the static security posts, civilian population.self-defense units in villages, combat bases, and c. The assignment of a complex constructionpatrol bases used to control the population and task to the brigade, or one of such size that itconduct the required security missions. This is beyond the capability of the supporting en-augmentation may come from military or civil- gineer units, requires the attachment of engi-ian sources, or both. neer construction units. If the unit has the

d. Depending on the situation, the provision primary mission of supporting the conduct ofof adequate transportation may require such a program of civic action in an area, its pri-measures as- mary activity for a period of time may be con-

(1) Commandeering civilian ground and struction support.water transportation means such astrucks, bicycles, rafts, sampans, riverboats, motorcycles, and horses or a. In operations against guerrilla forces,mules. military units may be assigned an area of op-

(2) Recruiting indigenous bearer units erations in which control of the civil popula-and pack animals for pack operations. tion is administered by an area support civil

affairs unit. In such cases, the commander is(3) Exploiting available waterways. relieved of responsibility for civil administra-

e. Army aircraft is the most effective means tion in the area. However, he must coordinateof transportation because of its speed, relative the military operations of his unit very closelysecurity from ground attack, and lack of sensi- with the administration of the civil affairs unit.tivity to terrain conditions. Emphasis is placed Further, the members of the military force willon both parachute and air-landed operations. have certain technical, managerial, and admin-

f. Security of all surface movements is nor- istrative skills which may be effectively em-mally necessary. Appropriate measures in- ployed in support of the civil affairs operationsclude- when requested.

(1) Combat training of drivers. b. Often, however, the military commanderwill be both the civil administrator and mili-

(2) Arming of vehicles. tary commander in his assigned area. In this(3) Extensive route reconnaissance. case, the commander obtains maximum assist-(4) Employment of convoy security de- ance in dealing with the civilian population

tachments. from command civil affairs units located in thearea. These units may be attached to the mili-

139. Construction tary force or may operate in the area under

a. The underdeveloped nature of the area higher headquarters control.and the difficult terrain in the area of responsi- c. Civil affairs plays a much more dominantbility of a counterguerrilla force often require role in counterguerrilla operations than is nor-much more light construction than is normally mal in conventional operations. In conventionaldone by the unit in conventional warfare. operations, civil affairs functions are usually

b. This increased construction may include exercised only to the extent necessary to con-construction of- duct the commander's military-political respon-

(1) Defenses of combat bases and static sibilities and support the combat operations.security posts. However, in counterguerrilla operations where

the isolation of the organized elements of the(2) An adequate ground transportationnetwork. resistance movement from its civilian support

is necessary, the conduct of civil affairs func-(3) Landing areas, airfields, and helicop- tions may become a primary mission of the

ter pads. military force. In counterguerrilla operations,(4) Resettlement areas. all tactical plans are based on an integrated

110 AGO 7700A


and coordinated civil and military approach c. Captured enemy material is tagged, col-designed to not only destroy the guerrilla force, lected, and evacuated in the same manner asbut also to remove the cause for the resistance salvage. Captured enemy material is alwaysmovement. reported to the next higher headquarters, where

d. Population control is discussed in chapter it may be a source of enemy information. Cap-4 tured enemy material which may have origi-

nated from a sponsoring power and new and141. Other Combat Service Support Matters unusual weapons and equipment are evacuated

through intelligence channels. Enemy weaponsa. Water resupply in counterguerrilla opera- are used only in emergencies. In counterguer-

tions is dependent primarily on the use of in- rilla operations, the characteristic sounds ofdigenous sources. Several expedients are avail- friendly and enemy weapons are often a valu-able to purify this water before it is used for able intelligence source used to identify the fir-cooking and drinking. Such methods includethe use of calcium hypochlorite, individualwater purification tablets, and boiling. For de- d. Graves registration functions are nor-tails concerning water purification, see FM mally performed at brigade by a collection and21-10. evacuation section which establishes a collect-

ing point in the brigade trains area to receiveb. Mass management must normally be pro- the dead from subordinate units, identify re-

visionally organized in counterguerrilla opera- mains, and evacuate the remains to the rear.tions. Normally, elements of the military force The infantry and airborne infantry battalionwhich are conducting operations at small static is responsible for evacuation of the dead to thesecurity posts or operating from forward patrol brigade collecting point. The battalion engagedbases must depend predominantly on the use of in counterguerrilla operations will normallycombat-type rations. The use of imaginative receive assistance from attached collection andimprovisation by the elements of the military evacuation elements in the evacuation of theforce normally operating within combat bases dead.(e.g., company reaction forces) may provideearthen ovens and open grills which can be e. The destruction of supplies and equip-used to provide hot meals. It is emphasized that ment (less medical) may be conducted to denythe issue of Class I items to these units must their use to the enemy. In counterguerrilla op-usually be modified to provide foodstuffs suit- erations, the authority to destroy supplies andable for preparation by such improvised tech- equipment is normally delegated down to andniques. The use of TOE field ranges and other including squad leaders. Under the provisionscooking equipment by these units is impractical of the Geneva Convention, medical materialsince it substantially reduces the mobility of and stores shall not be intentionally destroyedthe base. (par. 234, FM 27-10).

AGO 7700A 111


CHAPTER 8

TRAINING

142. General resistance movements. This orienta-tion should consist of counterpropa-a. Intensive training in counterguerrilla op- ganda training and orientation on the

erations is necessary to offset the advantagesneed to engage in counterguerrillawhich the enemy guerrilla force often has in operations.

the following areas:(1) Discipline. c. The preparation of conventional combat

units for effective employment in the counter-guerrilla operations involves training in four

(3) Experience. primary areas:

(4) Conservation of supplies. (1) Combat training of the individual(5) Ruthlessness. soldier in those skills peculiar to this(6) Hardiness. type of warfare.(7) Knowledge of the local terrain, lan- (2) Training of units in counterguerrilla

guage, customs, and other character- police and combat operational tactics,istics of the population. techniques, and procedures.

b. Counterguerrilla training at all levels em- (3) Training of brigade and battalionphasizes the following: commanders and staffs and company

(1) Physical and mental conditioning and commanders.acclimation to the areas of operation. (4) Special orientation of all personnel,

(2) Combat tactics and techniques of coun- in varying degress of intensity, in theterguerrilla operations to include the characteristics of the proposed coun-techniques of raids and ambushes. try or area of employment, followed

(3) Long-range patrol operations under by inspection in techniques used forprimitive conditions and utilizing only analyzing the assigned sector as thesuch supplies as can be transported basis for counterguerrilla operationwith the patrol. plans.

(4) Cross-country movement at night and d. See paragraph 47, FM 31-15, for a de-under adverse weather conditions, to tailed discussion of the morale and psychologi-include tracking and land navigation. cal factors involved in training for counter-

guerrilla operations.(5) Employment of Army aviation.(6) Conduct of police operation. 143. Integrated Training

(7) Intelligence and counterguerrilla pro- a. Much of the training presented in the nor-cedures and techniques. mal Army training program is applicable to

(8) Employment of psychological warfare combat against both a conventional enemy andunits. a guerrilla force with little or no interest in the

(9) Employment of civil affairs units. seizure and retention of terrain. The varying(10) Civic action. of the enemy situation between these two types

(10) ICmvic action. reactiondrilof forces not only provides breadth to training,but also permits the extensive integration of

(12) Orientation on the nature of the moti- counterguerrilla operations into normal train-vations, onerations, and objectives of ing.

112 AGO 7700A


b. Some examples of subjects suitable for (1) In basic combat t aining, the followingthe integration of counterguerrilla training integration may be effected:and possible areas to be integrated follow.

Subject area Integration

Squad tactical training ___________________Cover organization, missions, and tactics of counterguerrilla patrols.Stress need for effective small-unit leadership and aggressivenessafter guerrillas have been contacted.

Guard duty ______________________________Develop security consciousness against infiltration and guerrilla ac-tions. Emphasize the need for alertness against surprise attack.

Intelligence training ___________-__________Cover the need for continuous and accurate reporting of informationof the terrain and enemy to ensure detection of guerrilla units andinformation on guerrilla activities. Stress the need for rapid trans-mission of information on guerrilla activity.

Field sanitation and personal hygiene ______Stress the need for proper health measures, self-aid, buddy aid, andaerial medical evacuation during counterguerrilla operations. Dis-cuss expedient evacuation methods and additional items to be in-cluded in the individual aid kit such as calamine lotion, sodiumbicarbonate, and insect repellents. Discuss the composition and codenames for prepackaging medical supplies for air dropping as foundin FM 31-21.

(2) In advanced individual training, the following integration may be effected:Subject area Integration

Patrolling and squad tactical training ______Include training in-(1) Countermeasures against infiltrators.(2) Countermeasures to detect and evade guerrilla ambushes.(3) Tailoring of patrols to fit mission. Stress ability to move

silently, avoid detection, and track guerrilla forces.Crew-served weapons training ___…_________Stress security of crew-served weapons to prevent destruction or loss

to guerrilla or underground elements. Cross-train on alternateweapons which may be used.

Maps and compass training _______-_______Stress importance of land navigation in counterguerrilla actions.Cover determination of likely routes of movement by guerrillas andpossible locations of friendly and enemy ambush sites.

Communications training ______…__________Cover the effective employment of communications in counterguerrillaoperations to include communication security and the use of allmeans of communications. Stress that signal communications is aprimary guerrilla target. Include training in operation of AM radiosets. If not previously taught, consider a minimum of 3 hours in-struction on operation of each new item of radio equipment to beused.

Field fortification training _____…__________Stress improvised obstacles to include sharpened stakes, pits, and useof nails on ground. Cover preparation of weapons' positions.

Field fortifications _______________________Demonstrate the use of obstacles to assist in securing combat basesand static security posts in counterguerrilla operation.

Landmine warfare _______________________Cover improvised types of mines, booby-traps, and other explosive de-vices and techniques used by guerrilla and counterguerrilla forces.

Concealment and camouflage ______________Emphasize use of concealment and camouflage to deceive guerrillasas to the location of forces and combat bases. Discuss guerrillatechniques of concealment and camouflage.

Squad, section, and platoon tactical exer- Incorporate the conduct of raids and ambushes on guerrilla forces.cises and ranger training. Stress tactics and techniques employed by small units in offensive

and defensive operations against infiltrators and guerrillas. Em-phasize security, intelligence, communications, and the use of ag-gressive reaction to contact with guerrilla elements.

First aid -___-________-_______-__________Integrate medical training such as care of wounds, snake bites, andmouth-to-mouth artificial respiration.

AGO 7700A 113


c. Counterguerrilla training is integrated ment and evacuation associated withinto the basic and advanced unit and field ex- conducting highly decentralized opera-ercise and maneuver training of all units. tions over large areas.

(4) Understanding and support of clan-144. Cross-Training destine intelligence and communica-

a. Since counterguerrilla operations require tions nets and cooperation with otherthe habitual employment of small widely sepa- intelligence agencies, both Unitedrated tactically self-sufficient combat units, the States and indigenous.personnel of these units must be cross-trained (5) Conduct of police control.in the employment of all types of weapons and (6) Employment of supporting civil affairscommunications found in the unit. The loss of and psychological warfare units.a portion of a unit should never cause crew- (7) Orientation on the terrain, climate,served weapons or communication equipment and unusual health hazards.to be unused because of a lack of trained per- (8) National characteristics (customs, re-sonnel. ligious, economic, and political).

b. Personnel are cross-trained in the use of b. Particular attention is directed to the de-

nonorganic equipment which may be required velopment of strong, capable small unit leaders.by the particular situation. Such nonorganic During the decentralized conduct of counter-equipment may include: guerrilla operations, the small-unit leader must

(1) Lighter, more mobile equipment such be able to plan and execute tactical operationsas the 81-mm mortar in lieu of the 4.2- with little or no assistance from higher head-inch mortar. quarters. He must be able to effectively perform

(2) Shotguns and hand-held automatic the duties of his senior in the event the seniorweapons. becomes a casualty. Training should provide

(3) Boats. for the periodic assumption of the higher com-

(4) Civilian-type equipment such as for- mand by small unit leaderseign weapons, bicycles, civilian vehi- 146 Physical Conditionincles, etc.

a. By nature, the guerrilla is a particularlyc. All personnel are cross-trained in the pro-

hardy enemy. Success of his operations dependsvision of emergency medical aid since there will

on his ability to continually move about over ex-seldom be sufficient medical personnel to, accom-

, tended distances, and to sustain himself for pro-pany all the small units conducting ambushes,longed periods under the most austere and diffi-raids, and patrols in depth throughout the area lt diticult conditions.of operations.

b. The counterguerrilla force must be su-

145. Training for Commanders and Staffs perior to the enemy in physical conditioning.It must be prepared not only to match the foot

a. Prior to commitment in counterguerrillaa.peraiornt commitment ind coufsnteerrl ad- mobility and endurance of the guerrilla, but to

operations commanders and staffs nee a- exceed it. This requires an extremely intensivetional training in those operational areas pecu- .

a to operation le training effort to condition the personnel in theiar to this type of operation to include--

counterguerrilla unit. Emphasis is placed on-(1) Tactics and techniques peculiar to (1) Foot marches, to include speed

combating an enemy with little in- marches.terest in seizing and holding terrain. (2) Physical training drills.

(2) Familiarization with changes. in or- (3) Combatives, to include hand-to-handganization and equipment necessary combat and bayonet drill.for'success in counterguerrilla opera- (4) Survival training (both land andtions. water).

(3) Command, communication, and logisti- (5) Confidence tests.cal problems to include medical treat- (6) Organized athletics.

114 AGO 7700A


c. Training exercises are planned and con- (12) Riot control.ducted to tax the physical endurance of the per- (13) Evacuation of areas.sonnel of the unit. This conditions the troops to b. Training in these techniques emphasizesmentally accept the concept of continuous offen- the fact that thesegment of the population

the fact that the segment of the populationsive operations to the limits of available phy-friendly to the counterguerrilla effort are sub-sical stamina.jected to these control measures the same as the

147. Immediate Action Drills rest of the population. Tactlessness, rudeness,unnecessary delays, etc., in the conduct of this

a. The majority of the counterguerrilla com- control may alienate these persons with friendlybat operations conducted by small units will be sympathies.in rapid reaction to newly detected enemy

c. So far as possible, these techniques of con-forces. The guerrilla response to detection will trol are developed in pretrained drills to thetrol are developed in pretrained drills to thenormally be to inflict the maximum casualties

possible and then flee the scene of action. Thecounterguerrilla force must be prepared to im- with each individual soldier knowing his exact

duties during the operation. This is particu-mediately react against detected enemy forceswithout taking time for an adequate reconnais- larly true for the conduct of roadblocks andsance of the area, development of detailed esti- search and seizure operations.mates of the situation, or issuance of detailed d. The American soldier has an ingrained dis-orders. like for police-type operations and will display

a reluctance to take repressive measures againstb. This requires that small units be condi-the women, children, and the infirmed of thetioned to react with predrilled movements im- the women, children, and the infirmed of thecivilian population unless he is extremely wellmediately after contact has been made. The indoctrinated on the necessity for these opera-

basic battle drills discussed in appendix III, FMtions.7-15, are excellent guides to training in these

movements. 149. Tailoring of Unitsc. Small unit alerts at various times through-

out the training program will further condi a. Units engaged -tion the personnel to react swiftly to unantici- tions are tailored prior to each exercise for opti-

pated situationnels. torac wity oumum results during the training. Unnecessarypated situations.vehicles should be deleted from the units to

148. Training in Police Operations minimize vehicular movement during training.

a. Police operations require small unit pro- b. A continuous study is made of theweapons, ammunitions, equipment, and materialficiency in the use of numerous techniques not s,q

generally associated with conventional combat. required for these operations. Emphasis isThis is particularly true of the following meas- placed on determining the minimum essentialures which must be taken to control the civilian load the individual and unit may carry and stillpopulation. maintain excellent foot mobility. Unit SOP's

are developed concerning the specific amount(2) Search and seizure operations. and type of rations, clothing, equipment, and(3) SearBlock control. dseizureoperammunition to be carried by each individual.(4) Prevention of meetings. An increase in the individual or unit load seri-(5) Registration of civilians. ously reduces the ability to move and fight.(5) Registration of civilians.(6) Use of passes and permits. 150. Use of Army Transport Aircraft(7) Restrictions on transportation and

communication. a. Counterguerrilla forces must be trained to(8) Control of movement. accept Army transport aircraft as a normal(9) Curfew. means of combat support.

(10) Censorship. b. All units from battalion down to rifle(11) Control of food and critical items. squads are trained to conduct coordinated air-

AGO 7700A 115


mobile operations as proficiently as ground (2) Individual tactical exercises be variedoperations. SOP's are developed for the load- to cover all possible aspects of counter-ing and tactical deployment from all available guerrilla operations.types of Army aircraft. The optimum is for a c. It is impossible to conduct a three- or four-unit to be able to be supported with any "mix" day exercise and expect elements of a large unitof available aircraft with no time lost in re- to realistically locate, harass, consolidate, andorganizing the force for air movement in par- eliminate a guerrilla force in its area during theticular aircraft furnished for the operation. available time. Such an operation may take

c. Particular attention must be given in weeks or months in actual combat. By the sametraining to the- token, it is impossible in a short-term exercise

(1) Characteristics, capabilities, and limi- to conduct extensive civic action or police opera-tations of Army aircraft. tions concurrently with combat operations and

(2) Techniques of loading and unloading receive any significant proficiency in the skillsto include debarking on ropes. involved.

(3) Techniques of stowing and transport- d. Guerrilla representation must be playeding equipment. realistically during the exercises. The Aggres-

(4) Terminal guidance techniques. sor plan of action must be detailed, comprehen-(5) Employment of terminal guidance sive, and purposeful. The use of an Aggressor

equipment and navigational aids. force (operating at random throughout the(6) Aerial resupply techniques of include area) making contact with the player unit at

the procedures for packaging equip- will serves no useful purpose and contaminatesment. the intelligence collection effort of the player

d. Whenever possible, Army transport air- unit.craft will be provided on a one-for-one basis for e. An adequate representation of the civiliantraining exercises. population in the normal counterguerrilla area

e. While it is undesirable, in many situations, of operations is necessary in all tactical exer-the availability of aircraft will require simula- cises emphasizing police operations and/or civiction of certain craft during exercises. It must action. Realism may be acquired by clandes-be realized that the extensive simulation pre- tinely dividing the civilian representation intocludes the development of detailed techniques the following groups prior to the exercise:by small units in the use of this means of (1) Sympathizers with the friendly forcemobility and the gaining of familiarity with (known only to the player unit).these vehicles and, thus, adds little to the train- (2) Sympathizers with the enemy forceing program. (known only to the Aggressor unit).

(3) Personnel with no polarized sym-151. Large Unit Training Exercises pathies.

a. Battalions and brigades must conduct ex- f. During unit exercises, inspections andtensive training exercises to gain proficiency in maintenance are conducted as a part of the nor-counterguerrilla operations. mal training exercise. Emphasis is placed on

b. Unlike conventional operations which may maintaining weapons and equipment in combatbe broken down to tactical increments such as operational condition at all times."the attack", "the defense", "night withdrawal", 152. Unit Espritetc., counterguerrilla operations are normally The habitual employment of small units inlong-term operations with a complicated inter-long-term operations with a complicated inter- widely separated areas and on detached taskplay of combat operations, police operations, assignments which require the maximum en-and concurrent propaganda and civic action. durance of the individual and the unit developsThis requires that-- an extremely high esprit within the unit.

(1) Only specific, well-defined, and devel-oped situations normal to an overall 153. Army Training Programcounterguerrilla operation be played See ATP 31-( ), Counterguerrilla Operationsin a short-term exercise. (to be published).

116 AGO 7700A


APPENDIX

REFERENCES

1. Army Regulations (AR)(C) 10-122 United States Army Security Agency (U).55-355 Military Traffic Management Regulation.(C) 105-87 Electronic Warfare (U).320-5 Dictionary of United States Army Terms.320-50 Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes.345-5 Personnel Management; Personnel Records.(C) 515-1 Army Cold War Activities.735-35 Supply Procedures for TOE Units, Organizations, and Non-TOE Activities.750-5 Organization, Policies, and Responsibilities for Maintenance Operations.750-8 Command Maintenance Management Inspections.

2. Army Training Program (ATP)31-( ) Counterguerrilla Operations. (To be published)

3. Field Manuals (FM)1-5 Army Aviation; Organizations and Employment.1-15 Aviation Battalion, Infantry Airborne, Mechanized and Armored Divisions.1-100 Army Aviation.3-5 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) Operations.3-12 Operational Aspects of Radiological Defense.5-1 Engineer Troop Organizations and Operations.5-15 Field Fortifications.5-31 Use and Installation of Boobytraps.5-135 Engineer Battalion, Armored, Mechanized, and Infantry Divisions.5-136 Engineer Battalion, Airborne Division.6-20-1 Field Artillery Tactics.6-20-2 Field Artillery Techniques.7-11 Rifle Company, Infantry, Airborne Infantry, and Mechanized Infantry.7-15 Infantry, Airborne 'Infantry, and Mechanized Infantry Rifle Platoons and

Squads.7-20 Infantry, Airborne Infantry, and Mechanized Infantry Battalions.7-30 Infantry, Airborne, and Mechanized Division Brigades.8-15 Division Medical Service, Infantry, Airborne, Mechanized and Armored

Divisions.8-35 Transportation of the Sick and Wounded.8-55 Army Medical Service Planning Guide.9-1 Ordnance Service in the Field.9-3 Ordnance Direct Support Service.9-5 Ordnance Ammunition Service.9-30 Maintenance Battalion: Division Support Command.10-33 Airborne Division Quartermaster Air Equipment Support Company.

AGO 7700A 117


3. Field Manuals-continued10-50 Supply and Transport Battalion, Division Support Command.11-50 Signal Battalion, Armored, Mechanized and Infantry Divisions.11-57 Airborne Division Signal Battalion.12-11 Administration Company, Airborne, Armored, Infantry, and Mechanized

Divisions.17-1 Armor Operations; Small Units.17-15 Tank Units, Platoon, Company, and Battalion.17-36 Armored Cavalry Platoon and Troop, Air Cavalry Troop and Divisional

Armored Cavalry Squadron.17-95 The Armored Cavalry Regiment.19-15 Civil Disturbances and Disasters.19-25 Military Police Traffic Control.19-40 Handling Prisoners of War.20-32 Land Mine Warfare.20-33 Ground Flame Warfare.20-60 Battlefield Illumination.21-5 Military Training.21-6 Techniques of Military Instruction.21-10 Military Sanitation.21-11 First Aid for Soldiers.21-18 Foot Marches.21-20 Physical Training.21-26 Map Reading.21-30 Military Symbols.21-40 Small Unit Procedures in Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Warfare.21-41 Soldier's Handbook for Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Warfare.21-48 Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Training Exercises and Integrated

Training.21-50 Ranger Training and Ranger Operations.21-60 Visual Signals.21-75 Combat Training of the Individual Soldier and Patrolling.21-76 Survival.21-77 Evasion and Escape.22-100 Military Leadership.23-20 DAVY CROCKETT Weapons System in Infantry and Armor Units.23-( ) Technique of Fire of the Rifle Squad and Tactical Application (To be

published).24-18 Field Radio Techniques.24-20 Field Wire and Field Cable Techniques.25-10 Motor Transportation, Operations.27-10 The Law of Land Warfare.30-5 Combat Intelligence.30-7 Combat Intelligence Battle Groups, Combat Command, and Smaller Units.30-10 Terrain Intelligence.(C)30-15 Intelligence Interrogations (U).

30-16 Technical Intelligence.(C)30-17 Counterintelligence Operations, Intelligence Corps, U.S. Army (U).(S)30-18 Field Operations Intelligence, Intelligence Corps, U.S. Army (U) (To be

published).30-28 Armed Forces Censorship (Army).31-10 Barriers and Denial Operations.

118 AGO 7700A


3. Field Manuals-continued31-12 Army Forces in Amphibious Operations (The Army Landing Force).31-15 Operations Against Irregular Forces.31-21 Guerrilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations.(S) 31-21A Guerrilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations (U).31-25 Desert Operations.31-30 Jungle Operations.(C) 31-40 Tactical Cover and Deception (U).31-50 Combat in Fortified Areas and Towns.31-60 River-Crossing Operations.31-70 Basic Cold Weather Manual.31-71 Northern Operations.31-72 Mountain Operations.(CM)32-5 Communications Security (U).(S)32-10 United States Army Security Agency in Support of a Field Army (U).33-5 Psychological Operations.41-5 Joint Manual of Civil Affairs/Military Government.41-10 Civil Affairs Operations.44-1 U.S. Army Air Defense Employment.(S)44-1A Air Defense Artillery Employment (U).54-2 Division Logistics and the Support Command.55-6 Transportation Services in Theaters of Operations.57-10 Army Forces in Joint Airborne Operations.57-35 Airmobile Operations.61-100 The Division.(S) 100-1 Doctrinal Guidance (U).100-5 Field Service Regulations; Operations.100-10 Field Service Regulations; Administration.101-5 Staff Officers' Field Manual; Staff Organization and Procedure.101-10 Staff Officers' Field Manual; Organization, Technical, and Logistical Data.

Part II. Extracts of TOE.(S) 101-31 Staff Officers' Field Manual; Nuclear Weapons Employment (U).

4. Training Circulars (TC)(S) 3-7 Capabilities and Employment of Biological Agents (U).3-10 Defense Against V-Agents.5-2 Employment of Mobile Assault Bridging.7-3 Antipersonnel Weapon (CLAYMORE) M18 and M18A1.(C) 100-1 Employment of Nuclear Weapons (U).101-2 Tactical Operations Centers.

5. Technical Manuals (TM)3-210 Fallout Prediction.3-200 Capabilities -and Employment of Toxic Chemicals.5-223 Foreign Mine Warfare Equipment.9-1940 Land Mines.9-1946 Demolition Materials.21-300 Driver Selection and Training (Wheeled Vehicles).21-305 Manual for the Wheeled Vehicle Driver.38-750 The Army Equipment Record System and Procedures.57-210 Air Movement of Troops and Equipment.

AGO 7700A 119


6. Tables of Organization and Equipment (TOE)33-500E Psychological Warfare Organization Field or Theater Army.33-600E Psychological Warfare Consolidation Organization.41-500E Civil Affairs Organization.

7. Department of the Army Pamphlets (DA Pam)108-1 Index of Army Motion Pictures, Film Strips, Slides and Phono-Recordings.310-Series Military Publications Indexes.750-1 Preventive Maintenance Guide for Commanders.

120 AGO 7700A


INDEX

Paragraph Page Paragraph PageAerial fire support___________________ 51 34 Combat units, combat support units,Aerial hunter-killer teams ___________ 75 53 and organization for combat:Agencies --__________________________ 114 95 Air Force units support in counter- 131 102Air cavalry and armored___________ - -105 85 guerrilla operations.Ambush ___________________________. 28, 77 17, 55 Allied forces, use__________________ 130 102Area organization --_________________. 42 24 Antitank platoon _________________. 100 83Area studies _______________________- 112 92 Armor_____________________--_____ 104 84Areas of operation_________________ - -20 12 Armored and Air cavalry__________ -105 85Armored and air cavalry --___________. 105 85 Army aviation support____________ -47-52, 31, 86Army security agency units__________ - - 126 100 106, 107Army training program _____________ 153 116 Army Security Agency units, support_ 126 100Army transport aircraft, use _________ 150 115 Capabilities of support units__-_____ 92 75Attacks in force___________________ - -31 18 Chemical unit support -____________ 125 100

Resistance movements _____________ 4 3 Civil forces and individuals, use_____ 129 101Communication platoon ________…____ 102 83

Block control ……----------------------- 60 42 Communication unit, Signal support_ 124 100Chemical units --____________________. 125 100 Dogs, use ____--- ___-- _ ____---___.- 128 101Civic action support _________________ 122 99 Engineer support__________________ 121 99Civil affairs _______________________ 127, 140 100, 110 Fire support ______________-_____ 108-110 88Civil disturbances ___________________ 26 15 Ground surveillance section_________ 103 84Civilian support___________________ - -8 7 Ground transportation support _____ 123 99

Infantry and Airborne Brigade ___- 97 76Combat operations against guerrilla Intelligence support _________-____ 111-120 92

forces: Marine support ___________________ 131 102Aerial "hunter-killer" teams - -_______ 75 53 Missions__________________________ 93 75Ambush --________________________. 77 55 Mortar and Davy Crockett 101 83Attack, conventional_____________ - -88 69 Platoon.Camouflage _______________________ 77 55 Naval Forces assistance in counter- 131 102Combat patrols__--_________________ 74 53 guerrilla operations.Combat in urban areas-____________ 80 61 Organization for combat________-__. 94 75Decentralization_________________ - -69 49 Police operations and civic action 122 99Encirclement____________________ - -81-83 63 support.Fire, flush --______________________. 87 69 Psychological warfare and civil 127 100Hammer and Anvil______________. - -84 66 affairs unit support.Harassment of guerrilla force--_____ 70 49 Reconnaissance platoon ______-_____ 99 79Psychological warfare technique____. 79 61 Rifle company_____________________ 89 79Patrol bases------------------_----- 72 51 Command of guerrilla forces -________ 9 7

Command and staff action of 40 22Population buffer, friendly --_________ 91 71 counterguerrilla operations.

Communication (guerrilla forces).____ 16 9Rabbit hunt______________________ -86 67 Communication platoon _____________ 102 83Raids_ ___________________________ 75 53 Communication units___--_____________ 124 100Reaction forces, use_____________ -71 51 Community security _________________ 62 43Reconnaissance patrols_____________ 73 53 Concept of employment of airborne 54 36Restricted zone ___________________ 90 71 forces.Sponsoring power support, denial __. 89 71 Conditioning, physical --______________ 146 114

Combat service support: Counterguerrilla operations:Civil affairs ______________________- 140 110 Command and staff____________ - -39-41 22Construction _____________________ 139 110 Leadership - -___________________- 39 22Evacuation and hospitalization _____ 137 109 Planning factors --______________. 41 23Logistics, general__________________ 134 105 Conduct of operations____________ - -42-46 24Maintenance -_________--- _--------- 136 107 Area organization_______________ - -42 24Other combat service support 141 111 Designation of clearance of an 43 24

matters. area.

AGO 7700A 121


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Counterguerrilla operations-Continued Enemy resistance movement-ContinuedMobile combat bases_--__-__- __---- - 44 28 Organization-ContinuedSequence of operations __________-- 46 30 Command--____--- __------- - -____ 9 7Static security posts_---___------- _ 45 29 Communication -______-___--_____ 16 9Continuity -______-__-___--.---_--_ 36 21 Discipline …___________________- __ 10 7General principles__ _-----_----_--- . 35 20 Evacuation and hospitalization . .__ 14 8Mission ---------__ ---------------- 34 20 General-_________________---_-___ 3 3Mobility ___________---------------. 38 21 Guerrilla force - -__________--____. 5 3Surprise-------------------------- 37 21 Legal status of guerrilla force_ .__. 17 9Use of airborne forces … ___--------- 53, 54 35 Morale _________________---__.__. 11 7Use of airmobile forces_____________ 47-52 31 Supply ________________-----.__._ 13 8

Aerial fire support ___________-__ 51 34 Training --___________________ .__ 12 7Control measures ____________--- 52 35 Transportation__________________ 15 8Employment of air cavalry troop__ 50 34 Underground -______-- __----__-- 7 4Employment of Army transport 49 32 Enticement to surrender __________-. __ 79 61

aircraft. Evacuation and hospitalization--______ 14, 137 8, 109Factors affecting employment ____ 48 32

Construction__________-____________ 139 110 Factors affecting employment_________ 48 32Constuti on-------nuity__----_---------- 36 21 Fire flush_________________________ -- 87 69

Control measures…___________________ 52 35 Fire support planning and coordi- 1.10 91Conventional attack_ .....- __ . 88 69 nation.dConventional attack _ ------ ------------- _ 89 Flow of information and intelligence___ 118 98Conventional defense ---------------- 67 47 ragmenting the disc83 65

Coordination .__________--____--____ 110 91 FCounterambush_-_____________-_____ 66 47 Friendly population buffer --_________ 91 71Counterintelligence __________.______. 22, 119 12, 98 Ground surveillance section __----_._ __. 103 84Cross-training - -_____________________ 144 114 Guerrilla force _____________________… 6 4

Davy Crockett and mortar platoon-____ 101 83 Hammer and anvil _______________-__. 84 66Decentralization …___________________ 69 49 Hospitalization and evacuation ____…__. 137 109Deception, tactical___________________ 120 98Defense, conventional-_______________. 67 47 Immediate action drills ______--- ___. __ 147 115Defensive combat _____-- ____________ 32 18 Information, flow __________________. 118 98Designation of clearance of an area ___ 43 24 Installation security ______________-- - . 62 43Discipline __________________________ 10 7 Integrated training _________________-- 143 112Drills, immediate action______________ 147 115 Intelligence ______________________ _ 21, 117, 12, 96,

118 98Employment of air cavalry troop--_____ 50 34 Intelligence, overt combat _________.-__ 116 95Employment of Army transport 49 32 Intelligence planning _____________-.__ 113 94

aircraft. Intelligence requirements ____________ 112 92Employment of fire support___________ 109 89Encirclement --______________________ 81 63 Large unit training exercises _________ 151 116Enemy resistance movement: Leadership _________________________ 39 22

Guerrilla force operations________ - - 18-33 9 Legal status of guerrilla forces _______ 17 9Ambushes --____________. _________ 28 17 Lines of communication security ______ 63 43Areas of operation_____________ - -20 12 Logistics, general ___-- ______________ 134 105Attacks in force_________________ 31 18 Maintenance _--____________________ 136 107Characteristics …… ---------------- 19 11 Mission __________________________…_ 34,93 20, 75Civil disturbances --______________ 26 15

Counterintelligence------ 22 12 Mobile combat bases___________.___._. _ 44 28Counterintelligence ….. ............ 22 12Defensive combat - -___________-- 32 18 Mobility-_ 38 21Intelligence____________________ 21 12 Morale…. 11 7Operations against lines of com- 30 17 Mortar and Davy Crockett platoon ___ 101 83

munication. Operation against lines of communication 30 17Population control_______________ 25 14 Organization for combat-___________._. 94 75Prerequisites for success______---- 18 9 Organization of resistance movement ..... 5 3Prisoners of war________________ 33 19Prisoners of warlogical -------- _ _33 19 Overt combat intelligence____________ -116 95Psychological operations -------- . 24 14Raids -_________________________ 29 17 Patrol bases----_____________________ 72 51Sabotage - -______________________ 27 15 Personnel _________________________-_ 133 103

Organization _____________________ 3-17 3 Physical conditioning -_______________ 146 114Beginning of resistance --________. 4 3 Planning factors -______________._____ 41 23Civilian support________________ -8 7 Planning, intelligence________________ 113 94

122 AGO 7700A


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Police operations: Security ___________________________ 23, 63- 14, 43-Civilians in police operations _______ 56 37 65 46Population control _______-_________ 57-61 38 Sequence of operations _--____________ 46 30

Apprehened guerrilla force members 61 42 Sources -_______________-______-___._ 115 95Block control ___________________ 60 42 Staff and commander training--________ 145 114Roadblocks _____________________ 58 40 Static security posts_______________ - -45 29Search and seizure operations_____ 59 40 Supply_-_____-- __________--_--_____. 13, 135 8, 106

Security measures ________________. 62-67 43 Support from other services _____-____ 131 102Conventional defense___-_________ 67 47 Support of police operations and civic 122 99Convoy with a strong security 64 44 action.

detachment. Surprise --___________________________ 37 21Convoy with a weak security 65 46 Sweep (pursuit) ____________________- 85 67

detachment.Counterambush…_________________ 66 47 Tactical deception . .. . ....----------. 120 98Lines of communication ---------- 63 43 Tactics and techniques of employment__ 107 86Troop, installation, and community_ 62 43 Tailoring of units_______________-___ 149 115

Police operation support __________- - _ 122 99 Task organization___ - - ______ 96 76Terms - ... . ..........................2 2Police operations training ___________. 147 115 Ti htenin the noose-82 6Tightening the noose ----------------- 82 64Population control___________________ 25 14

Prerequisites for successful guerrilla 18 9 Training:operations. Army training program ----------- 153 116

Commanders and staffs__________ -145 114Prisoners of war____________________. 33, 61 19, 42 Cross-training144 114Psychological operations _____________ 24 14te action drills-147 115Immediate action drills ------------- 147 115Psychological warfare units --________. 127 100 Integrated training - -143 112Purpose-____________________________ 1 2 Large unit training exercises _______ 151 116Pursuit (sweep) -___________________ 85 67 Physical conditioning _____________ 146 114

Rabbit hunt_________________________ 86 67 Police operations_________________-. 148 115Raids------------------------- 29,76 17,55 Tailoring of units ------------------ 149 115

Use of Army transport aircraft _... 150 115Reconnaissance patrols- -------------- 73 53 Training exercises, large unit________ 151 116Reconnaissance platoon --_____________ 99 79 Training for commanders and staffs___ 145 114Resistance …_________________________ 4 3 Training in police operations_______ - -148 115Restricted zone____________________ - -90 71 Transportation_____________________ 15, 138 8, 109Rifle company_____________________ - -98 79 Troop security _____- ______________. 62 43Roadblocks _________________________ 58 40

Underground ____- __________________ 7 4Sabotage ___________________________ 27 15 Unit esprit -________________________ 152 116Search and seizure operations_________ - - 59 40 Unit tailoring_______________________ 149 115

AGO 7700A ;123


By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

EARLE G. WHEELER,General, United States Army,

Official: Chief of Staff'.J. C. LAMBERT,Major General, United States Army,The Adjutant General.

Distribution: USA OFC SP Wpns Dev (1)Active Army: USA CD Agcy (1) except

DCSPER (2) Med Svc (10)ACSI (2) Armies (5)DCSLOG (2) LOGCOMD (1)OFC RES COMP (2) Corps (3)CRD (1) Div (2)CoA (1) Div Arty (1)CINFO (1) Bde (5)TIG (1) Regt/Gp (3)TJAG (1) Bn (5)TPMG (1) Inf BG (5)TSG (1) Co/Btry (5)CofEngrs (1) USAIS (2451)CofCh (1) USA CA Sch (250)USCONARC (10) USAES (100)OFC PERS OPS (2) USAAVNS (3)USA Mat Comd (2) USAARMS (580)ARADCOM (1) USACGSC (3275)USA CD Comd (10) USAINTS (13)USA Combined Arms Gp (1) USAWC (25)USA Combat Svc Spt Gp (1) USAAMS (1540)USA Special Doctrine and Units org under fol TOE:

Equipment Gp (5) 17-22 (1)NG: Corps Arty, Div, Div Arty, Bde, Regt/Gp/BG, Bn (2); Co/Btry (1); Units

org under fol TOE: 17-22 (2); 33-106 (2); 33-107 (3).USAR: Same as active Army except allowance is one copy to each unit. For

explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.

' U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1963-650507

124 AGO 7700A


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