The West and the World

Imperialism

Fueled industrialization; industrialized nations had a “leg up” on most of the world

They used their technological advantage to subdue non-Western nations

Contrasting Colonialism and Imperialism

Colonialism: Indirect rule; get raw materials and ship

them to the mother country; have similar if not equal rights; settlements; older form of European relationships with non-Western world

Imperialism: – Direct rule; occupation; territories have few

rights; exist to serve as market for the mother country; starts in mid-late 19th century

Welcome Back…

Bell ringer… Define Imperialism… What is the

difference between Imperialism and Colonialism?

Objective: Through notes, document analysis, and discussion students will understand the motives behind imperialism.

Imperialist Ambitions Starts after the unification

of Germany and Italy New problem: Central Europe

is no longer a playground for the great powers of Europe

Imperialism: expansion of empire by gaining territories to rule as a sign of prestige Inherent in imperialism is

racial superiority; European nations believed themselves to be better because of their “dominant” culture (military and technological)

Attitudes and Foundations of Imperialism

Social Darwinism led many to believe that they were superior because of their advancements

Technological superiority enabled European states to take over less advanced states

“Improving impulse” fueled imperialists, who desired to raise the rest of the world to European levels of culture (considered to be the best and highest form of human life)

Belief in racial superiority: ex. British assimilated themselves at the top of the Indian caste system

European Economic Dominance

As industry continues to grow, new markets and raw material sources were sought

European nations found overseas possessions to be the answer to both problems

By owning these lands, European powers continued to enrich themselves and simultaneously export their own culture and ideals

Communication Improvements

Telegraph, telephone and rapid sea transit through steam powered vessels makes ruling easier

European monarchs and presidents are able to rule through intermediaries such as viceroys and other people immediately accountable to the heads of state

European dominance asserted through impressive military victories and native peoples are subdued (ex. Omdurman)

Good morning…

Bell Ringer… Review documents. What are the motivations for Imperialism?

Examples of Western Imperialism

East AsiaAfricaIndia

Country/Continent

Reasons for Imperialism

Major events Outcomes

  

Japan       

     

China        

     

India      

     

Africa        

     

Egypt        

     

Opening China Chinese government has been

tremendously inward looking since the 1450’s and uninterested in overseas nations only in trading for gold and silver in exchange for porcelain, jade, tea, and lacquered goods

Europeans have been interested in Chinese trade since Marco Polo’s accounts in the 13th century

Once Europeans established a clear technological advantage, they forced increasingly uncomfortable changes on China through military force

Opium Wars (1839-42) British sought markets for their opium crops in

Afghanistan and a means of balancing trade Defeated China, forcing them to accept opium

trade and wrested control of port which becomes Hong Kong

Opening Japan Historically, Japanese had

expelled all Europeans Mainly feudal society One Japanese port remained open

once a year to European trade with the Dutch

United States asserts itself in 1853 Recovering shipwrecked sailors

from maltreatment Commodore Matthew C. Perry

sailed into Edo bay with a major gunship force to open negotiations

Edo was location of new shogunate

Some daimyo tried to fight US forces and were demolished

European Migration

Europeans migrated in huge numbers seeking economic opportunity and civil freedoms

Not only to the United States, but also: South America – Uruguay, Argentina,

Brazil Asia – Hong Kong, Southeast Asia Australia and New Zealand Africa – Kenya, South Africa,

Mozambique

The Scramble for Africa Explored by David

Livingstone and Henry Stanley (Christian missionaries) Their reports became basis

for European nations’ African land lust

British, French, Spanish, Italians, Belgians, Dutch, and Germans carved up Africa amongst themselves at Berlin Conference,1880

Colonial possessions played well at home

Boer Wars Dutch settlers of the Cape

Colony fought British troops 1899-1902 in the Boer War

Most Dutch were Calvinist Protestants who coupled their beliefs with a strong anti-black racism

Could not accept equal status with black Africans

Captured Dutch were interred in “concentration camps” by the British

Opposition to Imperialism

Socialists critiqued imperialism for exploiting new workers and failing to care adequately for original working class people

Native peoples who were educated in European liberties and freedoms saw the inequality of their own situations Modernizers and westernizers vs. traditionalists

Examples: Sepoy Mutiny (Sepoy Rebellion) Russo-Japanese War Boxer Rebellion

Sepoy Rebellion (Mutiny)

Native Indian troops, both Muslim and Hindu, rebelled at rumors of usage of animal fat-greased gunpowder packing

British East India Company lost control of India to the British crown PM Benjamin Disraeli presented Queen Victoria with title

“Empress of India” British introduced many improvements to

modernize India and make it like the rest of Britain Educated Hindus formed the Indian National

Congress to press for greater rights of native peoples

Victoria Memorial - Calcutta

Japanese Advance Under Meiji Restoration, Japan

embarked on efforts to attain level of industrialization of Western Europe

Studied European governments, modeled theirs after Prussia

New state was unified, powerful, militaristic and expansionist

Took over Korea and parts of China

Humiliated Russian forces in a series of battles during the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

Chinese Revolution and Boxer Rebellion

Qing dynasty collapses, 1890’s under Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi who had managed to maintain some stability during European encroachment

Key concepts: Law of extraterritoriality Open Door policy

Boxer Rebellion: anti-foreigner, anti-Christian movement; put down by international invasion force (1900-03)