Gastrovascular cavity: canal system and one or more anal pores

No coelom Germ layers: ectoderm and

endoderm (with mesoglea in between- this is up for debate)

Biradial symmetry Tentacles with colloblasts

(discharge sticky filament) Uses comb plates, or plates of

cilia, for mobility (unique)

“Tortugas Red” (still unnamed)

Ctenophora

Mesoglea is a jelly like substance that makes up most of the organism and forms structural support

Digestion is extracellular. Breakdown products are distributed via branches of the gastrovascular cavity. Undigested food is expelled through mouth and anuses.

Digestive system includes a “pharynx” of folded epidermis.

Sexual, external reproduction (although has great regeneration powers) – mostly hermaphrodites

Lack the polyp-medusa life cycle found in Cnidaria

Most have no nematocysts Lack the polyp-medusa

life cycle found in Cnidaria Lack cnidocytes found in

Cnidaria Nerve net: form nerve-like

strands beneath the comb cells

Unique structure: statocysts. Used for balance and movement (much like a flagellum) – serves as the body’s main sense organ

Pleurobranchia (sea

goosebery)

Beroe

•Bathocyroe fosteri

•Larva of Bolinopsis

In a few species, special cilia in the mouth are used for biting gelatinous prey.

The opening of the mouth is able to seal up like a zip-loc bag once the prey is inside.

Ctenophores can live in depths of up to 4 km!

“Ctenophore” in Greek means “comb-bearer”

Movie of Beroe Ctenophore

Radial Symmetry Two germ layers

(ectoderm and endoderm)

No Coelom Blastopore does not

go all the way through and it has no anus

The Gastrovascular cavity is also called the coelenteron

Movement is coordinated by a simple network of nerves

Have Tentacles that get the food to their central mouth

They use jet propulsion

Cnidarians reproduce both sexually and asexually. They reproduce asexually by budding. The bud will eventually fall off the parent organism and becomes a new polyp. Some cnidarians reproduce sexually by releasing egg and sperm into the water. They (the eggs) will be fertilized by sperm and develop into a larva called planula. The planula will then develop into a new polyp which will produce new medusas called ephyra. Medusa body types of cnidarians have both a sexual and asexual stage. The stages alternate. Medusa reproduce sexually to produce polyps, which will grow up and reproduce new medusa.

Has an outer wall, epidermis, specialized and complex Contains Sensory cells and nematocysts (also

called cnidocytes) that are defense Inside is the mesoglea which is a jellylike

substance that supports the jellyfish

The Bluebottle or Portuguese Man-of-War is not a single animal but a colony of four kinds of highly modified individuals (polyps). The polyps are dependent on one another for survival.

The float (pneumatophore) is a single individual and supports the rest of the colony. The tentacles (dactylozooids) are polyps concerned with the detection and capture of food and convey their prey to the digestive polyps (gastrozooids). Reproduction is carried out by the gonozooids, another type of polyp.

Grow in low nutrient waters High nutrients encourage the growth of algae

which harms reef Many individual coral organisms that

secrete calcium carbonate which is the hard structure that makes up the reef

A coral reef supports many different life forms

Anthoazo

ScyphozoaHydrozoa

Conulata

Cubozoa

http://users.tamuk.edu/kfjab02/Biology/Introzoology/Images/sponges.gif

Sponges can be either radially symmetrical or asymmetrical

• Sponges have three different body plans

* Asconoid sponges are shaped like a simple tube perforated by pores. The open internal part of the tube is called the spongocoel; it contains the collar cells.

* Syconoid sponges tend to be larger than asconoids and have a tubular body with a single osculum. The synconoid body wall is thicker and the pores that penetrate it are longer, forming a system of simple canals. These canals are lined by collar cells, the flagellae of which move water from the outside, into the spongocoel and out the osculum.

*The third category of body organization is leuconoid. These are the largest and most complex sponges. These sponges are made up of masses of tissue penetrated by numerous canals.

Water movement is driven by the beating of flagellae, which are located on specialized cells called choanocytes (collar cells)

Adult sponges are generally assumed to be completely sessile, but a few studies have shown that adult sponges in a variety of species can crawl slowly.

Reproduction by sponges is by both sexual and asexual means. Asexual reproduction is by means of external buds. Sexual reproduction takes place in the mesohyl. Male gametes are released into the water by a sponge and taken into the pore systems of its neighbors in the same way as food items. Spermatozoa are "captured" by collar cells, which then lose their collars and transform into specialized, amoeba-like cells that carry the spermatozoa to the eggs. Some sponges are monoecious; others are dioecious. In most sponges for which developmental patterns are known, the fertilized egg develops into a blastula, which is released into the water. The larvae may settle directly and transform into adult sponges, or they may be planktonic for a time.

A spongocoel is a large central cavity of sponges. Water enters into the spongocoel through hundreds of tiny pores (Ostia) and exits through the larger opening (osculum).

Porifera

Porifera Anatomy

Stove Pipe Sponge

Purple Tube SpongeHard Coral

Poriferans don't have mouths; instead, they have tiny pores in their outer walls through which water is drawn.

Water flowing through sponges provides food and oxygen, as well as a means for waste removal.

Many times of poisonous porifera have been found in oceans

In 1997, use of sponges as a tool was described in Bottlenose Dolphins in Shark Bay. A dolphin will attach a marine sponge to its nose, which is presumably then used to protect it when searching for food in the sandy, and sometimes rough sea bottom.

Porifera are also used by cosmetic companies to make lufas and bath sponges

What is a spongocoel? Explain briefly how a sponge reproduces What kind of symmetry do sponges have? Describe two types of sponges What Group has biradial symmetry? What Group includes the Portuguese Man

of War? Which group has cilia in their mouth to

bite gelatinous prey