- gcos regional workshops
TRANSCRIPT
- GCOS Regional Workshops
National Systematic Observations of the Climate as part of a Global Effort
Carolin Richter, Simon Eggleston
GCOS/WIGOS Regional Workshops
Meeting Format
• Following SBSTA 45 request in 2016• Held together with WMO
Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) in association with UNFCCC
• Allow time for countries to present the issues and discussion
• Participants identify and agree locally relevant key issues
• Listen not lecture
Meeting Content
• Considered basic data needs for current climate models and reanalysis• Surface and Upper Air Meteorological
Observations
• Asked why data was not available internationally
• Did not consider all Essential Climate Variables
• Only considered national contributions to global models
Only by sharing and exchanging data can its full value be realised by countries
Observations
Improved global products, models,
reanalysis, forecasts and projections
All countries have improved
local and national
products, models, forecasts and projections
Data Sharing and exchange
Results distributed
Supporting national services
Sharing and exchanging data leads to benefits in all countries – it is a global good
While there are many varied climate variables, national surface and upper air observations underpin climate
modelling and planning
Supporting and maintaining these networks, and sharing the data they produce, is fundamental to ensuring systematic climate observations.
A wide range of national and regional networks, ocean observations and satellites, all contribute to the Global
Climate Observing System
Global Models Need Local Data
Upper Air Data used by one global modelling centre (ECMWF) 12/11/2019 00UTC
Significant Gaps in some areas
Poor forecasts and projections in
these areas
Increased errors in global forecasts and
projections
Global Models Need Local Data
Upper Air Data used by one global modelling centre (ECMWF) 12/11/2019 00UTC
Pacific
Islands
East
Africa
Caribbean3 Regional Workshops
(so far!)
South Pacific SIDS – October 2017Existing project-based funding does not lead to sustainable
observations
• Countries have very large EEZ and small GDP
• Communications and travel time-consuming and expensive
• Cooperation between countries on procurement, maintenance etc is needed
• WMO is developing the Global Basic Observing Network and finding to address these issues
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toll
East Africa – Lake Victoria Region, 2018
• Only about 30% of the GCOS Surface Network stations and no GCOS Upper Air stations report as needed
• Funding is not leading to sustainable networks
• Planning (including funding) for sustainable networks is needed
• Little understanding of the need and benefits of data exchange
Sustainability first – funding second
Caribbean Region, 2019
• Coverage of monitoring is generally good
• Upper Air Observations dependent on sustained external funding (USA)
• Technical Issues around data exchange so not all observations are used
• Need for better knowledge and information exchange
External sustained funding leading to sustained observations
Elements of a nationally based sustainable system
Sustained Funding Required – not project-based
Planning for sustainability
Maintaining Capacity and equipment
Regional support and exchange
Effective data exchange
Global Basic Observing Network (GBON)
In response to these workshops WMO is establishing GBON – that will provide the minimum data needed to support global climate models, forecasts and projections and weather forecasts.
WMO is developing the Systematic Observations Financing Facility that would both support the development of the basic network and its ongoing operation.
GBON would cost about US$ 750 million by 2025 and lesser amounts thereafter.
Carbon Cycle
Energy Balance
Water Cycle
Not just surface and upper air data!
Hydrology
Weather
Biosphere
Work on ECV – new!
Cryosphere
Oceans
Atmospheric Composition
Climate Monitoring covers the whole climate system
Atmosphere
Surface
•Precipitation
•Pressure
•Radiation budget
•Temperature
•Water vapour
•Wind speed and direction
Upper-air
•Cloud properties
•Earth radiation budget
•Lightning
•Temperature
•Water vapour
•Wind speed and direction
Atmospheric Composition
•Aerosol and ozone precursors
•Aerosols properties
•Carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases
•Ozone
Lan
d
Hydrosphere
•Groundwater
•Lakes
•River discharge
Cryosphere
•Glaciers
•Ice sheets and ice shelves
•Permafrost
•Snow
Biosphere
•Above-ground biomass
•Albedo
•Evaporation from land
•Fire
•Fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR)
•Land cover
•Leaf area index
•Soil carbon
•Soil moisture
•Land surface temperature
Anthroposphere
•Anthropogenic Greenhouse gas fluxes
•Anthropogenic water use
Oce
an
Physical - Surface
•Ocean surface heat flux
•Sea ice
•Sea level
•Sea state
•Sea surface currents
•Sea surface salinity
•Sea surface stress
•Sea surface temperature
Physical - subsurface
•Subsurface currents
•Subsurface salinity
•Subsurface temperature
Biogeochemical
•Inorganic carbon
•Nitrous oxide
•Nutrients
•Ocean colour
•Oxygen
•Transient tracersBiological/ecosystems
•Marine habitat properties
•Plankton
Essential Climate
Variables
ECV
Climate monitoring must also cover the whole climate system: carbon, water and energy. A wide range of observing systems is needed.
Planning for sustainability first is key
Global support for national meteorological networks is a fundamental part of ensuring adequate sustainable, systematic, climate monitoring
National surface and upper air observations are a global good and should be funded as such
4th GCOS Assessment Cycle
Jan 2019 Jan 2020 Jan 2021 Jan 2022
Implementation Plan
published
Climate Observation
Conference (TBC)
Revise Requirements based on
public reviewRevise Implementation PlanRevise Status Report 4th Status Report
published
Jan 2023
gcos.wmo.int
Thank you