god vs. science afresh part a

Religion, History

and Science Afresh Part A Benjamin Gal-Or

HAVAHYAH is YHVH written in reverse, with vowels. It means ‘Things-in-Themselves’, Elementary Particles inside Elementary Particles, Worlds-inside-Worlds and the origin of irreversibility and time since Genesis: The verified expansion of intergalactic space, whose manifestation is the dark night sky that we take for granted, paying much more attention to planets, stars and galaxies. It should, however, be the other way around. • The FIRST CAUSE of the formation of galaxies, stars, black holes, planets and life is the verified, expanding intergalactic space. Without its limitless capacity to absorb the huge quantities of energy flowing into it from galaxies and stars, these shining sources, supernovae, the solar system, the biosphere and life would not come into being. • First predicted by Einstein’s General Relativity [Gravity Physics], that expansion is NOT just a theory, but a re-verified fact. Was the world static, thermal equilibrium would rule it and no irreversible process, galaxies, stars, planets and life can evolve. • The wide-scope meaning of gravity-induced processes in the living and non-living worlds, as caused by this expanding intergalactic space, is our Central Theme, which includes gravity-induced, entropy-free, unified thermodynamics, history and theology. The new thermodynamics reveals the gravity-induced origin of irreversibility and time asymmetries, in contradiction with string theories and quantum physics unverifiable claims. The new, gravity-induced, cosmic time accounts for the first six days of the world history, and, in line with updated observations, how life in the universe would end. • Scientists often smuggle into their mathematical ‘proofs’ and models the end-results that they want, without declaring the contraband. This kind of scientific smuggling has resulted in 100 years of repeated failures to prove the origin of irreversibility. • Those who ask in pray to change anything in future time are heretic, while those who just express gratitude for being alive, are the believers in past-time-fixed MASTER PLAN that had been determined when the LAW of HAVAHYAH has started to control everything since Genesis, including UR, Monotheism birthplace and where the gravity-induced framework of any written language had been invented and used. • The scientist’s duty: Explain that merciless HAVAHAYAH-induced laws of physics have been verified to be the same throughout the universe at all times. [Assertion 10]

All Right Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, Jupiter, Palm Beach County, Florida, USA, Jan. 1, 2008

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This is Part A of Volume IV of the Series Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy [CPP], whose Table of Contents is reproduced at Part-B-end of this volume and its worldwide acclaims at this Introduction-end. Unlike the first two volumes, this one is published online by MSN SCRIBD.

All copy rights are reserved, as marked on each page.

Introduction.

The telescope at one end of his beat,

And at the other end the microscope, Two instruments of equal hope …

Robert Frost

If you can look into the seeds of time, And say which grain will grow and which will not,

Speak then to me … William Shakespeare

During all historical times, the sun, moon, stars and galaxies have gathered more attention than the dark night sky background. It should, however, be the other way around. The dark and cold night sky is much more interesting and important in establishing well-verified physico-philosophical and neo-theological world outlooks. Without it all the shining stars would not come into being. The dark-night-sky revolution within our world outlook is described first in the next pages.

We take for granted thatSPACE “1” [see FIG. 1, nextpage] is the background for allshining galaxies and stars.Yet, this dark background ismore important than all theshining sources combined, forwithout it they cannot shine.Its expansion and coolingprevent thermal equilibriumthat would stop all irreversibleprocesses anywhere. It istherefore our Central Theme.


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FIG. 1: Studying this composite map in details is the best way to comprehend the Central Theme. The map is a representative section of the entire universe.

• The distance R(t) increases with time and represents the expansion of SPACE “1”,

which is marked as (UNSATURABLE). • The clusters, galaxies, stars and planets are bounded together by the attractive force

of gravity. Hence, SPACES “2” and “3” do NOT expand with SPACE “1”. Therefore, they lack SPACE “1” unique unsaturability capacity. [see below].

• The expansion of SPACE “1” is the FIRST CAUSE of its cooling and thus forming all gradients in RADIATION ENERGY DENSITIES in the universe. [lower map]

• The so formed gradients generate the “DIRECTION OF NET RADIATION FLOW in OPPOSITE directions, (the arrows at the lower map). The opposing flows CLASH about midway in SPACE “1”, where no NET flow crosses what is termed an ADIABAIC ENVELOPE. Since the maximum and minimum temperatures in all shining sources are about the same, these envelopes represent the entire universe and the energy-matter outflows allow all irreversible processes in clusters, galaxies, stars, planets, earth, biosphere and all life processes to proceed.

• Without the limitless capacity of SPACE “1”, as unsaturatable sink for the huge quantities of energy-matter flowing into it from all galaxies and stars, these shining sources would NOT come into beings. The universe would then be in thermal equilibrium, under which the solar system, earth, our biosphere, DNA, life, mind, science and theology, as would be impossible.

BLACK HOLES in the center of galaxies, or elsewhere, are formed from the same shining sources, and, therefore, cannot be formed without the expansion of SPACE “1”. Once formed, each adds a local unsaturable sink to the unlimited universal sink; SPACE “1”. The well-verified cosmic expansion was first predicted by Einstein’s General Relativity [Gravity Physics]. It is NOT just a theory, but a re-verified fact. It was first discovered by Hubble in the 1920’s and re-affirmed by the 1964 black body radiation discovery and by recent observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope as well as by other independent methods described in details by CPP (Ref. [1]).


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Assertion 2: Gravity Controls All Gravity controls the entire universe, from its well-verified hot beginning to its cold end of all irrversible processes, including the shining stars and life. Moreover, all gravity-induced, irreversible processes within the solar system and our planet are due to Space “1” [FIG. 1] unsaturability that is independent of any local black hole. Gravity controls the air, lands and the oceans as well as their ecological systems, life, biological clocks, the framework of any written language, brain-mind, thought and key religious concepts. In addition, no black-hole entities become feasible without Space “1” unsaturability.

Assertion 1:

HAVAHYAH is YHVH written in reverse, with vowels. Inter alia it means ‘Things-in-Themselves’, Worlds-inside-Worlds, Elementary Particles inside Elementary Particles, the origin of irreversibility and time asymmetry in nature, and the sole clock of the universe since Genesis: Its verified expansion, whose manifestation is the dark nightsky ‘background’ that we take for granted, paying much more attentionwondering and funded research to the planets, stars and galaxies. It should, however, be the other way around. Gravity, via the expanding intergalactic SPACE “1” depicted in FIG. 1, is the FIRST CAUSE of irreversibility, time and energy-matter density gradients that lead to the formation of galaxiesstars, black holes, planets, our biosphere and life. Without its limitless capacity, as unsaturable sink, to absorb the huge quantities of energy-matter flowing into it from the shining sources, they themselves, as well as the planets, our biosphere, DNA, life, mind, science, observations and books, would not come into being. In turn, a hypothetical, static, non-expanding, intergalactic SPACE “1” [FIG. 1], can only cause cosmic thermal equilibrium. Under such uniform conditions there would be neither irreversibility, shining galaxies and stars, nor planets, biosphere, life, intelligence, philosophy, theology, science and readers.


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, We observe and feel the coldness of expanding-cooling, intergalactic, SPACE “1” [FIG. 1]. It is our most familiar “firmament” of Genesis, of our childhood, of our Biblical-based education. But at one and the same time it is far away, dark and cold, but here-now it cools us. Moreover, it is much more than what meets the eye and what most of us are willing to open our minds to, study and admit. Let us see why. The kingdom of darkness, via the gravitational field-force that penetrates all and is at one with sky, stars, sun, moon and earth, controls key theological themes at all times, heavenly concepts, religious titles, high-rise cathedrals, aesthetics, the arts, human highest aspirations, natural selection, skeleton formation, digestive system formation via the gravity vector, legs, motility, wings, passes, highways, railroads, boats, ships, aviation, village and city structures, strategic ridges, climate, clouds, rain, hail, dust, seasons, year, time, tides, beaches, typhoons (hurricanes), tornados, tsunamies, volcanoes, earth tectonics, geological layers, earthquakes, valleys, mountains, iceages, evaporation, sea depositions, islands, deserts, rivers, flooding, homes, roofs, floors, beds, tables, curtains, walls, windows, water supplies, equadoucts, wells, draining systems, internal decoration, structural imagination, the framework of any written language and world history, to name a few.

Recap SPACE “1” expansion-cooling is not just a prediction of Einsteiniangravity theory, as some stillassume. It is the well-verified,central fact of our life, and,therefore, of the Central Themepresented in these pages. Was it notexpanding-cooling, no galaxies andstars can shine. Without it wewould not come into beings.


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‘SUPER-CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES INSIDE INVISIBLE ADIABATIC CELLS’ mean only that there is NO NET FLOW of energy-matter from one super-cluster ‘adiabatic cell’ to another; from one cosmic section to another that also contains active super-clusters of galaxies. I.e., on cluster-of-galaxies scale, the same maximum temperature at any given cosmic epoch is attained, a fact confirmed by observations of supernovae in all clusters of galaxies and galaxies. HAVAHYAH constitutes the most important human thought, inspiration and yearning at all historical times and in any civilization, religion and culture[1-19]. For many it raises more questions and wonders than any answer in any systematic study of knowledge. Examples are: ‘What is the world made of?’, ‘How and by what law the world is controlled on any concievable level and scale?’, ‘What is the essence of ‘things’ and ‘beings’ in themselves?”, ‘What is the purpose and essence of life, emotions, feeling and everything else in the world?’, “Who am I?”, “Who we are?”,

Assertion 4: Gravity-induced Supernova and Our Body-Brain The well-verified expansion of SPACE “1”, and, consequently, its cooling down with cosmic time, CAUSES the generation of all thermal and other energy-density gradients in the universe, as well as all chemistry in the cosmos beyond hydrogen and helium. This generation takes place inside all active stars, and in pre-supernovae explosions of massive active stars. That explosion throws into Spaces “1”, “2” and “3” all the building blocks of life, namely, those that would later be in our bones, muscles, brain, etc. as composing about 100 trillion cells, most of them in our brain.

Assertion 3: ‘Adiabatically Encaged’ Super-Clusters of Galaxies The collection of all spots (a), (b) and (c) in FIG. 1 wrap each super-cluster of galaxies, schematically marked as CLUSTER I or II in FIG. 1. Each super-cluster is, therefore, ‘adiabatically encaged’ inside an invisible, expanding ‘Cell’. The shapes of such ‘cells’ are not spherical, but more like long, twisted ‘filaments’, in line with the well-verified shapes of super-clusters of galaxies observed throughout the entire universe.


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“What is God, the Superior Being, the Creator, the Almighty, the Prime Mover, The Name, the Law-Giver, Our Father, Our Lord, the King of the universe?” and “How and when this world had been created and would end?”, ‘Is there Private Providence? These are, perhaps, the most common ‘questions-and-answers’ in oral and written learning of advanced meaning of HAVAHYAH and beyond.

Conflicting formulations of HAVAHYAH-induced ‘things-in-themselves’ have surfaced or reflected in Unified Field Theories, general relativity (gravity physics), quantum and string theories, as well as in brain-mind studies, psychology, philosophy, the arts, theology and the studies of ‘comparative religions’. Nevertheless, such studies are too important to be left to the sole care of disciplinary scientists, humanists and theologists in well-bordered departments like physics, bio-physics, astrophysics, cosmology, philosophy, history, arts and theology, Perhaps the greatest challenge nowadays is to remove such borders.

Although most academic teaching and research must be distributed amongst various departments of a university, there is an objective need to regenerate an old tradition that cannot be associated with any specialism, because the ideas with which it deals

are common to all studies, or not involved in any. Accordingly, the selection of material to be included in this book is based on a unified approach to what I believe is an updated and much needed Neo-World Outlook.

Assertion 6 Knowledge is One. HAVAHYAH is One. Their Division is Human Weakness.

Assertion 5 HAVAHYAH can neither be defined nor formulated, despite many old and new attempts to at least ‘associate’ it with such concepts as ‘Things-in-Themselves’, ‘Beings-in-Themselves’, reality, ‘bounded-bordered-aggregated structures of curved-space-time-entities’ in general relativity and string theories, or the studies of ‘elementary particles’ in quantum physics, or ‘studies of the whole’ within observational and theoretical cosmology, philosophy, biology, world history, physics and theology.


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• Interconnected teaching begins with re-assessment of “well-

established” interpretations of ‘accepted’ theories – whether the problem is that of fragmented knowledge taught in class, or the need to re-assess the curriculum as a whole to adapt to our growing and changing needs.

• The current Western crisis in education is not subsiding. More than ever before it demands answers, re-assessment, philosophy and acts: How to teach mutual interactions instead of linear causality; structured complexity instead of summation of events; asymmetric historical buildup of facts, instead of summation of isolated events. We return to these key issues next and later on.

Until around the mid-Thirties of the previous century, Core Cultural-Curriculum Courses (in Europe!) were made as “scientific” as possible, and science propped up its foundations by turning to philosophy.

The professor’s box contains the funding-guidance of Western ‘academia’

Assertion 7 and recap

The greatest challenge in aquiring updated, modern knowledge, is to remove disciplinary borders in its systematic curriculum and studies


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This attitude was in part motivated by the desire to appropriate the sciences with the great past ‘prestige’ of philosophers, and for the philosopher the new ‘status’ of science.

Hence, European professors vied with one another in presenting science based on high physico-philosophical, cultural and faith grounds, and philosophy as a ‘science among sciences’, or even as the ‘sum of the other sciences’. A ‘PhD’ was then a wide-scope, bona fide Philosophy Doctor, a person of fine culture, broad knowledge and great eloquence outside his specialism, a taken-for-granted background that had earned him, and his academic institute, the due respect of the public, his peers and of other scholars around the world. Western education has since withdrawn from the game. Empty specialism and pragmatism have, since 1933, gained the highest prestige; no longer do professors need borrow it from internationally-recognized high culture, philosophy and science, nor need to graduate the next generation of interdisciplinary-cultured Philosophy Doctors. Gradually, the original meaning of a PhD has been ignored, or forgotten; a different brand of professors has started to rule the captivated roosts of endless academic schools. Indeed, both contemporary PhDs and academia, or Academe, have lost, probably for ever, the culture that has justified the use of such reputed terms-titles-concepts.

Today, our professors vie with one another in presenting fragmented, technical lectures devoid of any interconnected content, for they can no longer hope to achieve popularity by injecting wide-scope knowledge into what has gradually become an ever narrower, disciplinary professionalism.

This turn of events has resulted in overvaluation of technical professionalism, empty academicism, absolutation of ever-narrower disciplines, and the common inclination to reject bona fide wide-core knowledge from the class. A pity. For these trends only push the next-generation into cynicism, nihilism and feelings of emptiness in education and in society at large, at least in the Western culture and by its followers. University students, especially in the West, are almost specifically trained nowadays not to ask wide-scope questions in class, as a result of which inconsistent, narrow, or outright incorrect premises, are given a better chance of perpetuating themselves.


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Pragmatic skepticism, especially in the U.S., is the negation of a wide-core, interconnected, high-culture in higher-educational system. Not so with Einstein's methodology and skepticism. While such pragmatic attitudes are auto-catalytic in self-promoting the emptiness of the next-generation graduates, they also push the past-reputed academia into the flames of history. The Einsteinian methodology, in turn, leads to unification of some of the most promising kernels of human knowledge, and, thus, to the potential to rejuvenate academic life by an old-new cultural-philosophy.

Test your mind by examining the word ‘gninaem’ and asking: Can my mind associate it with anything that I know? Next reverse the order of the symbols in ‘gninaem’. Your mind now reads ‘meaning’. What happened and why?

Our brain-mind rejection of reversals in ‘left-to-right’ writing-reading in Greek, Latin, English, Spanish, etc., or of ‘right-to-left’ reversals in Hebrew, Arabic, etc., or of ‘top-to-bottom’ reversals in Chinese and Japanese, constitute a proof that this is not an innate pre-experience effect of humans.^ It is a matter of geography and enforced culture imposed on us since the first recognizable civilization: Ur [see below]. Consequently, we are left with no other option but to conclude that this adaptation of our brain-mind goes back in history to our cultural ancestors as far back in historical times until one reaches the roots of the first written language. How did it evolve and introduced to enslave the individual mind is discussed below. Endless similar illustrations, in any language, can easily be made.

• Is that an innate manifestation Kantian Philosophy ? • Is it externally imposed on our brain-mind by hard

training since the first recognizable civilization: Ur? • Do somewhat similar gravity-induced senses control other

living organisms? And if so, are they of the Kantian innate type?

^ Vertical gravity-axis irreversibility includes: $, ¢, €, B, C, D, E, F, G, L, K, N, S, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, k, n, r, s, t, z, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, µ, ¶, @, Ί, σ, ۉڡ ,ڗ ,ڑ ,ځ ,كف ,ج ,ئ ,ר ,ק ,ץ ,פ ,ף ,ע ,מ ,ל ,ך ,ה ,ד ,ג ,ב, &, ά, δ, η, etc

Assertion 8

The Force that Controls the Framework of any

Written Language is Ignored


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Horizontal gravity-axis irreversibility includes: $, ¥, F, P, G, L, R, S, T, a, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, n, q, l, v, u, y, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, µ, ¶, @, &, Ψ, ά, δ, γ, η, ب ,ئ ,ּת ,ש ,ר ,ק ,ץ ,פ ,ף ,ע ,מ ,ל ,ך ,ט ,ח ,ז ,ה ,ד ,ג ,ב ,ַא, etc. Irreversibility also involves violations of grammatical order of symbols in a ,,ۉڡ ,ڗ ,ڑ ,ځ ,كف ,جwords and sentences. Allowed mind-reversals of symbols include: Up-Side Down invariants like X, θ, +, Ф, O, I, ۞, ☼, Σ, 8, Đ, E, B, Z, Н, §, ; Left-Right Symmetry: X,+,Ф,O,I,۞,☼,П,Ť,A, Д, etc.; Rotating Symmetry: X, +,Ф,O, I, ۞,☼,M,U,V,W,Y, etc.. Some symbols, like X, +, Ф, O ,I, ۞, ☼, harbor all 3 symmetries, while other are restricted as shown. Our brain-mind is trained to first detect irreversibility. New borns and the uneducated do not harbor this brain-mind capability as an a priori innate sense of the Kantian philosophy. It had been enforced on their brain-mind by the punishable-rewarding methods of training-education.

It is not a free choice of the individual. It has been originally determined by the needs of priests and kings to control the population of ancient civilizations, like Ur.

Since then it has been enforced in different locations-cultures, by resorting to a single common axis, a uni-directional arrow of writing based on gravity-induced orientability that is common to all so as to communicate with each other and record taxes, trade transactions, victories, and, eventually, abstract, poetic, scientific and theological themes. This social determinism, as evident in all written languages, is strictly based on the denial of the free choice of the individual. It is enforced on our brain-mind by resorting to external, single, universal reference that remains valid and reliable to all in any local culture; anytime, anyplace: The gravity vector.

Assertion 9: Gravity-Induced Perception of Aggregated ‘Things’ As one reads this sentence, a corresponding, gravity-induced, aggregated asymmetry and educationally-fixed orientation of letters and symbols are recognizable as framed-bordered ‘structures-aggregations’ that are recognized by our brain-mind. Without gravity there are neither such bordered symbols, letters, nor ‘defined-fenced things’ to ‘perceive’ as shadows and reflections of HAVAHYAH, i.e., it is impossible for the brain-mind to recognize anything in a uniform equilibrium, namely, without gravity-induced framed-bordered ‘structures-aggregations’ as pictures of ‘things’ or of symbols, words, structures and shapes.


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Was gravity ‘created’ at the beginning of the universe? It is out of the gravitational field that some ‘elementary particles’ have emerged ‘soon’ after the ‘hot beginning of the universe’ [Table I]. Whatever order and structures have been enforced and created by following ‘the gravitational law’ since the beginning of time has taken place prior to the emergence of life, humans and faith. It is a STRICTLY OBEYED MASTER PLAN, a predestination that cannot be changed by any human wish or pray.

Assertion 10: Religion Afresh

Those who ask in pray for help or to change anything in future time are heretic, while those who just express admiration, wonder, submission and deep gratitude for being born and alive so far, are the believers in and respectful of past-time-fixed MASTER PLAN; the plan that had been set at the instant HAVAHYAH-induced, universal LAW has started to control everything, including the laws of physics as currently known and verified and re-verified, again and again, to be mercilessly the SAME throughout the universe at all times since its verified hot beginning. [Table I] To ask for a personally favorable future outcome, for changing any fate, well-being, or phenomena, is nothing less than to ask to change the HAVAHYAH-induced laws of physics; - an arrogant, anthropomorphic request devoid of any respect and understanding. The closest analogy is to ask to change the sex of a yet un-born child, when that has already been fixed. The scientist’s duty: Explain that HAVAHAYAH-induced, laws of physics have been verified to be the same throughout the universe at all times, invariant by mortals. [CPP, Ref. 1]


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Gravity also controls the birth, multiplication and super-structural growth and temporal performance of the living organisms.

• It is always gravitation that plays the central role in the "selection" of global, macro and micro-biological structures, the generation of the species. Natural selection is therefore gravity-selection, a topic to which we return later.

• The gravitational force-field controls the expansion of

intergalactic SPACE “1” [FIG. 1] and forces all chemical evolution through a succession of specific nuclear fusions in which evolution means the development of complex elements from simple ones, i.e., of oxygen, carbon, silicon, etc. out of the hydrogen and helium in young stars. Hydrogen and helium make up about 99% of all matter in the universe. Earth, the solar system, other planets, cosmic dust and various debris and gases that are detected in SPACES “1”, “2” and “3” (FIG. 1) make a kind of a ‘dirty exception’ in an otherwise ‘clean’ universe.

Assertion 11: Gravity orients and structures all macro systems Gravity is merciless and invariant by mortals. It is the most universal, all embracing, field-force that penetrates all in nature, much of that prior to the emergence of mortals. Its best theory is Einsteinian General Relativity that has been verified and re-verified, again and again, to be exactly the SAME throughout the universe at all times since its verified hot beginning. [CPP, Ref. 1] Unlike the other two fundamental forces known today, general relativity is neither confined, nor limited to any scale, as quantum physics is. It affects everything, including our body and brain. Examples are gravity pointers in biological cells; the organelles that are ‘heavier’ than the rest of the cell; the statoliths. Inter alia these pointers orient trees to grow vertically up even on a steep mountain slope. Under weightlessness, as proved in bio-satellites, they lose that capability and roots emerging from seeds grow confused and un-oriented, not as on earth, under the effect of gravity.


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• Gravity is the sole 'suitable' force that builds all the elements in the periodic table by successively adding, in the interiors of active stars, small increments of mass and electric charge in selected nuclear physics combinations that in the stars are also controlled by the force of gravity. Thus, the building blocks of life had been originated by gravitation.

• Following such cosmological expansion and massive stars

explosions, the newly formed atoms of the chemical elements are cooled down by the expansion of SPACE “1”, and thus may combine to form molecules in SPACES “1”, “2” and “3”, which are not ‘empty’.

• The first "aggregates" of matter in the solar system had already

contained simple molecules, including some based on carbon. Again it was gravity that stratified these compounds in ‘horizontal’ layers according to their specific gravity.

• All geological strata of layers of rocks composed of one material,

e.g., shale or limestone, lying between rock beds of other materials, were generated by the selective force of gravity.

• Recent discoveries in astronomy and space research have generated a revolution in our understanding of some other, most critical roles that gravity has played from the early cosmos to the origin of life, language and brain-mind perception of the world. These discoveries have triggered a fresh world outlook that illuminates some dark corners of science and causes us to re-assess almost everything that we have so far taken for granted.

Assertion 12: Gravity, biology and medical sciences

Life is strongly affected by gravity. Organic chemistry, molecular biology, cell biology and medical sciences must include studies of the asymmetric gravity vector and gravity-induced effects on organelles and multi-cell configurations and structures. E.g., gravity-induced orientation-adaptation of organisms occur when organisms orient themselves, say, by gravity pointers and simple gradients of specific gravity density differences, or gravity-induced ‘hydrostatic pressure’, a misleading scientific term.


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Moreover, the response of living organisms to gravity may be initiated by changes in the distribution of gravity-induced ‘hydrostatic pressure’ on sensitive locations, exerted either by or on the entire cell content, or inside it by particles (statoliths) ‘heavier’ or ‘lighter’ than the surrounding cytoplasm. Gravity perception is often caused by movements, or reorientation of such particles to restore the original orientation in coincidence with the gravity vector. If they are displaced only briefly and then restored to its original orientation well before the growth response of a plant can set in, they may still cause a gravity-induced response to that displacement.

Gravity sensing organelles which plants and animals use are known as "gravity receptors", "g-perception", "bio-accelerometers", "biological clocks", etc. A considerable empirical evidence has already been accumulated on these subjects by biophysicists, biologists, plant physiologists, botanists, zoologists, neuro-physiologists, etc.

• However, the accumulated evidence is not yet systematically studied, even though a voluminous literature has been published on these disciplinary-differentiated subjects. But what we already know justifies the central role we expect gravity to play in medical sciences, biology and biological adaptive systems.

• The connection between gravity and the origin of life, on the one

hand, and between gravity and form, adaptive structure, growth rate, growth direction, adaptive behavior, navigation, and adaptive space perception, on the other, must also be unified and investigated on the basis of a single unifying Central Theme.

Assertion 13: Gravity-induced balancing and space perception Some organelles and nuclei are ‘heavier’ than the rest of the biological cell. Referred to as ‘gravity pointers’ they control plants to grow "vertically upward", irrespective of surrounding surface orientation. RECAP: Gravity controls the direction of growth in roots, leaves, branches, etc. It affects the movement of all animals in the sense of giving a common reference for orientation, 'balancing', ‘coordination’, 'walking' and space perception. An example is vertigo.


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• Acceleration, which via general relativity is equivalent to gravity,

also causes stresses to be set-up in cell membranes or in the organ as a whole, which, in turn, generates a 'proper' response vis-à-vis the gravity vector.

• Nevertheless, small organisms, like bacteria, may have no direct

means to sense gravity. But that does not mean that they have not been affected by it from their very origin, say, via the origin of DNA and other gravity-induced biological effects.

Innate biological patterns are associated with simple orientation movement in the field of gravity, i.e., as "up-ward-downward" righting of the biological system in reaction to gravity. Thus, gravity and geophysical periodicities emerge as prime sources of biological ordering, multiplication and simple orientation movement. Animals low on the evolutionary scale that characteristically exhibit innate patterns, depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is high in proportion to animals high on the evolutionary scale.

Assertion 15: Biological clocks and gravity

The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out to external, gravity-induced influences.

Recap: Gravity-induced plant growth and animal behavior

Gravitational vector force and geophysical periodicities are prime sources of orientation and ordering in biological organisms which include adaptive, seasonal, growth rate, reproduction cycles, adaptive structure, say, to tides and climate, navigation, and adaptive space-gravity perception. We return to these issues later.

Assertion 14: Gravity and primitive learning

All plants and animals evolve under the influence of gravity. Their form as well as their structural development have been strongly shaped by this pointed force. In turn, they have "learned" to exploit it and even to cope with it - learned in the evolutionary as well as in the ontogenetic sense of the development of the individual organism.


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Assertion 16: Linguistic arrows of time

It takes a distinctive, individual, measurable time-span 'to read' a word, a sentence, a page, or a book, and more so to 'comprehend' their meaning. This time-span, in any language, is always equipped with an arrow that points from the beginning of a word, or a sentence, or a page, to its end. We term it the ' The Linguistic Arrow of Time'. This specific arrow of time, like any other arrow of time, is an irreversible 'Structural Space-Time Arrow' or ‘record’ that is formed irreversibly in our mind as a 'Space-Aggregated, Asymmetric-Picture'. It consumes energy, irreversibly, including past educational energies, to train the brain-mind to obey and adopt a common framework and grammar that distinguish between past, present and future terms, or what we term ‘The Linguistic-Event Arrow of Time’ The 1st arrow points from the written or typed orientation of a symbol configuration in any written language, vis-à-vis the gravity vector, or from the commonly accepted 'beginning' of a word, or sentence to its 'end', while the 2nd arrow controls a sentence as a whole, as the time-order of acts-events-verbs described-explained.

Recap: Gravity and Linguistics Each written or typed symbol, word and sentence, is, an aggregated, bordered-fenced, configuration-boundary; - a gravity-oriented asymmetry on a two-dimensional page-space or on a computer display screen. Each such aggregated, configuration-boundary, gravity-oriented asymmetry is irreversibly recorded while being associated with a ‘meaning’ introduced by the force of education ofa group, tribe, nation, religion or a civilization. We return to thisissue later. To conform with innate and external experiences, and tocommunicate with our society, we introduce 'grammar' - that which keeps universal 'space-time-order-of-actions': What happened first, later, and in a 'universal-future-tense-order-of-things'. What is past for one person must be understood by others. Each word and each sentence, is equipped with an 'arrow of time' which 'forces order in our speech and life' and always points 'from our past to our next future mind-state', and never in reverse.


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Gravity-induced inertial changes also affect the fluid in the vertebrate inner ear. The same applies to a crystallizing suspension of organic bodies in water, or in organic-system deformation that is readily observed through its asymmetric force of gravity. Nevertheless, the gravity provides not only a common reference axis-vector, but a useful biological function that helps excluding foreign particles, such as antibodies, from a crystal.

Assertion 17: Gravity and ‘consciousness’ Anyone is 'conscious' about gravity-induced personal weight and acceleration. One is born with innate gravity-sensors, like those that inform trees how to grow vertically up above the surface and down as roots. Much experimental evidence collected in spacecraft proves that there is a loss of orientability in growing seeds under weightlessness ['zero gravity']. But there is much more to that phenomenon than what meets the eye, e.g., the 'conscious' of an observer who performs an experiment that ‘links’ a radiation-emitter with the brain-mind of the individual, an open issue in quantum physics. [CPP, Ref. 1]

Assertion 18: The gravity-induced biosphere The gravity-induced life envelope of earth, comprising a very thin layer (surface and lower atmosphere), was created by the selective force of gravity, a wider-scope concept than ‘natural selection.’

Assertion 19: ‘Natural selection’ is gravity-induced selection It is gravity selection that puts carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, phosphor and lightning at one and the same layer for the generation of the first DNA and the beginning of biological evolution. And it is this selection that also protects life from damages inflicted by external radiation, namely, by supplying the upper protective layer of ozone.


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Shadows of HAVAHYAH in General Relativity

Gravity or gravitation is described by general relativity. Wait, wait !! It is not as complicated as is commonly believed. There is no need to run away from this beautiful theory of the world at large.

Let me use here just the simplest terms while the more technical terms would be confined to footnotes that one can skip in order to comprehend our Central Theme, which is NOT to teach modern physics, but rather to select some kernels for building a new world outlook that, unlike current hot debates Religion vs. Science, treat them as a single whole of human knowledge, a knowledge that should not be divided, a knowledge that is one. Nevertheless, if one wants to follow the mathematical derivations of general relativity the first volume of CPP [Ref. 1] can be used. Let us now proceed first without resorting to mathematical equations and complicated termino terminology of modern physics.

Assertion 20: Gravity-induced bio-accelerators Biological detectors of sound modulation have much to do with sensors for earth gravity; both are special kinds of bio-accelerometers. In other words, gravity, bio-accelerometers and the various ways organisms are affected by vibration are interrelated.

Assertion 21: Unlike the Ghost Called Entropy, Gravity Generates Order and Structures Throughout the Universe Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena ranging from mountain crests, tectonic folds, valleys, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers as well as the ecological-systems connected with them.

Assertion 22: We are reincarnated ashes of dead stars The only sin of some dead stars is being too fat, namely, too massive. This means that their interior temperatures and pressures are higher than those of smaller but more common stars, like the sun. Under such conditions nuclear fusion of hydrogen to ‘heavier’ atoms in their interiors is accelerated until much of their hydrogen is consumed. They then implode as the well-observed, highly bright supernovae. It is a familiar phenomenon in astronomy: The exploding star scatters into SPACE “1” [FIG. 1] all the heavier chemical elements cooked inside its interior, the building blocks of future planets, the building blocks of our solar system, of earth, the biosphere, DNA and life.


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General relativity1-3, since 1916, has dramatically changed traditional perceptions of educated humans, notably by proving that physical processes are not happening on (absolute, Newtonian) stage called ‘flat’ space, but are changes in curved-space-time. It is a strictly deterministic theory and world outlook.

* Special relativity was published by Einstein in 1905. While it has provided the theoretical basis for the development of the atomic bomb and atomic reactors to produce electricity, it has also provided a well-verified insight into nuclear fusion in stars processes that produce energy inside active stellar and galactic sources. [CPP, Ref. 1]

1 Einsteinian general relativity [gravity physics] is scale-free physics that has been well-verified, by independent observations, more than any competing theory Its success goes back to 1919, when Eddington announced that observations of a star near an eclipsed sun confirm general relativity's prediction that massive gravitational objects bend the path of light, or of any radiation. This bending of any radiation is the manifestation of curved space-time. [CPP, Ref. 1]

One side of Einstein’s field equations of general relativity represents a change in local measurable mass-energy and momentum distribution, namely, as physical changes in what humans can observe in the actual world, while the other side represents a change in local curved geometry of space-time, making both equivalent. [CPP, Ref. 1] Most important, the path of light [radiation] follows the curved space time that had been first observed in 1919 by Eddington2, 5.

2 When applied to cosmology, general relativistic field equations do NOT accepts static solutions, namely, Einstein’s field equations, without artificially imposing on them the so-called cosmological constant, reject the possibility of a static universe characterized by thermal equilibrium anywhere, anytime in the cosmos. [CPP, Ref. 1] This conclusion is employed at the very base of the gravity-induced world outlook that is the central theme of this book.

3 General relativity precisely explains the gravitational red-shift of light arriving from the depth of expanding inter-galactic space and the time-delay in everyday use of the Global Positioning System (GPS). Observations that are interpreted as confirming the existence of black holes have also been predicted by general relativity. Numerous other theories have been proposed as alternatives to general relativity. One of the most acclaimed was Brans-Dicke theory, but it has been refuted by measurements. Many scholars have claimed to unify general relativity with quantum mechanics, or to replace it. They have all failed. Today, about half a century after his death, Einstein’s gravity physics has withstood all attacks on its deterministic foundations and world

Einsteinian gravity physics (general relativity) reigns superb in cosmology, astronomy, astrophysics and the structure and dynamics of galaxies, stars, planets, moons and all macro-systems on earth. Newtonian gravity is included in general relativity as an approximation in relatively weak gravitational fields, like that on earth. Special relativity* rules superb in probabilisic quantum physics [see below]. But unlike quantum physics, gravity physics is strictly deterministic, so is the world history since genesis; a history controlled by gravity.


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outlook. Moreover, nowadays it also guides many of the most fundamental concepts in string theories and in this gravity-induced, world outlook.

Both Einsteinian and Newtonian physics prove that the bigger the mass of a star, the higher are its inner pressures and temperatures and faster are the nuclear fusion processes in its interior. The sun and all active stars produce energy through such ‘nuclear fusion’, that aslo takes place in the hydrogen bomb. Fusion transforms hydrogen into ‘heavier elements’ like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphore, iron, etc. [CPP, Ref. 1] Hence, the sun, and all active stars, generate all the heavier elements in nature, beyond hydrogen and helium. Some of these spread into stellar and intergalactic spaces through explosions of the well-observed and studied supernovea to discussed later.

Shadows of HAVAHYAH in ‘Beauty’ and ‘The Arts’

Any attempt to define ‘things-in-themselves’ in the studies of aesthetics and the arts is like defining a desert by the image of a mirage. Indeed, the arts are often more beautiful and inspiring to the individual than any attempt in modern physics to characterize HAVAHYAH-induced beings of theology. Ritual dances, ballet, music, traditional fiestas and ornamented objects in temples are not to be replaced or undermined by the laws of physics.

Black holes that originate from stars, or are in the center of galaxies, cannot come into being for the same reason that stars and galaxies cannot come into being without the expansion of intergalactic SPACE “1” [FIG. 1]


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‘Reality’ in the arts and in everyday life is often considered as what it is not, e.g., ‘NOT in touch with reality’. Those who say that assume that they know what reality is, and it is simply their own. ‘Reality’ in the essence of HAVAHYAH, or even as HAVAHYAH-induced facts and theories, may often be a misleading concept. For instance: One side of Einstein’s field equations of general relativity represents HAVAHYAH-induced factual reality [local energy-momentum tensors], while the other side equates that ‘factual reality’ with local curvature of space-time, which is a HAVAHYAH-induced physico-mathematical concept of science.

‘Reality’, or ‘realism’ in the arts isoften claimed to be in contrast withillusion. A painting that displaysnature like a picture is considered‘realistic’, while those that distortit are often claimed to be‘unrealistic’. What artists claimabout ‘reality’ often depends onwhat other say it is not.

Assertion 22: Shadows of ‘things-in-themselves’

Thanks to the subdivision of knowledge into fragmented ‘disciplines’, scholars have neither succeeded to define ‘What Things-in-Themselves are’, nor even explain the interconnectedness between such concepts and different descriptions of ‘external’ and ‘inner’ ‘shadows of Things-in-Themselves’, to judge their collective importance and to estimate their inherent structure, inner logic and ordering.

Assertion 23: ‘Reality’ in everyday life Not a few people of the arts express a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind and their very essence of feeling, emotions and innermost being, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach, often as ‘reality’ in the essence of HAVAHYAH.


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One may therefore be tempted to view all other factual realities, say, in chemistry, biology, medicine, and geology, in the essence of HAVAHYAH. But all scientific disciplines can be reduced [CPP, Ref. 1], at the basic level of science, to the universal laws of physics, which, by themselves, are HAVAHYAH-induced physico-mathematical concepts that apply in both the non-living and the living worlds and are exactly the same throughout the universe at any scale and space-time. RECAP: ‘Realities’, outside the domain of physics, may be confined to factual realities’ that can be reduced, at the basic level of science, to the universal laws of physics, which, by themselves, are HAVAHYAH-induced physico-mathematical concepts. One must, therefore, be careful in applying the common word ‘reality’.

Albert Einstein advocated removal of borders between most disciplines, especially between mathematics, physics, astrophysics, cosmology, astronomy, education and philosophy. The Einsteinian methodology leads to fruitful and meaningful links between fragmented human knowledge and to improved mutual understanding between faculty members in the exact sciences and the humanities as vividly described by the famous THE TWO CULTURES book by Snow. Accordingly, a more unified world outlook may help minimize such biased attitudes.

HAVAHYAH-Induced Scientific Theories There is something provisional about all scientific theories. They have to be confirmed by verified information from any sub-field, hence, are subject to constant revision and even replacement; -- in this, each succeeding generation takes a measurable step beyond the position of its predecessors.

Science is relative and varies with historical times, in other words, verifiable knowledge grows with historical time, as is illustrated by our widespread success in applying it in practice. No belief is too sacred, or

Assertion 24: String theories and HAVAHYAH All definitions of HAVAHYAH are nothing but painted words, symbols, numbers, equations and colors. No such definitions emerge in string theories, nor in any claim of [unverified] multi-universes or bounded-bordered-aggregated entities in curved space-time of more than the verified four dimensions [3 of space, one of time].


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too firmly established to prevent radical evaluation of its soundness on any scale of observation. Often the key issues are:

• How different shadows of one and the same HAVAHYAH reflect both HAVAHYAH and the ‘consciousness of the observer’?

• Are such shadows separable? Can one study each in its own,

isolated ‘domain’, especially within the interpretations of ‘observations’ in quantum physic?

Scholars are simultaneously faced here with subjectivistic and objectivistic discourses; subjectivistic, because all thought is, to some extent, ordered by personal bias; objectivistic, because all rational-empirical knowledge singles out regularity and order ranging from the objectivistic origins of anything in the external world, to the subjectivistic, inner perception of the individual ‘Here-Now’.

A serious scientific attitude premises willingness to admit new hypotheses, even those that seem to contradict intuitive, popular and anthropocentric theories. Most fundamental issues in physics and in philosophy remain un-resolved. Some of the common ones are:

• Wherefrom the laws of physics originate? Were they created at the

very beginning of the physical universe, before? or aft? • Is there, since the beginning, just one single ‘Master Plan’ that is

strictly and universally controlling all reality and all ‘beings-in-themselves’?

• Is there a free will? The greatest ambition in physics is to unify[1] the three basic forces-interactions of nature:

The gravitational force (Scale-free, gravity physics), The Strong Force [Scale-limited, binds Sub-Atomic particles],

The Electromagnetic-Weak Force.

All reality is one in substance, One in cause, One in origin

Attributed to Giordano Bruno


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More than ever before, recent discoveries in physics force many to re-assess conflicting world outlooks of physics, especially those that divide it into unbridgeable world outlooks: 1. Gravity Physics (General Relativity)

2. Quantum Physics 3. String Theories

4. Thermodynamics

Shadows of HAVAHYAH in Quantum Physics

Quantum Physics reigns superb in the small-scale world of sub-atomic particles, in electromagnetism and in what is called ‘weak interactions’. Unlike general relativity it constitutes scale-limited physics based on point-like particles and a probabilistic world outlook.4-14

4 Unlike general relativity, quantum physics had not predicted the observed expansion of the universe since creation. Moreover, it cannot be applied to the entire evolution and structures in the cosmos, to galaxies, stars, planets and global earth. While the STANDARD MODEL of quantum physics has replaced classical mechanics with high precision, its new versions (chromo-dynamics, quantum fields theories and gauge theory) have also predicted new elementary particles that have been verified by experimentalists. Consequently, the great majority of physicists have rejected Einstein’s claims of a deterministic world outlook [CPP, Ref. 1] and adhere to the probabilistic outlook of the world at any scale.

Since its inception, the world outlook and interpretations of quantum physics have encountered hot debates, especially regarding the probabilistic nature of the universe at large. According to most interpretations, the physical universe, as a whole, is probabilistic rather than deterministic.


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(Nevertheless, as one of the founders of quantum theory, Einstein had strongly objected to this view, inter alia, by saying: ‘God does not play dice with the universe.’ He maintained that there should be local hidden variables that are underlying quantum mechanics, and, consequently, quantum theory is incomplete. With Podolsky and Rosen he published objections that have become known as the EPR paradox. This issue has not yet been completely settled and new versions of hidden variables have surfaced as String Theories, namely, as 6 or more hidden spatial dimensions.

5 Quantum physics also incorporates various symmetries and super-symmetries.8 For instance: the CPT symmetry maintains that quantum mechanics remains invariant when three transformation are all applied at once: Interchange of particle and antiparticle (“Charge conjugation, C); reflection in a mirror (parity inversion), P) and time reversal, T). [CPP, Ref. 1]

6 Einstein, who had contributed much to the erection of the initial foundations of quantum physics, had consistently claimed that quantum mechanics is not a complete theory [of ‘reality’]. He worked for the rest of his life on the development of a single unified field theory that would seamlessly unite gravity and quantum physics. He did not suceed. Yet, his unsucceesful attempts have, especially during the last three decades or so, prompted the advance of various string theories8, 12-17

7 Einstein also contributed to the fundamental foundations of classical electromagnetism by his theory of the photoelectric effect (for which he won the Nobel prize). His theory on this subject treats light as discrete particle-like photons and it has extended the insights that had first appeared in the solution of the ultraviolate catastrope devised earlier by Max Planck. (Planck had demonstrated that hot objects emit discrete packets of radiation, which leads to a finite total energy emitted as black body radiation. Planck's and Einstein's theories established, in 1925, the early foundations of quantum mechanics, which have been expanded in the 40’s to become quantum electrodynamics and eventually have been unified with the weak subatomic force in the acclaimed Weinberg-Salam theory. [CPP, Ref. 1]

8 Super-string theories12-17 may include fermions11-12, the building blocks of matter and incorporate super-symmetry a conjectured -- but unobserved -- symmetry of nature. String theories are usually fragmented according to whether or not the strings are required to be closed loops, and whether or not their elementary particle-spectrum includes fermions.

Supersymmetry is a basic concept that had first been introduced in the context of an early version of string theory12-17. Yet, as of late 2007, there is no experimental evidence that supersymmetry is a ‘symmetry of nature’. In 2008 the Large Hadron Collider at CERN (The European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland), is scheduled to start producing the world’s highest energy collisions of protons. CERN currently employs about 3000 scientists and engineers and is expected to help verify or reject theories of more than 6,000 scientists, who represent about 500 universities. CERN whirls beams of protons in opposite directions around a 17 miles long loop tunnel, over and over, until they reach 99.999999% of the speed of light. Then the beams are allowed to smash into each other to cause a burst of energy that may reveal new subatomic particles. The TEVATRON is located at the Fremi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois. It constitutes of a ring that accelerates protons and antiprotons inside a 3.8 mile circumferencial ring up to 320 km/h of the speed of light. The protons and antiprotons are then collided at 1.96 TeV. The top quark9 was discovered here in 1995. A bubble chamber there tracks of the decay of a charmed baryon, first published in 1975.

9 Quarks and leptons have been claimed to be ‘elementary particles’, or the HAVAHYAH of matter. Quarks are subdivided into up, down, strange, charm, bottom and top [Ref.. 1] and their antiquarks. They are also identified by three ‘colors’: Red, green, and blue. Quarks cannot be found free in nature. The masses of the heavy charm and bottom quarks are obtained from the masses of hadrons containing a single heavy quark and one light antiquark or two light quarks. The top quark’s mass can be predicted by perturbative QCD. Strong interaction that binds subatomic particles together is described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Quark Gluons are gauge bosons of QCD. [CPP, Ref. 1]


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10 Some tests that involve the search for ‘elementary particles’ that are called kaons 7 demonstrate violation of CPT. The weak interaction causes kaons to convert into their antiparticles and then back again. The TEVATRON and CERN accelerators2 may verify CTP violations and the interchanges of bosons and fermions. [CPP, Ref. 1]

11 A hadron is a composite sub-atomic particle which experiences the nuclear force. Hadrons, however, are not ‘elementary’ subatomic particles but are composed of fermions12, called quarks9 and antiquarks, and of bosons called gluons. The gluons mediate the force that binds the quarks together. Hadrons have quantum numbers: Spin, parity C and mass. In addition they may carry “flavor” quantum numbers such as isospin (or G-parity), “strangeness”, etc. Hadrons can be further divided into two classes: 1) Baryons [fermions], 2) Mesons [Bosons] Hadrons are single excitations of Quantum Chromo-Dynamics [QCD] [CPP, Ref. 1]. QCD predicts that quarks and gluons will interact weakly. This property, which is known as asymptotic freedom has has been experimentally confirmed at the energy scales between a GeV and a TeV. 12 Investigating how a string theory may include fermions11 led to the concept of supersymmetry, a mathematical relation between bosons and fermions (Bosons are the constituents of radiation, but not of matter, which is made of fermions7, 11. The M-THEORY introduces into theoretical physics 10 or 11 dimensions. Bosonic string theories are 26-dimensional, while super-string and M-theories infer that protons, electrons, neutrons and their antimatter counterparts, may be converted to photons and then converted to other particles. I.e., particles such as protons may be changed to other particles such as electrons. D-branes are membranes of different dimensionality. They may emit and absorb closed strings. Therefore, they have mass (since they are assumed to emit gravitons) and – in superstring theories - charge as well (since they emit closed strings which are gauge bosons). Since D-branes are gravitational sources, one obtains a gravitational theory. 13 The claimed tiny strings are assumed to contract to minimize their potential energy, but conservation of energy prevents them from disappearing. Instead they are assumed to oscillate-vibrate. By applying the ideas of quantum mechanics to such theoretical strings, theorists deduce different vibrational modes, each of which may appear to be a different sub-atomic particle. Such postulated strings can split and combine, which may appear as particles emitting and absorbing other particles, presumably giving rise to the known interactions between sub-atomic particles.

14 The quantum strings may have tension, like regular strings of a violin, a tension that is related to their size and shape. A quantum closed loop string, left to move without external forces, will contract into a smaller loop. But it is further assumed that it would not shrink to a zero-sized point if subjected to the uncertainty postulate of quantum mechanics. Open strings have two distinct end-points, while closed strings are joined to make a complete loop. The two types behave in different ways, yielding two different spectra of ‘elementary-particle’. For example, in most string theories, one of the closed string modes is the graviton, and in the open string mode it is a photon.

15 String theories landscapes in 10, 11 or 26 space dimensions harbor exponentially large number of hidden and different vacua and even endless other universes. String theories are assumed to be a limit of the M-theory12, which is only partly defined and is not yet well understood. Since string theorists use hidden variables in extra 6, 7 or higher spatial dimensions, they allow theorists to try and get closer to Einstein’s dream of a mathematically seamless, world outlook of general relativity unified with quantum physics. However, many string theorists smuggle into what they want to prove the results that they hope to get, without declaring the contraband. Some theorists support string theories in order to by-pass the embarrassing point-like feathers of ‘particles’ in quantum theories.

16 All string theories have so far failed to converge into a single acceptable formulation and no version of them has yet made any prediction that differs from those made by other theories. Expected experimental techniques in science cannot provide direct verification below about 10-19 meter, which is more than 15 orders of magnitude above any direct verification scale of string theories, or of any theory.

17 Whatever the future holds for string theories, they have become an active branch of theoretical physics, a theoretical world outlook that, in part, had originated from Einstein’s search for a unified


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field theory of gravity and quantum physics. Indeed, the first to add and explain the possibility of adding a fifth spatial dimension to Einstein's general relativity were Theodor Kaluza (in 1919) and Oskar Klein (in 1926). These early attempts had attracted Einstein’s attention in his attempts to develop a unified field theory. But Einstein died prior to being successful in this ambitious goal.

Shadows of HAVAHYAH in String Theories

There are many different string theories8, 12, 13, 14-17. Most resort to vibrating open or closed strings, or membranes (called Branes for short). These are assumed to vibrate at the incredibly small scale of 10-35 meter in 10, 11 or 26 space dimensions. They may harbor a potential to bridge, or perhaps even unify, the known fundamental forces of nature: The gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions as a new quantum theory of gravity (which may not be the same as gravity theory of quantum phenomena). Some string theorists claim that the creation of our universe was not its origin; -- that ‘prior to creation’ [any study of physical time before creation is considered metaphysics] there were many other, pre-existing, contracting universes, and only one of them ended up as ours. These unverifiable universes are claimed to be hidden in higher dimensional landscapes of a pre-genesis contraction phase that had ‘later’ turned into the currently verified expansion of ‘our’ universe. Some string theorists claim that a pre-genesis landscape had first contracted into an unobservable size of 10–35 meter, out of which ‘our’ universe has expanded in the big-bang scenario of this observable cosmos. Such unverifiable claims may sound like a new cousin of Buddhism’s endless cycles of self-regenerating universes. On one hand, string theories border with metaphysics. On the other, they generate thought-provoking mathematical pictures that may remain interesting even if and after all string theories would finally be rejected. Since string theories may not directly be verified in the foreseeable future, some scientists ask if they even deserve to be called scientific theories. Indeed, so far, it cannot be falsified in the Popperian sense [1], namely, they may remain a beautiful dogma of worlds inside worlds or a sort of a ‘mystic science’. Moreover, string theories are formulated as a series of approximations rather than as exact solutions. Although their non-perturbative techniques have recently being improved, the full nonperturbative formulations of these theories are still lacking.

Shadows of HAVAHYAH in Gravity-Induced World Outlook


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The oldest branch in physics is still functioning as an anthropomorphic, entropy-based world outlook that stands apart from the rest of physics, yet assumed to control it at any scale. It is not only an ‘independent’ branch of ‘modern’ physics, biophysics, bio-engineering, aero-electro-engineering, it is the key discipline that serves almost all academic teaching of, say, piston, jet and steam engines, refineries, computing machines, ecological systems, meteorology information theory and other important disciplines of science and technology.18 18 The 2nd postulate (or ‘law’) of thermodynamics has ruled supreme in almost all scientific disciplines, partially because it has been left unchallenged in its anthropomorphic explanation of irreversibility and something foreign to energy, mass and momentum in physics, a sort of a ghost called entropy. However, some serious problems surface, unresolved, at the very foundations of thermodynamics, and they threaten the unity and soundness of the physical sciences. These threats have been surfaced especially when the origin of time-asymmetries and irreversibility in nature are sought-after as ‘proofs’ in statistical mechanics, quantum physics, quantum field theories, string theories and general relativity. It is the last framework to which one may turn first for re-assessment of this old lacuna and in trying to unify it with the rest of ‘modern’ physics. For that purpose, the main tenets of the new astrophysical school and its general relativistic, gravity-induced foundations, are briefly reviewed next. The new school is based on gravity-induced origin of irreversibility, the arrows of time, galactic, stellar and planetary structures as well as on the origin of the chemical elements, natural selection, the evolution of life, physical and social structures, and the common basis of any written language, perception and on much more.

• It is an entropy-free world outlook that is unified with the rest of physics as well as with the philosophical foundations of physics.

• Contrary to classical and statistical thermodynamics, this school proves the universal increase in ‘order’ [decrease in entropy] via general relativistic mathematics and all astro-biological observations.

• The 2nd law of thermodynamics is deduced from the observed expanding intergalactic space, which acts, in addition to local black holes, as the most universal, unsaturable sink for all radiation-matter spreading out of galaxies and stars, thereby leading to the formation of universal gradients that lead to life, in agreement with all bio-astronomical observations and relativistic gravity.

• All entropy-based, extant engineering maps and models remain invariant when one converts entropy to dissipated energy in a unified way with the rest of physics.

• The new school’s principles have been applied to astrophysics, cosmology and astronomy, starting from the world ‘beginning’ and proceeding to the present hierrachy structures in the non-living and living worlds.[1]

• Yet, the great majority of physicists still try, in vain, to prove that irreversibility emerges from the scale-limited statistical or quantum physics.

• If the new theory is correct, it means that (i) quantum physics fails to prove the origin of thermodynamics, (ii) thermodynamics is actually derived from general relativity, (iii) Thermodynamics cannot be further considered as an independent, stand-alone world outlook. [Mathematical derivations of general relativity are available in [1], followed by formulations of the gravity-induced world outlook. ]

• When Einstein’s field equations in general relativity are applied to cosmology, they cannot accept static solutions. Accordingly, the entire cosmos must expand or contract.

• All evidence available today proves that inter-galactic space is expanding from a very hot-dense ‘beginning’ to the present hierarchy of structures embedded in the observed dark-cold night sky and the background black-body radiation that has been cooled down to 270 degrees C below zero.

• This expanding space acts as UN-SATURABLE SINK that ‘swallows’ all the huge amounts of energy-matter that pour into it from all hot galactic and stellar sources.


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• This UN-STATURABLE SINK generates all observed gradients from hot galactic-stellar sources to its lowest energy-density/temperature.

• This general-relativistic-induced expansion of intergalactic space is the origin of all observed time asymmetries and irreversibilities in nature.

The Crisis About the Origin of Irreversibility in Nature

Statistical and quantum mechanics present almost endless mathematical ‘proofs’, ‘re-proofs’ and re-formulations about the origins of time-asymmetry and irreversibility in nature – and the origin of the so-called 2nd law of thermodynamics -- are in the mathematics of their formulations. Thermodynamics in our world outlook is a gravity-induced branch of general relativity. It does not a stand alone in physics, as most physicists assume, or take for granted as proved somewhere in one formulation or another of statistical or quantum physics. The Neo Outlook includes the time-asymmetry and irreversibility that are at the base of electromagnetism, when applied to the expanding SPACE ‘1” [FIG. 1]. See also the Einstein-Ritz controversy.

Retrodiction in HAVAHYAH-induced Probabilistic or

Deterministic World Outlooks.

Scientists are humans. They often smuggle into their mathematical ‘proofs’ and computer models the end-results that they want, without declaring the contraband.

Assertion 25: All fundamental statistics and probabilities are precisely symmetric under time-reversal operations.

Statistical ‘prediction’ is precisely symmetric to statistical‘retrodiction’. There exists no distinction as to the observed uni-direction of time when statistics and probabilities, in themselves, areused. Recourse to statistics and probabilities, cannot, by itself, result in any proof of the origin of irreversibility in nature. [1] Any world outlook and any scientific proof of time anisotropies must begin with symmetric probabilities or symmetric deterministic equations. In working between theory and fact the deterministic physico-differential equations are first combined with ‘initial condtions’ in order to arrive at integro-differential equations – the solutions that can be compared with observations.


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This phenomenon resulted in 100 years of repeated failures of physicists to prove the origin of irreversibility in nature. Similarly, in meteorology scientists often smuggle into their mathematical ‘proofs’ and computer models the end-result of global warming that they want, without declaring the contraband.

Quantum physicists attack strange micro-irreversibility discovered in elementary-particles Kaonic systems

The lure of HAVAHYAH has strongly affected the aim, evolution and methodologies of some key theories within modern science and philosophy.

Split-Physics Disputations Deterministic, Einsteinian, relativistic gravity physics and probabilistic quantum physics constitute two different physico-philosophical world outlooks that are in constant conflict with each other. The resulting

Assertion 26: The Prospects of Unified Physics Unified physics is reducible into just four concepts: -- curved space-time and symmetry-asymmetry. The various string theories, while unverfiable and unfalsifiable world outlooks, may harbor a unified mathematical description of HAVAHYAH that, however, remains unverifiable.


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dispute splits physics into two unbridgeable fundamental systems of thought, each involving far-reaching consequences in general science, philosophy and theology. Smuggling-In ‘Proofs’ in Super-String Theory

Even in the much-acclaimed ‘Super-String Theory’13-17, armies of physicists smuggle into their formulations the results of what they want to prove. In fact, they a priori plug into their mathematical ‘proofs’ observational facts, say, about the electron and other known values that they a priori know may lead to the sought-after mathematical ‘proof’ of their theory.

All such theories contain contraband-like constants, such as

artificially-inserted, experimentally-known masses of ‘elementary particles’ and the strength and units of the electric charge. These are inserted into the theory for no other reason than that their formulation would provide agreement with experimental results, which are un-available at the disputed distance: 10-35meter. Despite decades of endless attempts to provide an experimental proof of string theory, there is not a single verification that any string theory is correct.

What is claimed by proponents of the various and basically different string theories is that within hidden sub-sub-atomic scales, all matter and all fundamental field-forces consist of vibrating strings of energy. The speculated strings are beyond verification, for their scale may be about 10−35 m. That size is way too small to measure by any of the current and expected particle physics technologies.

While pushing different theories and formulations, or models of

quantum string theories, physicists are satisfied for they get away from point-like elementary particles when such strings vibrate in the highly speculative, hidden, 10 dimensions, or 11 or 26. The claimed spectrum of ‘resulting’ subatomic particles then emerges as unobservable small and hidden vibrating strings that by altering their mode of vibration they transform an electron into a neutrino, a quark, or other particles, while causing space-time to curve around them so as to give rise to Einsteinian relativistic gravity. Despite good intentions, Einstein’s anti-probabilistic views remain un-falsified in the Popperian sense, namely, these theories border with theoretical dogmas that cannot be refuted, and their proper place is not science but mystic science.

Rival Disputations


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Special relativity reigns superb in quantum micro-physics, say, in characterizing sub-atomic particles, gauge theories, quantum field equations, quantum electrodynamics and chromodynamics [1].

In turn, quantum physics reigns superb in small-scale physics. However, fundamentally and in practice it is scale-limited both on very small and mainly in very large cosmological scales. In contrast, Einsteinian general relativisty reigns superb in astrophysics, cosmology, and, via Newtonian physics that it includes as an approximation, in low gravitational fields, such as on earth.

The First Provocative Question

It was about 40 years ago that I first realized, with a tantalizing shock, that it is not ‘scientifically sufficient’ to prove, publish and lecture on the mathematical and observational Causes, origins and foundations of this new, gravity-physics-induced theory and on a Neo-Einsteinian world outlook. One must first prove that, in this domain, the competitor theories of statistical and quantum physics fail in their physico-philosophical and mathematical ‘proofs’; that they constitute a self-deception that borders with smuggling into their theories, without declaring the contraband, what their authors want to prove.

That shocking realization happened first at the end of my seminar at the university of Connecticut in 1968. A ‘reputed professor of engineering’, as my host referred to him, had tried to demonstrate the alleged absurdity of my thesis by lighting up a match in the lecture hall, while adding, apparently to make the audience laugh:

Do you claim that I can light-up this match because there is a theory that the universe expands? Nothing expands in this lecture hall, as far as I can see. As to your alleged new theory, statistical and quantum mechanics have already provided us with perfect and elegant mathematical proofs of what you try in vain to re-prove. There is absolutely no need in science for another theory about the origin of irreversibility in nature.

Much of the audience, hearing that declaration from their highly reputed professor, did not even bother to stay and hear my reply. The seminar participants left the lecture hall together with the professor. I also recall that my host was highly embarrassed. Yet, a few young physicists stayed to hear my reply.


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The Reply

Nothing in this lecture hall, at home, on earth, in the solar system, in our galaxy and in our cluster of galaxies co-expands with intergalactic space. But only that hard-to-define space provides us, with or without local black holes, with an UNSATURABLE SINK for all radiation-particles emerging from all galactic and stellar sources.

These well-verified observations of the first Cause: The un-saturable cosmic sink vis-à-vis the second Cause: The resulting temperature-density-pressure gradients in all active galactic sources, constitute the corner stone of my theory.

Combined with the facts that quantum physics is scale-limited and that Einstein’s field equations of general relativity accept no static (equilibrium) cosmological solutions, this un-saturable sink for all energy forms is the very Cause and origin of all irreversible processes that have led to our biosphere, amino acids, DNA, viruses and all forms of life, and, eventually, to one’s ability to set-up fire in a lecture hall by lighting-up a match.

Instead of lighting-up matches in lecture halls, one may ask:

Why is the night sky so dark and cold? Why is the 1964-discovered background black-body radiation that fills the whole of space, being maintained at 270 degrees


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Celsius below zero, despite the gigantic energy-particles ‘winds’ emerging from all active stars and galaxies and flowing into it? Is that energy lost in violating the laws of physics? Where is it?

Was the universe to become static tomorrow, and, therefore, eventually attain a state of uniform cosmic thermal equilibrium everywhere, would such a non-expanding inter-galactic space stop all irreversible processes anywhere?

Attaining such thermal equilibrium would not happen at once if our universe indeed would stop expanding tomorrow. But it would, after sufficiently long cosmic time, increase the low temperature of the observed background black body radiation, i.e., the very low temperature of the dark-cold ‘night sky’ would gradually increase due to the gigantic quantities of energy that pours into it from all active galaxies and stars.

Gradually the ‘night sky’ would become as hot and bright as the sun’s core temperature.

It would then stop the ability of distinguished professors to light-up matches in lecture halls. Nevertheless, my theory was well accepted since 196619 19 First acceptance was in 1966 at the Huntsville Space Center, then in 1968 at the Conference “A Critical Review of the Foundations of Relativistic and Classical Thermodynamics”, [Mono Books, 1969]; Then in 1971, by Nature [230, 1971] and in 1972 by Science as a major review paper on the origin of irreversibility in nature [176, 11-17, 1972]; also in 1972 by the New York Academy of Sciences [Gold Medal, and published in the Annals., N. Y. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6), pp. 305-325, 1972; “Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of irreversibility”], and, eventually by worldwide acclaims reproduced in this Introduction-end. In the meanwhile I. Prigogine received the Nobel Prize for a counter theory that uses time-symmetric, reversible equations to ‘prove’, without declaring the contraband, the origin of thermodynamics and irreversibility in nature.

As to Einstein’s lonely quest for deterministic gravity physics that would contain quantum phenomena, one may mention Sachs’ Quantum Mechanics and Gravity, Springer, The Frontiers Collection, 2004, in which quantum mechanics emerges as a linear, flatspace approximation for the equations of inertia in general relativity. In a supporting review, J. Hartley writes 20:

“Sachs’ book is a fascinating exposition of how an approximation in general relativity brings out quantum mechanical features. Perhaps Einstein would have been greatly interested. … I think it should be read by anyone who is interested in quantum mechanics and gravity."


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Unified Theory of Irreversibility

This issue had first surfaced in the Einstein-Ritz confrontation (1908- 1909) over the origin of time-asymmetry in electrodynamics and entropy. Ritz argued that electrodynamic irreversibility was one of the roots of the second law of thermodynamics, while Einstein rightly defended electromagnetic time-symmetry.

This central issue has been re-assessed and expanded in [1], in light of the discovery of microscopic irreversibility that apparently contradicts the [reversible] fundamentals of quantum physics at least in Kaonic systems. It is therefore termed “T-violations” in quantum physics [1].

Formulations and observational verification of a more unified

theory of [macro] thermodynamic and [micro] electromagnetic irreversibilities may originate in a coupled or unified theory of Einstein’s general relativity and quantum electro and chromodynamics as well as the verified Weinberg-Salam unified theory of electro-weak interactions. Such an ultimate theory is, perhaps, one of the most challenging fields of future research.

In the meantime, however, the ‘second law’ can be derived from

the resulting time-asymmetry predicted first by Einstein’s general relativity and later verified (by independent observational methodologies) of the expansion of inter-galactic SPACE “1”, the generation of temperature-density-pressure gradients in all galactic, stellar and planetary systems observed in the cosmos and in ‘our’ solar system, as depicted and explained in FIG. 1 and associated Assertions.

Deep Space Exploration to Prove The Central Theme

The next time that you see your mail-delivery person, state the fact that your zip code is 27,000 light-yearsI away from the galactic center of our ‘spiral galaxy county’. I One light-year is the distance an electromegnetic wave, like light, travels in vacuum or empty space during one year. Since the speed of light in ‘empty’ space is about 300,000 km/sec, we multiply it by 60 seconds per minute, 60 minutes per hour, 24 hours per day and 365 days per year. The result is about about 9,461,000,000,000 km, or about 5,734,000,000,000 miles. Distances to our neighbors in the ‘local group’ may be referred to by using Milky-Way diameters away from each other. Local group distances are ranging from about 1.6 to 17 Milky-Way diameters. How distances to astronomical objects are measured? The various methods used are explained in [1]. Example: The distance from earth to the nearest star beyond the sun is about 4 light-years.


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All of us in the ‘Solar System Community’ have acquired a ‘good-sit-in-the-middle of the Milky-Way Rotating Theater-of-Nature’II. Our Milky Way galaxy is located in ‘our’ Virgo ‘local group’III. That zip-code reminder may be useful just in case that you want to travel deep into outer inter-galactic space and find your way back home, or if someone you meet out there would be looking for you.

To plan such a deep-space trip we provide you with a map in the form of FIG. 1. Please use it if you want to know what you are trying to accomplish beyond a mere travel to SPACE “1” Kingdom of Darkness.

What would you be looking for in SPACE “1” and why?

Einstein’s field equations of gravity physics (general relativity) accept no static solutions when applied to cosmology.

Accordingly, the cosmos must expand or contract. Namely, it cannot stay still and attain thermal equilibrium all over space and time. That is to say, over all Einsteinian general relativistic curved space-time. Indeed, as may become clear later, your mission would be to search for the hidden foundations of physics. Bone Voyage! II Linear, Rotational & Recession speeds: Our galaxy (the ‘Milky way’) moves linearly with the ‘local group’3 in inter-galactic SPACE “1” while rotating one revolution in about 250 million years. Its center moves linearly at about 600 km/sec with respect to the ‘cosmic background radiation’ that fills the whole expanding and non-expanding spaces outside planets, stars, galaxies and super-clusters of galaxies. [See FIG. 1, “Clusters I & II”]. The earth’s net motion in space is about 400 km/sec. The direction of the earth’s net motion lies in the same plane as its or HAVAHYAH around the sun5 and at angle of 61degrees tilted upward [northward] from the plane of the disk-like milky way.4 The earth travels around the sun at about 30 km/sec. These speeds should not be confused with the recession speed of super-cluster galaxies away from each other, i.e., R(t) [see FIG. 1] increases with time. Combining all these velocities, our galaxy is deviating from the cosmological uniform expansion motion by about 600 km/sec. III Our ‘local group’ of galaxies is usually counted as containing 30 gravitationally-bounded galaxies, the largest of which are Andromeda and our galaxy, the Milky Way4. The local group is about 10,000,000 light-years in diameter. It is counted as a ‘member’ of the Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, which includes M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87, M89. X-ray studies reveal the presence of large amounts of intra-galactic gas [SPACE “2” in FIG. 2], which may emit X-rays and other types of radiation. ‘Our’ super cluster of galaxies [Cluster II in FIG. 1] includes the Virgo, Hercules and Coma Clusters. IV THE MILKY WAY GALAXY contains billions of star-bodies like the sun5, each bounded together through gravity. Most stars are formed in the dilute regions of rotating interstellar SPACE “3” [FIG. 1]. Our galaxy is almost 100,000 light-years in diameter, [80,000 light years in a conservative count] and is in the form of an almost flat spiral disk with an average thickness of about 1,000 light-years. Andromeda in ‘our’ local groupIII also constitutes of similar spiral structure and diameter. It is located about 2,200,000 light-years away from us. V The sun, like all active stars in the universe, is a self-garavitating massive sphere of sub-atomic particles in a state of very hot plasma that is pressed-heated by the attractive force gravity. The sun accounts for about 99% of the solar system6 total mass. Its diameter is about 1.392 million km and is slightly larger than of an average star in the Milky Way galaxy.IV About 74% of the sun’s mass is hydrogen, with about


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25% helium. The rest is composed of heavier elements generated by its gravity-induced thermo-nuclear reactions. Unlike a planet, a star generates its own energy by atomic fusion and emits that energy into SPACE “1” as radiation and mass particles that are are referred to as ‘solar wind’VII. This ‘wind’ engulfes earth and the other planets.

The earthVI may not be the sole habitatable planet in the universe accessible to our relatively ‘close-range’ observations: So far more than two hundred planets have been discovered orbiting other stars in the ‘nearby community’, with at least one harboring liquid water.

It is my belief that philosophy must return to cosmology, and to a simple theory of knowledge.

There is at least one philosophical problem in which all thinking men are interested:

The problem of understanding the world in which we live; and thus ourselves

(who are part of the world) and our knowledge of it.

All science is cosmology, I believe, and for me the interest of philosophy,

no less than of science, lies solely in its bold attempt to add to our knowledge of the world,

and to the theory of our knowledge of the world.

Sir Karl R. Popper

According to Plato, everything is connected with everything else. Therefore, any definition must include 'the whole universe' and its history, whenever possible. I therefore minimize the common act of 'precise definition' of concepts for contrary to ‘good intent’, such precise act may introduce error. This means that very act of defining a word or a concept in the dictionary erects a ‘fence’ around it. Anything outside that fence may, a priori, be rejected and lost. Verbally precise, definitions, may neither be scientific nor practical. Yet, we use them daily in academia, science and philosophy.

Assertion 27:

Large systems in the cosmos control smaller ones, not vice versa. Gravity and the vast, expanding, cold, dark SPACE “1” are the causes of that control and constitute the corner stones of our knowledge of the world around and inside us, including our origin and the origin of our motility, brain-mind perception, orientation and the framework of any written language.


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This section is not intended to teach astronomy, astrophysics,

thermodynamics and space dynamics. Hence, not all

astronomical systems need be explained here.

VI The solar syatem is comprised of our sun with its orbiting planets, moons, asteroids, comets, rocks and dust, all bounded together by the attractive gravitational field of the sun, ‘our’ galaxy, the supercluster Virgo and by the rest of the mass in the universe.

The sunV emits radiation and sub-atomic particles as a result of a nuclear fusion processV that releases energy. The sun’s gravity and its ‘solar wind’7, extends far beyond the farthest planets, asteroids, comets, rocks and dust. The solar system’s edge is located in the space called interstellar space. [space “2” in FIG. 1]. Inside it is the Oort Cloud, which consists of trillions of comets that or the sun beyond the orbit of the ‘dwarf planet’ called Pluto.

VII The solar wind clashes with opposing ‘solar winds’ emerging from nearby stars. That ‘clash’ forms a gigantic shock wave that astronomers observe as a glowing boundary of the solar system called the helioshere. The solar wind, as well as ‘similar winds’ emerging from other stars, is dissipated in cold SPACES “2” and “1”, where dilute concentrations of hydrogen, helium, neutrinos and electromagnetic radiation are present. Neutrinos, somewhat in analogy to the gravitational field, but in fundamentally different dynamics and effects, permeate the entire cosmos, the galaxies, stars, the earth and all biological systems.

Revisiting SPACE “1”


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The expansion of the universe neither includes the reader, unless he eats too much, nor his wife or her husband, home, earth, the ‘solar system’, stars, planets, galaxies and SPACES “3” and “2”. The last ones are marked non-Expanding in FIG. 1 and represent the spaces between stars

in a given galaxy and between galaxies in a cluster. Our galaxy, the MILKY WAY IV is the galaxy in which the sun5, the solar systemVI and earth are located. SPACE “2” (non-expanding) represents the space between galaxies, and inside our local groupIII, clusters or super-clusters of galaxies. Only two, out of billions of clusters and super-clusters of galaxies that we actually observe in the cosmos, are schematically marked in FIG. 1 as CLUSTER I and CLUSTER II.

All SPACE “1” mediums of the expanding universeVII have been maintained at about uniform spatial temperatures at any given time during the last 13 billions years or so, yet have been cooled down with cosmic time from about 4000-3000 degrees Kelvin at the end of the first six days [Table I] to the currently observed 2.7 degrees Kelvin, namely, about 270 degrees Celsius below zero.

SPACE “1” is filled with BLACK BODY RADIATION, dust, other types of radiation and gas.

Non-expanding SPACE “2” is the space inside each cluster or super-cluster of galaxies. Clusters that stay and move more or less together with respect to expanding SPACE “1”, are the largest gravitationally-bound structures in the universe. Such clusters may each contain from ten to thousands of galaxies.

Typical galaxies contain 107 to 1012 stars orbiting a common center of gravity. In addition to some single stars and a tenuous interstellar medium, most galaxies also contain a large number of multiple-star systems, e.g., star-clusters and nebulae.

Assertion 28:

All expanding SPACE “1” mediums between clusters and super-clusters of galaxies remain interconnected as a single unsaturable whole, whose manifestation is the dark night sky, The kingdom of Darkness, without which nothing would come into being.


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• Most galaxies are several thousand to several hundred thousand light-years in diameter and are usually separated from one another by distances on the order of millions of light-years.

• Non-expanding SPACE “3” is the space inside each galaxy, namely, between the stars. It consists of relatively dilute amounts of radiation/particles, typically 90% hydrogen and about 10% helium, and some ‘heavier’ atoms and molecules, as well as dust clouds, magnetic fields, cosmic rays, light, other electromegnetic radiations, etc.

• During the last 13 billion years or so, SPACE “1” expansion means, inter alia:

1) A uniform increase in distances between all super-clusters of galaxies. It therefore constitutes the background against which linear motions and rotations of gravity-bounded objects are measured and counted.

2) SPACE “1” expansion is neither a theory nor a model, as some uninformed wrongly assume, or claim. [1]VII. Its ‘local distances’ to neighboring super-clusters of galaxies are marked R(t) in FIG. 1.

A consistent decrease in the lowest temperatures in SPACE “1”, is schematically marked as (a), (b) and (c) in FIG. 1. Its radiation energy density may also be marked by electro-volts per cubic centimeter, as shown in FIG. 1.

The dynamics of SPACE “1” constitute the cornerstone of our world outlook. Its expansion and cooling is termed here: ‘The Cosmological Arrow of Time', or the ‘MASTER TIME ASYYMETRY’, for it strictly causes and controls all other time asymmetries and arrows of time in nature, as will be elaborated on later. That control also means that the entire cosmos, at any location and cosmic epoch, is equipped with two imaginary 'arrows':

a) An arrow that consistently clumps and heats matter-energy together by gravitational attraction,

b) An arrow that consistently points from smaller to larger inter-galactic SPACE “1” - namely, from initial hot-dense cosmos to a cooler one that contains billions and billions of radiating, astronomical 'structures' like galaxies and stars, as well as local sinks of energy-matter in the form of black holes.


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There are two co-existing cosmic imaginary arrows - or time asymmetries, which point from past hot-chaotic cosmos to its colder-ordered future, from a denser to a dilute SPACE “1”, from a hot beginning to a possibly cold end of life anywhere in the universe, as will be elaborated on later in light of recent observations.

If you plan a trip beyond the edge of our galaxy, you better go in the direction of its narrow side. Namely, perpendicular to our Milky-Way ‘disk of stars’, far away from the dangerous Galactic Center.VIII

VIII SPACE “1” expansion was first detected in the 1920’s by the American astronomer Hubble [1]. It has since been verified by different methods, including those used today on the Hubble Space-Telescope. The discovery of the ‘black-body radiation’ in 1964 [1] by an independent method also verifies the expansion and cooling of SPACE “1”.

During your deep-space trip, you must be careful not to fall on any cool brown dwarf, like DEN0255-4700, which is in our ‘neighborhood’ -- just 16.2 light-years away. It is hard to detect, for it is about 100 million times fainter than the sun.

You may also encounter one-way trap-like black holes from which you can never return home, live or dead. Then, if you can imagine a thought-traveling experiment in which you travel close to the speed of light – a speed that is attained only by light in vacuum, but never by humans -- you would reach the side-edge of our galaxy after 500 years, give or take a decade. If you proceed further out during a much longer time, you would escape from the non-expanding SPACE “3” and enter into non-expanding Space “2”, the intra-cluster space.

Supernova is a well observed phenomenon involving a violantly exploding star, but of particular importance to the understanding of the origin of all chemistry and life.

To generate life like that on earth requires heavier elements like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphore, etc., which are not commonly available in the universe, for its stars and galaxies are mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, with minutes amounts of heavier elements that are generated by fusion inside their interiors or scattered in ‘empty’ space.

There are many types of supernovae, and we do not intend to classify them here. Some are big, say, a hundred times bigger than the sun, and like fat persons, they die first.


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IX The galactic center of ‘our’, and of other galaxies, may contain a supermassive black hole, whose gravitational force is so strong that even light cannot emerge from it. Hence, the black hole itself cannot be observed. Such massive black holes may harbor a huge amount of matter [mass] in the range of hundreds of thousands to tens of billions of the mass of the entire solar system. The center of our galaxy is Sagittarius A, a bright and very compact source of radio waves emissions that originate from gas and dust heated to millions of degrees as they “fall” into the galactic center.

Assertion 29: It is time to replace our old time

Our time is not universal. It is neither relevant, nor feasible during the first 9 billion years of the world history prior to the formation of the solar system. It is, therefore, a misleading concept in studying any world-outlook history.

Our common second, minute, hour, ‘day’, month and ‘earth-sun year’ are neither universal nor sacrosanct. An hour composed of 60 minutes, and a minute composed of 60 seconds were invented by the first recognizable civilization, Ur, about 6000 ‘earth-sun years’ ago.

One can, instead, select any other time-scale that would make it easier to accommodate science and religion under the same roof without trying to fuse them together, yet trying to diffuse each into the other, as a single, bridgeable knowledge, a non-static one. We return to this issue later, in Section 2 of these pages.


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FIG. 3: Most Chemical Elements of Earth, and in our Body, had been Generated More Than 4.9 Billions Years Ago inside a Big Star Like the one

Schematically Shown Here Prior To Its explosion as a Supernova.

By “dying” we mean that such big stars have already converted their available hydrogen plasma into heavier chemical elements: Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphor, iron, etc. as shown in FIG. 3.

• Eventually they all run out of ‘fuel’. That happens when iron is produced in sufficient quantity to reverse energy production into consumption.

• At this critical stage, such big stars cannot sustain the huge force

of gravity. Suddenly they collapse, i.e., they implode and may turn into 1) a black hole [if their mass is larger than a given threshold], 2) stop further implosion by forming a highly dense-compacted neutron star, or 3) implode-explode to generate what is commonly called supernova.


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• Supernova explosion spreads much of its inner contents of ‘heavy’ chemical elements into “empty” space as ‘debris’ of rocks, dust and gases. These debris spread out at high speeds and temperatures. Supernova explosion spreads much of its inner contents of ‘heavy’ chemical elements into “empty” space as ‘debris’ of rocks, dust and gases. These debris spread out at high speeds and temperatures.

• Later, in ‘our motherhood-adoption case’, our sunVI had passed near these orphan debris, ‘adopting them’ and forcing them to fall into it or to start orbiting it.

• Gradually, such initial, self-gravitating, orbiting, proto planets, further increase in mass by collisions with in-falling moons, asteroids, comets, etc., to form the planets that we observe today in the solar system, and live on one of them, while moving and rotating with respect to SPACE “1”10, Space “2” and SPACE “3”.

Earth and its moon form an integral part of the solar systemVIII. The moon did not fall on earth, but had started orbiting it about once a month.

• Simultaneously, on earth, the heavy chemical element iron was gravity-attracted deepest into the earth hot interior, thereby pushing out the lighter elements, like silicon, to form the outer crest on which we would later walk, play and build homes, villages and cities.

• Gases, like ammonia, had thus also been pushed and escaped from the earth interior to form what is to become later the oxygen-rich biosphere in which we live today. There is yet no life, no DNA, not even a single virus


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• In addition, one must also bear in mind that we never see the sun, a

star, or a galaxy as it is “now”. In the case of the sun it takes about 8

minutes for the sun-light to reach us on earth. Therefore, what we see

in telescopes, as gigantic solar events known as ‘flares’, occur there

about 8 minutes prior to us seeing them.

The concept ‘adiabatic wall’ means a barrier to all or to a net energy flow. Such a ‘barrier’ may be a solid insulating physical wall, or an imaginary geometrical one, with no solid walls. In physics we may employ the last concept when we consider ‘No net flow across a given geometrical boundary’ when the values of opposing flows through that border are equal. That is why we replaced the word insulating with the word ‘net flow across’.

• To reach the next conclusion one must travel down the gradient leading from hot temperatures in the brightest galaxy and the brightest stars, namely from the highest radiation densities of ‘solar-wind-like’ mediums in SPACE “2” of active hot and radiating clusters or super-clusters of galaxies.

• These are marked as ‘mountains crests’ in Fig, 1. From them you travel down first to deep valley (b) and enter the Dark Kingdom of cold SPACE “1”. Here you find the lowest value of energy-mass and temperatures in the cosmos at any given cosmic time. Most important, do not forget to record your findings in your travel diary.

IX Both our galaxy and Andromeda have systems of satellite galaxies. Our satellite galaxies consist of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Darco Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Canis Major Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, Carina Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Tucana Dwarf, Leo I, Leo II, Leo A, Sag DEG, etc. Andromeda’s system consists of Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC185, AND I-V, etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy in ‘our’ local group, also includes the Pisces Dwarf as a satellite

Where in the cosmos is spot (b)?

Spot (b) is always located between any neighboring clusters or super-clusters of galaxies, like the deepest valley between two neighboring high mountain crests.

It is right there that the same value of energy-mass flow is crossing point (b), but from opposite directions: One flow arriving from ‘CLUSTER I’, the other from ‘CLUSTER II’.

Why is spot (b) so important to discover and record?


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First note that there is no net energy transfer at points (a), (b) and (c). But there is much more fundamental meanings for physics at these spots than this technical conclusion.

• If next you try to detect all spots (b) around ‘our’ Cluster II, you would have to travel and find all spots (b) around our entire Cluster II.

• To start with you may go around with your measuring instruments to allocate all such adiabatic spots to eventually reach spot (c). Then, if you proceed further, you would get back to spot (b).

• Most difficult would be to complete your travel search in performing many circles in any direction [azimuth] between all neighboring clusters or super-clusters that you see around our CLUSTER II.

Well, when that job is completed and recorded, you would allocate all such spots (b) and (c), which when linked together would ‘encage’ our Cluster II in an ‘INVISIBLE ADIABATIC CELL’.

Yes, we and our ancestors spend all our life inside such a ‘cell’, which is neither spherical, or square, nor solid or marked by a border police. Most likely it has endless different forms that may resemble a very long and twisted balloon, or a twisted fat one.

The reason for that is that super-clusters of galaxies are often shaped as long ‘filaments’. Hence, allocation of all spots (a), (b), (c), etc. between all such filaments, would lead to such twisted ‘cell’ shapes.

RECAP:

Cluster II, as well as all clusters and super-clusters in the cosmos, are each encaged in such an invisible [geometrical] boundary, or what we call invisible ‘adiabatic cell’.

• Since each cluster, or super-cluster of galaxies harbors the same maximum temperature (see below), ‘adiabatic cell’ that ‘encages’ Cluster II also represents the fact that there is no net energy-mass flow from it to any one of the other adiabatic ‘cells’ in the entire cosmos. Namely, on ‘a sufficiently large scale’ the cosmos is uniform as to the maximum and minimum temperature values observed in each such ‘cell’. But, again, there is much more to it, fundamentally, as explained next.


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• In each Space “2” and “3” the stars convert hydrogen and helium by the same well-verified thermo-nuclear fusion, as we well-know from studying the dynamics of hydrogen-bomb explosions.

• Thus, in each ‘adiabatic cell’ the same fusion of hydrogen and helium takes place, but at different rates. The fastest rate can reach the same maximum temperature as observed at the brightest star and the brightest galaxy: That of a supernova explosion.

• Hence, the energy-density mountains in SPACES “2” and “3” are still higher than those found in the deep valleys marked (a) (b) and (c) in FIG. 1. These valleys are maintained at lower temperatures/energy-density by the very expansion of Space “1”. Despite the huge quantities of radiation-particles ‘winds’ flowing into it from the stars and galaxies it not only absorb them all, it cools down. That inflowing energy-matter is not lost. Similarly, even the energy-matter that locally falls into black holes in the center of galaxies or elsewhere, is not lost or deduced from the total mass-energy of the universe.

THE HOME-BATH CRUDE ANALOGY

Imagine a bath-tube at your home that is made up of a highly elastic rubber that is constantly being inflated and increasing in its volume (so as to represent the expansion of SPACE “1”). Furthermore, imagine that your bath-tube expands faster than it is filled up with water (the radiation-particles flowing into it from stars and super-clusters of galaxies).

Now, in case that you start inflating your rubber bath-tube from a high water-level mark (to represent the hot initial 4000 deg. of SPACE “1”), that water level would go down with the expansion-inflation of your bath tube (as the expansion of the cosmos cools down the remnant black-body radiation).

Under such conditions the bath-tube cannot be filled-up


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(SPACE “1” cannot be filled up, for it harbors a limitless capacity to absorb all radiation-matter flowing into it from all shining sources in the universe, and, therefore, it also causes energy-gradients in SPACES “2” and “3”. Your expanding bath-tube at home then represents the observed dark-cold night sky that you can observe by stepping out of your home at night.

Hence, SPACE “1” is UNSATURABLE. No inflowing mass-energy from nearby and far away super-clusters of galaxies can fill-it-up as far as it keeps expanding fast enough, and it does, as proved by the 2.7 deg. K of the background black-body radiation and the dark-cold night sky. It also causes electromagnetic irreversibility and the electromagnetic arrow of time. [CPP, Ref. 1]

In case the inflation-expansion of the bath-tube stops, or reverses into a contraction, the water level (the temperature of the background black-body radiation) would start rising and the bath will be filled up (the night sky would become hotter and can, eventually, reach the maximum temperature of the interiors of the hottest stars or supernovae.

The very fact that you observe the dark night sky is the simplest and direct proof that intergalactic space expands, and expands fast enough for you to read these lines.

The 13.7 Billion Years World History [Tables I and II]

The invisible ‘adiabatic cell’ around each large active structure in the cosmos is the most interesting phenomenon in the world at large, and at our home. That ‘cell’ concept also means that one does not have to examine the entire cosmos in order to arrive at key physico-philosophical conclusions.

• The invisible ‘adiabatic cell’ is not only expanding between super-cluster of galaxies, its cooling and interconnectedness causes energy to keep flowing from the high ‘non-expanding mountains’ (SPACES “3” and “2”) to its low ‘UNSATURABLE valleys’ (a), (b), (c).

• The ‘adiabatic cell’ also causes the generation of heavy elements inside active stars, including supernovae. The origin of life is therefore found in the dynamics of valleys (a), (b) and (c).

• SPACE “1” and the adiabatic envelopes at (a), (b), (c) constitute the origin of all chemistry, of all structures and of all supernovae


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explosions that throw the chemical elements generated in their interiors into SPACE “3”.

• It is there where a star like the sun can pick the ‘ashes’ of such dead stars and incarnate them to orbit it and form planets and life.

• Life has therefore emerged from the ashes of dead stars and is feasible in many such systems in the cosmos.

• In fact, more than 200 planets have already been detected at the time [January 2008] this book is closed and its Part A published.

X String theories14-18 constitute not only space dimensions inside space dimensions, geometry within pre-geometry, fields within fields, landscapes within landscapes, but a music for human imagination on par with the string orchestra playing the Tan Tune’s 1992 Concerto for Strings Orchestra and Pipa, a concerto that had originated in a 2000-years-old Chinese mysticism.

XI The first edition of my book 'Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy' [CPP], was published in 1981. It is a 522-page book, which contains hundreds of mathematical equations of physics and is mainly oriented for top physicists and philosophers. The British weekly Nature was among the first to publish a review about my CPP. It was written by Stephen Hawking. His published review states what he is intending to do next to improve my CPP: Do the same, but for the layperson, namely, transforming the same approach, but with different marketing goals in mind, mainly by omitting Einstein's field equations, mathematics, any equation, and any complicated physics terminology and data, while adding jokes, mysticism, pictures, semi-pictorial diagrams, and, systematically, diminishing others, including Newton and Einstein.

Shortly after Hawking had started to work on such a 'transformation', he lost his ability to speak [due to his Lou Gehrig's disease], and has since been confined to a wheelchair equipped with a voice synthesizer, which is operated by his finger, a fact that has been well-exploited by his publisher to increase the marketing potentials of his 1988 Brief History of Time, by advertising him as 'a crippled scientist looks into the sky'.

The PIPA PRIZE to Stephen Hawking

Verification of theoretical claims by observations and experiments is the basis of science. Mystification of science bypasses that by telling the ill-informed about ‘Theory of Everything’ that does not stand the test of observation and experimentation, namely, it is unobservable for being beyond any current and expected experimental verification. Introduction of mysticism into science as conducted during the last two decades or so by Stephen Hawking X, XI, may bring back the dark ages of mysticism in science.


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Probably more than 10 million copies were sold, netting Hawking probably more than $6 million, besides filmed documentaries based on it, invited lectures, endless coverage by the media, and other benefits. [VF, June 2004] Already in 1981, CPP predicted that most of Hawkins' 'great discoveries' would be considered ridiculous and bordering with mysticism, mainly for mistakes regarding entropy, thermodynamics, time-reversal at a feasible cosmic reversal of the expansion into contraction, as well as for proceeding beyond the reach of scientific observation and verification methodology.

Moreover, some of Hawking's ideas about entropy, thermodynamics, time arrow, etc. as well as about black holes are actually not his, but those of Beckenstein. Hawking's 'great discoveries' in science, have been ridiculed, in a published interview, by professor Yuval NEEMAN, a renown physicist, and by others. CPP provides original proofs for the following fundamental issue in physics and philosophy: If the universe, in the far future, would reverse the presently observed expansion into a 'cosmic contraction', the arrow of time would progress, uninterrupted, in the same direction: From past to future. In turn, since about 1984, Hawking claimed the opposite, that my claim is a mistake, without mentioning my name, as if he never read my book. Later he was forced to retract himself in public, as totally wrong and misleading.

In July 2004, in a conference on Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity and Gravitation, Hawking was forced to admit his mistakes and retract his theory of black holes in which he had wrongly claimed that matter and energy going down a black hole, would disappear from the energy and mass of this universe [15]. Hawking’s misleading theory gave rise to endless mystic popular ideas, lectures, articles and books about various transformations into ‘other universes’, etc.

According to Cambridge University professor John Casey, when Hawking found himself dining in the company of, among others, the great scientist Edward Teller, the father of the hydrogen bomb, he announced in public: "HE IS STUPID".

"Hawking is famous for using his wheelchair to run over the toes of those who annoy him, Prince Charles reportedly among the transgressors". Hawking is also portrayed as an "angry combatant who uses what ever is at his disposal to diminish others.", "A masterly puppeteer", "I think what distinguish Hawking from the rest is, to put it bluntly, his disability" [Sohnious], "stories revolve around [Hawking's] 'Theory of Everything', of which Hawking was also forced to retract. "This is a … blow. What has been proven? [by Hawking's theory], his rivals wonder. Look at how he retracts!" "After two police investigations" [of alleged, repeated, brutal, physical abuses by his wife], Hawking, 68, now lives in his "brutal new universe", [VF, June, 2004]. Many top physicists dismiss Hawking as 'personalizing infinity', and, thus, intimidating scientists and pushing current science into mysticism and misleading populism around the world, aiming, inter alia, at exploiting the layperson ignorance of modern physics and of advanced philosophy of science.


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'Nobel Prize' has not been bestowed unto such a famous scientist? You must be wrong.', not a few laypersons wonder loudly. The answer is no. Consequently, many millions of laypersons around the world feel betrayed by science and scientists. Hawking's unmatched populism in the media, drive people to conclude the inevitable: There is a lot of politics and corruption in science and academia. In fact, one may be rich and famous, but that does not provide one with a Nobel Prize, so far.

* * * Finally, to cap this Introduction, I feel it fit to introduce a few informal remarks. Once asked to define my neo world outlook in three sentences, I answered: At heart I am unconditionally grateful to, and fearful-admirer of the Creator; in actual life, a skeptical scientist-engineer; in philosophy and science; a Gravitist-Havahyist; that is to say that I have abandoned all classical divisions, and, therefore, no simple answer can be defined. Indeed, I had acquainted myself with all previous schools of thought, but could identify with none. Moreover, I maintain that definitions that are shot from the hip, contrary to intent, often miss their target, or even bounce back. This is to warn the reader against falling into the habit of shooting out 'concise definitions', which isolate ideas, and, therefore, miss their very goal. In fact, I even have doubts if writing down this book, can 'pen down' the target originally set up for it.

Worldwide Acclaims of

“Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy” A master piece. Any good library must have a copy of this classical work. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound knowledge of present-day scientific theories. Indian Journal of Physics 'We are all Gal-Orians' Foundations of Physics

Spain, 2000 (Journal Editor)


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This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable, worth reading and enlightening; with a most fascinating cosmological story of time, expansion, and gravitation. Sir Karl Popper Book recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica,

"Nature, Philosophy of" Physics cosmology and the universe by Benjamin Gal-Or is one of the most beautiful books that I have read. It beautifully combines and explores physics cosmology and Philosophy. Outstanding Books List Professor Benjamin Gal-Or is a man with a message. (The Book) is audacious, ambitious and provocative, it will appeal to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. It shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science. Sir Karl Popper, in a foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”. New Scientist

richness of ideas and structures Physikalische Blatter

inescapably fascinating Stern und Weltraum

Interesting to read, .. integrating much of scientific material, .. good introduction to relativity theory, quantum mechanics and theoretical cosmology for readers interested in natural sciences in general.

Deutsche Literaturzeitung

An interesting and original book, ..easy to read, interesting and fascinating. Nouvo Cimento

It is a most excellent and thoughtful essay on one aspect of the foundations of modern thought in physics. Gal-Or may well launch a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject.

T. Gold, Cornell University

Gal-Or´s book is really a tour de force, which I have no doubt will be widely read and appreciated by physicists and philosophers all round the world. A magnificent and sustained piece of work !

Sir Alan Cottrell, Cambridge University Chancellor


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I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical humanism than that of Gal-Or´s book.

Book Reviews, Haáretz Daily

Benjamin Gal-Or's remarkable book is an attempt to see and seize the world whole. He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism.

Gal-Or's work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government.

One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry.

His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future.

Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.

The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales.

The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.

He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time asymmetries.

The expansion provides, among other things, an UNSATURABLE SINK for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life.

He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries.


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Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events.

The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review.

[His] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions "as Gal-Or describes them", but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the students. American Journal of Physics

The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and [Noble Prize-Winner] Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is superior). Gal-Or assigns priority instead to general relativity and to the gravitational processes, which it describes.

It is gravity which drives cosmic expansion and galaxy and star formation, and thus nucleosynthesis, and the emergence of chemistry, life, and intelligence.

Philosophy of Science, Foundations of Social Progress

This book evokes a person heart! Following its publication, the book has generated a large number of responses from physicists and philosophers around the world.

All respected journals in physics had published special reviews authored by highly noted physicists and philosophers.

While maintaining that this book is of the highest professional level, some even declare it has turned them into ‘Gal-Orians’.

In philosophical circles the book has also pioneered new and unique views of Spinoza and Kant, and has generated an unsubsiding argumentation in the West.

Since the thought presented by this book is so rich and its contents cover so many disciplines, physicists, philosophers and translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual power.

Chinese Academy of Sciences One of the best books on the totality of the sciences & the universe is the book called 'Cosmology, Physics and philosophy' by Benjamin Gal-


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Or. It was one of the favorite books of Sir Karl Popper. It looks at physics and the universe as a totality of the mathematical philosophical understanding. It also combines the physical concept of time with human psychological perception and brain understanding of languages.

Robin (forumhub.com/expr/@ 202.54.92.222), Nov 24, 2000

A comprehensive explication of a large area of Physical science which the reader may study in many subjects, such as astrophysics, fluid mechanics, and general relativity. All tied into philosophy. Highly recommended to the philosopher of science. Contemporary Philosophy

This is a tome for the reader. Volume two is very much concerned with sociology and philosophy. It introduces such topics as a consideration of whether universities are adequate or otherwise, the assessment of priorities, development of philosophical thought and problems of decision making, etc. ... it is a book for those with time to stop and think. In stimulating such ideas, this book will do much to open great vistas in contemporary thought for large numbers of its readers.

Space Education

The red thread that runs through everything is the conception of the author that present-day research (and education) in physics, like our view about men and society, is harmed because it is not enough guided by philosophy, where he sees it as the task of philosophy to construct a coherent and comprehensive vision of the world, starting from the results of diverse scientific specialism.

Nederlands Tijdscrift voor Natuurkunde

Once gravity driven phenomena are taken into account, it becomes clear that the direction of evolution is not towards chaos, but rather towards even higher degrees of organization, understood as complexity (an increased diversity of elements) coupled with "centreity"- i.e., the closing of these elements in on themselves.

The doctrine of Benjamin Gal-Or is rather more promising. He brings a "dialectical" understanding of the process of unification, as "a process of criticism wherein lies the path to the principle of all inquiries” (Aristotle in Gal-Or 1987: 47).

This dialectic leads Gal-Or to the conclusion that it is necessary to unify theories of reversible and irreversible change first (i.e., dynamics and thermodynamics), before attempting to unify relativity and quantum mechanics.


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He rejects, furthermore, attempts at unification which give a leading role to quantum mechanics and to an information-theoretical understanding of organization.

[According to Gal-Or] all of chemistry, beyond hydrogen and helium, and, therefore, all of life, has been formed by stellar evolution. In other words, with the exception of hydrogen, “everything in our bodies and brains has been produced in the thermonuclear reactions within stars which later exploded in galactic space." (Gal-Or, 1987: 352ff)

Gal-Or re-theorizes thermodynamics in a way which is free of the "subjectivist" concept of entropy, so that science terminates in a recognition of the ultimate unity and organization of all things.

Philosophy of Science, Foundations of Social Progress

One noted scientist [B. Gal-Or], even affirms that the stress placed by Genesis, Chapter one, on `beginning' and the initial roles of `void', `light' and a “structure-less” state, “may be uncannily close to the verified evidence with which modern science has already supplied us.”

Christian Apologetics, Journal, Vol. 2, No.1, Spring 1999

Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by [Gal-Or’s] “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” … to the status of the source of “master asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena!

Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” [his philosophy] that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology.

Gal-Or ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.

Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of intergalactic expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.

Soc. for the Advancement of Physics, APEIRON, Vol. 3, #3-4, 1996, Germany


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The lack of teachers who can see the alluring beauty of mathematics and perceive its profound philosophical implications is quite understandable with respect to the observations of Professor Benjamin Gal-OR:

“Today, especially in the United States, professors in natural sciences vie with one another in presenting technical lectures devoid of any philosophical content, for they can no longer hope to achieve popularity by injecting philosophical inquiry into science. This turn of events has resulted in overvaluation of technical science, empty scientism, absolutism of specific interpretations in physics, and the common inclination to reject any philosophy of science from physics. A pity. For these trends can only push physics into stagnation.”

H. & E Monteith, “Experiencing the Awesome Beauty and Wonder of Matematics”

A book like this should be in all libraries and in the hands of many astronomers. Cornelis De Jager, Laboratory for Space Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data Systems This book has a wide-ranging scope. Dr. Gal-Or develops a philosophy of science which he calls Havayism. Space Science Reviews: Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data Systems "The Judeo-Christian Tradition” is in accord with Gal-Or’s conclusions published in his Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy, and from which Weisskopf quotes:

"Most astrophysicists, cosmologists and astronomers agree that the biblical account of cosmic evolution, in stressing `a beginning´ and the initial roles of `void,´ `light´ and a `structureless´ state, may be uncannily close to the verified evidence with which modern science has already supplied us" V.F. Weisskopf, Scientific American

For the historian of science, Benjamin Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as


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“a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.”

Order Amidst Chaos:

Enlightenment Aesthetics after Post-Modernity. M. Wickman “I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it. I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!

Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so much more!

I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time. What an ingenious phrase is your, “smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!

I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least.

One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable consequences.

I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task. That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics.

You do both tasks far better than I could hope to. I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a

package that I personally have found most thought-provoking.” John Archivald Wheeler, Institute for Advanced Studies University of Princeton


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1

How Did It All Start?

Faust: 'Tis writ: 'in the beginning was the Word!' I pause, to wonder what is here inferred?

The Word I cannot set supremely high, A new translation I will try.

I read, if by the spirit I am taught, This sense: 'In the beginning was the Thought'.

This opening I need to weigh again, Or sense may suffer from a hasty pen.

Does Thought create, and work, and rule the hour? 'Twere best: 'In the beginning was the Power!' Yet, while the pen is urged with willing fingers,

A sense of doubt and hesitancy lingers. The spirit come to guide me in my need, I write, 'In the beginning was the Deed!'

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Faust I. Transl. Philip Wayne (Penguin Classics, London) The Bible answers this question in three sentences:

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God was moving over the face of the waters. And God said, "Let there be light ", and there was light. Genesis 1

Most astrophysicists, cosmologists and astronomers agree today that the biblical account of the beginning of cosmic evolution, in stressing "a beginning" and the initial roles of "void", 'light" and a structure-less state, may be uncannily close to the verified evidence with which modern science has already supplied us with.

By now we have verifiable radiation-signature evidence back in cosmic time to about 99.998% of the history of the universe, namely, since its “age” had reached about 300 000 [earth-sun based] years.1

What do we mean by verifiable evidence regarding the history of time and of the universe as a whole

at that early stage ?


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In the beginning, according to modern astronomy and empirical relativistic cosmology, the highly curved space-time geometry expanded as the time-reversal of a gravitational collapse into a black hole. In simpler words, the early stages of the universe are, in many senses, analogous to a "white hole" in which radiation-dominated (structure-less) fluid had expanded away from extremely high density and temperature 'medium', to end up in the present, matter-dominated, era in which the structure-less fluid has gradually developed into the present hierarchy of structures.

Firstly, this issue brings about non-static evolution, i.e., expansion of the universe as a whole, namely, prior to the formation of proto galaxies, stars, etc. Namely, prior to the formation of SPACE “1” as shown in FIG. 1, Introduction.

Secondly, this result emerges from the fact that Einstein's field

equations, as well as Newtonian gravitation, accept no plausible static (cosmological) solutions.

It is a remarkable confirmation of relativistic gravity physics, that these predictions agree with all astronomical observations. Moreover, the growth of density perturbations - e.g., pre-galactic and pre-star structures - by uni-directional gravitational attraction, is responsible for the present existence of a hierarchy of structures, namely, from super-clusters of galaxies, galaxies, star clusters, stars, planets, and temperature-composition gradients in planetary atmospheres, down to the evolving structures of biological systems, as will be demonstrated later. But this separation is erroneous, for, as will be shown later, both phenomena are caused and controlled by the same mechanism; i.e., the cosmic expansion, in itself, caused and controlled by the gravitational field. More details about this history are to be provided below.

1 CPP, (Ref [1]) describes key measurement methods of astronomical distances as used in modern astrophysics, namely, how the detection of radiation, which had emitted from past/far-away objects is detected and used today to establish the distances to past/far-away objects. These distances are then translated into past times by the use of relativistic cosmology and astrophysics.


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2

The First Six ‘Days’ of The World History

Our time is not universal. It is neither relevant, nor feasible during the first 9 billion years of the world history, prior to the formation of the solar system. It

is, therefore, a misleading concept in studying any world-outlook history.

Our common second, minute, hour, ‘day’, month and ‘earth-sun year’ are neither universal nor sacrosanct. An hour composed of 60 minutes, and a minute composed of 60 seconds were invented by the first recognizable civilization, Ur, about 6000 ‘earth-sun years’ ago.

It is time to replace our old time.

One can, instead, select any other time-scale that would make it easier to accommodate science and religion under the same roof without trying to fuse them together, yet trying to diffuse each into the other, as a single, bridgeable knowledge, a non-static one, as two making a whole, as TWONESS. [Assertion 29]

For exactly the aforementioned reasons, I introduce in Table I the first six ‘days’ of the world history using my own ‘Days’:


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TABLE I:

THE FIRST SIX DAYS OF THE WORLD HISTORY

The First Six Days of World History for a Wide-Scope

World Outlook, Part A

TempDeg.

K DAY

1

String Orchestra Members who present us with great music by playing the most imaginative, but unverifiable String Theories12-17,XI, Introd., are nothing but Imposters of Verifiable Science [IVS].

IVS lacuna is lack of any verification potential that HAVAHYAYH harbors multi-universes [‘multiverses’] and IVS’ claims of pre-Genesis contraction of the entire HAVAHYAH into a 10-35meter-size prior to Creation.

Nevertheless, if not scientists, IVS are great artists, perhaps even highly regarded members The Arts Category of humanity. [Cf., Shadows of HAVAHYAH Vs, Beauty and The Arts, Introduction]

Did the laws of physics, which have governed the world since the beginning of this ‘1st Day”, pre-exist?, Were they ‘already in’ at the instant of Creation? We do not know. And anyone who claims that he or she does, misleads.

All we know is that these laws have, since Creation, remained invariant at any place, scale and time, irrespective of the wishes of the late-comers -- the mortals -- as evidenced by modern astronomy, astrophysics and physics.

For mortals, there is neither time nor ‘other universes’ prior to Creation. And post Creation there is nothing ‘outside’ our finite, but unbounded, observable universe, unless one adopts mystical science (Footnote XI, Introduction End), or meta-physics that cannot even be falsified in the Popperian sense, hence it becomes a dogma imposed by IVS. [CPP, Ref. 1]

ACCORDINGLY, during its ‘1st Day’ of the world history, the totality of the observable universe was

>1012

K


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extremely dense and hot. It was structure-less and, initially, much smaller than an atom or an ‘elementary particles, like a quark 8, 9, Introd., as we currently know them. Matter, light and other types of radiation-energy were controlled by gravitation and were very rapidly cooled by the fast expansion-explosion of the whole universe. As ‘Day’ 2 entered, that totality has cooled down, but has been still above 1,000,000,000,000 degrees Kelvin. [FIG. 2 below]

Direct astronomical verification of the first six ‘days’ of the world history have so far been banned for the universe during these first six ‘Days’ had been structure-less and totally opaque. Yet, it was rapidly increasing in ‘size’ under a state of uniform world expansion and cooling, namely, under almost perfect uniform ‘Thermal Equilibrium’ conditions.

Neither atoms have yet existed, nor protons and neutrons. The temperature of this early totality of mass-energy has been higher than 1011 degrees Kelvin, namely, much over 1,000,000,000,000 degrees Kelvin. [FIG. 2, below this Table]

The laws of physics are introduced no later than when gravity begins to control the expansion of the universe from this very hot-dense beginning and gravity attractive role begins its everlasting transformation of chaos into structures.

These laws, and a cosmic clock, ‘day’, ‘stage’, or duration at and after Creation have been the most intriguing and most challenging issues of humanity during all historical times up to the reading of these lines.

Einstein’s General Relativity [Introduction], our best verified theory of gravitation, combined with what we know today about quantum physics [Introduction], the hydrogen bomb, thermonuclear reactions in the sun and in galaxies [see below], when combined with all verifiable knowledge that we possess today, provide us with reasonable insight about what had happened during this ‘1st Day’ and during the next five, and, especially, when ‘SHABBAT’ (‘Saturday’) has entered the HAVAHYAH-


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induced world picture of mortals.

RECAP: For mortals there is neither time nor law before Creation. Recent observations, including the ones based on ‘relativistic gravitational lens’, have already reached the seventh ‘Day’ of Genesis, but not earlier. We currently have direct verifiable records of the remnant micro-wave thermal radiation that has emerged from the end of ‘Day’ six, and the frozen neutron-proton ratio of about 1 to 5 from Day 5, as verified by all observations.

DAY

2 Einsteinian gravitation and quantum particle physics rule that ‘elementary particles’ pairs be "created" out of the gravitational field. Hence this ‘Day’ is termed ‘PARTICLE CREATION DAY’ [FIG. 2] (Evidence and theories about such ‘elementary particles’, as the building ‘entities’ of matter, e.g., quarks8-17, Introd. abound. [CPP, Ref. 1])

>1012

K

DAY

3 This is ‘THE DAY OF ISOTROPISATION’ that was established between strongly interacting ‘elementary particles’, such as photons, neutrinos, leptons, mesons, and nucleons, and their antiparticles8-17, Introd.. [FIG. 2] [CPP, Ref. 1]

>1012

K

DAY

4

Cosmic temperature now drops to about 100,000,000,000 degrees Kelvin. The entire universe may now contain only photons, neutrinos, anti-neutrinos, muons, anti-muons, electrons and positrons antiparticles8-17, Introd.. [FIG. 2] [CPP, Ref. 1]. As the temperature dropped further, the neutrinos and antineutrinos decoupled from other ‘elementary particles’: A duration termed ‘NEUTRINO DECOUPLING’. [FIG. 2]

1011

K

DAY

5

Electron-positron pairs began to annihilate each other and the cooling of the neutrinos and anti-neutrinos froze the neutron-proton ratio at about 1 to 5, as currently verified by all observations: This “Day’, is termed ‘HELIUM FORMATION DAY’. [FIG. 2]. At lower temperatures photons stop disintegration of the newly formed atoms: mainly hydrogen and helium. antiparticles8-17, Introd.. [FIG. 2] [CPP, Ref. 1].

1011K to

109K

DAY

6

Neutrons fused further with protons to form the first-ever atoms in relative concentrations as we observe them today in the vast cosmos. Further nucleosynthesis, as is

109

K


66

currently happening inside stars, including the sun, forms the nuclei of helium and other heavier elements that we observe today. [TABLE II below]: This duration is termed ‘DEUTERIUM FORMATION DAY’. On this ‘Friday Night’, the world temperature dropped down to around 4,000 degrees Kelvin, just when ‘Saturday’ enters.

to

4000

K

FIG. 2: The First Seven ‘Days’ of the world history are marked here by

seconds, or earth-sun years (left), temperature in degrees Kelvin (right), or as

stages-Days as termed in Table I above

SHABBAT (Saturday); The ‘7th Day’

The observed abundance of hydrogen and helium in the universe is a remarkable confirmation of the aforestated sequence of events, especially the 1:5 frozen-in-ratio of neutrons-to-protons that took place during ‘Day 5’. Indeed, this ratio has remained and would remain as the time-invariant relic of these first six ‘days’ of the world history. None can change this re-verified fact.

The lapsed duration of the ‘7th Day’ is an open issue. It may include all our world history, until ‘here-now’, or it may be terminated when the first written language has been invented and human history had been


67

launched, an option we next adopt to conform with current scientific evidence.

The 7th Day is the first clear day in the world history.

The reasons for this claim are as follows:

• The cooling of the cosmic opaque medium had, for the first time in the world history, allowed photons and other types of radiation to get free from the agglomerating matter; free photons, neutrinos and anti-neutrinos get away from nuclei. Moreover, around 4000-3000 degrees Kelvin, the positively charged nuclei capture free electrons and at last have united to become stable atoms.

• The ‘Saturday’ relaxation has caused the entire cosmos to become clear and transparent for the first time in world history, for so far the entire universe has been entirely structure-less, and opaque [Table I].

• Radiation and matter were previously intimately coupled to each other - electrons scattered photons and everything was almost in complete uniformity in space, not in time, namely in equilibrium,.

• Except the expansion that increases the size of the finite but unbounded universe [CPP, Ref. 1]), the only clock, the sole ‘time’ that has been ruling the world until the late-comers invented another time about 6,000 sun-earth years ago.

• During the 7th day the cosmic expansion has continued to dilute and cool the cosmological fluid [plasma]. No substantial self-gravitating systems, not even proto-galaxies, or proto-stars have yet emerged as ‘Saturday’ enters the stage of world history.

• Nevertheless, some early variations in the density of the earlier “cosmic soup”, as confirmed today by giant telescopes and ‘gravitational lens’, have caused gradual but massive agglomerations of matter by the attractive force of gravity.

How do we know that?

Einstein has demonstrated the possibility of what is called magnifying gravitational lens [the bending of light when it passes near a large gravitating star, or a through a huge cluster of galaxies1, Introd.].


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Magnifying gravitational lens have recently become useful in astronomy to discover very faint, far away, young galaxies that have been formed during the 7th day. [In modern astronomy this period is also termed ‘dark ages’, for so far we had very little information on the period stretching from the first 200,000 to about 500,000 years ‘age’ of the universe.]

• The new discoveries reveal, inter alia (i) the “formless” or “structure-less” state of the early universe that is filled with a growing, structured hierarchy of mammoth stars, young-stars and, eventually, clusters or super-clusters of galaxies [FIG. 1, Introduction]; (ii) unknown tiny plants orbiting stars, the potential promise that life has been formed in other parts of the universe.

• Other civilizations I: No structured radiation spectrum, that can reveal the ‘reality’ of a higher civilization in ‘our’, 100,000 light-years in max diameter galaxy [FIG. 1, Introduction], or outside it, has yet been detected by radio telescopes, or by other detectors and means that search for such a ‘proof’.

• Other civilizations II: Potential beings from a higher civilization may not reach this planet prior to their electromagnetic waves that travel in SPACES “1”, “2” or “3” [FIG. 1, Introduction] at close to the speed of light during hundreds, thousands, millions and billions of sun-earth years prior to reaching our telescopes and other detectors.

• Other civilizations III: The aforementioned fact, by itself, does not mean that electromagnetic ‘proofs’ of other, higher civilizations, are not underway in the vast universe, and would reach this planet, and would be detected, in the future.

• Other civilizations IV: Any information, or response that may originate from us, would take the same time to travel to such a civilization, or back to it. Hence, the hope of many to communicate now with a higher civilization is still an illusion.


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3

World History Until the Birth of Monotheism in UR

It is better to debate a question without settling it, than to settle a question without debating it.

Joseph Joubert

TABLE II

Yrs Ago

Highly Condensed World History Until the Birth of

Monotheism in UR

13.7 billion

HAVAHYAH-induced LAW, or the laws of physics as we know them today, control the expansion of the universe away from a very hot-dense beginning [Table I]. There is yet neither intergalactic SPACE “1”, nor stars and galaxies in SPACES “2” and “3”. (FIG. 1, Introduction)

13.7 billion

less 300k

The atoms are formed when the radiation-dominated era of the cosmos comes to a close. [Table I]. It happens when the density of radiation (photons and neutrinos) drops below the (rest-mass) density of matter (mainly hydrogen and helium) and the cosmic temperature starts dropping below about 3000 degrees Kelvin.

During the first six days of our world history [Table I], the gravity-induced, proto-structures did not exist.


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At this stage in the world history, gravity attractive forces anywhere in the cosmos, begin their everlasting transformation of chaos into structures and the opaque universe gradually becomes clear for the passage of radiation from proto-emitters towards other proto-emitters SPACE “1” (FIG. 1), clashing about midway on the surface of adiabatic cells that wrap each cluster or super-cluster of galaxies. That is the beginning of all irreversibility in nature; -- irreversibility that leads to life about 8.8 billion years later.

As gravity-induced, proto-structures start to form about 300,000-500,000 years after Creation, ‘measurable distances’ between self-gravitating entities in the yet relatively small cosmos, start to form and increase with cosmic time [Table I], i.e., with the world expansion. Combined with gravity this expansion begins, for the first time in world history, to function as the CAUSE of galaxies and stars to shine, including, much later, supernovae.

13.7 billion

less 300k

to 500k

The earliest stars gradually emerge when the cosmic temperature drops below 4000-3000 degrees Kelvin. Some of these early structures are about 20 to more than 100 times the mass of the sun.

The increasing gravity-induced pressure and temperature inside the cores of such early stars ignites thermonuclear reactions that are later completed in relatively short cosmic times.

This causes them to spread intense radiation that initially may prevent the formation of other stars.

But such stars are gradually formed out of clouds of hydrogen and helium surrounding these mega stars.

Billions of galaxies, each containing about 10 million to trilion stars, emerge and radiate into proto-intergalactic SPACE “1” (FIG. 1) as verified by astronomical observations and astrophysics, including the study of gravitational lens.

4.567 billion

Earth and other planets are formed from supernova ashes floating in the vicinity of the sun -- rocks, meteorites, clouds of dust and gas. The earth gradually becomes bigger and rounded by the


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inner-pulling attractive force of gravity. With the other planets it starts to circle the sun as modest member of the solar system. The solar system is formed about 4.5 billion years ago. It generates light and a magnetic field that reverses direction about every eleven years. Hot sunspots on the surface of the sun, and solar wind [hot plasma] affect the solar planets and generate a huge shock wave at the solar system edge as the solar wind clashes with spreading out plasma winds from other, nearby stars.

4.550 to

4.404 billion

Geologists reveal lead isotopes that had been on earth since 4.54 billion years ago, with a precision of 1%.

Crystals of zircon from Australia provide 4.55 billion years as earth age.

A compromise between astronomers and palanetologists that includes the “radiometric age dating” of meteorite material and lunar samples, fix the age of our planet at 4.404 billion years.

4.533 billion

‘Our’ moon starts to orbit earth, causing gravity-induced tides that would affect the evolution of life by adaptation to and exploiting the resulting sun-moon periodical cycles.

Hot water springs were discovered in 2006 on the moon Enceladus -- the first time evidence of water in liquid form has been discovered.

However, if Enceladus had harbored life, it may had been limited to microbes or other robust organisms capable of living in extreme conditions.

3.530 billion

The geo-bio-chemical evolution of earth starts. Gravity becomes the selective force for creating the pre-conditions for the creation of life: First by pulling down into the earth's center the heavy elements, such as iron, thereby forcing out gases and lighter elements, like silicon-based compounds, to form the earth's crest; rocks, volcanic lava, soil.

The so-ejected gases form the gravity-induced, early, hydrogen-rich earth atmosphere, which, later becomes our present biosphere.


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What is to emerge later as our bio-sphere gradually changes into oxygen-nitrogen-rich one.

Gravity-induced structuring of the earth (core, mantle, crust and atmosphere), start to produce biomonomers, amino-acids, and – via early polymerization -- DNA, m-RNA, t-RNA, enzymes, proteins, ADP, cellular organization, biological clocks and some primitive, single cellular organizms.

3 billion

Singlene-celled organisms combine to form multicellular organisms, with higher degrees of structuring and complexity.

2 billion

Reproduction means are originated by gravity-induced, irreversible processes. First these reproduction processes involve only single-cell organisms, but later two different organisms exchanging DNA heredity code for reproduction of a newly-born organism have emerged.

Some of the newly-born organisms lacked the capability to reproduce and vanish from the history of life.

Female and male entities have gradually evolved to reproduce by combining DNA of the two parents.

Different types, locations and orientations of legs, wings, eyes, hair, digestive systems, mouth and reproductive organs evolve under the influence of and in response to gravity.

Some biological clocks associated with fertility are gravitationally linked to the moon gravity and tides. The head-legs super-structure-orientation of the embryo is formed by gravity-induced orientation [1].

4.5 to 0.543 billion

Precambrian Era, fragmented into: Hadean [4.5 to 3.8 million YRS AGO]; Achaean [3.8 to 0.543 million YRS AGO]; further fragmented into Paleoproterozoic [2.5 to 1.6 billion YRS AGO]; Proterozoic [2.5 to 0.543 million YRS AGO]; Mesoproterozoic [1.6 to 0.9 billion YRS AGO]; Neoproterozoic [0.900 to 0.543 million YRS AGO], Vendian [0.650 to 0.543 billion YRS AGO];

650 to 543 mill.

The oldest animal fossils are discovered as existing in the Vendian era.

Fish evolve into the first creatures on land, moving on land


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with primitive four legs, backbones and eyes on the top of their heads rather than on the side. [Various types of such ‘mermaids’ have survived and are sometimes caught by fishermen.] Unlike other fish, such land types could move their head independently of its shoulders, like current land animal. They grow overlapping ribs that could support the body against gravity. Evidence is based on a fossil from Canada, Ellesmere Island. A meat-eater named “Tiktaalik”, a 2006 find, is 4 to 9 feet long and looks like a cross between a fish and a crocodile.

543 to 248 mill.

Paleozioc Era [543 to 248 million YRS AGO], fragmented into: Cambrian [543 to 490 million YRS AGO]; Ordovician [490 to 443 million YRS AGO]; Silurian [443 to 417 million YRS AGO]; Devonian [417 to 354 million YRS AGO]; Carboniferous [354 to 290 million YRS AGO]; Permian [290 to 248 million YRS AGO]

248 to 65

mill.

Mesozoic Era, fragmented into: Triassic [248 to 206 million YRS AGO]; Jurassic [206 to 144 million YRS AGO]; Cretaceous [144 to 65 million YRS AGO].

Asteroids falling on earth cause global climatic catastrophes on the average every 100,000 years. One of them, marked 2004SB, is about 1.3 kilometer wide, and it may hit earth around November 1, 2141. Yet it may be diverted away by solar sails or other means, if required.

230 to 65

mill.

Various types of dinosaurs live around the globe for about 155 million years. They became extinct by gravity-induced climatic phenomena that lead to lack of water/grass. Some ‘Dino-Birds’ have survived and have evolved into many familiar bird species.

55 mill.

Mammoths, mastodons, and elephants emerge. The first mammoths emerged in Africa. They later reached Europe and Siberia. One branch reached North America about 1,700,000 YRS AGO.

50 – 45

mill.

Gravitationally-pushed glaciers advancing South, forced mammoths to what is now the state of South Dakota.

50 to The plate that carries the Indian subcontinent is pushed up, gradually forming the Himalayas.


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45 mill.

The new barrier to global wind changes weather patterns, altering average temperatures and ecological systems. Climates that had been tropical had turned largely temperate, jungles had thinned out, and fruits and nuts normally available year around began to appear only seasonally. The changing conditions for feeding, outside the forest in the resulting savanna, attracted forest-dwelling apes in search of food. Once out of the forest these apes began to evolve rapidly. The grasslands favored the survival of those who could stand up; for an erect position enables to see over the grass to spot and hunt their prey, and to see and escape the animals that preyed on them. Thus they were able to survive longer and produce more offspring who shared their characteristics. After many generations they had evolved into the upright-standing-walking hominids in Eastern Africa. Intellect henceforth is aided by fore-limbs freed from tasks of walking.

65 to 1.8

mill.

Cenozoic Era [65 million YRS AGO until present], fragmented into: Paleocene [65 million to 54,800,000 YRS AGO]; Eocene [54.8 to 33.7 million YRS AGO]; Oligocene [33.7 to 23.8 million YRS AGO]; Miocene [23.8 to 5.3 million YRS AGO]; Pliocene [5.3 to 1.8 million YRS AGO].

14 to 12

mill.

Experience with gravity-induced factors, grew in hominids into primitive but intelligent thinking. Hominids divert from Orangutans in Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia

8 to 6 mill.

Hominids lived together with Chimpanzees. Several hominids may be our ancestors: Sahelanthropous techadensis, Orrorin tugenesis and Ardipithecus kadabba.

3.2 to 1.8

mill.

Gravity-induced changes in the environment, e.g., when a volcano erupts, cause changes in feeding behavior of hominids, and thus changes in teeth, jaws, legs, backbone, etc. Skeleton structure adapts to enhance motility. Loss of oestrus by the female hominid. This sexual rhythm differentiated them from all other animals. New modes of mating improve the selection of a partner lead to prolonged infant dependency, stable and more


75

enduring family units. Hominid “Lucy” lived in Afar, Hadar, Northern Ethiopia, about 3.2 million years ago. She had short legs. But the structure of her knee and pelvis indicates that she routinely walked upright on two legs. However, chimpanzees also occasionally walk upright for short periods of time and genetic studies show that humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor about 8,000,000 YRS AGO. Descendants split into chimps and hominids. Other sites from 2,000,000 to 1,400,000 YRS AGO include Turkana, Kanapoi, Olduvaland and Ubeidiya. Some 17 or 19 gravity-induced ‘ice ages’ since 3,000,000 years ago have strongly affected ecological systems on earth. Each lasted about 50,000 to 100,000 years and each had lowered the surface of the oceans, resulting in climate-induced changes in life and ecological systems, e.g., U-shaped valleys in North America and Canada. Ice melting lead to destruction of creatures which had adapted to colder climates.

1.8 to 1.4

mill.

First-ever human-like ‘settlement’ in the hot Jordan valley, near lake of Galilee, in Ubeidiya, where the Jordan River, meets a small river from the Porria Valley. This unique site consists of 'living floors' that include tools such as hand axes, picks, bifaces, pebble-core tools. Bones found at the site include extinct species of hippopotamus, deer, and mollusks. The site contains different layers of alternating floors of animal-bones vs. lake-fish-bones with no floors. The layers with floors are composed of river-rounded-stones and include the tools mentioned above. The alternating layers correspond to repeated expansions and contractions of the ancient Lake of Galilee. When the lake was contracting, the animals and hominids who had migrated from East Africa via the Red and Dead Seas found there unique feeding site that allowed them to surpass the ‘technology’ of the Neanderthals.

From there, our surviving ancestors gradually spread to all corners of the world. Various hominids migrated from the Jordan River to Europe and West Asia. Their earliest migration waves have not survived in these colder climates, but later migrations of more advanced hominids have


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survived.

0.5 to 0.028 mill.

Neanderthals split from Jordan Valley and Carmel Caves hominids. About 400 of their remains have been found. They made their last stand in Gibraltar. Like apes, they lacked a bony chin and their nose was more prominent than ours. Yet, they had a larger and broader face than ours. Their skull has a receding forehead and low braincase, but their brain is larger than those of our ancestors. Moreover, they used fire and introduced burial sites, as did our Carmelite ancestors..

500k to 40k

Carmel Caves is occupied by migrants from Ubeidiya. The Tabun Cave has the longest sequence of occupation, almost half a million years. The dwellers used improved hand axes of flint or limestone for killing animals (gazelle, hippopotamus, rhinoceros and wild cattle) and for digging out plant roots. Hand axes became smaller and better shaped and scrapers, made of thick flakes chipped off flint cores, were used for scraping meat off bones and for processing animal skins. Upper levels in the Tabun Cave consist mainly of clay and silt, indicating that a colder, more humid climate prevailed when glaciers formed once more; this caused the Mediterranean Sea level to drop some 100m to its present level. It also produced a wider coastal strip, covered by dense forests and swamps. Trash in such sites reveals diet of consisting of fruit, seeds, roots and leaves with meat supplements.

1,800k to

prsnt

The Quaternary Era is fragmented into the Pleistocene [1.8 million to 10k YRS AGO] and Holocene [10k to present]

120k Burial tradition spreads. Skeleton of a female buried inside a stone niche just outside a Carmel Cave is one of the most ancient human skeletal remains.

100k to 13k

Migrations from Ubeidiya to the rest of the world is proved by studies of complete Mitochondrial DNA sequence. In Ubeidiya, during 1.4 million years, hominids have ‘self-educated’ themselves to graduate as ‘modern humans’. They have later survived with relatively advanced technology in other climates Fourteen skeletons uncovered, including three complete ones; that define an archaic type of Homo sapiens, are


77

closely related to modern humans in physical appearance with delicate facial features, a protruding chin and straight forehead, has been fully developed in the Carmel Caves and the Jordan River. Carmel graves show a cult and rituals related to death and spiritual realm.

100k Migration from Ubeidiya to the Indian subcontinent.

67k to 10,500

Further migration from Ubeidiya to China. More inventions of skills in fishing and fire making emerge. 40k YRS AGO, further migrations from Ubeidiya to Europe. 35k YRS AGO, the earliest clothed body discovered in Russia. 30k YRS AGO: Beginning of the last North-American ice age. Mitochondrial-DNA studies provide evidence for migration to the Baikal Lake area in Southern Siberia, across the Bering land bridge, to Alaska, North America and further South along the coast. 27k YRS AGO, caves in Africa abound with paintings and carvings. 20k YRS AGO, further migration to North America via the Bering land bridge. 15k YRS AGO, domestication of dogs from a few ancestor wolfs starts in China. 13k YRS AGO, further migration from North to South America. 12,500 to 10,500 YRS AGO, Natufian culture on Mount Carmel emerges. Plant-gathering and animal-hunting is transformed to plant-growing and animal-domestication. The level of the Mediterranean Sea rose again, as the glacial period came to an end, and the coastline stabilized to roughly its present contours. Carmel settlements become permanent, consisting of a few families living together in a kind of a village that serves as a base for hunting expeditions and food gathering. Improved Natufian flint tools are used primarily as scrapers of animal skins. Decorative beads, blades for cutting meat and sawing bone and sickle blades (secured in wooden or bone scythes) emerge


78

for harvesting grain (which left a characteristic gloss on the edge of the blades). Microliths of a lunatic shape are used as arrowheads, harpoons and fish hooks. Grinding tools, mortars and pestles made of stone are used for food processing.

12,000 to

11,200

Further migrations from Asia across the Bering land bridge to the Americas. Migrants’ artifacts in Clovis, N.M., North America.

10,000 Main racial groups are frozen in territories that they dominate. Cultivation of primitive forms of rice in South-East Asia emerges. Pottery is produced in Japan 9,818 YRS AGO. Human remains in ‘On Your Knees’ cave in Alaska. 9,500 YRS AGO, evidence of harvesting of wild grasses in Asia Minor. 9,400 YRS AGO, human remains in Kennewick, on the Western Coast of North America. 8,640 YRS AGO, human remains in Palli Aike, at the Southern end of Chile.

9200 Village and perhaps a shrine in Jericho, the Jordan Valley. Jericho is considered by some scholars as the birthplace of civilization, but see Ur below.

8,100 End of the last ‘Ice Age’. Ocean water level rising. New ecosystems start to emerge.

7,000

to

5,500

The first recognizable civilization: The Ubaid Culture, Ur, is established on the fertile soil formed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in an area close to where they flow into what is today Iraq, near the Persian or Arabic Gulf. It is also called Sumer. Yet, other call it the ‘the land between the two rivers’, ‘the Ur Civilization’, or ‘Ki-engir’, ‘Acadi’ as the Bible refers to it sometimes via other names, including Ur. Its first settlers are called Ubaidians. Their name is derived from Tel al'Ubaid, near the city of Ur. 6600 YRS AGO, the Ubaidians living in villages develop systems to drain marshes and irrigate their crops by digging ditches to river waters. As in the Carmel culture, they learned to keep farm animals and develop weaving, leather work and copper and bronze metallurgy. They are involved in trade with nearby societies. 6100 YRS AGO, the Ubaidians develop large ovens for


79

baking bread. In Tell Hamoukar, a protective city wall is erected. Primitive hieroglyphics is also developed, mainly for record keeping of trade transactions. It has evolved into the first written language. Villages had local religious cult centers, each with its particular god. One of these, Eridu, is traced back to about 7000 YRS AGO. It later had a temple with monumental architecture that goes back to around 6500 YRS AGO. Semites have worked their way from the Carmel Caves into the fertile Ur area. An U’baid site at Yarim Tepe yielded several hundred grindstones and grinders in a single room. A simple machine is devised to make pottery easier to manufacture and paint. Pottery emerges as Ubaid Style of Art, with its monochrome black painting. The earliest historical division of labor evolves. Stamp seals are used at various Ubaid-culture sites as precursors to writing. Earlier flint sickles are replaced by clay sickles. A religious temple dedicated to Nin-Khursag (Ninhursag) was uncovered at al'Ubaid, with a dedication inscription from A-anni-padda, king of Ur and son of Mes-anni-padda, king of Ur. Uncovered “Sumerian King List” shows that they are from the First Dynasty of Ur. The Ubaidians were then invaded by the Sumerians and a new era starts to evolve. As with the Ubaidians, the origin of the Sumerians is not clear. Their language, which has survived through writing, bears some resemblance to the Ural-Altaic languages. Earlier than 9,000 YRS AGO Ali Kosh becomes a village with wide lanes and rectangular houses. Sheep and goats are well domesticated, while fishing in nearby marshes and irrigation gradually evolves to help grow cereal crops by at least 8000 YRS AGO[19].

5.9k Sumerians completely replace Ubaidians and construct improved canals for irrigating crops and for transporting crops by boat to village centers.[18, 19] They also improve the roads over which their donkeys trod, some of their donkeys pulling wheeled carts. As the UR/Sumerian population increased, the key element in creating a civilization - a word derived from an ancient word for city – had emerged.


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At least fifteen cities had emerged: Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Eridu, Sipper, Nippur, Adab, Umma, Larsa, Eshnunna, Shaduppum, Isin, and Shurupak. Ur, for example, has increased to a city of about 24,000 people and Uruk to around 45,000. Around each city were fields of grain, orchards of date palms, and land for herding. Besides planting and harvesting crops, the Sumerians hunted, fished, or raised livestock. Sufficient food is produced to support population that has further developed professions: Priesthood[18], pottery making, weaving, carpentry, early metallurgy and trading. The Sumerians have also developed trade by sea and designed and constructed seaworthy boats and even ships. They imported key commodities made from wood, stone, tin and copper.


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4 ________________________________________________________

The History of UR as Background for the

Origin of Monotheism

And the name of the third river is Hidde-kel [Tigris];

which flows toward the east of Ashur. And the fourth river is Euphrates.

Genesis 2:14

Te’rah begat Abram, Nahor, and Ha’ran; and Ha’ran begat Lot.

And Ha’ran died before his father Te’rah, in the land of his nativity,

in Ur Kasdim [of the Chal’dees].

Genesis, 11; 27, 28

Get yourself out of your country, And from your kindred,

And from your father’s house, To the land that I will show you.

Genesis 12:1

Ur is among other first-timer civilizations in the world history, like Egypt, India and China. It entered recorded human history around 7000 years ago. Ur is unique for it is the first recognizable civilization, for it is where the first full-fledged written language was invented.1 1 The location of UR is on the fertile soil formed by repeated flooding and deposition of rich fertile soil between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, in an area that currently Southern Iraq, close to where they down-flow into the Persian-Arabic Gulf. Its original name, however, as had been used by its the founders, is not clear, and was probably not a single uniform name. Both Ur and Sumer, or Shumer, will be used henceforth to refer to this important civilization in the history of the world. Nevertheless some scholars refer to it as the ‘the land between the two rivers’, Ki-engir, Acadian, Akkadian, etc., while the Bible refers to it with other names, including Ur.[18]

Hidde-kel and Euphrates are amongst four rivers identified in the original Bible as leading to Eden, the garden of Eden and the river of Eden. Hidde-kel was later shortened to Diklat. The Persians pronounced it, Tigra, from whence the Greek name Tigris. In Arabic it is, Dijla. Idikna, Idikla, or Idiklat. The city of Ur is located at Tell el-Mukayyar which in ancient texts was named Uriwa or Urima and later Uru. Shinar is also designation applied to Mesopotamia: the ‘land between the two rivers’. It is mentioned eight times in the original Hebrew Bible in reference to a later civilization: Babylonia.


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Shinar may have also included Erech, or Ur/Shumer. The Euphrates is also called Puranum [meaning, Great water] or Pura, or Purat, or Ufratu. In Greek it is Euphrates and in Arabic Furat.

Once a complete writing language has evolved in UR, its surviving records -- on time-invariant clay tablets -- have provided us with details of incredibly rich culture that had flourished mainly from about 6500 to 4700 years ago and has been later adopted, almost in its entirety, by Babylonian civilization. Some parts of this civilization, like the use of seconds, minutes, an hour and numerology, have been adopted by all other subsequent civilizations, until today.

• Poems, anecdotes, prose, huge decorated temples, pantheon of gods, diversified theology, cosmology, political system, government, organized armies, numerology, etc., had all flourished there. No such parallels in Egypt, India and China had emerged that early. Hence, Ur/Sumer is widely recognized as the first full fledged civilization on earth.

• Only a minor portion of its great epics have survived, some of which via the Bible. For example, the story of Gilgamesh2, the flood, Noah, the ark and Ur, the birthplace of Abraham, the biblical founder of monotheism.

The Ubaidians

Around 7,000 to 5500 years ago, the first settlers in UR are called Ubaidians. Their name is derived from Tel al'Ubaid, near the city of Ur. There is no evidence to back-link them with Ubeidiya, more than a million years earlier. Nevertheless, as recent DNA-based studies link humans around the world to Ubeidiya, it may be a plausible assumption.

2 Gilgamesh ruled Uruk and was probably the first world poet and author of great epics. One of his epics relates to the coming of a great flood, which obliterates mankind except for a single righteous family that has survived the flood by constructing an ark. It is from this single family that an improved race has emerged and inherited the earth. There are also original Ur/Sumerian epics resembling the later written Biblical Eden, Creation of the world and the creation of man from mud or dust. The Ur/Sumerian literature, cosmogony, theology and rituals, have also influenced the next civilizations to such an extent that even today one can observe their various echoes in the Judeo-Christian and Islamic traditions.


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About 6600 years ago, the Ubaidians living in villages3 developed systems to drain marshes and irrigate their crops by digging ditches to river waters. As in the earlier Carmel culture [Table II], they learned to keep farm animals and probably developed weaving, leather work and even copper and bronze metallurgy. They were also involved in trade with nearby societies: West, east, North and South of their unique land.

• At about 6100 years ago the Ubaidians developed large

ovens for baking bread. In Tell Hamoukar, a protective city wall had been erected

• Hieroglyphics were first developed, mainly for record-

keeping of trade transactions. Gradually these hieroglyphics

have evolved into the first written language. (see below) 3 Villages had local religious cult centers, each with its locally particular god. One of these, Eridu, is traced back to about 7000 years ago. It later had a temple with monumental architecture that goes back to around 6500 years ago. Some scholars consider the people of Ur ‘Semites’ and assume that multiple migrating wave of Semites have worked their way into the fertile Ur/Sumerian area, either peacefully or by force. It was during the Ubaid period that a simple machine was devised to make pottery easier to manufacture and paint. Pottery gradually became more uniform, conforming to an Ubaid Style of Art, with its monochrome black painting. The invention of a more advanced potters' wheel emerged at the end of the Ubaid era. Other scholars assume that within this period the early historical division of labor had started to evolve. Stamp seals have been found at various Ubaid-culture sites, perhaps as precursors to writing (see below). Earlier flint sickles had gradually been replaced by clay sickles. A great temple was uncovered at al'Ubaid, with a dedication inscription from A-anni-padda, king of Ur and son of Mes-anni-padda, also a king of Ur. According to the “Sumerian King List” that has survived, they are from the First Dynasty of Ur.

Ubaid Invaded By Sumerians

About 5900 years ago the Sumerians replaced Ubaidians and constructed improved canals for irrigating crops and for transporting crops by boat to village centers.

• Disciplined infantry in a phalanx with overlapping shields and leveled spears appear on monuments from Ur. They have also introduced a new key weapon: A bow composed of interlocked wood and horn strips, which has provided their arrows with a longer range.

• The Sumerians had also introduced the foundations of

mathematics, establishing the technique of expressing numbers


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by position and sign, the sixty-based system in our circle of 360 degrees and the hour of sixty minutes. A later Babylonian cosmogony is based on the Sumerian one, with creation of the world from watery medium and the eventual generation of mankind.

• As a well-functioning civilization, Ur/Sumer lasted about 1,300

years, roughly from 5300 to 4000 years ago. Then the Elamites invaded and sacked Ur.4

4 Hammurabi of Babylon defeated Rim-Sin of Larsa (about 3823-3763) and became the sole ruler of Ur/Sumer/Akkad. This date probably marks the end of the Sumerian empire. Sumerian civilization, was then adopted almost in its entirety by Babylonia.

How The First Writing Language Was Invented The invention of the first full-fledged writing language in history is attributed to both the Ubaidians and the Sumerians. That great historical progress coincides with the gradual transition from hunting-gathering families, groups, and tribes, to permanent agrarian communities, villages and cities, incorporating principal sites and private property.

The needs to mark and count private property, such as parcels of land, animals or measures of grain, or evidence of trade in transferring private property to another, or contribute it to the cult center to please the local priest/god, were probably the main driving force for the invention of a writing language. Then, as ‘by-products’, rich literature, list of kings and a religious mythology have emerged and survived on clay tablets.

The first evidence of recording of property was discovered as "counting tokens", such as those depicted here. These may represent numerical records of trade, or goods provided to the temple priest/god.


85

The Evolution of the Cuneiform writing

Around 6100-5800 such records were gradually transformed into more meaningful symbols that could be impressed or inscribed into a wet clay -- prior to drying it. Such records are precursors of a written language. Some pictographs have also served as bases for developing a written language. Both were gradually stylized, rotated with respect to the common ‘up-down vector of gravity’, and then impressed on a soft wet clay with a wedge shaped stylus to become the script known today as Cuneiform writing. Examples and their meanings are shown below.

Head Foot Sun "day" Hand woman

Excavations of the ancient city of Ugarit, have also produced texts in a cuneiform script that were consonantal [no vowels] and in the order of the Alef-Beyt, as shown.

This is the oldest full-fledged writing language known.

The Sumerians also wrote arithmetic based on units of ten They wrote by pressing picture representations into a wet clay. Such records were read as a common language when their ‘up-down’ and ‘left-right’


86

orientations were agreed upon by the priest or king and enforced by hard education.

• Apparently such education was enforced by punishable training. Such teaching was aimed to associate man-made symbols with things, animals and spoken sounds.

• Gradually, when combined and added together via the enforced common order of symbols and a gravity-induced orientation to represent the spoken sounds, they have evolved and stayed with the Sumerians for hundreds of years. But there was much more to such combined symbols, as we shall see next

The Emergence of Religious Order

The invention of writing was immediately exploited as a tool to tighten the control of kings and priests over the population, for it was used by rulers and priests to increase their assets and control. Moreover, the written language helped to construct and control bigger villages, towns and cities.

• One of the uses of certified seals was to convey ruling power over a growing population.

• It is in Ur/Summer that a close relationship between religion and government had evolved in a unique way.

The Origin of Our Seconds, Minutes, Hours and Numerology

Concerned about their cosmological-star-gods, the Sumerians needed to map the fixed and moving stars. That prompted them to divide the sky circle into units of sixty, each 6 degrees, from which they also invented the 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in an hour. Therefore, when we use these in everyday life, we are using an ancient culture, a culture that we often take for granted, namely, without inquiring about its origin and background. Organized Education, Judicial Law and Women’s Equality The first-ever organized system of education was also introduced in Ur.

Sumerian Lyre


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The legal idea of justice, with or without clear division between secular and religious authorities, played a basic role in Ur. Monogamous families were gradually established by law, which also gave women important rights. Divorce, for instance, was conducted by law that provided equitable treatment of divorced wives. Sumerian pictorial art portrays women in skirts, clean-shaved men and uniformly dressed soldiers and men sitting in armchairs with cups in their hands while musicians play for them. Some scholars therefore assume that the first musical instrument in the ancient world is the depicted Sumerian Lyre.

UR as Precursor of Monotheism UR5-8 is indentified with Uruk and the biblical Erech. The Talmud also identifies Ur Kaśdim with Erech in a place called Urichus. 5 According to Islamic tradition Abram, or Abraham, lived in Edessa Sanli Urfa, a site of a mosque called the Mosque of Abraham. The Talmud and some Arabic writers regard Erech, or Orek, as the birthplace of Abraham. The cuneiform writing refers to this city as Urnki. Ur is also identified with the current Iraqi city Mugheir, or Mughayyar, also called Urumma, or Urima, and later Uru in a district called Chaldea, or Kaldu. Ur Kaśdim is also identified with the Turkish name Urfa, which, in turn, is derived from Orhāy and the Greek Ορρα, Orrha. 6 Ur is a well-investigated archeological site.[18] Its castle-temple is depicted above and its Bible account is as the hometown of the first Hebrew and the most pious father of Monotheism, Abraham. Those who are considered descendants of Abraham are known as ‘Hebrews’, ‘Ishmaels’ and Druzes. 7 Ur was constantly at war with nearby city-states. It was attacked by raiders from Akkad. It then entered a stage comparable to the Dark Ages, and remained so until a new king, Ur-Nammu came to power. Under his rule a government was established which enforced its laws and rules strictly. Temples were re-built, including the biggest and most beautiful: The Ziggurat, depicted above. This period ended when northern tribes attacked and Ur was occupied by Babylonians. 8 The British Museum began excavations there in 1919 and was joined later by the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. The ruins of Ur were found and first excavated by the British consul J.E. Taylor, who partly uncovered the ziggurat of Nanna. The expedition completely excavated the ziggurat, the entire temple area at Ur, and parts of the residential and commercial quarters of the city. The most spectacular discovery was the Royal Cemetery. It contained art treasures of gold, silver, bronze, and precious stones.


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The Sumerians also invoked the idea of the creation of man from several models or designs that had been created from clay mud or dust, prior to the final selection of man. They probably introduced the faith in life after death, and the idea of Sheol [hell]. Through the invention of the cuneiform writings, we can read today hymns, myths, lamentations, incantations and the structure of their religious world. The priesthood maintained great power over the population through omens and dreams, while some of the kings claimed divine power. The temples included many rooms for priests and priestesses and were decorated with human and animal figures. Some have evolved into towering ziggurats in which priests, priestesses, musicians, singers, castrates and hierodules performed. Various public rituals and food sacrifices were performed daily, while other, like a New-Year celebrations, annually. Lamentations reveal that people asked and prayed while confessing sins. From surviving records of hymns and myths, a picture of the creation of the universe emerges. according to the Sumerians. The primeval sea (abzu) existed before anything else, and within it, the heaven (an) and the earth (ki) were formed. The boundary between heaven and earth was firm and solid. The earth was a flat disk, while the brighter spots were the stars, sun and moon. An, god of heaven, is the main god of the pantheon. Ki is probably the earth goddess Ninhursag (queen of the mountains), Ninmah (the exalted lady), or Nintu (the lady who gives birth). Enki, during the first days, needed things that were created. First the Heaven and Earth were separated. An took Heaven, Enlil took earth. Nammu is the Goddess of the watery abyss, the primeval sea. She may be the earliest of deities within Sumerian cosmology as she gave birth to heaven and earth. She is elsewhere described both as the mother of all gods and as wife of An, Enki's mother. Anunnaki’s temple was in Erech. He and Enlil give the gods, goddesses and kings their regions of divine power.

More on the Origin of Monotheism The Hebrews are the first to collectively arrive at and obey the abstract notion of a single, Almighty God, The Creator, and later, to forbid, via the Ten Commandments and the rest of the Torrah[18], God’s representation by any image, statue, painting or icon. No people has produced a greater historical impact from the idea of Monotheism.18, 19

In trying to comprehend the origin of Monotheism I shall briefly stop at the pantheon of gods in Ur/Sumer.9 9 The Akkadian top god was Marduk. All land belonged ultimately to the gods, while the king-priest was their vicar. The various gods were eventually organized to play special roles in society. There were gods of the air and water as well as the goddess of love and procreation and war named Ishtar, as was later mentioned in the Bible. One may therefore label the Sumerian religious government as the beginning of a systematic and organized theology.

Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic, and initially Abram) was 75 years old when he left his Ur/Sumer. He was probably forced to leave because of his radical belief in Monotheism and his total rejection of the pantheon of gods. This was probably the beginning of Monotheism. His son, Itzhaak [Isaac] defined early monotheism simply as: “The God of my father, the God of Abraham” [Genesis 31:42].


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All Abrahamic religions are deduced from Abraham’s early idea of a single, ONE GOD. Unlike his children Isaac and Jacob, Abraham tried to spread Monotheism through people who had not been 'blood-related'.

Christianity had first spread to Egypt, Greece and Rome. It was later divided into various churches and denominations: On the 5th century between Western Catholicism and the Oriental Church (later divided into Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, etc) and on the 16th century into the Protestant Reformation and hundreds of Protestant denominations.[18]

Islam had originated and established by Muhammad in the 7th century in Mecca and Medina and is also a continuation of Abrahamic Monotheism. Through the son of Abraham, Ishmael, conceived through Abraham's servant Hagar, Muslims are also related to Abraham.

Abraham had 8 sons: Ishmael by his wife's servant Hagar, Isaac by his wife Sarah, and six by another wife, Keturah.

The Druzes also believe in the Abrahmic faith through their ancestor Yitro [Jethro], the father-in-law of Moshe [Moses]. The Noachide faith, is based upon the faith of Abraham through the children of Abraham.

Moses, Jesus, Muhammad and Bahaullah are all claimed to be descendants of Abraham through one of these sons and relatives.

The Bahai religion reconizes them all as precrusers of their universal faith according to which all people are citizens of planet earth and the beauty of the world shines at any place and via any religion.

The contents of Genesis, and later of the first five books of the Bible [Torah, Pentateuch] had existed when a written language was available at least in Ur.

There is little doubt, that since the aforementioned Summerian and Akkadian literature is so rich with epics, proverbs and wisdom anecdotes, that part of Genesis had been inspired by that civilization. Indeed, some parts of the Hebrew text concerning, say, the story of the great flood[18] , Gilgamesh and the implementation of the law have been so adopted. Yet, there is no surviving written evidence of any of the early Hebrew Biblical texts prior to the famous 2nd century Dead Sea Scrolls discovered only about two generations ago.


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One may therefore assume that the earliest written Hebrew texts were consonantal and that only much later, after the first exile, the Hebrew consonantal text had started to include vowels, especially when the early translators from Hebrew to Aramaic and Greek had to fix the proper pronounciation and understanding of the text.

These early editing processes have generated many textual variants, a process that has ended-up with thousands of variants of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible as we know them today.[18]

In fact, both Old and New Testaments have evolved over long periods of editorial process: Moreover, Psalms, Proverbs and Job in non-Hebrew texts, have reached their final form as late as the 4th century.

Eleazar, the high priest of Jerusalem, sent to PtolmeyPhiladelphus in Alexandrai, Egypt, at about 250 BCE, the Hebrew manuscripts of the Pentateuch to be translated into Greek -- the famous Septuagint -- about 400 years prior to the Hebrew 2nd century Dead Sea Scrolls.

There are at least 5,250 different manuscripts of the New Testament.10

Each translator or copier had to first master the Hebrew grammer, pronaunciation and meaning, a hard task for Many who had therefore turned to the Septuagint and later to Latin versions.

10 Andrew D. Benson, The True Origins of Christianity And The Bible, Prudential Publishing Company, Clovis, Ca, 1997 [18]. Mr. Benson has assembeled a massive amount of evidence and throughly documented it with over 2000 footnotes and references. He pointed out that prior to the first exile the Hebrews did not believe that there is life after death.


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5 _________________________________________________

Historical Event that Triggered

1000-Years of Retardation of Science

There is a substantial body of evidence, much of it stored in the Vatican; -- evidence about a single historical event that has triggered science retardation for about 1000 years. One cannot change historical facts. Nevertheless, one may raise the following question:

Would our knowledge today, in all branches of science, be at an un-imaginable higher level if that event in the history

of science had, somehow, been prevented?

For instance, would astronomy, mathematics and medicine, especially cancer, stroke, heart attacks would have been as they are today, if what is described below had been prevented?

* * *


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Born in the year 370 AC, the daughter of professor Theon [335-405 AC], himself a noted mathematician and philosopher, Hypatia became professor and the head of the world’s-greatest academy of philosophy and science in her time, in Alexandria, Egypt.

During that historical period, Alexandria was the most important

center of commerce, culture, science and philosophy of the Western World. Rome had been sacked and all its libraries and other records of science, medicine and philosophy have been lost. Only the great library in Alexandra had the core of recorded knowledge that has been accumulated until that time.

During Hypatia's lifetime, the Roman Empire was split into two. Roman law and power were challenged by Christian power.

At the very center of this tantalizing conflict, professor Hypatia,

is freely leading top world science and philosophy studies, while also leading an unprecedented, free-spirited lifestyle of feminine freedom, equality and independence.

Hypatia's intellectual gifts attracted a large number of students from all over the Roman Empire, from Spain to Persia, from Italy to Greece and Egypt.

She had many suitors but rejected all offers of marriage, preferring to live freely, and independent of any man, in a man's world, in which women were considered property of men, harboring no civil rights, denied accessibility to academia and higher education

Free and aloof, she lived inside the very vortex of the struggle between state and religion.

Many ancient documents have survived concerning the events

that happened between the years 412 to 415.

* * *

In 412 Cyril became the Christian patriarch of Alexandria. The Roman governor of Alexandria at that time was Orestes. Cyril and Orestes became bitter enemies, as the Christian church fought the state for control of the Western world of that time.


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‘Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesars’s;

and unto God the things that are God’s’

Matt. 22:21

Hypatia was a close friend of Orestes, and this fact, together with prejudice against her philosophical, astronomical, mathematical and free-spirited lifestyle, unprecedented for this era, led to Hypatia becoming the focal point of friction between Christians and other citizens. In great personal danger, she continued to teach and publish, until, in the year 415, she was set upon by a fanatical mob of Cyril's parishioners.

They dragged her from her chariot on her way to work, tore off her cloths, and, armed with sharp sea shells, flayed her flesh from her bones. Her remains were burned, her works banned.

With her gone, scholars run away from the center, in great fear for their life.

Much of ‘Western’ valuable scientific-philosophical knowledge

conducted until 415 AD, except for a relatively short period of advances made in algebra, medicine, etc. by Arab and Jewish scholars in Spain and in Egypt hundreds of years later, has since stopped for about 1000 years.

A great portion of science, stored and conducted until 415 AD in

that flourishing, unique and exclusive world center of science and philosophy was destroyed and lost forever to humanity.

Much of that great loss for humanity cannot be restored and

replaced. What ever had been recovered has been mainly made by Arabic translations of Greek and Latin documents that have survived and found in various places.

In trying to comprehend what was lost forever let us recall that

that world’s unique center had contained the greatest and unique collection of books that had previously been rescued from Rome, only to destroyed lost forever to humanity. And with that center gone, the next 1000 years of Western ‘Dark Ages’ emerged, stayed, and ruled our ancestors’ outlook, culture, lives and scientific progress.


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The ‘Dark Ages’, blocked the ‘Enlightenment Era’ for a millennium, with devastating consequences, which are with us today and tomorrow, in comparison with where in science and medicine we could have entertained now, and our children and their children tomorrow.

By the way, Cyril was made a saint by the Catholic Church.

Hence, Hypatia is more than a symbol, more than her actual

personality; she represents a role model for all humankind; males and females, religious or secular. None can change these facts. None can guarantee that civilization is not precarious anymore.

* * *

Hypatia’s modesty, eloquence, beauty, wisdom and courage, and her leading walks in the deserts of ancient life, her brave fight for the freedom of science, philosophy and women’s rights, on the world pedestal should be honored. She dared to defy both church and state interference in science and philosophy; to preserve the rights of academic freedom and the conviction that we, as individuals, have the right to defend our beliefs and share science and our insights with all nations and cultures, whatever they may be.

Instead, she has been almost neglected by her feminine compatriots. Even women’s-lib activists have almost forsaken their bona fide heroine.

In fact, most her compatriots hardly know anything about her,

and about what Hypatia mean for science that is not with us today.

Endless emails about her life and the consequences of her murder by Cyril’s followers I sent out to verify the neglect of this historical event in science and philosophy. None wants to raise this sensitive issue.

This section is, therefore, intended not only as a memorial for abolishing and burning almost all scientific and philosophical books of her time, but rather to prevent any future retardation of science and philosophy that Hypatia’s brutal murder has caused in triggering the 1000 years of dark ages, of crushing women’s equality, of arresting the freedom of thought in science and philosophy.

* * *


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Various documents have been uncovered about Hypatia [1-12]. These are verifiable historical facts, not some popular anecdotes. Her own work was lost after her defamation by the Church. Only a few titles and references to her contributions survived, some of them, ironically, in the Vatican. Out of these I mention only a few historical facts:

1– In mathematics: Hypatia and her father Theon had produced a new version of Euclid’s ‘Mathematical Elements’; - elements which have become the basis for later editions of Euclidian mathematics. The Greek-Theon-Hypatia methods of operating with sexagesimal fractions and the extraction of the square root of a non-number should also be noted.

2– In astronomy: Hypatia and her father Theon, expanded the works of the great astronomer Ptolemy; Almagest and Handy Tables. [E.g., a 9th century Vatican manuscript exists, which is based on Theon-Hypatia's text used in the year 463 in Apamea in Syria.] Hypatia herself contributed much to our knowledge about Arithmetica and Apollonius's Conics vis-à-vis Ptolemy's astronomical works.

Among Hypatia’s admirers was Synesius of Cyrene, later to become the Bishop of Ptolemais. Many of the letters that Synesius wrote to Hypatia survived. They testify that he was filled with admiration and reverence for Hypatia's learning and scientific abilities. For instance, he had asked her advice about how to construct an astrolabe and a hydroscope.

Hypatia’s eloquence and authority had attained such global influence, that Christians considered themselves threatened by her very existence, teaching and publications. She was murdered by members of the Church who felt threatened by her scholarship, learning, and depth of scientific knowledge. Nitrian monks; a fanatical sect of Christians who were supporters of Cyril, were instrumental in her brutal murder.

Hypatia’s, scientific work was banned from all countries ruled by Christianity.

Today her contributions are undergoing academic evaluations, for instance, by the Departments of Mathematics of Monash University, Australia, and by the Department of Mathematics of St. Andrews University, Scotland.


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Various surviving documents reveal Hypatia’s contributions to astronomy and to medical instrumentation. Her philosophical ideas, were, in part, based on those of Plotinus, the founder of Neoplatonism, and on Iamblichus, who was a developer of Neoplatonism around 300 AC. 1 1 Plotinus taught that there is an ultimate reality which is beyond the reach of thought, or language, like shadows of real mountains and trees, as seen by one trapped inside a cave. These ideas go back to Plato, to Socrates and to earlier Greek philosophers. Accordingly, the object of life was to try to attain as close as possible to reality, which, however, can never be precisely described. Hypatia taught such philosophical ideas with a greater scientific emphasis than earlier followers of Neoplatonism. She was also described as a charismatic teacher.


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6

Gravity-Induced Social Organization Many aspects of animals social organization originate and are controlled by gravity-induced environmental variables. Examples are gravity-induced, bio-geo-chemical processes that cause key natural resources to be distributed non-uniformly in the spatial and temporal coordinates of the biosphere. This includes resource monopolization, which develops in all levels of socio-biological systems. Gravity-induced changes develop territoriality in a given spatial region or in a given assembly of individuals, especially when key resources are not sufficiently abundant and stable through long periods of historical times.

• One species, or even one sex, may control a larger quantity of resources, say, scarce water ponds, than the other individuals, until a small percentage of the population monopolizes all key resources. We observe this phenomenon in both the animal and human domains of socio-biology. In humans these gravity-induced territoriality is often developed into nationality, strategy, historical events and wars.

• When the limited terrestrial space must be divided into lots in a community it carries economic and social standing, or, into national "lebensraums" involving "well-defined territories", a constrain which may induce "natural selection" in some socio-biological systems; from animals' mating systems to animals' monopolies on water resources; from natural food administration to the control of key strategic ridges; from controlling fossil fuel resources to disputes over territories.


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7

On The Origin of Verbal Thought According to Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (1896-1934), 'thought' and 'language' have different origins; - 'thought' in its 'pre-linguistic stage' is linked to 'biological evolution', while 'language' in its 'pre-intelligent stage' is linked to the 'social evolution' of the child. In both Vygotsky finds a clear 'link with external factors':

"Verbal thought is not an innate natural form of behavior but is determined by a historical-cultural process and has specific properties and laws that cannot be found in the natural forms of thought and speech".

There is a moment of discovery when the child is repeatedly instructed to recognize a 'link' between a word and an 'object'. From this moment on, 'thought' becomes 'verbal' and 'speech' 'rational'.

Accordingly, 'pre-linguistic thought' has the same origin to the kind of 'primitive thought' that some animals acquire through 'biological evolution' [Chapters 5 and 6], while speech always has “an external social origin".

The origin of both is therefore 'external'. Following the

methodology presented here, that origin may be traced back to gravitationally-induced processes throughout evolution.

In contrast, by a reversed speech, or writing, or 'reading', one

loses the meaning of words and sentences. The key capability of civilization: Verbal-intelligent thinking,

music and order is preserved when a child associates 'objects' and ‘subjects’ with symbols, words and sentences. He then becomes capable of expressing intelligent thought, and can share it with others for mutual benefit. Most important, one can record numbers, equations, music, events and verbal-intelligent thinking for a later use, even when she or he is no longer able or alive to repeat such acts.


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Painting, sculptures and movies are interconnected parts of human records and intelligent thinking. But they may not only express what is called intelligent thought. Nevertheless, they help humans to proceed beyond speech, symbols, equations and words into the ‘realm’ of ‘imagination’, innovation, 'abstract imagination', movies and even surrealism.

god vs. science afresh part a

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