郭学堂（ guo xuetang ） tel: 39225330 xtguo99@gmail

Chapt.1: Diplomatic Thought of Mao and Deng, and Thought of “Three Represents” are the Guideline for Chinese Foreig

n Affairs

郭学堂（郭学堂（ Guo XuetangGuo Xuetang ））Tel: 39225330Tel: 39225330

[email protected]@gmail.com

Chinese Foreign RelationsChinese Foreign Relations Chapt.1Chapt.1 22

I. Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Thought of “Three Represents” represent a new stage of development of Marxism in China.

Marxism-Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Deng Xiaoping Theory Thought of “Three Represnets” The Scientific Development Concept


Historic leaps and great theories of the integration of Marxism-Leninism with China‘s reality ( 四次飞跃和理论发展 )

1. Mao Zedong Thought, the result of the First Leap: socialist revolution and construction

2. Deng Xiaoping Theory, the result of the Second Leap: construction of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

3. Thought of “Three Represnets”, the result of the Third Leap: scientific summary of success of failure of Socialism in the Post-cold war Era.

4. The Scientific Development Concept, the result of the Third Leap: new exploration of Chinese development strategy in the 21st Century.


The Diplomatic Thought of Deng and Thought of “Three Represents” are the continuation and development of Mao Zedong’s Diplomatic Thought

1. The outbreak of full-scale civil war and the beginning of the Cold War between Washington and Moscow in the summer of 1946 made the leaders of the CPC raise the concept of an “intermediary zone”（中间地带） . One element of this concept was that the rivalry between America and the Soviet Union would not decidedly influence the situation in China.

2. But in 1947, the CPC Central Committee lost no time in welcoming the theory of “two camps“ （两个阵营） and declared that it would side with the Soviet camp. The two camps are the anti-imperialist democratic camp headed by theSoviet Union and the imperialist camp headed by the United States. The conflict between the two blocs was the most fundamental conflict, and the struggle between them was a life-and-death struggle.


3. Chairman Mao Zedong advanced the principles of “Starting anew”（另起炉灶） , “putting the house in order before inviting guests” （打扫干净屋子再请客） and “leaning to one side”（一边倒） .

4. The principle of the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China was protection of the independence, freedom, integrity of territory and sovereignty of the country, upholding of lasting international peace and friendly cooperation between the peoples of all countries, and opposition to the imperialist policy of aggression and war.


5. Deng Xiaoping's diplomatic thought, which inherits and develops Mao Zedong's diplomatic thinking and puts forward many new ideas, concepts and policies, is China's international strategy and diplomatic theory that meets the need of China's reform, opening and modernization drive and correctly reflects the development trend of the international situation.

6. The main purpose of Deng’s diplomatic thought is to create a long-term peaceful international environment for China’s reform and openness.


7. The main elements of Deng’s diplomatic thought are listed as follows:

a) With the growth of world peace forces exceeding the growth of world war forces, it was possible that a large-scale world war would not break out within a fairly long period of time （大规模的世界战争在相当长的时间内打不起来） and there was hope for the defense of world peace.

b) Peace and development are the two major issues in today‘s world （和平与发展是当今时代的两大主题） , pointing out the global strategic issues in the present-day world: one is the question of peace and the other is the question of development, but neither of these issues has been solved today. Deng affirmed the "South-South cooperation" formulation.

c) China would not join any group, nor enter into alliance with any big power （不和任何大国结盟） . China pursues an independent and peaceful foreign policy directed toward peace.

d) We should independently decided on our own attitude and policy from the fundamental interests of the people of China （以国家利益为重） and of the rest of the world and in light of the right and wrong of the case. No foreign country should expect China to be its dependency or would swallow the bitter fruit resulted from damaging its own interest.


d) A socialist country should be opened to the outside world, and that opening to the outside world （对外开放） should be a basic national policy for China's socialist construction. For socialism to win comparative superiority over capitalism, it must boldly absorb and draw on all achievements of civilization created by human society, including all advanced operational forms and management methods of developed capitalist countries, that reflect the law of modern socialized production.

e) We should observe the situation coolly, hold our ground, act calmly, hide our capacities and time and be able to do and accomplish something （冷静观察，稳住阵脚，沉着应付，韬光养晦，有所作为） . By following and implementing his strategy and tactic, China has been developing and growing in strength day after day.

f) Deng put forward the great concept of “one country, two systems” （一国两制） . Now, this concept has been successfully applied in solving the issues of Hong Kong and Macao. It is also of major immediate significance for the solution of the Taiwan issue and for the realization of the complete reunification of the motherland.


g) Deng first readjusted the previous practice of aligning in accordance with social system and ideology, he advocated that relations between nations should be handled from the strategic interests of the country, and that we should develop ties with all countries in line with the norms of international relationship by transcending the similarities and differences of social systems and ideologies, having no bother about historical resentment and refraining from engaging in debate over ideologies.

h) Deng also put forward the new idea about “sovereignty belonging to me, putting aside disputes and seeking common development”（主权归我，搁置争议，共同开发） , thus maintaining peace, stability and tranquillity in China's surrounding regions. This new idea represents a great contribution to the peaceful solution of disputes over territory between nations.

i) Deng underscored the need to establish a peaceful, stable, fair and reasonable international political and economic new order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.

j) He put forward the theory that “State sovereignty is far more important than human rights”（国家主权高于人权） .


k) Science And Technology is the first productive force. ( 科学技术是第一生产力 )

l) To establish a new kind of relationship between socialism and capitalism in the new period and a new type Party relationship. ( 建立社会主义与资本主义之间的新型关系和新型的党际关系 )


m) Strengthening unity and cooperation with the Third World countries. （加强与发展中国家的团结与合作）


II. The Development of China’s Foreign Relations

1. Six phases of foreign relations of P.R.Chinaa) The first phase covers the origin and basis of China’s “leanin

g to one side” policy (1949-late 1950s). China established diplomatic relations with 19 countries in the 19 months between October 1949 and May 1951.

b) The second phase starts with the Eight Plenum of the Communist Party in August 1959, which marked the beginning of Sino-Soviet split. The 1960s was also a period of China’s search and the shift of China foreign policy which was not only “self-reliance and independence from the Soviet Union,” and “preservation of China’s territorial integrity,” but also the start of the “Three Worlds” foreign policy of Mao.

c) The third phase is a transitional phase whereby China campaigned for its rightful seat in the UN and at the same time, lobbied for the removal of the Taiwan from the UN in early 1970s.


d) The fourth phase in China’s foreign policy is formulated when China launched its “Four Modernizations Program” in 1979, putting an end to Mao’s Cultural Revolution and the opening China to the outside world and ends in late 1980s when the Cold War system disintegrated.

e) The fifth phase begins from the Tian’anmen incident and the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1990s, Chinese leaders had been adjusting its foreign policy to meet new challenges while it national power had been growing rapidly.

f) The sixth phase starts with the September 11 terrorist attacks on America. The great power relations have been changing toward more competitive and more inter-dependent.


2.2. The Unique Diplomatic Style of China’s Foreign PolicyThe Unique Diplomatic Style of China’s Foreign Policya)a) To defy brute force and adhere to principles.To defy brute force and adhere to principles.

b)b) To serve justive and distinct love and hate.To serve justive and distinct love and hate.

c)c) To act in good faith and keep your word. To act in good faith and keep your word.

d)d) To seek common points while reserving difference and treat otheTo seek common points while reserving difference and treat others as equals.rs as equals.

e)e) To keep pace with the times and be creative in your work.To keep pace with the times and be creative in your work.

f)f) To create a win-win situation.To create a win-win situation.

郭学堂（ guo xuetang ） tel: 39225330 xtguo99@gmail

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