how soil improves/protect environment important environmental laws bmp’s calculating manure...
TRANSCRIPT
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How soil improves/protect environment Important environmental laws BMP’s Calculating manure application rates Use of buffer strips Remediated degraded & contaminated
soils
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Soil is nature’s waste treatment plant› Physically filters› Chemically filters› Organic filters
Groundwater pollution is among highest priorities
Focus on animal wastes
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Clean Water Act› Control discharge of pollutants into
navigable waters› Focus on point-source pollution
What is this? Anyone wanting to operate facility that may
discharge into freshwater mush have permit
› EPA regulates Must control effluent quantity & quality
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Safe Drinking Water Act› Federal gov’t control of treatment facilities,
wellheads, etc.› Maximum contaminants set› State enforces EPA standards
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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, & Liability Act› Makes owners/operators of hazardous
waste disposal sites liable for cleanup costs & property damage Each and every party responsible regardless
of level of guilt
Resource Conservation & Recovery Act› Authorizes EPA to control waste generation,
treatment, storage, transport, disposal
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› Extends only to active & future sites Clean Air Act
› Establishes air quality standards› Cleaned up industrial & auto emissions
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act› All pesticides must be EPA registered› Ensures pesticide benefit > environmental
harm
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› Producers must provide documentation of risks & strict labeling
Pollution Prevention Act› Prevent/reduce pollution at source› Waste-management hierarchy
Prevention Recycling Treatment Disposal
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Point Source vs. Nonpoint Source Pollution› Point source – pollution from identifiable
source Tightly regulated Large ag units can be considered under this
› Nonpoint source – many places contributing to pollution, can’t track to any one person/place
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BMP Implementation› Voluntary› Some states enforcing BMP’s
May have grants/incentives if yields are less May deny operation if found in
noncompliance
BMP’s for Reducing Nutrient Pollution› Some examples follow
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Animal-feeding Operations (AZ)› Minimize leaching/runoff of N by harvest,
stockpiling, disposing of manures› Sufficient water-control facilities for N
contaminated water in case of huge rain N Fertilizer Applications to Crops (MN)
› Realistic yield goals› Record keeping› Adjust N rates according to soils
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› Prudent manure management› Don’t apply N above recommended rates› Increase N use efficiency by plants
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Sewage Sludge & Wastewaters› Compost outside for >21d› Store at specific time/temp to decrease
pathogen load› Treat w/ lime (reduces heavy metal uptake)› Pasteurize› Ocean-dumping banned in 1981› Class A Biosolids
Treated sludge w/ no detectable pathogens Meets vector standards Low levels of heavy metals
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› Class B Biosolids May contain pathogens Permits issued only after careful inspection
of application site & risk of pollution Residences Waterways Crops, etc.
Animal Manures› Low value product reduces shipping
feasibility
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› Tendency to overapply› Guidelines:
All runoff, outdoor retention facilities sufficiently sized to control excessive rains
Watertight lagoons, ponds, etc. Incorporation of wastes into soil ASAP after
application Apply only to max safe rates
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Use IPM Apply at lowest rates possible for
control Predatory organisms Use disease resistant varieties Vary pesticides used Acknowledge environmental risks at
application time Incorporate, if possible
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BMP’s› Decrease N losses through runoff, leaching› Decrease pesticide usage› Decrease salinity by improving irrigation &
cropping systems› Improve erosion control
Controls P, N, pesticide pollution Decreases sedimentation
› Use buffer strips
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Buffer Strips› Permanent vegetation meant to intercept
& filter materials that may pollute water› Benefits:
Traps: >50% fertilizers, pesticides >60% pathogens Heavy metals >75% sediments Snow
Reduce noise/odor
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Turn rows for farm equipment Food, cover, shelter for wildlife Improve aesthetic appeal
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Decreasing CO2 Emissions› Decrease fuel use› Alternative energy sources
Wind power Geothermal
› Grow combustible/renewable fuels Ethanol Biodiesel Cellulolytic ethanol (Biomass)
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Decreasing Greenhouse Gas Emissions› Reduce livestock emissions by altering
diets› Reduce methane emissions from sources
like rice› Decrease denitrification of N› Use cleaner burning fuels
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Remedies for Soil Quality Problems› Increase organic matter› Decrease soil erosion› Decrease soil compaction› Decrease risk of soil crusting
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Leaching› Let nature wash away & filter contaminants› Will only work in permeable soils
Phytoremediation› Planting of specific plants to treat polluted
sites› Two options:
Plant doesn’t digest, but provides environment suitable for microbes than can digest the pollutants
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Plant does absorb pollutants Can harvest & remove
› Slow process Vapor Extraction
› Pulls contaminants out w/ sealed environment treating w/ air/incineration, carbon filter
Bioremediation› Microbes decay contaminants› Can be combined w/ other methods
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› May also be expensive› Public tends to like (thinks its more
natural) Soil Disposal
› Excavation & disposal in landfill› Very expensive & drastic
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