. ..

XXI :,

, 10

(2629 2003 .)

2003

33 65.05

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XXI : , $. , 10 . .. (2629 2003 .). ., 2003. 560 .

ISBN 5961800016

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/ , 20031818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, USA

ISBN 5$9618$0001$6 . .. , 2003

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 .. 10 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 .. Constitutional state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 . . . . . . . . 87

I. $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 .., .., .., .. . . . . . . 114 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 .. . . . 129 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

., .., .. ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 .. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 .., .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 .. . . 212 .. ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

II. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2338 . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 . ( , ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 .. . . . . . . . . . . . 266 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 .. . . . . . . . . . 277

4 XXI : ,

.. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 ., . . . . . . . . . . . 303 .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 . : . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 .. : , . . . . . . . . . 333 .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 ., aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 .. c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 .. . . . . 377 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

5

III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 .. ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 .. , () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 .. . . . . . . . 473 .., .., .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 .., .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 .. . . . . . . . . . 506 .. . . . . . 511 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 .., .., .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 .. XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

6 XXI : ,

10 . .. 26 29 2002 . XXI : , , . ( ) , . , , .. : , , , 250 ( 250 ), , , , , . . , 90 .

, , , , . , 250 , , , , , XXI . , , , , . , , . , , .

8 XXI : ,

. , .

, , , . ( , , , , ) . , , .

. 200 11 . . , .. . .. , , . .. . , , , , , . .. , , , .. , . , ..., .. , , ... .. , ,..., .. , , ...

,, . , , . . .. : , . . ,

9

, . , , , , (.. , (), .. , () .).

. , . .. , . .. , .. ( ), .. , .. , , .. , . , , , , , , , (), , , . ( , , , , ..). , , , .

, , , , , , , . , . . , , . . ,. . . , . . . , , . SUNY. . , . ,

10 XXI : ,

, 10 ( , ). , . ( , ), , , (), ( . ), . (), . . , . . , ().

. . . , , . (. ). . , , (), , .

XXI . , . , . , .

. .. , . .. , .

11

: ; , , . , , . .

, , . . , , , . , , , .

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. .. ,

At the end of May 2003 there was held an International conference Public administration in 21st century: concepts, methods and technologies devoted to the 10thanniversary of Moscow State University School of Public Administration.Participants included about 200 individuals from 11 countries, including RussianFederation, Ukraine, Great Britain, USA, Lithuania, Latvia, Byelorussia, France, andUzbekistan. The Rector of MSU, State Duma representatives, Governor of Ivanovoregion and other key politicians, civil servants, commercial sector representativesand researchers from different educational centers, also attended the conference.

The conference focused the interest of both the academic community andof major concerns of experts working in Public Sector and Civil Service in Russiaand other countries, as well as of the representatives from major internationalInstitutions like the World Bank, United Nations, European Commission, and others. In spite of the fact that the main topic of all the discussions was problemsfacing the Russian Federation, the conference managed to combine the issuesand themes current for the representatives of other CEE countries as well. Ofcourse, major part of difficulties are common to all the CEE counties goingthrough transitional period, so the contributions to the conference and the discussions in the various sessions shed more lights on the undertaking substantivePublic administration reform in the context of major efforts at state modernization and decentralization.

The Conference was structured into a plenary session, panel discussions,working sessions on the main Conference theme and the meetings of theWorking Groups running in parallel. There were 7 working groups touching following main topics: Business and State, State and noncommercial sector,Modern political processes and technologies, Informational technologiesand informational support for management, Administrative reform in RussianFederation, Crisis management, Communications management.

MSU Rector Victor Sadovnichiy opened plenary session. The members ofConference Organizing Committee were ProRectors V. Mironov, A. Sidorovich,Director of MSU School of Business Oleg Vihanskii, Dean of School of Public

Introduction

13Introduction

Administration (SPA) Alexey Surin. Officials of the Federal and regional public administration bodies took

part in the Conference. Minister of National and immigration policy in RussianFederation Vladimir Zorin was chairman of one working group. Head ofBureau Russian Federation Cabinet Office Eugene Gontmaher has spoken onthe plenary session. Chief Consultant of Office of the President, RussianFederation, Robert Kortava took part in the Conference. Among the participants were: Academician, Member of Russian Federation State Duma SergeyGlazev, deputy chairman of Committee for Economic Policy andEntrepreneurship, State Duma, Russian Federation Vladimir Yudin, StateDuma Member, Professor Leonid Ivanchenko, Governor Ivanovo RegionVladimir Tikhonov, Chairman of Ryazan Regional Duma, PhD, VladimirFedotkin. Other officials from Russian Federation Cabinet Office, Ministry ofInternal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of the EconomicDevelopment, Ministry of Justice, and Ministry of Labor were participants ofthe Conference. Representatives of Business as deputy of PR departmenthead of LUKOIL V. Prozorovsky took part in the conference. Oil companyLUKOIL and School of Public Administration, MSU have been collaboratingsuccessfully for five years. Wellknown persons in Russian political life asdirector of Fund INDEM Georgiy Satarov, the chairman of working group,and director of Agency Intellectual Resources Andrey Abrameshin. ProgramDirector of CabinetOffice Center for Administration and Political Studies,London Robert Stephenson and professor of Birmingham University AdrianCampbell came to Moscow from United Kingdom for participation in theConference. United State Embassy has been lending SPA support in collaboration with US Universities for many years. Deputy Attach of Culture of theUnited State Embassy William James made speech of welcome in the plenary session. SPA estimates the long fruitful collaboration with Maxwell Schoolof Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University very much. Deputy Deanof Maxwell School Jeffrey Straussman and group of Maxwell professors tookpart in the discussions during Conference. Representative of State Universityof New York also visited the Conference. Active participation in the workinggroups took: Senior Public Sector Management Specialist of PovertyReduction and Economic Management Unit Europe and Central Asia Region,World Bank Neil Parison; Project officer European Commission in RussiaMaria Van Ruiten; Executive Director of Government Center for PolicyManagement Studies NISPAcee, Professor Ludmila Gajdosova; Director ofthe Training Center of the Ministry of Finance, President of Lithuanian PublicAdministration Training Association, Professor Eugenijus Chlivickas.

All the working groups contributed to the main conference theme, best papers

14 XXI : ,

were identified and were published in this book. MSU School of PublicAdministration is very appreciating World Bank financial supporting of this publication.

The conference provided grate opportunity to communicate and to sharethe experience and ideas within the practitioners and academics from differentcountries. It was an excellent chance to get useful experience and to wider thenetwork of personal contacts. As the major part of participants noticed, it wasthe important step in the wide pathway of our future collaboration among institutions from different countries.

Editorinchief, Deputy Dean of SPA MSU, Professor Lubov Semennikova

.. (, )

:

. .. . , , . , , . . , , , ? .. .

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18 XXI : ,

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. , , , . , .

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19

, , . . , . , , .

, , . , . , , , . , . , , . , , . , , .

, , . public policy . , , , , . . , . , . , , , , , ..

20 XXI : ,

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21

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22 XXI : ,

, , . . , , . . . , . , , , .

, , , . , , . . , , , . , . , , . , . , . , , .

. .

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: , , . , , . , , . , , . , , .

. . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , . : , , , , , , , , . : .

, 1993 . . , , , , . , , , . .

24 XXI : ,

, , , , , . . , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , , .

, . 200 12 . . . , , , , , .., .

, . , , , , , , . (20012002 .). 2000 .. , , , . 26 , 32 . . ,

25

. 56 . . , 2002 .: . (. .. ), (. .. ), (. .. ), : (. .. ).

. . 20012002 . 17 . , , . , , , .

, , , , , , , . . . , , . , . , , , . 2002 . ( ) 24 , ( ) 5 .

III

, . . . , ,

26 XXI : ,

. , .

, , , . , , , . , .

, . , . . , , , . . , , .. , , , , , , . , . , , , , , , .. , . , , , . , .

, , , . , . , , , ,

27

. , 45 . , , , . , , , , , .

, . , , .. , , 19911993 . ,, , . . , , , . . , . . , . , , , , . . , , . , , , , , , .

, . , , , . , , , .. . . ,

28 XXI : ,

, ( ). . , .

() , . , . , . , ( ), , , . , , , , , , .

, , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , . , , , . , , .

, , . , ,

29

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, , . , , . , , . , , . , , , . , . , , , , , , .

, , , , . , . , , , . , , , . , .

, . , .

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31

) . . . , ., , . , , , .

( , ) , , 19922002 . 80% ( ; , , , , ). , . 2002 . 1 , 32% . , . , , , .

, , , . ,

32 XXI : ,

, , , . , . , , (, , ). , , ( ) .

2000 . . 2000 . (, , ). 2000 . , . , . .. 18 2002 .1.

. , . 20032005 . 2.

1 18 2002 .

2 1336 19 2002 .

33

, . , . 2002 . . , , , . , . , . , .

, . , , (, , , , ), . , ( ). , .

, .

34 XXI : ,

1. . , , . , , , .

2. . : , , , , ; , ; , ( , ).

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35

4. , .

, : . . , .. 90% . , , . , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , , .

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37

, . . , , , , , , . , , , . ,.. , 90% . , 3050% , . , , , , , 90%. , , , , , . , , . , , , , , , , , .. , , .

. . , 50%, . , , , , , .

38 XXI : ,

: , , , , , . , , . , , , . , , 50 , , . ? , , , , , . , , . , . , . .

, . , . , , , , . , .

, , , , . , , , , . , . ,

39

. , . . , , , . , , , , , , . , , , , 80%, .. .

, , I , , . , . , . 1015 , , , , , . , , , , , .

. , . , , . . , , . , , .

40 XXI : ,

, , . , , .

. . , , , , ., , . , , , .. , , , , , , , .

. , , . , 20% . , . , 510 , .

, , . 20 , 35 . , 10 , , , .

. , ,

41

, . , , . , , , , , , . , , , , .

. : ? , . , , . , , , . , . ? 1998 . , , . , , . 1998 . . , , . , . 12% . , , . 34%. . , , . , , 3040% . , , . ,

42 XXI : ,

. . .

., , , , . . .

, . , , , . , . , , . 12 , . , . , , . , .

. , , . . 70% . , , . 2003 . 76% , 16% , 8% . . , , . .

: ( ); ; ;

.. (, )

:

44 XXI : ,

. , , , , .

40 . , 1280 . 23 . , , ,, . . 1989 . 120 . , . . , . , , . .

. . , 15 . .

1990, . , . , . . 50% 70% . . 0,51,5%. 29 ( ) , . .

. , . , . .

45

, , , . , . .

1998 ., . . , , , , , .

: ( 2004 .), ( 2004 .), ( 2014 .), , 20032010 ., . () , 2010 ., 2010 .. . 1997 . . . , , 11 , . 4200 . 1999 ., , , . , , . , . . , , , , ., .

, , .

46 XXI : ,

. , . , , . . 6 . , .

. . ? , , . . . . ? . , , , , .

, . , , , . . , , , .

, . , . . , 3035% , , . 7080% , 6070% , 35% 60% . . .

() ? 1991 . , . . 1991 .

47

, . , . . 500 , 400 . 2,7 . , 1,7 . , 3,1 . ,925 . . 40 . .

. ( ). , , . . . . , , . 1996 . . . 5% . 70% , , 1 . , , .

, . 12 . , . , , . , . 20022010 .

48 XXI : ,

. . .

, , , . , , , .

? , , , . . , . , 2002 . 1996 . . . 2001 . ! . (, ..) 600 . . , , , . .

. . . . , 2003 . . . . ? , . ,

49

, . , . , , , . , 2010 .. . , , , , .., 1,5 ., , , . . 50%. . 1520% . .

, , . . 19881989 ., , . , . . , . , , . , . , . , 20; , 27, 93. . , 20 ,

50 XXI : ,

10 , , .

, , , . ( ), , .. , . . . : , , , .

1990 . , . 2003 . 9846 , 37081 . , 4222 . 118 . 75 .

2002 ., , . . . . , . . . , , . . , . , .

.

51

. . , . , , , .

? , 1997 . . . , , , . , (, 1996 ., ), , , , , , .

, 1999 . . . , , .

, 2002 . , , . 2001 . 91 . . 25 . . . . .

, . , , .

52 XXI : ,

. , . , 1993 ., . . . 100 1990 . . .

2003 . . , , 1995 . . , , 6,5 . . ? ? , .

, 1993 . . , . , . , , . .

1998 . , 15 1985 ., , . , , , , . . 4 : , , . ,

53

, . , , 9597% , . .

, , ., . . , , . . , . . , , 60% . . . , , . . , 1520 . . , . , .. . , . 1520 , 1520 . , , , : .. . . , .

54 XXI : ,

, 1990 : . , , . , . , . .

, . . , , .. . : , . . , , , , .

, . , . , , . . .

, . , , , , , , .

55

. . , . XVIII 20 . XXI , . . XVIII 97 . 19 . . . . 50 47 ( ) . ( !) . , . , . . , , . . . . , . , . . . . ? ?

. 10 , , , , . , 11, , (, ) . . 2, , , () . ? ? ? .

56 XXI : ,

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, , , . , . , . , . . . . . .

57

. .

: ? ? , . : .

, , , , , . , , ( ). , , .

. , , . . 67 . , . , , , . : , . . . . , , . . , . . .

.. (, )

Constitutional state

XX . , , , . . , . (19061917) , . , . , , , 1993 . 1906 . ( ).

, . . , (, ), : !. , , () . . , . , . , : . , .

, , , .

59

, .. , , . , , , .

, , , , , , . , , . , .

(, ) , .

1. . , , . : , . , . , .

2. . : . , , . , . . , . , .

3. , , . . , . , .

60 XXI : ,

.

4. , , , , . , (. ). ; (. ). .

5. , . : . .

6. ( ), , . . ( .1). . . , , .

. , ( ) . . , , . , , .

1 , . . . ., 1990. . 645.

61

, 2.

, , . : , . : , , . , . , , (, ). , , , .

, , : 1) , , , ; 2) , , ; 3) , , , , ( ) . , .

, , , . , (government) , ( , , , , ).

, , . . , , . , , . . .

2 Duverger M. Echec au roi. P., 1978. P. 10.

62 XXI : ,

. , . , . , . , , , , , , .. . , , , . , , . , , , 3.

. , , . (stati, estado, etat, Staat, state status). polis, res publica, civitas, regnum, imperium .. XVIXVII . . , , , , , , . (state) . , , , , XVIXVII ( ).

. , , , XVI : , , ; ,

3 . . ., 1917. . 1516.

63

.. , , .. 4.

, ( ) , . . . . . , . , . . , ( ). . . . State .

: brave new world. . ; , . . : : 5. , Deus mortalis6 . , , , .. Deus mortalis ( ), . , . , . Desire of power that ceaseth only in death7.

. . , . . (, ) , ,

4 Schmitt C. Glossarium: Aufzeihnungen der Jahre 19471951. B., 1991. S. 19.5 Ibid. S. 19.6 Ibid. S. 39.7 , (.).

64 XXI : ,

. . : 8. , . . ( , ) .

Constitutional state , . , , (. ..) , 9. , , , , , . , (, , ..). , (: Staat, state, etat).

, , . , , . () . , , , , , . homooccidentalis.

, constitutionalstate. . , . , . , ( ), , , 10.

: ,

8 Schmitt C. Op. cit. S. 6.9 . . . 10 . ., 1961. . 10. . 317.

10 Duverger M. Institutiones politiques et droit constitutionel. P., 1960. P. 21.

65

11. , , . . , , , , , . 12. , . , . ( : ) . , . , , . , 13.

, , , , , , . . () . , .

, . ( I , XVI ). . : , , , . 1649 , , : . 14.

11 Burdeu G. LEtat. P., 1970. P. 15.12 Ibid. P. 10.13 Ibid. P. 12.14 Harding A. The origins of the concept of the state//History of political thought.

Vol.XV. N 1. Exeter, Spring. 1994. P. 70.

66 XXI : ,

, (state) . () , . . , . 15. : , .

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, ; , , . ( , state ) ().

15 Schmitt C. Op. cit. S. 185.16 . . ., 1993. . 1011.

67

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68 XXI : ,

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20 (.).21 .. . . 22 . ., 1985. . 21. . 259260.

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3 .: . . . . 1979. . 16.

74 XXI : ,

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78 XXI : ,

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, , . . .

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83

, , ( ) . ( , ) , , . , ( ), , . . . . ( ). , . . . 1989 . .

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. ,

84 XXI : ,

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1960 . , . 1968 . .

. statusquo ,

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, .

1979 ., , . 1986 .

. , , ; ( ). . . , . , , , .

: , , , ; ; ; ( ); .

. . 1976 . 1999 . 40% 751 . 460 . 78% 138 . , . , ( ) ( ),

90 XXI : ,

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, , , : , . , , .

1997 ., , , . , 18 , , . , , (, 1999 .). . . . . , . , , . . , , . . , , . .

91

2001 . . , . , , , 1945 ., , , , . .

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92 XXI : ,

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, , . , . , , , .

, 1977 . , , . , , , .

I.

.. (, )

1

, . . . 50%, 70%. 18%, 36% 45%. 3,5%. , 2.

. , . 1990 , .. . : , . , 3.

, , , , . ,

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. . . ., 2001. . 137.3 I . .

., 2003. . 6.

94 XXI : ,

, , , 70 85% . 90% 80% . , 1%. 1025 .

, , , ., , , .

, , , , . , , .

, , , , . , , , . . ,

95I.

.

:

, ;

;

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96 XXI : ,

, , , , .. (2010 .) 2%, , .. , ( 1,06%, 3,7, 3,06, 2,84%). 2003 . , .

, . . , 70% , 1013%, 1720%. 60% 4045% ( ). , . , , 4. , . ,

4 . 23. 2003. 23 . . 4445.

97I.

. 2,5 . (.. 3346 . ), 2001 . , ( 40%) . , , 5. . , .

. . , (, ), . , . 50 . ., 20% ( : , ).

. , , . , , , : , ,

5 : 2001. . . ., 2002. . 94.

98

; , ; , , , , .

, , , ,, . , , . , , , , , , , .

, , . , . 4060 . . , , , , 6. , , ,

XXI : ,

6 . 23. 2003 . 23 . . 49.

99I.

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100 XXI : ,

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102 XXI : ,

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2001 . , . , : , , , , , , , . . , , , . , , .

103I.

: 1) ;2) , ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) , . , . , , :, . , . . .

2005 . . , , . , . 2010 . , , . , . , , , , .

2010 . , ,

104 XXI : ,

. , , , . . . , , , , , , . , , , . . , , , . , . 40 15 .

, , , , . , . , , . , , , . . : .

105I.

, . . , . . , , . . , . , .

, . , . , . , . , , , , . , , , . , .

, , , . : . ( 100 )

106 XXI : ,

, . . , . , , . . , , . , .

. , . , . . . , . , , , , . , , , . , , , . .

. (, )

. , , , , , , , .

: , () ( ) () , 500 . . (Volunteer Protection Act) 1997 ., , , , , , .

. , . (2003 .) , 59 . 2001 2002 . 27,6% , , 16 . . , 35 , , 18 ,

108 XXI : ,

, , . (Bureau of Labor Statistics) , (24,4%), , , (22,9%), , (22,2%), , .. (16,3%).

, (Independent Sector), . (2002 .) 2000 . 44% 21 (83,9 .) . , , . . , ( ): ; ; ; ; , , , ; , , ; /; . . , 23 . , . , , 36% 1. (Almanac) 19961997 . , 25% 30% .

. , , . 2003 . (Presidents Council on Service and Civic Participation). 2002 . (USA Freedom Corps) ,

1 Brudney J.L. and Kellough J.E. Volunteers in State Government: Involvement,Management and Benefits. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 2000. . 111130.

109I.

. (Americorps), , (orporation for National Service), . (orporation for Community and NationalService). , ( , , , 2). . ., 3. . , 2001 . .

. 50% , , , , , , 4.

. , , , . 5. . ,

2 Mesch D., Tschirhart M., Perry J. and Lee G. Altruists or Egoists?: Retention Stipcnded Service. Nonprofit Management and Leadership. 1998. 9:321.

3 Tschirhart M.A Three Sector Model of Community Service: Corporate Alliances wfthNonprofit and Public Organizations. Corporate Global Citizenship: Doing Business in thePublic Eve. N. M. Tichy, A. R. McGffl, and L. St Clair (eds.), San Francisco. 1997. . 6274.

4 Brudney J.L. and Kellough J.E. Volunteers in State Government: Involvement,Management, and Benefits. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 2000 29: 1 : 111130.

5 Thomas W. Reorganizing Public Organizations: Alternatives, Objectives, and Evidenc.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 1993. 3:457486.

110 XXI : ,

.

, , . , : ( ), ( , ), ( ). , , , , 6. , , . , , , . , 91% , , 100% , , 7. , . .. , 8. , .

. , . ,

6 Brudney J.L. Fostering Volunteer Programs in the Public Sector. San Francisco: JosseyBass. 1990.

7 Duncombe S. Volunteers in City Government National Civic Review. 1986. 75: 291364.8 Sundeen R.A. Explaining Participation in Coproduction: A Study of Volunteers. Social

Science Ouarteriv. 1988. 69:547567.

111I.

, . , , , .

, . , . 13. , , 9. , , . , , 10. , , 11. , , , , , .

. , . , , . . , , , 12. , .

9 Kirlin J.J. The Political Economy of Fiscal .imitt Lexington. MA: D.C. Heath. 1982.10 Menchik P.L., Weisbrod B.A. Volunteer Labor Supply. Journal of Public Economics.

1987. 32:159183.11 Clary E.G. Social Support as a Unifying Concept in Voluntary Action Journal of

Voluntary Action Research. 1987. 16: 5868.12 Brudney J.L. Fostering Volunteer Programs in the Public Sector. San Francisco:

JosseyBass. 1990.

112 XXI : ,

, , , , 13.

. , , . , . , , , 14. , , , . , , 15.

. . 16.

, , , , , , , . , (International City Management Association), , ( 42% ), (31%), (26%).

13 Ibid. 14 Sundeen R.A. Differences in Personal Goals and Attitudes Among Volunteers.

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 1992. 21:271291.15 Levine C. Citizenship and Service Delivery: The Promise of CoProduction. Pub|fc

Administration Review. 1984. 44:178187.16 Brudney I.L., Duncombe W.D. An Economic Evaluation of Paid, Volunteer, and

Mixed Staffing Options for Public Services. Public Administration Review. 1992. 52:474481.

113I.

, , 17. , , , . , . , , , , , , . , , .

, . (1989),5,3% . , ,, , . , , . , , , 18.

, . , , , , ,, , . , . , .

17 Old D. Volunteers in Public Service: A Canadian Model for the Support ofVohmteerism in Government. 19861987. 5:4248.

18 Bandow D. National Service or Government Service? Policy Review. 1996. 79: 3337.

.. , .. , .. , .. (, )

, , , . . . . , , . , , , , . , , , , , .

. ,

115I.

, . , 1920 , , .

, . , , . ( , , , II () .) , . ,, , , , .

, , , , , , , , ( , ), .

, . , , , ()

116 XXI : ,

. , , , () . () , .

. . , , (100110 . ), , , , ( ) 2002 . 100 . .,160 . ., 2300 . . ., . , , , . , , 1994 . 70%, 90%. ?

, , , . . . , . , , . .

, , ,

117I.

, . , . , , , 20002002 . . , 1012% . , , , , . , . 2002 ., , 56%. , , ( 250 ) 56%. , 3032% , .

, , , (, ) , . , , . , , .

118 XXI : ,

, , . . , , ( , . ) . , . , , , 45% ( 250 ), . , , , , .

, , ,, , , , , , , . , . , .

, , . , . ,

119I.

. . . , , , , .

, () . () , , . . . , . , .

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. , , ,

120 XXI : ,

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. . , , . . , , , , . , : , ; ; , . , , .

,

122 XXI : ,

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, , , , . . , , , . , , , . . . , . ,

123I.

. , . , , . , . , . , , . , , . , , , .

, , . . , , . . , , , . , , . , . , . : ( ), . , . , . ,

124 XXI : ,

. , , , , , , . . () . .

, . , , , , . ., , , , , , , . , . , , . , , , , . , , . , . . , 2001 ., . , , , , , . ,

125I.

, , , , , .

. ( ) . , , , , . : 1) , 2) . .

, , , . : , , , . , , . ( ) . , , , . , . . , , , ,

126 XXI : ,

. 90 , 2000 , . , . , , , . 19961997 . .

, : () , , .

(, ) , . , , . . , . .

, , , , , . , ,

127I.

, . . , , , , , , .

. , , , . , 1 2004 . .

, , , , . , . (), .

. () : , . . , , ,

128 XXI : ,

, .

, , . . , , , , , , , . , , . , , , , .

, , , , . , , , , . , 1998 . , , , , , .

.. (, )

, . : ; ; , .. .

, . , . . , XIX XX ., . 1930 , . . () , 1998 ., , .

, , . :

130 XXI : ,

. , , , . (, , .). .

, , , . , , , , .. (, , .) : , , , . . , , , , . , : .

. . . , . , 1998 . , . :

, ;

131I.

, ;

;

;

, 1.

. , . . 12 000 , 3 800 , . , 2 000 . , . ( ), :

( ); (

); (

) ;

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132 XXI : ,

, , ( ) , . , , . , . , . , , . , , . , . , . , , , . , . : . .

133I.

, . , . , , . , , . , , , , . , , ,, , , , . , , , , . , , .

, . , . , ( ) . , , . , , . . , . , , ., .

134 XXI : ,

. , , , .

, , , . , . . (). . , , . , . . , . . .

. , , . .

135I.

. , , . , . , , , , . .

, . , , , . , , . , . , .

, , , . , , , , , , . . , , 19951997 ., . , .

.. (, )

80 90 , , . , . , , , , (, ..) . 10% 10% 1 27 ( 1 30 ). , , 1 6. , , , ., . , , , , .

, 5% . , . :

137I.

, , ; , , .

. (, , , , ), .

( ) , , , . , , .

2000 ., 5006 . . 890,6 . .; () 261,7 . .; 3864 . 2002 . 843 . . ( 23,5% ). 2001 . 6483,5 . , 952,3 . 1. , , 11% .

1 . ., 2002. . 318.

138 XXI : ,

, . , 2001 . 5502 . , 15 . ( 24% )2. , 16,9 . ( 23,8% ) 14, 316, 5% .

. , 2000 . 96,2%, 3,4%. , , , , . , , , , 2000 . 64%, 50%, 42,5%. : , , .

. . , , 2000 . (48,14%) . (28,73%). : 41,1%, . 25,9%3. 3,8% ( 4,1% ). . , ..

2 . ., 2002.3 . ., 2001. . 38.

139I.

. 2000 . 10 89 90% ; 62 80%. , , 1989 . .

, . .

, 1992 . , , . 1992 . 3877,1 . , 1995 . 6732,4 ., 1998 . 8902,1 ., 2000 . 6999 . . , , : 1992 . 14,9%, 1995 . 34,7; 1998 . 21,7; 2000 . 14,8%4. 1990 , 1990 , .

1992 2000 . 7,5 . (.. 10,4%) ( ) 1,6 2,4 . , 1,7 5,6% 9,4%. 1992 1998 . ( ). , . 19921995 . 19962000 . , 1998 . .

, ,

4 . ., 2002. . 173.

140 XXI : ,

. , . , , , 19922000 . (3,7 . 1992 .; 13,8 . 1995 .; 6,1 . 2000 .), . , , 22,5 . , () , . 2000 . ( ) 18,6 . ; 2001 . 17 . , , 2025 . .

, , , . , , .

, , 50% . , . , . , , , . , , .

141I.

( , , ..), , , , . , , , 12%.

, . 1990 15,7 . ( ) 99,9% . , , , . , 1990 ,, 54% ; 50; 46; 73; 54; 72; 78%5. . , , , , .

5 . .,1996. . 3.

.. (, )

, , . , . . . . 1, .

, . , Thomson Financial Bank Watch, Moody`s, FITCHIBCA, Standard&Poor`s , . , . , , .

1 (FKTK).

143I.

, , , ( , , ..).

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: , .. (.. ), ( ). , , , . . : , , .

. , , .

, , . .

, . . , . , .

144 XXI : ,

, , , . , . . PATROL, 1993 . , : ,, , , .

ORAP(Organization and Reinforcement of Preventive Action). 14 :

; ; ; ; .

. . . , . . : , ( , ..), .

, , BaKred System (BAKIS), 1997 . (Deutsche Bundesbank). 47 , 19 , 16 , 2 10 . , , , , .

,

145I.

2. , , , , .

, CAMELS. , , FRS ( ), OCC FDIC. CAMELS :

1) Capital Adequancy ( ),2) Asset Quality ( ),3) Managements factors ( )4) Earnings ()5) Liguidity ()6) Sensitivity of market risk ( ). : 1

; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 . CAMELS . 1980 ( ), . 1996 . S . CAMELS SCOR (StatisticalCAMELS Offsite Rating), .

, , CAMELS . , . 22 . 219,7 . , (4,573 . ), .

, CAMEL , :

2 , , , .

146 XXI : ,

, , , , . , , ( 1.01.2003). , 10%3. . , .

1 (11,4) 14 20% 1015%

2 (1,52,4) 20 30% 1014% 810% 1520%

3 (2,53,4) 3040% 68% 2030%

4 (3,54,4) 4060% 36% 3050%

5 (4,55) 10% 60% 3% 50%

. , :

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, (bruto) (K2)

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2 (1,52,4) 11,5% 5060%; 7080%

3 (2,53,4) 1,52% 4050%; 8090%

4 (3,54,4) 23% 3040%

5 (4,55) 3% >30%;

147I.

, , . : (ROA), ; (ROE), .

ROA ROE

1 (11,4) 2% 3545%

2 (1,52,4) 1,52% 2035%

3 (2,53,4) 11,5% 1020%

4 (3,54,4) 0,5% 510%

5 (4,55) 00,5% 05%, 0%

, . 4, 30% . (, , , ) ( 30 ).

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3 (2,53,4) 8090%

4 (3,54,4) 3040%; 90100%

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. , , L .

4 (30.11.2002).

148 XXI : ,

, . , , , , L :

; ; ;

;

. .

, :

; ; ; .

, . 21 . () . () (15%). () (50%), (4 30%), . , 65% 2 3 .

. , , , . 19921994 . . ( 1995 ., 1998 .), 90 . : , , , . , . , , .

. , .. , .. 1

(, )

( )

, . . . 11 2002 . . , 75 . ., 1 2005 . 50% ; , 50%. . , , .

, , .

1 .. , .. , ., . , . , .. , . , . , . , . .

150 XXI : ,

. : ; , , . , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , ; , , , , , .

2002 . . 1,4 2001 . 2002 ., 2000 ., 1,7 , 4,5 , . , 2,3 2000 .

. 2001 . 772,6 . , 657,9 . 1995 . 576,9 . 1990 . 50% 55,8% (2001 .). 19912001 .. 2,6% 2,2%, .

. , , ., , . , , ,

151I.

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, :

; ;

;

;

;

.

.. (, )

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153I.

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154 XXI : ,

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155I.

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156 XXI : ,

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157I.

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158 XXI : ,

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.

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160 XXI : ,

, .

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, , . , , , , .

2, , 1

2002 . .

2 ., . //. 19.12.2002.

161I.

, . 52,94% . , , 17,65% . .

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162 XXI : ,

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4 . : , , . . , 2001; Corporate Contributions:The View From 50 Years Research Report 124999RR The Conference Board, Inc 1999.

163I.

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164 XXI : ,

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165I.

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166 XXI : ,

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168 XXI : ,

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169I.

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171I.

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173I.

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175I.

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176 XXI : ,

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177I.

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2000 . (), , .

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179I.

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180 XXI : ,

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4 .

181I.

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182 XXI : ,

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183I.

( 1999 .). , 1,5 . , ., , . , , , .

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187I.

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188 XXI : ,

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( ). (Multiplediscriminantanalysis MDA) . , . , , . . , .

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189I.

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190 XXI : ,

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;

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, , , , ,

1 : National Science Board. Science and Engineering Indicators. Wash. D.C.2002. . 425.

192 XXI : ,

, , , . , , , , , , , , , .

: . , . , 2. . 1985 . 8% , 1999 . 36%. . , (, , ..), , (, , , ). , . , , , , , , . 1999 .96,2% , 40% 3. , . ,

2 National Science Board. Science and Engineering Indicators. Wash. D.C. 2002. . 423,424.

3 Ibid. . 425.

193I.

1999 . 25% , 4.

, . , , , , .

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. , , , ( 4 ), , . , , , . , , , , . .

.

4 Ibid.

194 XXI : ,

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195I.

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