א א א...א א א א א א א ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻟا ﺐﻳرﺪﺘﻟاو ﻲﻨﻔﻟا...

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אאאאאא

אאא المؤسسة العامة للتعليم الفني والتدريب المهني

אאאא

٢٤٤٢٤٤

אאאאאא

אא

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א ٢٥٦ אאאא

،،אא،אW

א אאא א א א אא

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אאאא؛אאאאאK

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

א א א ، א א א א א،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אא،אK

א א ?א ? ? א אא?אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א،אאאא

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אK

אאאא

א ٢٥٦ אאאא

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א א א ،אאאאאK

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א א א J א Kא،אא

אא אא ، Kא א א אאא אאאא

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אאאאKאאא אא א א א א א

א א א א א א אא אאא

Kאאאאאאאא

א א אא Jא אאא Jאאאא Jאאאאא

א J אאא אא אא Jא אאאאא Jאאא Jאא אא

א אFא Jא א JE J ،אא א א ،א אא א ،אא

א ٢٥٦ אאאא

אאאאE JאאFאא JאאאE JאאאאFא JאאאKE

אאאא،אאאא،אאאאאK

אאאאאא

אא

אא

א

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א ٢٥٦ אא אאאא אאא

-١ -

אאWאאא

אאWאאאאאאאK

אאW א אא א א א א אא אאאאאאK

אאאWאאא٩٠K٪

אאW٧

אאW

JאאאK JאאK JאאאK

אאWאא J١F٢٤١EאאאאאK


-٢ -

אאWאאא

אא אאאאא

א،א א אא א אאאאאאK אאאאא

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אאאאK אאאאאא،אא א K אא אא א

אאאאא א K אא א אאK

אא א אאאאא א א א א א אא אא Kאא

אאאאאאKאאאא א א א א א Kא א א

א א אא א א אא אאא

אאא JאאThawingאאK

אא א אא، אא Kאאאא

א א א


-٣ -

אא،אאאא א אא א א א

א אאא K אאאא אא K א א

אאאאאאאאאK

א א אא א אא אא א א K א א א אא Kא

אאKאאאKאאאאאא

א؟אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאא אא א אא א

אאאK א אא א אא א א

א Kא אא א א א Kא אאאאאאאאK

אאאא ١ JאאK ٢ Jא א א א אא א

א א א אא א א Kאאאא

٣ Jא א א אאא،אאאא

אאאאאאאK


-٤ -

אאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאK אאאא

אK א ، א

K אאאאא

١ JK ٢ JאאK ٣ JאאK ٤ JאאאK ٥ JאאאאK ٦ J Jא Jא JאאאK ٧ JאאK ٨ JאאאK ٩ JאאאK

אאFilling and packaging history א א א א א

אאאK אא א א א

אאאאאK،אאאאאאאאאKא

Cupאאא אאOne`s cuped hand אא אאאא

אhallowShells אאא א א א K א א א אא א א א


-٥ -

א א א א א א אאK א א ،א א א א א א

אK אאאאא

אא אא אא Kא א אאא אא Kאא

אאא،א،אאFאE،،א،אאאK

א א א א א אאאאאFאE א

א א א אא א א אF ٧٥١א Eא א Kא

אאאאKא١٣١٠١٦٩٠

١٨٦٧אא٨٦٨אאKא א א א אא א א א

אאאK אא

אאאאאאאאאאאא١٩٤٠אאא

אא א א א אאא٥٠א J٦٠אאאW

١ JאאKnowledge of packaging materials ٢ JאאMaterials converting packaging ٣ JאאFilling & closing ٤ JאאאPackage testing ٥ JאProduct manufacture


-٦ -

٦ JאאProduct properties ٧ JאStorage ٨ JאאHandling procedures ٩ JאShipping

١٠ JאאPackaging economy ١١ JאMarketing ١٢ JאAdvertising

אאContinuous package development and its importance א אא א א

אא א א א א K אא Management roleא

Immediate and rangeאאאאא אאאאא

אא KאאאאאאאKאאאאאPackaging development programs

אאאK אא

אאW ١ JאאאK ٢ JאאאאאאאK ٣ JאאאK ٤ JאאאShort range packaging modificationא

אאK ٥ Jאאאא

Mass productionאK ٦ JאאPackaging machinery


-٧ -

٧ JאאאאאאאאאאK

אאDevelopmental paths א א ،א א א א

א א אא א ، אW

١ JאאTotal system path אאאאאאאK

٢ JאThe package development path א אא א א א א

אאאאW JאאאK

JאאK JאK JאאאאאK

JאאK JאאאK JאאאאאאK JאאאאאאK

אאאאDefinition of package marketing requirements אאאאאW

١ JאStyling and design א א א א א

א א אא אאא K


-٨ -

٢ JאUtility features א אאאא א א א

אא،אאKKKK ٣ Jא

א אא א א אא א א אא אא אא א

אאאK ٤ JאאאSelection of legal possible package

אאאאאאאאאK

٥ JאEstimation of developmental costs אא

אאK ٦ JאאDecision whether to proceed (management decision)

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٧ JאאאאEvaluation testing of proposed package designs אאאאא

אMachinery pilotאאRegular manufacturing lineאא א אאא אאא א

אאK ٨ JאאאDecision to proceed to market test

א אא אאאאK

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאK


-٩ -

אאאא ١ Jאא ١ JאאאאK ٢ JאאאאאK ٣ JאאאK ٤ JאאאאאK ٥ JאאK

٢ Jאא ١ JאאאK ٢ JאאאK ٣ JאאאK ٤ JאאK ٥ JאK ٦ JאאK

٣ Jאא ١ JאאK ٢ JאאK ٣ JאאK

٤ Jא ١ JאFאKE ٢ JאK ٣ JאאK

٥ Jאא ١ JאאאאאאאאK ٢ J א א א א א

אK


-١٠-

٣ JאאאאאאאאאK

אאWאאאאאא

א א א א א א א אא א א אא א אא א

אאאאאאK

Wאאאא א א א א א א

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאא


א א א א א אא א א א א א

אאאאK

אא אא אא א אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאK אאאאא

١ JאאאאאאאK ٢ JאאאK ٣ JאK ٤ JאאאK ٥ JאK


-١١-

Wאאאא א אא א א אא

אא א א א א אא אW Polystyrene،Polypropylene ،Polyethylene Polyvinyl Kא

א א א אאא א אאאK

אאאא ١ JאK ٢ JאאK ٣ JאK ٤ JאK ٥ JK

אאא ١ JאאK ٢ Jאאאאאאא

אK ٣ JאאK ٤ JאאאאאK

אאאאא א א א א א א

Wאא،אא ١ Jאאאא

אאאאאאאאא א א

א ، א אא א א א، א א١}٠ J٧}٠ א א א


-١٢-

אא٥٠ºKאאאאאא אאאא ٦٠º

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אאאאאאK אאאאאאאאא

א א א א א אאאאאא٢}٠א J٤}٠

אאאאאK ٢ Jאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאK אאאאא

١ JאPolyethylene אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא

א א א א אאK

٢ JאPolypropylene א א א א

אאאאאאK


-١٣-

٣ Jא Polyvinylchloride אאאאא

א א אאא א א אאK

٤ JאPolystyrene א א א

א אאא א אאאאאא

אאאK ٥ JאPolyvinylacetate

א א א א אא א א א

אאאאאאאאאK

٦ JאPolyvinylchloride אאאא،

אאאא אא אאאאאא א אאא

אאאאאאאאאאאK

WאאאPaper containers א אאא אא אאא

אKאאאאאאאK אאאא

١ JאK ٢ JאאK ٣ JאאK


-١٤-

٤ JאאK ٥ JאK ٦ JאאK ٧ JאאK ٨ JאאאאאאאאK

אאאא JאאW

אאאאאא אא אאא

אאאאK JאאאאW

אW ١ JאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאא،

Kאאאאא ٢ JאאW

אאאאאאאK

٣ JאאאאW א אא אא א א

אאאאK ٤ JאאW

א א א א א א אא אאאאאאא

אK


-١٥-

٥ JאאW אאאאאא

א א אK

אאאאא

١ JBon paper אאאאאאא

K ٢ JאאKraft paper

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאK ٣ JאאGlassine paper

א א א،אאא

אK ٤ JאאParchment paper

א אא אאאא

אאאאאK ٥ JאאCoated paper

א א א א א א א אא אא K אא א א

Kאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

א אא K א אא


-١٦-

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאK

٦ JאPaperboard carton אאאאאאאאא

א א א א אא א אא א א א א אאא א،א

אאאאW ١ Jא ٢ Jאא ٣ Jא ٤ Jא

אאאאאאאאK

٧ JאאCellophane א א א א א א א א אאאא

א א א אאאאא

W Jאא

אKאאאאאאK

Jאא אאאאאאאאא

א אאאאאK


-١٧-

Jאא א א

אאאא אאאאא

א א א א אאאאאאאא

אא אאא Kא א א א א א א א א

א א א א א אא א א אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאK

אאאאא אאאאאאאא

א א א אא אאאאאK

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١٠ JאLitho paper


-١٨-

١١ JאאCrude paper ١٢ JאRefined paper ١٣ JאאWater proof paper ١٤ JאאGrease proof paper ١٥ JאאEnhanced paper

אWאאאFiber-board container אאאאאאא

אאאאK אאאא

١ JאאאאK ٢ JאאK ٣ JאאK ٤ JאאאK ٥ JאאK ٦ JK

אאא א אא א אא א אא

אאאאאאאאK WאאאClay container אאאאאאאאאאא

אא א אK

אאאא ١ J אא אאא אא אאא

אK ٢ JאאאאאK


-١٩-

٣ JאK

אאא ١ JאK ٢ JאK ٣ JאאK

אאאאא אא אא א א א

א א א א א א א אאK

WאאCloth container א א א א אא ،،א

אאא،אאא אאאא

١ JאK ٢ JאK ٣ JאאאK ٤ JאK

א א אא א א א א אא א אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא Kא א א א אא אא

א א Kא א אא א א אאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאK


-٢٠-

אאWאאאאא אאאאאאKאאאא

א א Light ،א Oxygen concentrationא Moisture concentration אאאHeat transferאContamination

אאאאאAttack by biological agentsK

WאLight אאאאאK

אאאאאאא،אאאאW

١ JאאאאאאאK ٢ JאMercaptansאאK ٣ JאאאאאאAstaxathinאא

א א א א א א אאK

RiboflavinאאאאאKאאאאHigher quantum energy

אאאאא א אKא WאOxygen

אאאאאאW ١ JאאאK ٢ JאאאאאK

אאאאאאאא א ،א אא א

אOxygen pressure א אא אK


-٢١-

WאאאWater and temperature אאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאK אא אא א א אא


אWאאSensitivity to mechanical damage א א אא א אאא K

אאא אא א א K אאאאאא

אאKאאאFאאאאאE،

אאאאאK WאאאאאSensitivity to attack biological agents

א אא אאא א אאאאאאאאא

אא א א، א א אאFאאEאאאK

אאאאאאK אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK


-٢٢-

אאאWאאאא WאאאQuality control of cans

א א א אאאאאא Kאאא

W ١ Jאאא

א א א א א א אאאאאאאאK

٢ JאPickling test אאאאא


אאאK אאא א

אאK ٣ JאאאSurface properties


٤ Jאאאאאא א א אא א

Conductivity testאאאאאאK ٥ JאאאRust test

אא א א א א א א KאאאאאW

١ JאאאאK


-٢٣-

٢ Jא א א א א K א א א אא אאאאאK

٣ Jאאאאאאא א א א א א

٩٥ J١٠٥ºK ٤ Jאא،אאאא

אא٧٠ºאאאאK ٥ Jאאאאאאא

אאK ٦ Jאאא א אא א

אאאאאאK ٧ Jא אאאא

אאK ٨ JאאאאאאאאאאאK ٦ Jאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא Kא

אאאאאאא א א א א א

אאאאאאאאאK

WאאאאאTesting flexible packaging materials א אאא א Films

אFoilsאPaper and flexible paperboardsאאאאאW


-٢٤-

١ JאאTensile strength אאאאא

אאאאאאאW

אאאBaldwin static- weighting machine Penolulum- weighting- machine

٢ JאאאGas transmission אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא٢٤

א א א אא אאאK

٣ JאאWater vapor transmission אאא

אאא٩٠٪א١٠٠אאאאאאא١٠٠

א٢٤K ٤ JאאאGrease resistance

אF٤x٤Eאאאאאאאא

א Kא א א א א א א אK

٥ JאאאAging test א א אאא א

אאאW ١ J אאא אKאא א א

אK


-٢٥-

٢ JאאאאK ٣ JאאאאאK ٤ JאאאK ٥ JאאאאK ٦ Jאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאK

٦ JאאאFlammability א א אא א א

SPI testerK ٧ JאאאMoisture absorptiveness

אא אא א א אאאאK

٨ JאאאאHeat sealer אא א א אא א

אאאאאאאאKאא אא אאאאHeat sealer א

א אא א אא אאאאK

٩ JאאTransmission of light א אאא א א

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK ١٠ JאאאאK

אאאאאאW ١ JאאAppearance and feel


-٢٦-

٢ JאאTexture ٣ JאGloss ٤ JאTransparency ٥ JאPrintability

א א אא א א א א אK

١١ JאאאאSanitation test א א א א אא

אאאאאאאKאאW ١ JאאאאאאאאK ٢ JאאאאאאאאK ٣ JאאאאK ٤ Jא אא אאא

אאאאאאאאK ٥ Jא אא אא א א א

אK ١٢ JאאאאאProtection of food against deterioration

אאאאאא א אאא א אא א

אאאאאאW ١ JאאאאאאאאאאאK ٢ JאאאאK ٣ JאאאאאK ٤ J אא א אאא א א א

אK ٥ JאאאאאK ٦ JאאאאאK


-٢٧-

٧ JאאאאאאאאK אאאF١،٢،٣٤Eאאאאאא

אאאאאK F١EאאאאאאאאK

א אאאFºE

אאאFºE

א אא FºE

א ٣٠٠ ١٥٥ J٢١٦ א ١٥٠ J٢٢٠

א ٢٠٠ J٢٢٠ J٥٠ א ١٩٠ J٢٢٠ J٦٠

אא ١٥٠ J٢٢٠ J٢٥ א ٨٠ ٥٠٠

١٥٠ J٢٠٠ J J

F٢EאאאאאK א אא٣L١٠٠٢L٢٤

א א אא ١٠٠ J٢٥ ٤٠٠ J٥٠٠ ٤٠ J٨٠٠

א١٢٥٠ ٢٠٠ ٥٠٠ א٢٤٠ J J ٥٠٠ א ١٠٠ J٥٠ ١٥٠ J١٠٠ ٦٠ J٤٠٠

א ٥ J٣}٧ ٥}٠ ١٠ ٢٠٠ J٣ ٣٠٠ J٧٠٠ ١٠٠ J٨٠٠

٢٠٠ J٤٠ ٣٠٠ J٥٠٠ ١٠٠ J١٠٠٠ ٢٥ ١٠٠ J٥٠٠ ٥٠


-٢٨-

F٣EאאאאאאK

א א L٢L٢٤

אא LL٢٤

א ٦}٣ ٦١ J٨}٦ א٨}٠ ٤}١ א٧}٠ א ٣}٠

א ١ J٥}٠ ٥}٣ ٠٠٥}٠ ٢}١ ٤ J٠٤}٠ ٨ J٠٦}٠

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F٤EאאאאאK א א א א אא

א א א א א

א

א


-٢٩-

אאWאאא א א א א אא אא א א

א א א אאא Kאאאא

،א א א ، אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאK אאאאאאKאא

אאא،אאאאW

١ Jאאא؟אא ٢ Jאאאא؟א ٣ Jאאאאא؟

אאאאKarlא٥ א אאאאא א

،אאאא،אאK

אאאאאF E ، אא

אאאאאK

Wאאאאאאאא אא אא א אא א א


-٣٠-

KאאאאאאאאFאא،،אאאאKE

WאאאאאאאאאK

W،א،אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאא

אWאאאאאא Wאאאא

אאאK אאאא Accelerated testing

אאאאאא Kא אא אא

א א ،א א אאאK

אאאאPackaging requirements of fresh fruits and vegetables אאאא

אKאאאאאK א א אא א

א א א א Kא אא אאא א

אאאK אאoxygen foods Sensitive-

אאאאאאאא א א א K א

א אאא אאא ،אאאא،אאאK


-٣١-

אאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאK א א א אא א א א אא

אאאאאאK אאאא

K א א אאFEאאKאא

אאאאאK אאאאאאאאא

K א א א Optimal permabilitiesא א אא א אא

אK אאאאאKאאאא

א א אא

א א א אK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאW

١ JאאאK ٢ JאאאאאK ٣ JאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאOptimizationא

W


-٣٢-

١ JאאאאK ٢ JאK ٣ JאK ٤ JאK ٥ JאK

אOptimizationאאא K א אא א אא

אאאאK אאאDesiccantאאאא

אאא In-Pack Desiccationא אא אאאOxygen scavengersאW

١ JאאאGlucose oxidaseאאאאאאאאאאא

א א א א אאK

٢ Jאא א א א Fאא א א

١٠٠א٣אא١٤٠KEאאPlatinum or palladium

٣ JאאאScavenger א אאאאKאאא

אא אא א אאא K א א א א

א K א א א אאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאK


-٣٣-

אאאאאInteraction between product and package אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאKאאאא١٩٥٨א

אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא، א א א א

،א אא ٣٪، א ٣٪ ،٣א٪א٣٪א٢٠٪אK

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאא אא KאאאאאאאאK

א א א א א א א אאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאKאאא אא א א

אKאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

K אאאאאאאאאאא

אאFree oilאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאGrease- proof materialsK


-٣٤-

א אא א א א אאא א א א א א א K

אאאאאאאK


-٣٥-

אא ١ Jאאאאאאאאאא،אK ٢ JאאאאאK ٣ JאאאאאK ٤ JאאאאאאK ٥ JאאאאאK ٦ JאאאאאK ٧ JאאאאאK ٨ JאאאאK ٩ JאאאאK

١٠ Jא،אאאאאK ١١ JאאאאK ١٢ Jאא،אאאאאK ١٣ Jאא،אאאאאאK ١٤ Jא،אאאאאאאK ١٥ JאאאאK ١٦ JאאאאאאK ١٧ JאאאאאאK

אאאאאא

אא

א

אא

٢


-٣٦-

אאWאאא

אאWא אא א א א אK

אאWא אא א א א א אא א

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אאW٥

אאW JאאאK JאאK JאאאK



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אאWאאאאאאאא אאאאאא

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א אא א א אא KאאאאאאאW

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א אMany minutes holesא אאאאאאAluminum foilא

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אאאאאאאAir tightאאאאאאא

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א אא א אא א ،אאאאאא

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Sulphateאאאא


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אFreezer tapeאאKאאאאאאא

אK אאאאאאאא

א א אא אא אאKאאאאאאא

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א א אא א א א א א אא ،א א א

א אא א אא א א אK

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א א א אא א אאאאKאאאאCellulose nitrate

א א א אא א אLacquerאאאאאKאא

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אאאאאאK אאאאאW

١ JאPolyethylene א א א א

א א א א אא א،אאאK

אאאאאאKSheetKאאאא

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אא א K א אא א א א א אא א

אאאKאאאאאאThickergauge אאאBoil in the bagאאאא

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bagsK KאF٦L٦EאאאאאאK


-٤٢-

٦ JאאPolyester

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א אAir tightא אא Kאאא אא٠٣}٠ J١}٠א

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אאK


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אאאאאKאאאאPurple redאאאא

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אאאאאאאא אא K א١٩٨٩ אא א א F

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-٧٢-

א א א א א א אא אאאאאאא

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אאאאאאאCO2W ١ JאאאK ٢ JאK ٣ JאK ٤ Jאא،אאK

א ١ JאאK ٢ JאאאאאK ٣ JאאאאאאK ٤ Jא אא אDripאא

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אאא אW

WאאאאאPassive or incommodity- generated modification א א א א א

אאאאKאאאאאאאאא א א א א א


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WאאFאEActive modification אVacuum،א

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אא אאאאאאאאאא

אאGas packaging equipments א א א א א א Fא E

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WאאאThermoforming equipments א א א אא א א

אאאאאאאKאF٢Eאאאאאאאא١אK٪


-٧٤-

F١EאאאK

F٢EאאאאK

WאBulk (Snorkel) equipments אאאאProbes

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א א Collapse א א א א،אא אא Aw

אא WאFO2E

אאאאאאאW ١ JאאאאאBloomK ٢ JאאאאאK ٣ JאאאאאאאClostridium

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אאאאF١ J٤E٪אאא א Discoloration Kא א

אאאW ١ Jאא

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١ JCO2O2אאאFEאאאאK


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א א ،א Lag phase א אLog phaseKאאאא

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Jאא אאא

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א K א א א א


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א אאא Kא אאאSalmonella Escherichia coliאאאא

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א א אאF٣ J٥ E٪א אאאאCO2F١٠E٪PVC, LDPEK

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א אF٦Eאאאאאאא

אFאאEאאאאאאא،אאאאאK

WאאFאאאאE

אאאאאאאאאאאPsychographs

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א א ،אא א אאא ،،אאא K א א אא Bloomא

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F٦EאאאאאKK אאא אא

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Cured ١ J٣ ٠}٠ ٣٠ ٧٠ ٠ J٢ ٤٠ ٥٠ ١٠ א ٠ J٢ ٠}٠ ٢٠ J٤٠ ٦٠ J٨٠

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٠ J٢ ٣٠ ٤٠ ٣٠

אאאאא אאא אאאאאא٢ºم

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א א א א אאאאאPseudomonas،

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אא٦٠٪א٤٠٪،אאאאאK

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א٤º٢٨


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א א א א א א ، אא א א אא

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א٢٠א J٥٠٪א،אא٥ J٢٥٪א،אאא א א א א א א Kאאאאאאאא

אאאW Jאא،אאK

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א ، א אא א א אאאKאאאאFאE

א א א K FEאאאאאאאא


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א א א אא א א אK

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אאא אא

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א אאאTransientא א،אאאאאאאאKאאא


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א א Grated carrots א אא א אאאK

א א ١٧٤٦א אKאאאBotulinum٨٠٪אאא

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א א א אאא א אK א אא ٦٠א ٪

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אאאאאא Clostridium botulinum א א

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אSalmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus א ،א א א א א א K Yersinia


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א א א אאאK

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א א PVC Lא K א א אא א א א א K א א

א א אאא Fא E ٢٠ º٨٠ אא،Kא

א א א א א א אא J،אא א א ،א J א Bacillus subtillis،

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א א ،אא א א א א א א אK

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א א K אא א٤٥ ٢٪ א ،אstearothermophilusBacillusאאאK

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אאאא،אאW ١-K ٢ JK

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א א א אא Kא א אאא Kא א אא ،א،אאאK

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א א F J J E K

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אא،אStandardStandardStandardאאאאא K

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K Wאאאא


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אאK אאאאאא

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א א אאא א אא א،


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א א א א א אא א א א

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אאK F١٠EאK

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א א א א אIndustrial packagingK

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אא אאאConflexא א א ٤٦}٠א א

אאאK א א א א א א

אאK ٣ JאאFlexible containers


אאאאאאאאאאאאאאFאEאK

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אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

א א א א Big- bag

containersאאאאאאאאK

א א א א אא א א Polystyreneא א א א

אאאאא١٦٢}١X ١X٧}٠٦}٠K

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JאאAir cargo containers אאאאאאאW

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אאאאאאאאK

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אאאאאאא٥ J١٥K

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1- Beese, R. E. and Ludwigsen, R. J. (1974). Trends in the design of food containers. Chem. Packa. Advances in Chemistry Series. 135:1. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington,

DC. 2- Jenkins, W. A. and Harrington, G. P. (1991). Packaging Food with Plastics. Technomic

Pub. Co. Inc., Pennsylvania, USA. 3- Mountnery, G. J. (1976). Poultry Products Technology. 2nd Ed. AVI pub., West port,

Conn. 4- Nickerson, J. T. and Ronsivalli. L. G. (1982). Elementary Food Science. AVI Pub. Co.,

Westport conn. 5- Odet, G. (1984). Packaging of fermented milk. IDF Bull. No. 179. International Dairy

Federation, Brussels.

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6- Sacharow, S. and Griffin, R. C. (1980). Principles of Food Packaging. 2nd Ed. AVI Pub. Co., Westport, Conn.

7- Simms, W. (1988). Modern Packaging Encyclopedia. Mc Grew-Hill Co. New York, Toronto, London.

8- Stephane, F. C., Ann-Marie, S. and Andree, J. V. (1997). Aroma transfers in and through plastic packaging: Orange juice and limonene. A review. Part II. Overall sorption mechanisms and parameters- a literature survey. Packaging Technol. & Sci. 10

(3): 145. 9- Turner, T. A. (1991). Packaging of heat preserved foods in metal containers. In Processing and Packaging of Heat Preserved Foods. Edited by J. A. Rees and J. Bettison.

Blackie and Son, Glasgow.

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