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INDEX

a-wei��. See asafoetidaAbbasid caliphate, 448Abbasid court (Hei-i Ta-shih��,

“black dressed Tadjik”), 448,449

Abbasids, 441, 448academies (shu-yüan��, ching-she�

�), 13, 17, 44, 295, 310, 318,320, 541, 619, 620, 637, 655,660, 666, 721, 722, 753, 755,761, 783

academy movement, 309–12in the mid-Northern Sung, 295printing at, 552religious functions of, 312in the Southern Sung, 309, 312

Accounts Office (Chang-ssu$�), 153achat (ma-nao��), 516Adjustment Tribute Policy

(“Adjustment of Tribute fromthe Six Southeast Circuits,”Tung-nan liu-lu chün-shu fa��), 165

administrative assistant. See p’an-kuan��

administrative-class official (ching-ch’aokuan��), 33, 34, 50–1,470

five tiers of, 69administrative memorial. See cha-tzuadministrative regulations (chih-chih�

�) in Sung hsing-t’ung, 254

advanced scholar. See chin-shih��advanced scholar degree. See chin shih

��Advisory Office (Chiang-i ssu��),

131, 132Afghanistan, 516Africa, 495, 518agate (ma-nao��). See also achat, 181agricultural production, 338, 341, 354,

359, 385, 425, 679regional differences, 344

agricultural technologies, 4Agricultural Treatise (Nung-shu��),

363agriculture

encouragement of, 172land reclamation, 364, 394state farmlands (t’un-t’ien �), 174

Ah Yün�, case of, 269Akhbār al-Sı̄n wa-l-Hind (Notes on

China and India), 443al-Fustat (old Cairo), 428, 494, 503Allah al-Akhbār (Allah the greatest),

442aloe (lu-hui��), 509, 516alum (fan� or�), 190, 519amber, 444ambergris (lung-hsien�$, “dragon

spittle”), 453, 509, 513Ambon, 445American slavery, 535an�. See Buddhism: private chapels

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886 index

An Ch’iung��, 282An Lu-shan�� (703–57), 21, 221,

322, 347, 348, 439An-chi county�� in Hu-chou,

Liang-che-hsi, 397An-chün, Prince of��, 483An-feng-chün�� in Huai-nan-hsi,

248An-hsi(1) county�� in Ting-chou,

Ho-pei-hsi, 282, 448An-hsi(2) county�� in

Ch’üan-chou, Fu-chien, 495,497, 498

an-hsi-hsiang��. See benzoin orgum Benjamin

An-nan Protectorate (An-nan tu-hu-fu�� ), 223

Analects (Lun-yü��) by Confucius, 33,47, 289, 298, 589, 619, 667,709, 713, 740, 758, 764, 766,768

anchorage tax (po-chiao�), 466ancient prose. See ku-wen��Anhwei�!, 361Annam��, 229, 446, 456, 502, 510,

518annual evaluation (k’ao�), 63, 74annual tribute, 182approaches to self-cultivation

Fu-chien tradition, 742, 743Hu-nan methods, 742

Arab merchants, 442, 444, 508, 513,518, 519

Arab ships, 520Arab sources, 503Arabs (Ta-shih��), 181, 443, 444,

448, 451, 513, 516, 521settlements in China, 443

Araki Toshikazu��, 645archive-secretariat (pien-lü ssu��)

of counties, 266Arikamedu, 447aristocracy, comparative notions of, 20,

638

Armaments Office (Chün-ch’i suo��), 233

Armaments Section (Chou-an#�) ofthe Salt and Iron Office of theState Finance Commission, 153,233

armaments storehouses (chün-hsü k’u��), 236

armories (chün-ch’i k’u��), 236Armory for Crossbows and Swords

(Chün-ch’i nu-chien k’u��-��), 236

Armory for Uniforms and Armour(Chün-ch’i i-chia k’u��), 236

armyAnnamese Nine Army Model

(An-nan chiu-chün fa��), 230

area generalship (chiang�), 226, 230area generalship system (chiang-ping fa

��), 226army (chün�), 216, 230bowmen (kung-shou.�), 217, 218,

262brave volunteer system (yung-kan

hsiao-yung fa'" ��), 244cavalry, 235companies (tui ), 226company system (chieh-tui fa� �),

226county defenders (hsien-wei��),

218Four Elite Armies (Shang ssu chün�

��), 216frontier defence commands (fan-chen

��), 214frontier tribal troops (fan-ping��),

217, 218imperial armies (chin-chün��),

148, 163, 199, 216, 217, 219,220, 224, 226, 227, 228, 230,233, 245

provincially recruited, 217




index 887

Imperial Bodyguard (Shih-weich’in-chün#��), 214

imperial guardsmen (chin-ping��),214

local militias (hsiang-ping��), 217,218

local troops (t’u-ping�), 217,218

Metropolitan Cavalry Command(Ma-ssu��, Ma-ssu-chün��), one of the Three CapitalGuards, 215, 243

Metropolitan Infantry Command(Pu-ssu�), one of the ThreeCapital Guards, 215, 218

palace armies (yü-ch’ien chu-chün��), 243, 246, 247

Palace Command (Tien-ssu��), oneof the Three Capital Guards,215, 243

personal army of the emperor(ch’in-chün�), 216

provincial armies or prefecturalarmies (hsiang-chün%�), 148,217, 219, 220

stockade troops (chai-ping.�), 218Three Capital Guards (San-wei�),

215, 231, 239, 240, 243, 246,247

volunteer system (hsiao-yung-fa ��), 244

arrests and escapes (pu-wang�0) inSung hsing-t’ung, 255

arsenals (chia-chang k’u�1�), 236asafoetida (dragon’s blood a-wei��),

509, 514, 516Asia Minor, 508assistant chief councilor. See Ts’an-chih

cheng-shih��audiences, 121

front hall audience (cheng-ya�),113

grand audience assembly (ta ch’ao hui��), 113

grand obeisance (pai-kuan ta ch’i-chü��), 114

inner invitation (nei-yin��), 113regular audience (ch’ang-ch’ao��),

113revolving audience (chuan-tui� or

lun-tui��), 117second sitting in the back hall

(hou-tien tsai-tso��), 114supervising the group (ya-pan��),

98, 114ta ch’ao hui��. See audiences:

grand audience assemblyAustralia, 495autumn tax (ch’iu-shui��), 158, 159avoidance examination for departmental

examination (pieh-shih�� orpieh-yüan-shih��), 317

avoidance examination for qualifyingexamination (pieh-t’ou shih��, tieh-shih��), 317

Bahrain, 505Banda Islands, 445Bangka Island, 502Barrett, Timothy H., 543, 544Bastid, Marianne, 141Battle of Talas, 448Bayon relief from Angkor Thom, 452benevolence. See jen�benzoin or gum Benjamin (an-hsi-hsiang

�� or chin-yen-hsiang��), 509, 512

Beranang, 502Berbera, 518Berbera and Somali coast, 513Berbera coast, 520best of literature, The (Wen cui�)

672betel nut, 453biannual tax. See taxes: biannual taxBilliton Island, 502Birge, Bettine, 580, 586Black Killer (Hei-sha��), 605




888 index

black pepper (hu-chiao��), 515black-dressed Tadjik (Hei-i Ta-shih�

��). See Abbasid courtBlossoms from the garden of literature.

See Wen-yüan ying-hua��, 410

boats. See shipsBol, Peter K., xvi, 10–12, 564, 624,

625, 657, 658, 660book collecting, 549book for relieving famine and reviving the

people, A (Chiu-huang huo-minshu), 410

Book of changes (I-ching��), 289, 677,686, 688, 692, 699, 701, 704,709, 713, 714, 719, 740, 758,761, 777

Book of documents (Shu-ching�� orShang-shu!�), 28, 36, 37,289, 686, 704, 709, 713

Book of notification and verification, The. SeeKitāb al-tanbı̄h wa’l-isrāf

Book of numbers in nine sections(Chiu-chang suan-shu��),529

Book of poetry, or songs (Shih-ching��),36, 37, 93, 686, 687, 695, 704,709, 777

Book of rites (Li-chi �), 277, 709,718

books, overseas trade in, 521Borneo (Po-ni(�), 444, 515, 520Borneo camphor (lung-nao-hsiang��

�), 515Bossler, Beverly, 569, 577, 578, 579,

583, 588, 590, 628, 629, 637,645, 657

Bow and Arrow Workshop (Kung-nutsao-chien yüan.-��),233

Bow Workshop (Kung-nu yüan.-�),233

Breaker site, 494brocade (chin), 53, 138

bronze coins. See money: bronze coins,486, 490, 501, 518

Brunei, 445Buddhism 15, 80, 620, 622, 666, 678,

680, 706, 719, 738, 748, 773,776, 781. See monks

alleged decline of, 620Amitabha Buddha, 555bodhisattva Kuan-yin, 555, 611boddhisattva Manjusri, 599Buddhist monasteries, 15, 96Buddhist sculpture, 496Buddhist sects, 15Buddhist shrines, 15Buddhist values, 32burning spirit money, 530canons, 94certification of monks, 531Ch’an� literati, 16, 541, 737Ch’an� monks, 735Ch’an� school, 309, 617, 619, 620,

661, 734, 736, 739, 776, 780,789

Confucian critiques of, 740Confucian–Buddhist synthesis, 756enthusiasm for, 739hostility towards, 736, 737Hui-ch’ang�� persecution, 607ideas and practices, 16images, 532influence of, 620Japanese monk, 406, 498manuscript production, 550monasteries, 361, 539, 603, 612,

753monasteries as printers, 552monks, 361, 411, 458, 608nuns, 585origins of gods, 611pilgrims, 424practicioners, 616printed canon, 547printed scriptures, 545printing, 544




index 889

private chapels (an�) and meritcloisters, 600

recitations, 601rituals for the dead, 603role of gold and copper in, 485sangha, 597schools, 295scriptures, 288, 438, 521, 552, 553statues, 502subordination to Taoism, 607T’ang persecutions, 596and tea drinking in Japan, 497teachers, 734temples, 203, 425, 438, 503, 573,

613, 614, 616, 619, 647, 670texts, 670tradition, 680vows, 602

Buddhist schools, 541Ch’an�, 309, 542, 597, 617, 661,

734, 736, 739, 776, 780, 789Hua-yen�, 598Lin-chi�� school of Ch’an, 597Pure Land (Ching-t’u ), 533, 601T’ien-t’ai�, 601Ts’ao-tung�� school of Chan, 597

Buddhist templesas hostels in the capital, 315

Bureau for the Implementation of FiscalRegulations. See FinancePlanning Commission

Bureau of General Accounts (Tu-chihssu��), 75

Bureau of Military Affairs. See MilitaryAffairs Commission

Bureau of Operations (Chih-fang��),539

Bureau of Personnel Evaluation(Shen-kuan yüan"��), 63

Bureau of Policy Criticism (Chien-yüan%�), 30, 31, 38, 103, 104–5,106, 107, 108, 110, 137

bureaus of the two controller-generals(liang ts’ui t’ing��&), 467

Burma, 502Bursary (Liang-liao yüan��), 146Byzantium, 519

cadastral survey (ching-chieh�), 538Cambodia (Chen-la��), 430, 442,

500, 504, 510, 513, 516, 518Khmer pottery sites, 496

camphor (nao-tzu��), 509, 515Canton. See Kuang-choucapital (tzu-pen��), 528cardamoms, 509carnelian, 475Celebes Sea, 445Celestial Treasury, 530Censorate (Yü-shih t’ai��), 30, 31,

38, 49, 60, 74, 98, 103, 106,107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 122,133, 137, 143, 251, 252

Attendant Censor (shih yü-shih#��), 104

Headquarters Bureau (T’ai-yüan��), 104

history and organization of, 103–4Investigating Censors (Chien-ch’a

yü-shih��), 104Investigation Bureau (Ch’a-yüan�

�), 104Palace Bureau (Tien-yüan��), 104Palace Censors (Tien-chung shih yü-shih

��#��), 104procedures of, 106–11Vice Censor-in-chief (Yü-shih

chung-ch’eng��2), 104Census Bureau (Hu-pu-si��), 145,

153Central Asia, 506, 523Central Plain. See Chung-yüan��centrality or inner equilibrium. See chung

�ceramics, 373, 427, 493

bluish-greenish-white wares(ying-ch’ing(�), 497, 498,499




890 index

ceramics (cont.)celadon wares (ch’ing-tz’u�),

497Chien-yang�� ware, 497Ching-te-chen#�� kilns, 376,

427, 428, 429, 464, 493, 494,495, 499

Ching-te-chen#�� wares, 369,495, 496, 497, 498

dark-colored earthenwares (tsa-se-t’ao��), 497

growth of ceramics industry, 532Kaolin clays (Kao-ling-t’u�"),

464, 493, 494Lung-ch’üan�� kilns, 464,

493Lung-ch’üan�� wares, 368, 427,

428, 430, 454, 495, 496, 497,498

porcelain, 369, 444, 460, 503,532

statistics on kiln numbers, 374Ting-chou� wares, 428, 499white wares (pai-tz’u�), 497white-glazed porcelain (pai-tz’u�

), 368certificates for maritime traders, 469

for permission to sail overseas(kung-p’ing�� or kung-chü��), 469

for permission to trade at locations inChina (lu-yin��, hui-yin��and ti-t’ou-yin��), 469

for the sale of particular commodities,469

cha-tzu�� (administrative memorial),44

cha-wei&�. See deceptions and fraudsch’a. See teaCh’a-yüan��. See Censorate:

Investigation BureauChaffee, John, xvii, 1, 9, 10, 12, 310,

623, 624, 625, 644, 656chai�. See forts; stockade

chai-ping.�. See army: stockade troopsch’ai-ch’ien�) (commissions,

functional positions), 49ch’ai-i� . See labor service:

requisitioned labor servicech’ai-k’o��. See taxes: obligatory sale

of goodsChampa (Chan-ch’eng �), 4, 444,

507, 510, 514, 523Champa rice, 4, 172, 360, 363, 364,

368, 385, 394, 419, 421Chan, Wing-tsit (Ch’en Jung-chieh�

��), 745Chan-ch’eng �. See Champach’an�. See farm tools: small, sharp

shareCh’an-yen fa��. See salt policies:

Family Wealth Salt PolicyChancellery (Men-hsia sheng� �),

30, 98Chang Chien�, 488Chang Chiu-ch’eng��

(1092–1159), 105, 733, 736,737, 739, 740, 756, 757, 773,775, 789, 790

Chang Chü-cheng�� (1525–82),166

Chang Chün1 � (1086–1154), 240,243

Chang Chün2 �% (1096–1164), 246,741

Chang Hsiu-min��, 549Chang Mu�, 464Chang Shang-ying��

(1043–1122), 598Chang Shen-lo�&, 282Chang Shih�� (1133–80), 309, 513,

648, 740, 741, 743, 748, 750,755, 758, 759, 780, 788

and Chu Hsi, 741Chang Shih-nan�� (d. after 1230),

450, 513Chang Shou-shen, 605Chang Sun�*, 465




index 891

Chang Tsai�� (1020–77), 11, 701,706, 716, 719, 723, 725, 744,755, 756, 757, 761, 784, 786,788

Chang Tse-tuan�� (1085–1145),381

Chang Tun�� (1035–1105), 91, 120,128, 129, 134

Chang Yung� (946–1015), 673chang-che� (charitable elders), 646Chang-chou�� in Fu-chien circuit,

120, 415, 420, 433, 483, 647,648, 783

chang-kuan��. See senior officialsChang-ssu$�. See Accounts Officech’ang (yards), 235Ch’ang-an�� in Yung-hsing-chün

circuit, 200, 321, 324, 381,403, 545

ch’ang-ch’ao��. See audiences: regularaudience

Ch’ang-chiang��. See Yangtze RiverCh’ang-chou�� in Liang-che-hsi

circuit, 341, 345, 388, 393,417, 420, 422, 423

Ch’ang-chou county�� in Su-chou,Liang-che-hsi, 341, 343

ch’ang-fu�� (regular agriculturaltaxes), 163

Ch’ang-lo county �� in Fu-chou,Fu-chien, 404

ch’ang-ming ya-ch’ien��. Seevolunteer office servicemen

ch’ang-p’ing ts’ang��. See granaries:price-regulating granaries

Ch’ang-sha�, 401, 442Ch’ang-shu county�� in Su-chou,

Liang-che-hsi, 395, 404, 423,424

ch’ang-wu (monopoly orcommercial tax installations),148

ch’ang-yin��. See official transitpermits

Chao Ch’ung-tu�� (1175–1230),483

Chao Hsü. See Shen-tsungChao I�� (1727–1814), 76, 78Chao Ju-kua�� (1170–1231), 449,

508, 510, 512, 513, 514, 515,516, 520, 521

Chao Ju-yü�� (1140–96), 91, 788Chao Pien�� (1008–84), 111Chao Pu-hsi�� (fl. 1213), 483Chao P’u�� (922–92), 117, 142Chao Shih-hsüeh��!)(1108–62),

483Chao Shih-k’an�� (fl. 1163–4),

483Chao Shu-hsiang�!�, 91Chao Ting�� (1085–1147), 788Chao Yen-hou�� (c.

1190s–1230s), 483Chao-chou�� in Ho-pei-hsi circuit,

358chao-lai Man-shang��. See

southern barbarian merchantschao-yü�. See mandated trialch’ao� (audience), 112ch’ao� (vouchers). See also yin�, 185Ch’ao I-tao$� (Courtesy name for

Ch’ao Yüeh-chih��,1059–1129), 562

Ch’ao Yüeh-chih�� (1059–1129),123

Ch’ao-chou�� in Kuang-nan-tung,498

ch’ao-hui��. See court audience ormorning audience

ch’ao-kung��. See annual tributech’ao-kung mao-i��. See tribute

tradech’ao-t’ing�� (imperial court), 87ch’ao-yen fa��. See salt distribution

by private merchants for southChina

charitable foundations (i-ch’an��),172




892 index

charitable service (i-i� ), 172Chaves, Jonathan, 573che-chung fa�� (system of salt

vouchers provided to merchantsin exhange for deliveredprovisions), 185

che-k’o�, che-pien�(commutation of grain taxes intocash or other goods), 161

Che-tsung

(Chao Hsü��,1077–1100, r. 1085–1100), 81,91, 94, 111, 115, 155, 230,232, 454, 477, 716

Che-yü kuei-chien��!�. See Mirrorfor deciding cases

Chekiang, 496, 507, 669, 721, 759,763, 765

ch’e-ch’ü�. See giant clamschen� (market town). See market townsChen Te-hsiu�� (1178–1235),

157, 415, 453, 458, 483, 490,647, 648, 785, 786, 787

chen-chiang��. See garrisoncommander

Chen-chiang fu�� (Jun-chou��) in Liang-che-hsi, 243, 400,406, 417, 423

Chen-chou�� in Huai-nan-tung,202, 369, 400

chen-chu��. See pearlschen-fu shih��. See military

commissioners in the SouthernSung

Chen-jung commandery��,174

Chen-la��. See CambodiaChen-tsung� (968–1022, r.

997–1022). See also Chao Heng,15, 23, 30, 51, 55, 79, 81, 82,84, 86, 88, 91, 94, 96, 103, 104,107, 117, 119, 146, 147, 148,166, 172, 193, 201, 215, 216,220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 480,551, 604, 605, 606, 670, 673

Chen-wu�� (or Hsüan-wu��),605, 616

Chen-wu Army��, 217ch’en� (vassal), 246, 449Ch’en� surname, 554Ch’en An-hsing��, 555Ch’en Ch’eng�� (1015–86), 477Ch’en Ch’un�� (1159–1223), 745,

783, 785Ch’en Ching��, 509Ch’en Fu�� (b. 1076), 370Ch’en Fu-liang�� (1137–1203),

72, 415, 723, 785, 789Ch’en Hsiang�� (1017–80), 579,

585Ch’en Kou�+ (tzu Heng-po3�,

1090–1127), 162Ch’en Kuan�� (1057 or 1060–1124),

712Ch’en Kung-fu�� (1077–1142),

132, 732, 733Ch’en Liang�� (1143–94), 36, 42,

138, 649, 723, 724, 758, 760,763, 769, 772, 777, 784, 785

and Chu Hsi, 741, 763Ch’en Mi�/ (1171–1230), 785Ch’en Shen-fu�� (or Ch’en Tun-fu

��?, 1061 chin-shih), 477Ch’en Sheng-chih�� (1011–79),

41, 45Ch’en Tsao�� (1133–1203), 582Ch’en Tung�� (1086–1127), 304,

305ch’en-hsiang��. See gharuwood or

“sinking aroma”Cheng Ho� (1371–c.1435), 523Cheng K’o� (b. 1081), 259Cheng meng��. See Correcting youthful

ignoranceCheng-chou� in Ching-hsi-pei,

355Cheng-shih-t’ang�� (Hall of

Administration). See Hall ofAdministration




index 893

cheng-shui�� (regular tax), 158cheng-ya�. See audiences: front hall

audiencech’eng� (sincerity, authenticity, or

integrity), 700Ch’eng brothers (Ch’eng Hao� and

Ch’eng I�), 536, 701, 708,711, 723, 739, 740, 742, 744,746, 755, 757, 761, 762, 767,778, 783

disciples of, 739Ch’eng Hao� (1032–1085), 11,

309, 669, 693, 712, 716, 717,719, 720, 732, 734, 743, 747,748, 750, 755, 758, 784

Ch’eng hsüeh��. See Ch’eng learningCh’eng I� (1033–1107), 10, 11,

309, 668, 669, 670, 693, 708,712, 714, 716, 719, 720, 726,728, 729, 732, 733, 734, 736,740, 742, 743, 744, 746, 748,758, 761, 766, 769, 784

Ch’eng learning (Ch’eng hsüeh��),716–21, 732

Ch’eng-tu prefecture� � inCh’eng-tu-fu circuit, 72, 210,314, 328, 334, 346, 371, 386,403, 421, 431, 432, 545, 547,550

Cherniack, Susan, 562, 563, 564chi�. See faminechi pi kuan nai ch’ou-chieh ping shou-shui

$��"��$�� (levy of(regular) taxes), 466

Chi-chou�� in Chiang-nan-hsi, 406,412, 432

chi-chu�� (placement assemblies forexecutor officials), 70

chi-i. See consultative assemblieschi-k’ou mai-yen fa��. See salt

policies: Purchase by Number ofIndividuals Salt Policy

Chi-ku lu��. See Record of examiningthe past

chi-lu-k’uan �� (stipendiary office,titular office, titular rank, ranktitle). See also chieh-kuan"�, 8,59

chi-pei�� (ancient name for cotton),508

chi-shih chung�� (supervisingsecretary), 30

Chi-su fang�,�. See Office forEmergencies

chi-ti�� (passed the palaceexamination with distinction),315

Chi-nan��, 557Ch’i� regime (1130–37), 242ch’i� (matter and energy or material

force that constituted all things,psychophysical substance,substance-energy), 571, 618,698, 716, 717, 718

Chang Tsai’s conception of, 706Ch’i Chung-fu��, 570ch’i-chang�� (village elder), 262Ch’i-chou Sea*��, 445ch’i-fen tseng-shui ch’ien*��. See

taxes: surcharge or surtaxch’i-feng�� (praying for advantegous

winds), 469ch’i-lin-chieh��. See unicorn guttaCh’i-sung�� (1007–72), 680chia hsüeh-chieh��. See false

dragon’s bloodChia Ssu-tao�%� (1213–75), 128,

132, 167Chia Tan�� (710–85), 447, 448Chia, Lucile, 549, 652chia-chang k’u�1�. See arsenalsChia-hsing county�� in

Hsiu-chou, Liang-che-hsi,368

Chia-kang shui-chün��. SeeConvoy Escort Squadron

chia-lo-p’o-chieh��* (alternatename for cotton), 508




894 index

chia-t’ai��. See incentive paymentsChia-ting county�� in Su-chou,

Liang-che-hsi circuit, 476chia-yeh ch’ien��. See taxes: tax on

urban rentchia-yeh wu-li��. See family

wealthchiang�. See army: area generalshipChiang Kung-wang�� (fl. 1101),

756Chiang-chou�� in Chiang-nan-hsi,

243, 379, 401, 534Chiang-hsi school��, 528Chiang-hsia Temple��, 475Chiang-hu school��, 528Chiang-i ssu��. See Advisory OfficeChiang-k’ou��, 423Chiang-ling-fu�� in Ching-hu-pei

circuit. See also Ching-nan-fu��, 234

Chiang-nan-hsi circuit��, 160,346, 350, 354, 361, 363, 386,388, 390, 392, 393, 394, 401,406, 410, 412, 421, 427, 429,430, 432, 534, 535, 538, 554,556, 560, 561, 607, 608, 612,622, 649, 669, 773, 783

Chiang-nan-tung circuit��,159, 160, 337, 345, 346, 349,354, 363, 365, 371, 386, 394,396, 398, 408, 410, 412, 415,421, 422, 428, 429, 430, 431,753

chiang-ping fa��. See army: areageneralship system

Chiang-tso chien��. See Directoratefor the Palace Buildings

Chiang-yin-chün�� in Liang-che,478

ch’iang-kan jo-chih��/�(strengthen the trunk andweaken the branches),29

chiao�. See offering

chiao-ch’ao�. See exchange vouchersChiao-chih�, 223, 442, 475Chiao-chou Bay��, 477Chiao-hsi��, battle of, 238, 245Chiao-hsi county�� in Mi-chou,

Ching-tung-tung, 477chiao-hua��. See transform society

through instructionchiao-huan�� (surrender and return),

30chiao-kuan��. See teaching officialsChiao-shan��, battle of, 249chiao-shou��. See preceptorschiao-tzu�. See also money: paper

currencycertificates of deposit, 194, 210

chiao-tzu p’u��. See money:certificates of deposit shops

Chiao-tzu wu� . See Paper MoneyOffice

Ch’iao Hsing-chien��(1156–1241), 787

chief administration officer (tu-pu-shu ��), 225

chief councilors (tsai-hsiang��), 8, 9,16, 68, 97, 104, 105, 109, 110,111, 125, 126, 127–38, 146,216, 225, 243, 477

nefarious ministers (chien-ch’en��),128

recruitment privileges of, 55sole councilor (tu-hsiang��),

127weighted minister (ch’üan-ch’en��),

127chief manufacturies (tu-tso yüan �

�), 234chieh (fixed periods), 210chieh" (rank), 59chieh-chi��. See clerks: county clerkschieh-chi fa"��. See military: ranking

systemChieh-chou�� in Yung-hsing-chün,

184, 185




index 895

chieh-kuan"� (titular office, titularrank, rank title), 60, 143, 287.See also chi-lu-k’uan ��

chieh-shih��. See prefecturalexaminations

chieh-tu-shih�� (militarycommissioners, provincialmilitary governors, regionalcommandants), 51, 143, 262,622

chieh-tui fa� �. See army: companysystem

Chien-ch’a yü-shih��. SeeCensorate: InvestigatingCensors

Chien-ch’ang commmandery�� inChiang-nan-hsi, 412

chien-ch’en��. See chief councilors:nefarious ministers

chien-cheng��. See documentprocessing: examiner

Chien-chou�� (Chien-ning fu��) in Fu-chien, 368, 498

chien-chou� (vice prefect orprefectural supervisor), 147. Seealso t’ung-p’an��

chien-chü�� (sponsored endorsements,recommendations), 73

chien-chuang�. See estate managerchien-fa kuan��. See law searching

officialsChien-k’ang-fu�� (Chiang-ning-fu

��) in Chiang-nan-tung,234, 240, 243, 365, 406, 419,421, 426

chien-shu� (endorsement), 147chien-ssu� (surveillance agencies),

144chien-tang kuan�� (state monopoly

agents), 148chien-tuan kuan��. See officials who

search and sentenceChien-yang county�� in

Chien-chou, Fu-chien, 368

Chien-yen i-lai hsi-nien yao-lu�� (Chronological record ofimportant events since 1127), 25

chien-yüan%�. See Bureau of PolicyCriticism

Ch’ien Mu� (1895–1990), 748ch’ien-chin��. See money: coin

prohibitionsCh’ien-hsü��. See Hidden voidch’ien-huang�� (coin famine),

209Ch’ien-shan county�� in

Hsin-chou, Chiang-nan-tung,408

Ch’ien-t’ang River��, 406ch’ien-yin��. See money: cash voucherschih kung-chü��. See examination

administratorchih-cheng kuan��. See executive

officialschih-chih��. See administrative

regulationsChih-chih san-ssu t’iao-li ssu��

�� (Finance PlanningCommission). See FinancePlanning Commission

chih-chih shih��. See militarycommissioner (chih-chih shih)

Chih-ch’ih yüan�%�. SeeSecretariat-Chancellery: Bureauof Edicts (Chih-ch’ih yüan�%�)

chih-chou��. See prefectschih-fa�� (laws of halt), 64chih-fu��. See prefectural

administratorchih-hsien��. See county magistratechih-hui� (commandery – army

unit), 216chih-i��, chih-i chiao-ch’ien��

�. See transport feechih-li�� (ultimate pattern), 688chih-lu��. See circuit judicial

intendant




896 index

chih-nan chen�� (south pointingneedle). See compass

chih-ta fa�� (requirement thatsouthern circuits ship their taxesdirectly to the capital), 202

chih-t’ien��. See office fieldschih-tsou��. See document processing:

retained memorialChih-yen��. See Understanding of

wordsChih-yüan� (976–1022), 674ch’ih% (edicts, associated penalties),

250, 255, 257, 258ch’ih-ch’i��. See red contractsCh’ih-chou�� in Chiang-nan-tung,

243Chin� (ca. 900–376 bc), 691, 692Chin� (Jurchen) dynasty (1115–1234),

2, 18, 28, 181, 190, 232, 305,440, 478, 510, 666, 708, 733

Sung trade with, 183Sung wars with, 458, 738, 741, 788

chin hsing�� (to realize one’s ownnature), 719

Chin-chiang county�� inCh’üan-chou, Fu-chien, 415,497, 498

Chin-chou�� in Li-chou circuit, 243chin-chün��. See army: imperial

armiesChin-hua county�� in Wu-chou,

Liang-che-tung, 753, 760Chin-ling��, 220chin-na��. See financial contributionchin-ping��. See army: imperial

guardsmenChin-pu��. SeeMinistry of Revenue:

Treasury Bureauchin-shih�� (advanced scholar or

presented scholar degree), 9, 34,44, 57, 90, 288, 294, 295, 304,314, 316, 319, 665, 671, 706,709, 732, 733, 750, 772, 773,786

candidates, 299curriculum for, 289degrees and recipients, numbers given

288division into two sub-degrees, 300list of 1256, 313prefectural quotas for, 292reordering by the Ch’ing-li reforms,

294in T’ang examinations, 34

Chin-ssu lu��. See Reflections onthings at hand

chin-ti�� (prohibition zones for winesales), 188

chin-yen fa��. See salt monopolychin-yen-hsiang��. See benzoin or

gum BenjaminCh’in� dynsaty (221–206 bc), 687,

695Ch’in Chiu-shao�� (1202–61),

405Ch’in Kuei�� (1090–1155), 2, 8, 37,

86, 96, 115, 117, 128, 133,134, 135, 136, 242, 306, 636,733, 735, 737, 752, 760

Ch’in-chou�� in Ch’in-feng circuit,202

ch’in-chieh ch’ien&��. See streetencroachment tax

ch’in-chün�. See army: personal armyof the emperor

Ch’in-feng circuit��, 144, 227,273, 336, 339, 358, 390

Ch’in-ling Mountains��, 327ch’in-min kuan�� (officials who

cherish people), 149Ch’in-tsung� (Chao Huan��,

1100–61, r. 1125–7), 81, 90,112

China fir (shan ), 451Chinese accounts of maritime foreigners,

447ching� (inner mental attentiveness),

719




index 897

ching� (standard), 766ching chih shih�� (pacification

commissioner), 72ching shih-wu�� (correcting the

problems of the age), 688ching shu�� (methods from the

Classics), 688ching-ch’ao kuan��. See

administrative class officialsching-chieh�. See cadastral surveyching-chieh fa��. See land survey

measureching-chih ch’ien�� (pacification

cash), 162ching-chih shih��. See pacification

commissionerChing-chih ssu��. See Pacification

Cash OfficeChing-fu fang��. See Frontier

Defense OfficeChing-hsi circuit��, 156, 242,

248, 273, 344Ching-hsi-pei circuit��,

382Ching-hu-nan circuit��, 339,

345, 346, 393, 413, 416, 421,429, 430, 534, 535, 644, 735

food shortages, 414Ching-hu-pei circuit��, 248,

345, 346, 349, 354, 360, 403,413, 416, 429, 433, 535

food shortages, 414Ching-k’ou ch’i-chiu chuan��,

503ching-lüeh an-fu shih��. See

military commissionerChing-nan-fu�� in Ching-hu-pei,

243ching-shih��, (standard positions), 70Ching-te-chen. See ceramics:

Ching-te-chenching-tsung chih ch’ien�� (account

for both pacification cash andfinance supervision cash), 163

Ching-tung circuit��, 227, 272,337, 339, 340, 356, 370, 371,372, 373, 377, 380, 390, 474

Ching-tung-tung circuit��,382

Ching-yen kuan��. See Classics Matlecturers

Ching-yüan circuit or military district#��, 144, 224, 227

Ch’ing� dynasty (1616–1912), xvii,16, 17, 19, 21, 435, 436, 585,636, 649, 782

community compact in, 542local elites in, 659revenue collections in, 211

ch’ing� (fourteen acres of land), 76, 174ch’ing� ware, 496Ch’ing-li reforms (Ch’ing-li hsin-cheng�

��), 293, 298, 674, 675,682, 689, 695

Ch’ing-lung-chen��(T’ung-hui-chen��) inHua-ting county, Hsiu-chou,Liang-che, 424

ch’ing-mai ch’i-chih'��(transaction cost for real estatepurchases), 197

Ch’ing-miao fa��. See New Policies:Green Sprouts Policy orFarming Loans Policy

Ch’ing-ming chi. See Ming-kung shu-p’anCh’ing-ming chi��

Ch’ing-ming shang-ho t’u��(Going up the river during thespring festival), 79, 381

ch’ing-pai�� ware, 495, 496ch’ing-shou�". See salaries of officials:

base salary (ch’ing-shou�",literally “pure receipts”)

ch’ing-tz’u�. See ceramics: celadonwares

Ch’ing-yüan ch’ih ling ko shih��%��%, 258




898 index

Ch’ing-yüan fu��. SeeMing-chouin Liang-che-tung

Ch’ing-yüan t’iao-fa shih-lei��. See Classified legal clauseseffective in the Ch’ing-yüan era

Chiu wu-tai shih��. See History ofthe Five Dynasties

Chiu-ching��. See Nine ClassicsChiu-chou��. See Nine Provinceschiu-ho huo-pan��'. See

commercial partnerships:associations of partners

Chiu-jih-shan��. See Nine-daysMountain

chiu-k’u'�. See government stablesand treasuries

chiu-liang chin-chün#�� (“imperialarmies close to their region ofprovisioning” or provinciallyrecruited imperial armies), 217

ch’iu-liang�� (autumn grain). Seeautumn tax

ch’iu-miao�� (autumn shoots). Seeautumn tax

ch’iu-shui��. See autumn taxch’iu-yen��, 122 (seeking speakers)Ch’iung-chou Straits��$,

445Chola Kingdom, 503Cholas, 503chou�. See prefecturesChou Ch’ing-li��, 470Chou Ch’ü-fei�� (d. after 1178),

449, 510Chou� dynasty (1046–256 bc), 36,

112, 670, 692, 784Chou Hsing-chi�� (1067–1125),

723Chou I pen-i�� (Chou dynasty

Book of changes), 740Chou Mi�� (1232–98), 316, 555Chou Nan�� (1159–1213), 417Chou Pi-ta�� (1126–1204), 65,

649

Chou Tun-i�� (1017–73), 11,699, 706, 743, 755, 757, 777,779, 784, 788

Chou-an#�. See Armaments Section ofthe Salt and Iron MonopolyBureau

chou-chün chien ling�� (prefectswith concurrent duties), 480

chou-hsüeh��. See prefectural schoolsChou-li. See Rites of the Chouchou-yüan��. See prefectural courtch’ou i fen�� (took one part), 467ch’ou-chieh�� (commodity tax), 466ch’ou-mai��. See harmonious purchaseChristians, 443Chronicles of Tso. See Tso Chuan��Chronological charts (Li-nien t’u��),

690, 691chu� (master), 449Chu Chen (1072–1138), 732, 778Chu Chuan-yü�, 553Chu Hsi� (1130–1200), 10, 12, 17,

34, 45, 58, 79, 80, 120, 122,129, 307, 309, 311, 312, 313,407, 536, 541, 563, 565, 567,574, 579, 583, 588, 589, 618,620, 635, 636, 648, 652, 656,658, 660, 661, 668, 669, 701,714, 721, 723, 729, 730, 731,732, 734, 737, 738, 739, 740,750, 759, 760, 761, 782, 784,785, 788, 789, 790

and Ch’en Liang, 763and Chang Shih, 741and Lu Chiu-yüan, 772and Lü Tsu-ch’ien, 750posthumous honors, 787, 790program for local society, 541religious program, 618thought as orthodoxy, 782on a wine tax policy, 189

Chu ju ming-tao chi��. SeeWritings by various Confucians forpropagating the Tao




index 899

Chu Sheng-fei�� (1082–1144), 42Chu Sung� (1097–1143), 739Chu Te-yu�� (d. 1107), 600Chu Tz’u� (742–784), 448Chu Yü� (c. 1075–after 1119), 449,

493Chu-fan chih��, 449, 502, 503,

512, 516, 518Chu-hsien chen4� (in modern

Honan province), 242chu-hu�� (resident households), 162chu-i ch’ien� �. See supplementary

service taxchu-k’o�� (various [fields] degrees),

300facilitated degrees for, 290numbers given, 288prefectural quotas for, 292

chu-kuan�� (subjective), 439chu-pu��. See county registrarschu-shuai�(. See field commanderschu-shui��. See taxes: sales taxCh’u� (1127) regime, 554Ch’u-chou�� in Huai-nan-tung, 202Ch’u-chou�� in Liang-che-tung, 369ch’u-ming#� (disenrolled), 50ch’u-shen�� (formally qualified in the

palace examinations). See also yuch’u-shen��, 315

chü-chu�� (sponsorship endorsementsfor promotions), 47

chü-jen�� or te-chieh-jen��(selected men), 291, 292, 294,296, 297

geographical representation of, 297,312, 314, 316

Ch’ü-chou�� in Liang-che-tung, 363ch’ü sheng-chih#�& (obtain the

imperial will), 112chuan�. See silkchuan ling chih��, 470chuan-chih kuan-yüan��

(specialist officials dispatchedfrom the court), 482

chuan-lan��. See clerks: abuses ofclerks

chuan-tui�. See audiences: revolvingaudience

chuan-yün shih��. See fiscalcommissioner

chuan-yün ssu��. See fiscalcommissions

ch’uan-chiao fei� (freightexpenditure), 467

ch’uan-ch’in ma�� (northwesternhorses), 235

chüan�. See pongeech’üan� (expedient, minimal

application of power), 696Ch’üan Han-sheng��, 534, 584ch’üan-ch’en��. See chief councilors:

weighted ministerCh’üan-chou��, 5, 181, 202, 369,

382, 415, 420, 429, 430, 434,439, 444, 445, 449, 452, 453,454, 457, 459, 463, 469, 474,476, 477, 481, 482, 483, 484,487, 490, 491, 492, 496, 497,498, 501, 502, 503, 509, 510,512, 515, 524, 534, 640

Ch’üan-chou Bay��, 452, 454ch’üan-shih��. See placement

examinationchuang� (estates), 174chuang-ting�� (stalwart men),

262Chuang-tzu�� (365–290 bc), and

the book by that name, 684,709, 778

chuang-yüan�� (top rankedexamination graduate), 316

ch’uang-tzu nu)�-. See crossbows:frame-mounted crossbows

ch’üeh� (billet), 67chun-pei chiang��. See reserve

generalCh’un-ch’iu��. See Spring and autumn

annals




900 index

Ch’un-chiu tsun-wang fa-wei��&. See Commentary on the Springand autumn annals

chün�. See army: army – unitChün ware (Chün-yao��), 375Chün-ch’i chien��. See Directorate

for ArmamentsChün-ch’i i-chia k’u��. See

Armory for Uniforms andArmour

chün-ch’i k’u��. See armoriesChün-ch’i nu-chien k’u��-��. See

Armory for Crossbows andSwords

Chün-ch’i suo��. See ArmamentsOffice

chün-hsü k’u��. See armamentsstorehouses

chün-hsün shih��. See militaryinspectors

chün-ping�� (ordinary soldiers),244

Chün-shu fa. See New Policies:Adjustment of Tribute (orequitable transport) Policy

Chün-shui fa��. See Equitable TaxLaw

chün-ti��. See equitable grainpurchase

chün-t’ien fa��. See equitable fieldsmeasure

chün-tzu�� (gentlemen, superiormen), 47, 48, 64, 678

chung� (“average” in evaluations), 63chung� (centrality, inner equilibrium),

742Chung hsiang ting hsing-t’ung�(�

� (Reexamined and redeterminedcollected penal laws). See Sung penalconspectus

chung-chih�&. See documentprocessing: directed edicts

chung-fa ti fen�� (heavy penaltyplaces), 272

Chung-feng ta-fu��(senior director grade, “Grandmaster for palace attendance”),135

chung-kuo�� (central states), 724Chung-lu fa��. See Liberal Salaries

LawChung-shu men-hsia�� . See

Secretariat-ChancelleryChung-shu she-jen��, See also

secretariat drafter, 30chung-shu sheng��. See Secretariatchung-wen ch’ing-wu��

(emphasize the civil andde-emphasize the military),29

Chung-yüan�� (Central Plain), 235,352, 355, 728

agricultural changes, 359Chung-yung�� (practice of the

equilibrium, Doctrine of theMean), 697

Ch’ung-jen county�� in Fu-chou,Chiang-nan-hsi, 580, 582

cinnabar, 453circuit (lu� or, for a short time, tao�),

140, 143nature of, 144

circuit judicial intendants (chih-lu��), 264

civil (wen�), 652, 654, 655, 670,671

civil lawadoption, 274, 276contracts, 281divorce, 277inheritance, 279

civil officials (wen-kuan��), 49, 53,225

Clark, Hugh, 534, 629, 656Classic of filial piety (Hsiao-ching��),

589Classic of the mind-and-heart. See Hsin

ching��




index 901

Classics, 43, 44, 94, 309, 647, 671, 673,682, 685, 690, 698, 726

and the Ancient Style, 675printing of, 545

Classics Mat lecturers (Ching-yen kuan��), 93

Classified legal clauses effective in theCh’ing-yüan era (Ch’ing-yüant’iao-fa shih-lei��),72, 257, 258

Clauses from the legal system of the Ministryof Personnel. See Li-pu t’iao-fa��

clerical. See clerksclerks (li�, hsū-li��), 40, 49, 63,

72, 75, 96, 99, 100, 101, 104,123, 130, 131, 133, 134, 168

abuses of clerks (chuan-lan��,lan-t’ou��), 178

bribery of, 197county clerks (chieh-chi��), 262salaries of, 151Secretariat clerks (t’ang-hou kuan��

�, literally, “officials behind thehall”), 134

cloves (ting-hsiang��), 514coarse goods (ts’u-se��), 468code. See lüCollected commentaries on the Four Books

(Ssu-shu chang-chu chi-chu��$��), 667

collected edicts (pien-ch’ih�%), 257Collected Works of Mr. Liang-hsi (Liang-hsi

chi��), 522Collected writings on the washing away of

wrongs (Hsi-yüan chi-lu'$��), 260, 264

Collection of difficult cases (I-yü chi��), 259

Collection of lucid and equitable judgements(Ming-kung shu-p’an Ch’ing-mingchi��), 260,261, 278, 648

commander-general (t’ung-chih��), 72

commenda, 403Commentary on the Spring and autumn

annals (Ch’un-chiu tsun-wangfa-wei��&), 677

commerceanti-market resistance, 536commercial activity, 22, 379regional patterns, 533

commercial managers (hsing-ch’ien��). See also commercialpartnerships

putting one’s money to use(hsing-ch’ien��), 404

commercial partnershipsassociations of partners (chiu-ho

huo-pan��'), 403joint-capital partnerships (lien-ts’ai

ho-pen��), 403putting one’s money to use

(hsing-ch’ien��), 403. See alsocommercial managers

commercial tax (shang-shui��),423

commercial tax offices (shui-wu� ,shui-ch’ang�), 177

commissioner (shih�), 470commissioner (yü-ying shih��). See

imperial defense commissionercommodity tax. See ch’ou-chieh��communications system, 202community compact, 542compass (chih-nan chen�� –

“south-pointing needle”), 450Compendium of Sung documents. See Sung

hui-yao chi-kao��Comprehending the change. (I-t’ung��),

700Comprehensive investigations of important

documents. See Wen-hsien t’ung-k’aoComprehensive mirror for aid in government

or Comprehensive mirror that aidsadministration (Tzu-chiht’ung-chien��), 11, 48,690, 691




902 index

Comprehensive treatise (T’ung-chih��).690

confiscated fields (mo-kuan t’ien��),175

conflicts and suits (tou-sung��) inSung hsing-t’ung, 255

Confucian temples (K’ung-tzu miao��,Wen-hsüan wang miao�!��), 295, 668

Confucian tradition, 680Confucianism, uses of the term, 666Confucius�� (551–479 b.c.), 32,

425, 619, 667, 673, 677, 685,695, 697, 715, 716, 743, 762,768, 777, 779, 784

editing of the Book of poetry, 695consensus, need for, 39–40consultative assemblies (chi-i��), 38controller-general. See t’ung-p’an��conventional Confucians. See shih ju�

�Convoy Escort Squadron (Chia-kang

shui-chün��), 455copper (t’ung�), 502, 505

in India, 503in Korea, 504mining of, 191, 408

copper coins. See money: copper coinscopper wares, 368, 460coral (shan-hu��), 181cornelians, 444Coromandel, 520Correct meanings of the Five Classics

(Wu-ching cheng-i��),667, 677

Correcting youthful ignorance (Cheng meng��), 706, 707

cotton, 503, 508Indian origins of, 508

counties (hsien�), 286county magistrate (chih-hsien��), 51,

407role in criminal cases, 264

county registrars (chu-pu��), 262

county schools (hsien-hsüeh��), 294,301, 303, 307, 318, 541, 624,709

county sheriff (hsien-wei��), 51, 262,263, 383

courier-transport system (yu-ch’uan-�, yu-ti-., i-ch’uan��,i-ti�.), 202

court audience (ch’ao-hui��). See alsomorning audience, 43, 44, 50,136

Court of Agricultural Supervision(Ssu-nung ssu��), 146, 154,206

Court of Judicial Review (Ta-li ssu��), 107, 252

Court of the Imperial Treasury (T’ai-fussu��), 146, 154

covered names (feng-mi%0 or hu-ming��), 292

cowries, 453Critique of adulterated learning (Tsa-hsüeh

pien��), 740crocodile skin, 516crossbows

frame-mounted crossbow (ch’uang-tzunu)�-), 234

strong-armed bow (shen-pei kung

.), 234

cubebs, 509

Dai Co Viet��, 223, 229Daily renewal (Jih hsin�), 735damask (ling�), 506, 507D’Argenio, Linda, 635Davis, Edward, 596, 603, 606Davis, Richard L, 307, 629, 657deceptions and frauds (cha-wei&�) in

Sung hsing-t’ung, 255decorations. See wen-ts’ ai��deforestation, 381Department of State Affairs (shang-shu

sheng��), 37, 98, 100, 125,137, 153




index 903

Department of the Chancellery. SeeChancellery

departmental examination (sheng-shih�� or Li-pu shih��,Ministry of Rites examination),290, 292, 294, 296, 297, 301,306, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318

candidate numbers, 312, 315, 625,671

de Pee, Christian, 590, 632deposit shops (kuei-fang��), 210des Rotours, Robert, 26destiny (ming�), 681De Weerdt, Hilde, 313, 564Dhofar, 516Diary of a journey to Szechwan. See Ju-Shu

chi��Dinh Bo-inh�� (Dinh Tien-Hoang

De�� 924–79, r.968–79), Emperor of the Dai CoViet, 223

Diplomatic Office (Kuo-hsin so��)of the Military AffairsCommission, 67

directed edicts (chung-chih�&,nei-chiang�$, nei-p ’i��),41, 124

Directorate for Armaments (Chün-ch’ichien��), 153, 233

Directorate for Construction (Ying-shanchien�), 711

Directorate for the Palace Buildings(Chiang-tso chien��), 153

Directorate of Education (kuo-tzu chien��), 30, 290, 294, 295,296, 297, 299, 314, 545, 560,561

printing by, 547Discourse on the essentials of the body. See

T’i-yao lundiscussions of the classics (lun�), 288,

313divorce documents (li-hun chuang��

�), 278

doctor, 655doctors and physicians, 546, 555,

558–9, 570, 571, 626Doctrine of the mean (Chung-yung

��), 693, 734, 740, 742, 761,774

document processing, 40–2administrative memorial (cha-tzu�

�), 122Capital Memorials Office (Tu chin-tsou

yüan üan ��), 122directed edicts (chung-chih�&,

nei-chiang�$, nei-p’i��),124

examiner (chien-cheng��), 134Memorial Presentation Office

(T’ung-chin ssu��), 123memorials and edicts, 121–7retained memorial (chih-tsou��,

also tsou-ping��), 124submitted petition (tsou-chuang�

�), 122Transmission Office (Yin-t’ai ssu��

�), 123dossier. See yin-chih��Doubting Mencius (I Meng��),

693Dowager Empress Liu. See Empress Liudowries. See women: dowriesdraft animals, 354Dragon Gorge Academy (Lung-ch’i

shu-t’ang��), 311dragon kilns (lung-yao��), 376, 428,

429, 498Dragon Lake Academy (Lung-t’an

shu-yüan��), 311dragon spittle. See ambergrisdragon-phoenix tea. See tea:

lung-feng-ch’a��dragon’s blood (hsüeh-chieh�). See

asafoetidadragon-spines (lung-ku�), 452dripping milk. See frankincense: ti-ju�

5




904 index

droughts, 40, 172, 193, 335, 337, 338,339, 341, 352, 356, 385, 387,392, 394, 395, 412, 413, 414,416, 417, 433, 759, 764, 765

Duke of Chou (Chou kung��), 720,768

East Africa, 504East African coast, 493, 518Eastern capital: A dream of splendors past,

The. See Tung-ching meng-hua lu��

Eastern Chou, 437Eastern European “second serfdom”, 535eastern route (tung-hang lu��),

445ebony, 444, 509Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, 279, 569, 572,

573, 574, 577, 579, 582, 590,593

economydynamism of, 3–7, 22–4

Edicts of Shao-hsing (Shao-hsing chih-ch’ih��%), 561

educationThree Hall system under Hui-tsung,

300, 709education intendants (t’i-chü hsüeh-shih

��), 301, 303educational fields (hsüeh-t’ien��), 174Egan, Ronald, 547, 549Egypt, 500eight virtues (pa-hsing�) method of

selection, 301elephant tusks, 529elephants, 518elite culture, 562, 667elites, 12–15, 440, 462, 492, 506, 508,

509, 569–608, 713capital-centered elite, 623court-oriented culture, 631elite localism, 650examination culture, 624local elites, 541, 620, 627

localist thesis and challenges to it,627

marriage strategies, 628Muslim, 503national elite, 627outside China, 506pressure of downward mobility, 641shih-oriented culture, 631southward migration of, 622T’ang aristocratic elites, 621T’ang to Sung origins, 622two cultures approach, 631

Elman, Benjamin, 636Empress Hsiang� (1046–1101),

91Empress Kao�� (1028–93), 81,

90, 91, 111, 127, 129, 155Empress Liu�� (969–1033), 31,

81, 84, 89, 104, 119Empress Meng�� (1073–1135),

91Empress Wu� (1115–97), 91Empress Wu�+� (624–705, r.

684–705), 30, 91, 95, 148, 543,544

Empress Yang�� (1162–1232),90, 91, 95

empresses, regencies of, 8, 81, 89–90environmental destruction, 356environmental problems, 381epidemics, 4, 334, 335, 340, 341,

417equitable-fields measure (chün-t’ien fa�

��), 322, 622, 765equitable grain purchase (chün-ti��),

198Equitable Tax Law (Chün-shui fa��

�), 166, 347Erh-Ch’eng i-shu�� (Surviving

works of the two Ch’engs), 758erh-fu�� (two headquarters), 98Erh-ya�, 289Erh-ya� Hsiao-ching�� (Classic

of filial piety), 289




index 905

Erudite Literatus degree (po-hsüehhung-tz’u��), 750, 786

estate manager (chien-chuang�), 174Ethiopia, 495eunuchs (huan-kuan��), 80, 87

military role of, 231eunuchs (nei-shih�#), 470Europe, 492

printing in, 544European experience

Sung parallels with, 662ever-normal granaries. See granaries:

price-regulating granariesEvidential Learning, 678examination administrator (chih kung-chü

��), 292, 298examination licentiates (sheng-yüan�

�), 17examinations (kung-chü��), 9, 34,

57–8, 286, 6651148 and 1256 lists, 643, 644candidate numbers, 312, 625competition and responses to it, 316curricular changes during the

Ch’ing-li reforms, 293degree numbers, 34, 290determining shih status, 643expansion under T’ai-tsung, 286, 290geographical representation, 295influence of Tao-hsüeh, 723medical examinations, 563military examinations, 653procedures guaranteeing fairness, 292reforms under Wang An-shih, 298,

709role in shaping the elite, 541sleeve–cheaters’ texts, 546in the Southern Sung, 312special examinations, 317, 410spurious learning prohibitions, 738T’ang system, 20, 34

exchange vouchers (pien-ti liang-ts’aochiao-yin(��,chiao-ch’ao�), 198

executive inspector (lu-shih ts’an-chün��), 267

executive officials (chih-cheng kuan��), 215

exorcists, 558, 608, 626expediency. See ch’üan�Expedient Grain Purchase Policy (Pien-ti

(�), 198Explanation of the diagram of the supreme

ultimate (T’ai-chi t’u shuo��), 699, 755, 757, 777, 778

Explanations of characters (Tzu shuo��),687, 709

Extended meaning of the Great learning. SeeTa-hsüeh yen-i��

fa-ch’ien�� (fine for losing a legaldispute), 164

fa-shih��, 609. See rite masterFa-tsang��, 544fa-yün shih��. See supply

commissionersfacilitated degrees (t’e tsou ming��),

54, 58, 65, 290, 624Fairbank, John K., xvfairness or impartiality (kung�), 293false (or imitation) dragon’s blood (chia

hsüeh-chieh��), 514family and marriage (hu-hun��) in

Sung hsing-t’ung, 255family strategies, 410family-property wealth (chia-yeh wu-li

��), 407famine (most commonly, chi�), 58,

204, 205, 209, 212, 335, 336,337, 352, 364, 387, 388, 392,407, 410, 433

Liang-che-tung famine, 413P’o-yang basin famine, 412relief, 203

fan� or�. See alumFan Chen�� (1008–89), 106Fan Ch’eng-ta�� (1120–93), 419,

449




906 index

Fan Chih�� (1126–89), 309, 401Fan Chung-yen�� (989–1052),

38, 63, 76, 80, 84, 93, 105,106, 205, 293, 337, 341, 634,656, 674, 677, 679

reforms of, 55Fan Clan’s landed trust, 343Fan Tsu-yü�� (1041–98), 62, 111,

690fan-chen��. See army: frontier defence

commandsFan-ch’eng��, 248fan-ping��. See army: frontier tribal

troopsFang, Cheng-hua, 653, 654Fang Hao�, 467Fang La�� rebellion (1120–21), 162,

232Fang Yüeh�� (1199–1262), 432fang-chih��. See local gazetteersfang-hsien'% (extended deadline real

estate payments), 197fang-kuo hu�� (living in the cities),

175Fang-t’ien chün-shui fa��. See

New Policies: Land Survey andEquitable Tax Policy

fang-wu�� (local products), 461farm tools, 352

broad, intricately structured share(hua), 353

curved beam plough, 353iron-drag hoe, 354small, sharp share (ch’an�), 353tillage trays (keng-p’an��), 353

Fedele, Fortunato, 260fei shih-liu�� (not of a gentleman’s

sort), 642fei-tz’u�� (extraordinary positions),

70Fen River (Fen-ho��), 329feng-chuang chin-chün ch’üeh-o ch’ien%�

�� (remitted imperialarmy vacancy funds), 199

Feng-chuang k’u%��. See ImperialReserve Treasury

Feng-hsiang fu ch’ien-p’an��(administrative assistant ofFeng-hsiang Prefecture), 67

feng-lu��. See official salariesfeng-mi%0. See covered namesfeng-po%� (return for correction – for

documents), 40feng-shan%� sacrifices, 148, 193fidelity cult, 570field commanders (chu-shuai�(), 214Fields of Merit in Buddhism, 601Finance administrative assistants

(San-ssu p’an-kuan��),144

Finance Commission or State FinanceCommission (San-ssu�,“three offices”), 86, 116, 124,136, 137, 145, 146, 165, 194,198, 233, 479, 480, 481

abolition of, 153Tso-ts’ang k’u��, (Left

Storehouse of the FinanceCommission), 194, 199

Finance Commissioner (San-ssu shih

��), 98, 146, 480

Finance Planning Commission(Chih-chih san-ssu t’iao-li ssu��), literallyBureau for the Implementationof Fiscal Regulations, 41, 130,150

finance supervision cash (ts’ung-chihch’ien��), 163

Finance Vice Commissioner (San-ssufu-shih�,�), 144, 480

financial contribution (chin-na��), 58financial service, 141fine goods (hsi-se��), 468Finest blossoms from the park of literature.

See Wen-yüan ying-hua��, 671, 672

firebombs (huo-p’ao�), 457




index 907

fiscal commission (chuan-yün ssu��), 471, 475, 477

fiscal commissioner (chuan-yün-shih��, ts’ao-ssu��), 69, 144, 145,146, 164, 470, 479, 480

fiscal state (ts’ai-cheng kuo-chia��

), 6

Five classics (Wu-ching��), 289Five Dynasties period, 8, 20, 21, 29, 60,

99, 113, 142, 147, 161, 168,175, 184, 192, 209, 214, 215,216, 219, 237, 271, 284, 288,291, 333, 341, 358, 513, 523,545, 623

maritime trade, 437, 438, 441, 462Five Phases (wu-hsing��), 690, 703,

716floods, 193, 340, 385, 392, 412flower and rock convoys (hua-shih kang

��), 202Flower garland sutra (Hua-yen-ching�

�), 522Flying Tiger Army (Fei-hu chün��

�), 654Fodder Yard (Ts’ao-liao ch’ang�),

236Food products, 368footbinding

effect on female mobility and fitness,572

foreign gharuwood. See gharuwood:fan-ch’en��

foreigners (yang-jen��), 476Former Kings (Hsien wang��), 713forts (chai�), 263Franke, Herbert, xv, 167frankincense or “milky incense”

(ju-hsiang5�), 181, 489, 509,510, 512

chien-hsiang�� (selected incense),512

ti-ju�5 (dripping milk), 512Frontier Defense Office (Ching-fu fang

��), 131

fu�. See prefecturesfu�. See poetryFu Hsi)� (one of the three monarchs

in ancient time), 678, 690Fu Pi�1 (1004–83), 31, 32, 35, 36,

38, 39, 48, 679Fu Yao-yü�� (1024–91), 105Fu Yeh, 616Fu-chien circuit��, 272, 333, 345,

346, 349, 354, 361, 362, 363,366, 376, 386, 392, 394, 396,401, 410, 413, 418, 419, 420,421, 424, 427, 429, 430, 433,452, 455, 457, 458, 471, 477,480, 482, 486, 488, 489, 490,493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498,499, 507, 518, 521, 522, 605,607, 622, 629, 669, 721, 735,783, 784

agriculture and trade, 414infanticide in, 411population, 411

Fu-chou�� in Chiang-nan-hsi, 406,412, 432, 534, 627, 629, 642,646, 647, 648, 772, 776

Fu-chou�� in Fu-chien, 368, 411,415, 416, 420, 421, 434, 444,455, 482, 496, 501, 646

prefectural school in, 307fu-k’o��. See women: women’s

medicineFu-shan��, 424fu-shih,� (vice commissioner),

144fu-shih�� (re-examination), 315fu-shih�� (supplementary

examination), 317Fu-yang county�� in Hang-chou,

Liang-che-hsi, 425Fu-yen�� circuit or military

district, 144, 224, 227Fujiwara no Yorinaga��

(1120–56), 521Fuller, Michael, 551




908 index

Funan � (Phnam), 446function in governance. See yung�furs, 182Furth, Charlotte, 570, 571, 572, 575Further record of Ch’ing-liang (Hsü

Ch’ing-liang chuan��),598

gardenia flowers, 509Garhwal, 503garrison commander (chen-chiang��),

262garrisons (t’un ), 365Gates, Hill, 638gauze, 506gender relations, 570general commissioners of supply

(tsung-ling shih��), 157General of Coastal Defense (Yen-hai tu

chih-chih shih � ��),459

general principles (ming-li��) in Sunghsing-t’ung, 254

gentlemen of occult arts (fang-shih��), 606

gentry, 20, 621, 627Gernet, Jacques, 32Gerritsen, Anne, 618Gharuwood or “sinking aroma”

(ch’en-hsiang��), 509, 510,529

chan-hsiang�� (provisionalgharuwood), 510

chien-hsiang�� (flat gharuwood),510

fan-ch’en�� (foreign gharuwood),510

su-hsiang,� (quick droppinggharuwood), 510

yao-ch’en� (medicinalgharuwood), 510

giant clams (ch’e-ch’ü�), 444Gimello, Robert, 598ginseng, 182

Going up the river during the SpringFestival. See Ch’ing-ming shang-hot’u��

Golas, Peter, xvi, 5, 6, 139, 191, 537gold, 7, 186, 194, 209, 504, 505, 529

gold dı̄nar, 505Goldstone, Jack, 663good behavior (te-hsing��), 293Goose Lake Monastery, 773

debate at, 773government expenditures

by local governments, 195for the military, 197

government monopolies, 3, 5, 6, 141,145, 183

salt monopoly (chüeh-yen fa��),184

tea monopoly, 178wine monopoly, 187

government revenues, 140, 156, 211from land taxes, 6from maritime trade, 181, 468,

487non-agricultural nature of, 148pacification cash revenues, 163from tea, 190from tribute (kung�), 164wine monopoly revenues, 187

government revenues and expenditures,147

government stables and treasuries(chiu-k’u'�) in Sunghsing-t’ung, 255

government trading offices (chüeh-ch’ang�, chüeh-wu� ), 182

government-owned land (kuan-t’ien��), 165, 174

granaries (ts’ang�), 145, 146, 151,154, 155, 160, 171, 173, 195,202, 204, 205, 235, 338, 339,410, 411, 417, 640, 644, 656,765

charitable granaries (i-ts’ang��),540




index 909

price-regulating granaries(“ever-normal granaries,”ch’ang-p’ing ts’ang��), 145,206

village or community granaries(she-ts’ang��), 206, 540

Grand Canal. See also Pien Canal, 324,330, 339, 365, 381, 382, 383,391, 399, 400, 402, 422, 423,442, 501, 630

navigation along, 399Grand Marshal Headquarters (Ping-ma

ta-yüan-shuai fu��), 231

grand military granaries/storehouses (tachün ts’ang��/�), 236

Grand scribe’s records. See Shih-chigreat acts of grace (ta-she��),

273“Great Learning” (Ta-hsüeh��), 718,

740Great records of emperors and kings (Huang

wang ta-chi��), 736Greek Orthodox church, 506guilds (hang�)hang-i� (official exactions on

guilds), 179Gujarati merchants, 503Gulf of Bengal, 447Gulf of Thailand, 446gunpowder, 237, 662Gunpowder Shop, 234

Hadhramaut, 510, 516, 518haematite, 509hai-ch’uan shui��. See tax on

overseas vesselsHai-ling Island��, 462Hai-nan��, 520Hai-nan Island��, 445, 502,

508hai-yao� (medicine from overseas),

519Hakata, 496

Hall of Administration(Cheng-shih-t’ang��). SeeState Council

Hall of Civil Virtue (Wen-te-tien��), 87

Hall of Light (Ming-t’ang��), 83, 87Halperin, Mark, 597, 620Hamashima Atsutoshi��, 395Hami, 440Han Ch’i�� (1008–75), 130, 293,

578, 679Han Chiang� (1012–88), 41Han� dynasty (206 bc–ad 220), 259,

352, 442, 446, 608, 667, 678,680, 681, 694, 712, 729, 744,766, 767, 770

Confucianism, 771maritime contacts, 437, 678rulers, 768, 771scholars, 764, 767

Han Hsüan-ti�! (91–49 bc, r.74–49 bc), 767

Han River��, 249Han Shih-chung�� (1089–1151),

86, 164, 240, 241, 243Han T’o-chou�*� (1152–1207),

128, 130, 132, 136, 137, 182,246, 762, 787

Han Wu-ti�� (156–87 bc, r.140–87 bc), 148

Han Yü� (768–824), 32, 636, 667,672, 673, 675, 694

Han-chou�� in Ch’eng-tu-fu circuit,72

Han-lin academicians (Han-linhsüeh-shih��), 84, 92

Han-lin Academy (Han-lin yüan��), 92, 94, 95, 96

Han-lin hsüeh-shih��. See Hanlinacademicians

Han-shu��. See History of the formerHan dynasty

Han-yang commandery�� inChing-hu-pei, 414




910 index

handicrafts, 368hang�. See guildsHang-chou��. See also Lin-an��

(Southern Sung capital), 22, 26,133, 135, 156, 234, 243, 306,312, 334, 341, 365, 380, 383,388, 391, 392, 398, 400, 403,404, 406, 407, 417, 418, 421,423, 424, 426, 428, 430, 432,433, 434, 456, 457, 459, 475,476, 478, 501, 503, 512, 515,522, 534, 535, 543, 545, 547,552, 554, 646

Hang-chou Bay��, 441, 451, 500Hansen, Valerie, 610, 611, 612, 613hao-heng� (overbearing), 646Hao-shui-ch’uan��, battle of, 224harmonious grain purchase (ho-ti��),

198harmonious purchase (ho-mai�� or

ch’ou-mai��), 176, 365. Seealso purchase of silk

harmonious separation. See ho-li�&harmony. See ho�, t’iao-hoHarrist, Robert, 528Hartman, Charles, xvi, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13,

16, 19, 264, 636, 731Hartwell, Robert, 6, 14, 139, 141, 179,

181, 192, 193, 207, 210, 302,329, 377, 484, 490, 627, 630,640, 649

head tax (shen-ting chien/mi��/�,k’ou-fu��), 158, 161

Heaven (t’ien), 38, 280, 736Heavenly Letters (T’ien-shu�), 604heavenly principle. See t’ien-li�Hebrew sources, 503hegemons (pa�), 760Hei-sha��. See Black KillerHeng, Derek Thiam Soon, 466Henry VIII, dissolution of monasteries,

600herbs, 182Hervouet, Yves, xv

Heuksan Island, 445Hidden void (Ch’ien-hsü��), 693Hino Kaisabur ō��

(1908–89), 183Hired Service Policy or System (Mu-i fa

- �). See New Policies:Hired Service Policy

Hirth, Friedrich, 510History of the Five Dynasties (Chiu wu-tai

shih��), 671History of the former Han dynasty (Han-shu

��), 289, 446History of the later Han dynasty (Hou-Han

shu��), 289Hizen��, 441ho� (harmony, harmonious, in accord),

36Ho Ch’ang-yen�� (1067–1126),

75ho chao mu�� (qualified to perform

ancestral sacrifices), 275Ho Chi�� (1188–1268), 785Ho Chih-chung�� (1044–1117),

79Ho Meng�!, 259Ho Ning�% (898–955), 259Ho Ping-ti��, 363ho-li�& (harmonious separation), 278ho-mai��. See harmonious purchase

and purchase of silkHo-nan circuit��, 354, 356Ho-pei circuit��, 174, 198, 224,

231, 272, 335, 336, 338, 339,342, 343, 344, 354, 356, 357,371, 372, 373, 377, 386, 389,435

exemption from the salt monopoly,186

T’ang to Sung population change,329

Ho-pei fan-chen�� (Ho-peirebels), 48

Ho-pei-tung circuit��, 339,382




index 911

Ho-p’u�, 520Ho-p’u county�� in Lien-chou,

Kuang-nan-hsi, 446, 500Ho-shang yüan��, battle of,

242ho-ti��. See harmonious grain

purchaseHo-tung circuit��, 159, 174, 224,

227, 273, 336, 338, 339, 344,354, 356, 357, 359, 368, 370,371, 372, 387, 389

horses, 182Hou-chu�, 452, 483hou-kung�%. See imperial haremhou-tien tsai-tso��. See second

sitting in the back hallhouse clients. See men-k’oHsi Hsia�� kingdom (Western Hsia,

1032–1227), 28, 148, 181, 222,230, 233, 338, 486

Sung wars with, 245hsi-chiao��. See rhinoceros hornhsi-hang lu��. See western routeHsi-ho�� circuit or military district,

144, 224, 227hsi-hu��. See neighboring salt farmersHsi-jung�� (Tibetans), 448Hsi-ping��. SeeWestern TroopsHsi-p’ing-fu��, 230hsi-se��. See fine goodsHsi-yü po (��). See Persian and Arab

shipsHsi-yü shang��. See Persian and

Arab merchantsHsi-yüan chi-lu'$��, 260. See

Collected writings on the washingaway of wrongs

Hsia, Ronald Po-chia, 618hsia-shui��. See summer taxhsiang% (wing – army unit), 216hsiang�. See rural district, subdisctrictHsiang-chou�� in Ho-pei-hsi, 377hsiang-chün%�. See army: provincial

armies or prefectural armies

Hsiang-hsiang county�� inT’an-chou, Ching-hu-nan,645

hsiang-kung�� (district tributescholars), 292

hsiang-ping��. See army: local militiasHsiang-shan (Elephant Mountain)

Academy��, 776hsiang-tieh�%. See scent holders of

ivoryhsiang-ts’un hu�� (people living in

the countryside), 175hsiang-ya��. See ivoryHsiang-yang prefecture�� in

Ching-hsi-nan, 236, 248hsiang-yao� (aromatics, including

medicinal plants, scented wood,incense, spices, perfumes, anddrugs), 5, 182, 444, 465, 466,468, 491, 492, 509, 517, 518,524

Hsiang-yao-k’u��. SeeWarehousefor Aromatics

hsiao shih-ch’en�� (servitors minor),50

hsiao-hsing�� (filial piety), 75Hsiao-hu-yang village�� in

Yün-yang� District,Ching-yang county#��,Ching-chao prefecture��,Yung-hsing-chün circuit, 448

hsiao-jen�� (small men, inferior men,petty men), 47, 48, 128, 678

Hsiao-tsung� (Chao Po-ts’ung�� 1127–94, r. 1162–89), 35,37, 43, 47, 57, 66, 74, 90, 91,92, 100, 108, 112, 115, 116,117, 118, 135, 136, 137, 164,172, 194, 244, 245, 246, 687,737, 760

hsiao-yung-fa ��. See army:volunteer system

Hsieh Liang-tso�� (1050–1103),739, 747




912 index

hsien�. See countieshsien t’ien� (learning of what is prior

to heaven), 701Hsien wang��. See Former Kingshsien-ch’eng�2. See vice magistratehsien-ch’ien kuan-tzu�� (cash

communicating medium), 211hsien-hsüeh��. See county schoolsHsien-jen-kuan4��, battle of, 242hsien-nan hou-pei�� (first south,

then north), 221hsien-ssu��. See judicial commissionerhsien-ti chui-cheng��*

(unpredictable surcharges), 186hsien-wei��. See army: county

defenders, county sheriffhsin� (heart-mind, mind-and-heart),

730, 734Hsin Ch’i-chi�� (1140–1207),

654hsin chih te�� (virtue of the mind),

744Hsin ching�� (Classic of the

mind-and-heart), 786Hsin T’ang-shu�� (New T’ang

history), 27, 54, 128, 130, 447,696

Hsin Wu-tai shih��. See Newhistory of the Five Dynasties,

Hsin-chou� in Chiang-nan-hsi,379, 412

hsing�. See human naturehsing erh shang�� (above form),

728Hsing ware (Hsing-yao/�), 373hsing-ch’ien�� See commercial

managers: putting one’s moneyto use; commercial partnerships:putting one’s money to use

Hsing-chou/� (Hsin-te fu��)in Ho-pei-hsi, 372, 377

Hsing-hua commandery�� inFu-chien, 415

hsing-ming��, 687

Hsing-pu��. See Ministry of Justicehsing-yen ti�� (a given area

for which a merchant undertookto sell a certain quota of salt),184

Hsing-ying tso-hu chün��. SeeLeft Guardian Army for theImperial Encampment

Hsing-yüan-fu�� in Li-choucircuit, 243

Hsin-hui county�� inKuang-chou, Kuang-nan-tung,498

hsin-k’o ming-fa�� (new degreein law), 299

Hsiu-chou�� (Chia-hsing fu��)in Liang-che-hsi, 387, 388, 393,398, 419, 421, 422, 475, 478,490

Hsiu-tsao an��. See PalaceConstruction Section

Hsiung Ho�� (1253–1312), 521Hsiung Hsiang��, 646Hsü Chi�� (1028–1103), 577Hsü Chien�!, 522Hsü Ching�� (1091–1153), 452,

454Hsü tzu-chih t’ung-chien ch’ang-pien��

�� (The long draftcontinuation of the comprehensivemirror that aids administration),25

Hsü-chou�� in Ching-tung-hsi, 355,378

hsü-li��. See clerksHsü-p’u�, 457hsü-shih� (periodic market in

southernmost China), 384Hsü-wen��, 446Hsüan-chou!� (Ning-kuo fu

��) in Chiang-nan-tung,368

hsüan-chü. See selection examinationsHsüan-feng Army��, 231




index 913

Hsüan-ho feng-shih Kao-li t’u-ching!�� (Illustrateddescription of the Chinese embassy toKorea during the reign of Hsüan-ho,1119–25), 452

hsüan-jen�� (selection men, executoryofficials), 50, 51

hsüeh�. See learningHsüeh Chi-hsüan��! (1134–73),

723Hsüeh Hsiang�� (1016–81), 165,

476Hsüeh Hsüan�� (1389–1464), 660hsüeh-chieh�. See dragon’s bloodHsüeh-chiu�� (Specialization in one or

two classics), 289Hsüeh-shih yüan��. See Institute

of Academicianshsüeh-t’ien��. See educational fieldshsün-chien��. See patrolling

inspectors, police chiefshsün-lu-hsiang�� (hun-luk, older

Chinese term for frankincense),510

Hsün-tzu�� (312–230 bc), 693Hu An-kuo�� (1074–1138), 733,

735, 757Hu Hsien�� (1082–1162), 739Hu Hung�� (1106–61), 728, 735,

739, 740, 742, 748, 750, 755,756, 757, 765, 780

Hu San-sheng�� (1230–1302), 48Hu Shih-chiang�� (1085–1142),

239Hu Tsung-yü� (1029–94), 111Hu Yin�0 (1098–1156), 724Hu Ying�� (1232 chin-shih), 644Hu Yüan�� (993–1057), 669, 676,

728hu-chiao��. See black pepperHu-chou�� (An-chi chou��) in

Liang-che-hsi, 345, 365, 369,370, 373, 383, 387, 388, 393,397, 420, 423, 426, 507

hu-hun��. See family and marriageHu-Kuang�� (Ching-hu and

Kuang-nan circuits), 236Hu-ma fa��. See military:

Household Horse Lawhu-ming��. See covered namesHu-pu��. See Ministry of RevenueHu-pu shang-shu��.

SeeMinistry of Revenue:Minister of Revenue

Hu-pu si��. See Census Bureauhua. See farm tools: broad, intricately

structured shareHua-kuang-chiao�� I (Hua-kuang

Reef No. 1), 445Hua-Pei Plain (Hua-pei p’ing-yüan�

��), 329hua-shih kang��. See flower and

rock convoysHua-t’ing county�6� in Hsiu-chou,

Liang-che-hsi, 395, 475, 476,478

Hua-yen-ching��. See FlowerGarland Sutra

Huai River��, 28, 155, 174, 241,245, 327, 329, 346, 389, 390,391, 399, 435, 441, 457

Huai-nan��, 337, 339, 340Huai-nan circuit��, 272, 273,

337, 345, 346, 363, 388, 395,421, 456

Huai-nan-hsi circuit��, 156,236, 354, 413, 416

Huai-nan-tung circuit��, 135,156, 236, 339, 354, 382, 413,416, 458

Huan-ch’ing�� circuit or militarydistrict, 144, 224, 227

huan-hsi ch’ien�� (“elation cash,”fee paid for winning a legaldispute), See also yen-ts’u ch’ien,164

huan-kuan��. See eunuchsHuang Ch’ao�� (d. 884), 443




914 index

Huang Chen� (1213–80), 213,556, 557, 614, 642, 652

Huang chi ching shih shu��. SeeSupreme principles governing theworld

Huang Kan�� (1152–1221), 580,646, 647, 648, 649, 651, 722,784, 785, 786, 788

Huang Kuan-chung�#�, 654Huang, Susan Shih-shan, 568Huang T’ing-chien�*

(1045–1105), 63, 527Huang wang ta-chi��. See Great

records of emperors and kingsHuang-chou�� in Ching-hu-pei,

248, 414huang-hou� (empress), 56Huang-hua ssu-ta chi��, 447,

449Huang-Lao thought. See Taoism:

Huang-Lao thoughthuang-t’ai-hou� (dowager

empress), 88Huang-ti�. See Imperial titlesHuang-ti� (one of the three

monarchs in ancient time),678

hui�, 703. See markets: gatheringhui-i�� (special designation for loans

by military officials), 196Hui-min�� River, 202, 380Hui-tsung! (Chao Chi�+,

1082–1135, r. 1100–25), 4, 9,15, 25, 42, 88, 89, 90, 92, 95,96, 120, 130, 131, 133, 155,194, 202, 205, 230, 231, 232,301, 303, 454, 468, 538, 605,606, 607, 624, 711, 721

enfeoffments of gods, 612philosophical commentaries of,

709hui-tzu��. See also paper currency,

moneycertificates of deposit, 194, 210, 211

hui-yin��. See certificates formaritime traders: for permissionto trade at locations in China

human actualities and emotions. Seejen-ch’ing��

human nature (hsing�), 681, 714, 736humaneness. See jen�Hung Mai�� (1123–1202), 63, 72,

76, 80, 93, 107, 133, 136, 404,406, 533, 584, 585, 611, 646

hung-ch’i!�. See red contractsHung-chou�� (Lung-hsing fu��

�) in Chiang-nan-hsi, 394,617, 647

huo-hu� (caldron households), 190huo-p’ao�. See fire bombsHymes, Robert, xvi, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15,

16, 18, 319, 572, 608, 613,623, 640, 644, 652, 656

i� (meaning), 527i tao te�� (unified morality), 299i tao-te t’ung feng-su$��

(unifying morality and makingcustoms the same), 710

i wen chih wu$�� (civilian controlof the military), 216

i-ch’an��. See charitable foundationsi-ch’uan��. See courier-transport

systemI-chien chih�� (Record of the listener),

80, 404, 533, 611i-chüeh�" (righteous separation), 277i-hsiang�� (transferred in residence),

277i-i� . See charitable servicei-kuan�� (threaded by consistency,

threads it all on a single strand),690, 697

i-li�� (moral principles), 718I-Lo yüan-yüan lu�&�� (Records

of the evolution of the I-Lo school ofthe two Ch’engs), 757

i-ti�.. See courier-transport system




index 915

I-wu county�� in Wu-chou,Liang-che-tung, 398

I-yü chi��. See Collection of difficultcases

i-yung�' (righteous braves), 200Ibn Khurdādhbih (c. 820–912), 443Ichiki Tsuyuhiko��, 723Ihara Hiroshi��, 629Illustrated description of the Chinese embassy

to Korea during the reign ofHsüan-ho, 1119–25. See Hsüan-hofeng-shih Kao-li t’u-ching!��

Imperial Bodyguard Cavalry/InfantryBureau of the Commander-in-chief (Shih-wei ch’in-chünma-chün/pu-chün tu-chih-hui shihssu#��/� ��), 215

imperial city (ta-nei�� “GreatInner”), 87

imperial clan (tsung-shih�), 80, 82,90, 91–2, 95, 97, 131, 193,395, 482, 490, 491, 524, 656

clan departmental examination, 317costs of clan in Ch’üan-chou, 484role in maritime trade, 482

imperial clan (tsung-shih�)clansmen, 52, 54, 287expenditures for, 434Hsi-/Nan- wai tsung-cheng ssu�/��

�. SeeWestern/SouthernOuter Office of Clan Affairs

imperial clansmen (tsung-shih�),56

Imperial Defense Command (Yü-yingssu��), 132, 238, 239

imperial defense commissioner (yü-yingshih��), 132, 238

imperial guard and imperial palaceprohibitions (wei-chin��) inSung hsing-t’ung, 254

imperial harem (hou-kung�%), 88imperial institution, 80–6

imperial predecessors (tsu-tsung�),83

Imperial Reserve Treasury (Feng-chuangk’u%��), 193

Imperial titlesHuang-ti�, T’ien-tzu� (Son of

Heaven), Ying-yün t’ung-t’iensheng-ming wen-wu huang-ti�� (In AccordWith Fortune and In UnityWith Heaven, the Sagacious andEnlightened, Civil and MartialAugust Sovereign), 82

imperial tombs, 82, 193imperial troops. See chin-chün��Imperial University (T’ai-hsüeh�),

294, 300, 301, 302, 306, 318,368, 676, 710, 711, 750

entrance examination, 314growth under Hui-tsung, 302student activities at, 307

imperial will (sheng-chih�&), 37imperially brushed hand-written edicts.

See yü-pi shou-chaoincense (ju-hsiang5�), 516incense, 460incense wood, 509incentive payments (ju-chung hsü-ku�

��,, chia-t’ai��), 198India, 442, 446, 495, 500, 503, 504,

505, 508, 509, 516, 518, 519,520, 522

Indian guilds, 444Indian merchants, 442, 508Indian Ocean,

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