+

Intelligence

+Essential Questions

What is intelligence?

What makes a person “smart”?

What is the purpose of intelligence tests?

How predictive are standardized tests (SATs)?

+

+What is Intelligence? Weschler

Act purposefully Think rationally Deal effectively with the environment

Spearman Intelligence is “general”; If you’re smart in one area,

you’re smart in all areas Are there subcategories? (like “athleticism”, or

“musical talent”)

Thurstone is the first to break it down Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability,

verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, and reasoning

What’s missing?

+What is Intelligence? Cattell

Crystallized (verbal abilities, reasoning) vs. Fluid (observant, spatial awareness)

Education can increase crystallized, not fluid Fluid can decline with age, crystallized increases

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Analytical intelligence includes the ability to learn how to

do things, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge (Alice)

Creative intelligence includes the ability adjust to new tasks, use new concepts, and respond well in new situations (Barbara)

Practical intelligence includes the ability to select contexts in which you can excel and solve practical problems (Celia)

Which of these do you think is the most valued? Most important?

+The Origin of “Intelligence Quotients” Early IQ tests were used to place children with learning

deficiencies Simon-Binet Scale Measured “mental age” (based on logical, mathematical,

spatial, reasoning skills Test was adapted by Terman (Stanford-Binet)

Used to justify superiority of Anglo-Saxons Eugenics, Immigration caps

Stern introduces IQ Mental age vs. Chronological age If you perform at level of an 8 year old and are 10, your IQ is 80

Verbal reasoning Abstract/visual reasoning Quantitative reasoning Short-term memory

+Intelligence Tests

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition is the

most commonly used test of intelligence for adults WAIS-III is divided into to parts, one that focuses on verbal

abilities and one that focuses on performance skills Also a version for children, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for

Children – Third Edition

+What Makes a Good Test?

Standardization uniform rules for administering, taking and scoring the test.

Norms – performance benchmarks established during test development used to establish “average” performance.

Representative Sample – group used to establish norms that adequately reflects the demographics of those who will be taking the test.

+Scoring the IQ TestRaw Score -

number of questions answered correctly; doesn’t tell much about performance

Standard Score - score that tells you how you did compared to other

test takers – a much better read of performance Percentile Score -

what percentage of test takers you scored better than What does it mean to score in the 85th percentile?

You scored better than 85% of the test takers

IQ = Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100 Most common IQ score? 100! Why?

+What are we looking at?

+Criticisms of IQ TestsTest content and scores

Tests narrow set of skills? Measure of test taking ability? Test question bias unfair to minorities?

Use of intelligence tests Could result in permanent labeling

IQ and success Relationship does exist, but may be the result of

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Case of Gladys Burr?

+Critics of the “IQ”: Contemporary Theories of Intelligence

Logical-mathematical

Linguistic

Spatial

Musical

Bodily-kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalistic

Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

Can they be measured? How?Should we change our educational model based on his theory? (i.e. The Gardner School)

According to Gardner, what type of intelligence are the following people displaying a high level of?

• Lebron James• Pat Sajak• Ghandi• Adam Levine• Albert Einstein• Sigmund Freud• Ralph Waldo

Emerson

• Copernicus• F. Scott

Fitzgerald• George

Washington• Steven Wiltshire• Danica Patrick• Monet• Ricky Fowler

+Contemporary Theories of Intelligence

Daniel Goleman Proposed theory of Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence has five components

Knowing one’s own emotions Managing one’s own emotions Using emotions to motivate oneself Recognizing the emotions of other people Managing relationships

Comparing Contemporary Theories

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

Sternberg’s Triarchic Intelligences

Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence

Logical-MathematicalLinguistic

Analytical

SpatialMusicalBody-Kinesthetic

Creative

Interpersonal Practical Recognizing emotions in others and managing relationships

Intrapersonal Knowing, managing, and motivating yourself with emotions

+What Determines Intelligence?

Nature Biological similarities in Adoption Studies –

IQ scores of child more closely correlated with biological mother than adoptive mother.

Identical Twins reared apart – after identical twins reared together,

identical twins reared apart have the highest correlation of IQ scores.

+Correlation of IQ Scores of Family Members

+What Determines Intelligence?

Nurture Isolated or Deprived Environments

Individuals living in culturally or physically impoverished environments have lower IQ scores

Low SES areas; Eastern European Orphanages

Causes? Hart and Risley’s study: After four years,

children in welfare families would have heard 32 million words less than children from professional families.

+What determines intelligence?

Nurture (Cont.) Can IQ change in an improved environment? H.M. Skeels’ Orphanage Study

Nurture (even if it is from intellectually impaired) increases IQ

Capron and Duyme’s Adoption Study Followed children adopted by high vs. low

SES Adopted children reared in high SES had

highest scores

BUT REMEMBER: IQ IS “RELATIVELY STABLE” AND DEPENDS ON NATURE AND NURTURE

+Heredity vs. Environment:Which is More Important?

There is general agreement that both heredity and environment affect IQ scores

Debate centers around the relative contribution of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) to the development of intelligence

+Creativity

Defined as the ability to produce novel and socially valued ideas** or objectsCreativity has also been a shared trait in various

murder casesPhil Spector: Songwriter, Producer and Creative

Genius?

Creativity and Intelligence – Correlation: creative individuals tend to have higher IQs AND creative individuals are perceived as being more intelligent as well.

+The Tests:

Open-ended questions

Scoring based upon number of and originality of a

person’s answers

RAT (Remote Association Test) What words completes the

triad? (park, gown, power)

Torrance Complete the Picture Yamodo (like the Torrance?) Rate the creativity

+Creative uses for:

A BrickA piece of string and a cup of rice