بنام مهربانترين. introduction to the human body anatomy –the study of the structure...
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بنام مهربانترين
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Introduction to the Human Body
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Anatomy
– The study of the structure of the human body
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Gross , or macroscopic anatomy
• Structures large enough that one can see with the unaided eye
• RegionalRegional –The study of specific areas of the body (Limb. Head and Neck, Trunk)
• SystemicSystemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system
• SurfaceSurface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
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Microscopic Anatomy
• Involves studying anatomical structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye
• CytologyCytology – Study of the cells and their structures
• HistologyHistology –Study of tissues and their structures
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Developmental Anatomy
• from conception to death
• EmbryologyEmbryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth
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Specialized Branches of Anatomy
• Pathological anatomyPathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease
• Radiographic anatomyRadiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by X ray
• Molecular biologyMolecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level
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• Clinical anatomy: anatomical features that undergo changes during illness
• Comparative anatomy– anatomical organization of different animals
• Surgical anatomy– studies landmarks important for surgery
• Functional anatomy-the study of anatomy in its relation to function
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Levels of Organization• Chemical• Cellular• Tissue• Organs• System Level• Organismic Level
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Overview of the Human Organ Systems
Support, protection of soft tissues;mineral storage; blood formation
Protection from environmentalhazards; temperature control
Locomotion, support, heatproduction
Directing immediate responses tostimuli, usually by coordinating the
activities of other organ systems
Directing long-term changesin the activities of other organ
systems
Internal transport of cells anddissolved materials, including
nutrients, wastes, and gases
Skeletalsystem
Muscularsystem
Nervoussystem
Endocrine system
Cardiovascularsystem
Integumentary system
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Defense against infection anddisease
Reproductivesystem
Delivery of air to sites wheregas exchange can occur between
the air and circulating blood
Processing of food andabsorption of organic nutrients,
minerals, vitamins, and water
Elimination of excess water,salts, and waste products;
control of pH
Production of sex cells andhormones
Lymphoidsystem
Respiratorysystem
Digestivesystem
Urinarysystem
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Anatomical position
– Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
– Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body
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Body Planes• SagittalSagittal – divides the body into right and left
parts• Midsagittal or medialMidsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies
on the midline• Frontal or coronalFrontal or coronal – divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts• Transverse or horizontalTransverse or horizontal (cross section) –
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
• Oblique sectionOblique section – cuts made diagonally
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Figure 1.8
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Body Planes
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Banana Sectioned into Planes
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Directional Terms• Superior and inferior – toward and away from the
head, respectively
• Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body
• Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure
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• Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part
• Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface
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Alternate Terms
• Ventral (= Anterior)• Dorsal (= Posterior)• Cranial – head • Caudal – tail
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (1 of 3)
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Prone: lying down, face down
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Body cavities
• Ventral body cavity
• Dorsal body cavity
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Ventral Body Cavities – Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts
• Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
• Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac
– Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts• Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach,
kidneys, and other organs• Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive
organs, and rectum
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Dorsal body cavities
•Dorsal body cavity •protects the nervous system, and is divided into two
subdivisions–Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain
–Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord
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Anatomical Landmarks
References to palpable structures
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Clinical Terms
• CT, CAT (computerized [axial] tomography)
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
• Radiologist
• Ultrasound
• X-rays and radiodensity (air, fat, liver, blood, muscle, bone)
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X-Ray
Stomach
Small intestine
LE 1-15a
Barium-contrast X-ray
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CT Scan
Right kidneyVertebra
Spleen
Aorta
Left kidney
Stomach
Liver
Rib
Vertebra Spleen
Aorta
Left kidney
Stomach
Liver
Vertebra
Spleen
Kidney
StomachLiver
MRI
Kidney
StomachLiver
Kidney
Ultrasound
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Spiral CT
Arteries ofthe heart
Heart
Heart Firstrib
Sternum
Aorticarch
Vertebralcolumn
RightscapulaAorta
Angiography
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...یکیک درخت میتواند شروع یک جنگل باشد؛
یک لبخند میتواند آغازگر یک دوستی باشد؛یک دست می تواند یاریگر یک انسان باشد؛
یک واژه می تواند بیانگر هدف باشد؛یک شمع می تواند پایان تاریکی باشد؛یک خنده می تواند فاتح دلتنگی باشد؛
امید می تواند رافع روحتان باشد؛یک نوازش می تواند راوی مهرتان باشد؛یک زندگی می تواند خالق تفاوت باشد؛
...امروز آن "یک" باشید