irish potato famine potato introduced in 17 th cen. irish adopt it as staple crop reliance on it...
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The Market Revolution
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Irish Potato Famine
Potato introduced in 17th Cen. Irish adopt it as staple
crop Reliance on it for trade
and life 1845 Famine hits
Crops turn black Mass starvation British no help Leads to mass migration
Australia and US
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US Immigration 1830-1860
In 1800 US population was 5.3 million By 1860 it was 31.5
million Between 1830-1860
550,000 new immigrants arrived in the US Most were Irish and
German Why? War and…
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Anti-Irish
Large influx in such a short of time drew a lot of ire Catholics Depicted as drunk,
lazy Many pictures
showed them apish, brutish, and usually poor
Would be a focal point of the Nativists
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Urban Growth
Irish filled the eastern cities Unskilled labor Problems
Housing, food, crime Germans filled the
northwest Farming or businesses
further west Think Coors!!!
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Growth
The US: 1789 The US: 1845
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Pro-Immigration
Industry Cheap labor
Land Speculators Expand population in
west Open new markets
Politicians Increased population,
especially in the west, meant statehood and votes
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Nativism
Growing anti-immigrant movement Socially inferior Drove down wages Morally corrupt
Catholics!!! Native-American Party
Growth of secret organizations like “Know-Nothings” lead to party affiliation and creation of American Party
Will remain and be adopted by future Republican Party
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Transportation and Communication
Boom!!!
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Steamboat
Rivers became vastly more important Importance of
steamboats increase Carried goods from
farm to market Also leisure travel thus
boats got bigger and more lavish
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Canal System
Before: Road system terrible Ruts and dangers made
travel and commerce not feasible
Turnpikes: tools made it difficult for farmers
After Travel was a bit safer Canals connect rural
farmers to larger East coast markets
Growth of small towns and canal ports
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Erie Canal
Began July 4, 1817 and completed in Oct. 1825
Largest construction project US had taken before then
Connected Albany, NY with Erie
Economic BOOM Tolls paid for it within 7
years Helped to establish NY City
as America’s economic center
Still active, but mostly for tourism
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Railroad
1804 saw the invention of tracks and steam engines
Early R.R. were small and lost to canal competition
Post 1840 saw a boom in R.R. construction
Post 1860 would see the R.R. come to supplant canals and dominate American transportation
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Telegraph
1844 Samuel F.B. Morse invents the telegraph
Marriage with telegraph lines and R.R. would connect America like never before
1860 50,000 miles of line 1861 connection between
NY and San Francisco 1862 consolidation into
the Western Union Telegraph Company
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Journalism
1846 Richard Hoe invents the Rotary Steam Press Increase speed and lowers
price of papers Creation of the Associated
Press Press would be a unifying
and dividing force Unifying: Connects all
parts of America Dividing: Rancor and
divisions now more prevalent
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Industrial American North
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Cottage Industry
Also known as “Putting-out System”
Most finished goods came from this prior to 1830
Home based Pick hours Safety
Goods sent to market and wages based on output
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Cottage Con’t
The System Manufacturer
pays home worker
Home worker sews goods
Sent to finisher
Sent to cleaner
Sent to manufacturer
Sent to market
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Corporate America
Before 1830 Corporations could
only gain charter through state legislators Long and costly
Post 1830 States removed
restrictions Opened doors for
investment
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Factories
Before 1820 most manufacturing done in homes
Growth of work force, interchangeable parts, technology, and capital opens way for factory system
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Lowell System
Lowell Mass. was center of textile manufacturing Relied exclusively on
unmarried women System: Paternalistic
Good pay for the time Lived in boarding
houses Well fed Strict curfews Required to attend
church
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Decline of Lowell
Work Long and tedious
Restrictions Women + Money= ?
Competition Immigrant work force
made other factories more competitive Lowell joins in
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Master/Apprentice
The Master/Apprentice system would be challenged by changes in industry
Master teaches the apprentice; known as journeyman until skilled enough to be called apprentice: 3-15 yrs
Apprentice takes skills, opens own shop (or takes over) and continues process
Deskilling of labor makes Master/Apprentice a thing of the past in most industries Especially shoes
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Challenges to Factories
Trade Unions Artisans united to challenge
factory domination Set up own shops as
competition Recruited workers in
factories Now in the factories
1842 Commonwealth v. Hunt Mass. Supreme Court ruled
unions and ability to strike legal
Other states would follow with similar decisions
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A Changing Society
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Creation of a Class Structure
Industry helps to solidify and American class structure Upper: Owner Middle: Manager Lower Middle: Foremen Working: Skilled Workers Lower: Unskilled workers
19th Cen. saw clearer distinctions between the classes
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Social Mobility
19th Century saw more social mobility The ability to move from
one class to the next Hard work, ingenuity
It was very limited But enough to make
those who hadn’t think it was possible Or instill in the next
generation the idea that it could happen
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Changing Family
Shrinking Agriculture in North Lure of the city
Jobs, money, social interaction
Decline of the family Young leaving family
farms Causes decline and loss
Young women Lured to city
More freedom Also rape, assaults,
abuse rises
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Women
“Cult of Domesticity” Roles for men and women
Men: Work Women: Take care of
Children Few rights for Women
Divorce, abuse, rape did not favor women
Godey’s Lady Book Magazine that focused on
non-controversial ideas, instead focused on “domestic” concerns
Growing involvement in Social issues Especially children
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Leisure
Growing upper and middle classes saw more down time Minstrel Shows
Actors in black face P.T Barnum
Creation of the circus Parks
Central Park