- IWRM module -

2nd modelling exercise

06.06.2012

J. Tränckner1, B. Helm1

M. Leidel2, L. Krusche3

1) Institute of Urban Water Management, 2) Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, 3) tutor, student of hydrology

report

• Register• Index of contents• Index of figures• Index of tables• Index of abbreviations

• Abstract• Introduction:

• Motivation and Aim• Literature review

• Material and Methods:• Study Area• Model Tool• Stakeholder characterization

• Implementation:• Model Setup• Calibration / Validation• Enhancement measures development

• Results and Discussion• Hydrology• Water Quality • Enhancement measures

• Conclusions• Stakeholder viewpoint of the Werra excursion• References

3. CALIBRATING THE MODEL

calibration

• optimization of a target function that represents agreement between modeled and observed data

• performance indicators:

• coefficient of determination (R²)

• relative mean absolute error (rMAE)

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observedgoodbad

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calibration

• robust calibration:• multiple sites• multiple processes• multiple indicators

• multidimensional problem numerical methods (also implemented in WEAP), manual approach for system understanding

• practical stepwise:• predefined ranges (measurements, literature)• parameter sensitivity• temporal disaggregation in evaluation

calibration

• for large, distributed and multiobjective calibration numerical optimization algorithms

• generally: gradient based or evolutionary minimization of the objective function matrix

• predominant research field in the last 20 years• almost endless methods and algorithms, enough to fill a

course• PEST implemented in WEAP not focused in exercise but

feel encouraged to try!

manual automated

• needs and increases system understanding

• no additional implementation

• may be labor intense• structured procedure

needed

• objective - evaluable• global search• extendable / adaptable• transferable to other cases

/ users

calibration competition

• spreadsheet for hydrograph evaluation provided at web-site

• calibration: including WEAP model, evaluation spread-sheet and parameter set until 20.06. to:

bjoern[dot]helm[at]tu-dresden[dot]de

• best group wins a prize

R²

Water Year Method

Data View/Hydrology/ Water Year Method• Choose “Normal”.

streamflow gauges

Schematic View/ Element Window/ StreamflowGauge• In the Schematic view, put a “Streamflow Gauge” at the end of the catchment area on the river.

Data View/ Supply And Ressources/ River/ Name/ Streamflow Gauges/Name• To import the runoff data, use the “ReadFromFile” function

calibration

• procedure:1. overall balance / volume errors2. annual balance / seasonal variation3. time series variaton

• relevant parameters (e.g.):1. Kc, eff. Prec (Data/ Demand Sites And

Catchments/ Catchment/Land Use)consumption (Data/ Demand Sites And Catchments/Town)storage capacity (Data View/ Supply And Ressources/ Groundwater/ Physical)

2. Runoff fraction (Data View/ Supply And Ressources/ Runoff And Infiltration)Initial storage, Hydraulic conductivity (Data View/ Supply And Ressources/ Groundwater/ Physical)

calibration

Data View/ Supply And Ressources/ Groundwater/ Name/ Physical

• For calibrating the model use the needed Groundwater data: volume, wetted depth etc.

Data View/ Supply And Ressources/ Runoff And Infiltration

• Adjust the water apportionment of the runoff model to the Groundwater/River

results

Results View/ Chart Tab/ Supply and Resources/ River/ Streamflow Relative to Gauge• calculate the results and compare the historical

stream flow data with the WEAP simulated stream flow

Results View/ Chart Tab/ Supply and Resources/ Groundwater/ Overflow• Assure there is no groundwater for overflow (loss

to the system)

…/Supply and Resources/ Groundwater/Storage• Look for a trend, there should be no upwards or

downwards trend

results

Results View/ Chart Tab/ Results View /Supply and Resources/ Groundwater/Storage

Results View/ Chart Tab/ Supply and Resources/ River/ Absolute Streamflow• Look for trends, there should be no upwards or

downwards trendResults View/ Chart Tab/ Supply and Resources/

River/ Streamflow Relative to Gauge• check annual mean and / or monthly average box

to see seasonal deviations

export results

Results View/ Table Tab/ Side Bar/ Export table to Excel or csv• For further processing and evaluation export result

table

4. WATER QUALITY

model expression

Menu/ Edit/ Export Expressions to Excel

• Branches: all• Scenarios: all• Variables: all

• Select and edit your data in spreadsheet form

Menu/ Edit/ Import Expressions from Excel

water quality

• exercise focus on nitrogen (N) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

• in principle all constituents implementable• limitations:

• no intermediate conversion, only fate• no explicit modelling of transport in

groundwater

water quality

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)• bulk parameter for degradable

matter• in balance with oxygen

concentration excess causes oxygen depletion

fishkill in Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas 2010source: The Rio Times, 02.03.2010

20

0

100

0

O2 (%)

BOD (mg/l)

sourc

e

Poltva

inflow

Kam

.Buzk

a

source: Ertel et al. 2010

degradation of BOD

• As Percentage (return flows, WWTP,…)• First order degradation in Surface water

• Link of Oxygen: Streeter-Phelps

k tBOD BOD e− ⋅= ⋅

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1 2

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k L/U k L/U k L/U12 2,sat in 2,sat 2,in

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dD k BOD k Ddt

D O Ofor completely mixed reaches

kO O e e BOD O O ek k

− ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅

= ⋅ − ⋅

= −

= − − ⋅ − − ⋅−

water quality

nitrogen (N)• various forms in biogeochemical cycle conversion

and fate:

source: PhysicalGeography.net

relevance of N compounds in water

• Drinking water:• Can cause Zyanose in babies (< 6 month)• Can form Nitrosamine cancerogenic• WHO-Limit: 50 mg/L

• Surface water:• One factor of Eutrophication• As ammonia (NH3) highly toxic for fish (pH dependent)• Consumes oxygen for nitrification• Intermediate product: nitrite toxic

acute toxicity of ammonia (NH3)

Limit in surface waters

acute pressure: ≈ 0,1 mg/lchronic pressure: ≈ 0,025 mg/l

setup the quality model

Prepare your model for the quality data.

Menu/ General/ Water Quality Constituents• Enable Water Quality Modeling• Set Temperature, BOD, N• Calculate by:

BOD – BOD modelN – first order decay (k1=0.2 d-1)

demand sites - settlements

• inhabitants emission dependent from welfare, nutrition habits etc.• 9-12 g/d N = 3.8 kg/a N• 50-90 g/d BOD = 21 kg/a

• example Lviv town:• 700000 inh * 3.8 kg/a N

= 2800 t/a N• 700000 inh * 21 kg/a

BOD = 14400 t/a N

demand sites - industry

• strong industrial breakdown after1990

• food processing increasingly important

• mostly indirect dischargers• example beer “Lvivske”:

• 0.3 mill. m³/a 1.5 mill. m³/a WW

• 0.6 – 1.5 g/l BOD 1000t/a

• example yeast “Enzym”:• 60000 t/a 1.8 mill. m³/a WW• 5 g/l BOD 9000t/a

demand sites - agriculture

• region of intense agriculture• subsistence farming vs.

agroindustry• pollution from fertilizer

excess and wash off / infiltration

• N surplus 120kg/ha*a• BOD washoff 50kg/ha*a

demand site emission

Fill in all the pollution from the agriculture and all villages and cities.

Data/ Demand Sites And Catchments/ City or Village/ Water Quality

• BOD Intensity• N Intensity

Data/ Demand Sites And Catchments/ Catchment/ agriculture / Water Quality

• BOD Intensity• N Intensity

demand site - industry

Schematic/ Element Window/ Demand Site• Drag and drop on your Map• Name: ind_L

Schematic/ Element Window/ Return Flow• Drag and drop on ind_L• Connect with wwtp (wastewater treatment

plant) (see next step)

demand site - industry

Data/ Demand Sites and Catchments / ind_L / water use• activity level:

unit: production units100000 production units

• water use rate: 20m³ / PU• consumption: 0%

Data/ Demand Sites and Catchments / ind_L / water quality• N intensity: 10kg / PU• BOD intensity: 50kg / PU

wwtp

• assumptions:• towns aggregate people

connected to water supply / ww treatment

• villages aggregate people not conncted, ws/ ww from / to gw

• treatment efficiency (%):

N BOD

primary

secondary 60 80

tertiary

30 30

75 95

wwtp

Build WWTP’s in every catchment and connect them to your system.

Schematic/ Element Window/ Wastewater Treatment Plants• Drag and drop on your Map

Schematic/ Element Window/ Return Flow• Drag and drop on city• Connect with wwtp (wastewater treatment plant)• Drag and drop on wwtp• Connect with river

wwtp

Put the capacity and the removal rate of the wwtp’s into the model.

Data/ Water Quality/ Wastewater Treatment/ Treatment• Total daily capacity (flow)• BOD Removal• N Removal

return flows

villages and agriculture are not connected to pollutant treatment, nonetheless there is a a pollutant decrease in their return flows due to retention on surface and in groundwater.

Data/ Water Quality/ Pollutant decrease in Return Flows/ from village• BOD Decrease• N Decrease

Data/ Water Quality/ Pollutant decrease in Return Flows/ from wsd / to_wsd_out or to_gw• BOD Decrease • N Decrease

groundwater

• no groundwater quality model implemented• flexibility of model framework allows for simplified model:

load balancing with complete mixing

• in WEAP:(PrevTSValue*PrevTSValue(Storage[m^3]) +Demand Sites and Catchments\vill_Z:N Intensity / 12 *Demand Sites and Catchments\vill_Z:Annual Activity Level[cap] *(1-Water Quality\Pollutant Decrease in Return Flows\from vill_Z\to gw_Z:N Decrease[%]/100) * 1000 +Demand Sites and Catchments\wsd_Z\agriculture:Area[km^2] *Demand Sites and Catchments\wsd_Z\agriculture:N Intensity / 12 *(1-Water Quality\Pollutant Decrease in Return Flows\from wsd_Z\to gw_Z:N Decrease[%]/100) * 1000 -PrevTSValue*PrevTSValue(Outflow to River[m^3])) /(PrevTSValue(Storage[m^3]) +PrevTSValue(Demand Sites and Catchments\wsd_Z\natural:Flow to Groundwater[m^3]) +PrevTSValue(Demand Sites and Catchments\wsd_Z\agriculture:Flow to Groundwater[m^3]) -PrevTSValue(Outflow to River[m^3]))

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river data

Prepare your river for quality modeling and set the total length.

Data/ Supply And Resources/ River / RiverName / Reaches / Water Quality• Model water quality?: YES• Water Temperature: ReadFromFile(BOD.csv, col)

col. 1=KB, 2=B, 3=Z, 4=L• BOD / N concentration: leave blank

Data/ Supply And Resources/ River/ RiverName / Reaches/ Physical/ Distance Marker• Tailflowpoint: total length

water quality gauges

streamflow gauges are also used for water quality calibration

Data/ Supply And Resources/ Bug / StreamflowGauges/ q_KB/ Water Quality• BOD Concentration: ReadFromFile(BOD.csv, col)

col. 1=KB, 2=B, 3=Z, 4=L• N Concentration: ReadFromFile(N.csv, col)

col. 1=KB, 2=B, 3=Z, 4=L

5. STAKEHOLDERS

stakeholders

Santiago Piedra 1.1Aybulat Fatkhutdinov 1.2Christoph Marquardt 1.3Lily Wachs 1.4Paul Niehoff 2.1Dewi Dimyati 2.2Fontenla Razzetto Gabriela 2.3Ghebrekidan Mengsteab 2.4Erik Nixdorf 3.1Sandip Chaudhary 3.2Juan Henao 3.3Marta Kowalska 3.4Saif Al Amri 3.5Magdalena Wlosek 4.1Liu Chang 4.2Felix Tritschler 4.3Marvin Baekisapa 4.4Ayisha Al Khatri 4.5Zhu Chenzhe 5.1Heiner Krause 5.2Miina Rautiainen 5.3Paramin Sansongsak 5.4Wang Jing 6.1Ndzi Wilson 6.2Popa Ion 6.3Manoli Weber 6.4Sai Ma 7.1Marlis Tenschert 7.2Jerome Baidoo 7.3Amanda Mc Intosh 7.4Matthias Gärtner 8.1Bianca Kalfhaus 8.3Stephanie McGill 8.2Thuy Trang Bui 8.4Semereab Zeratsion Woldu 8.5Xiaobei Gu 9.1Renata Bueno Alves 9.2Michael Käseberg 9.3Zeregaber Moghes Woldu 9.4Sandra Hirschfeld 10.1Thomas Valdiek 10.2Li Yeen Chen 10.3Rudo Udika 10.4Kelvin Nugroho 10.5

1. town Lviv2. town Busk3. village Busk4. industry Lviv5. wwtp operator Lviv6. environmental authority7. environmental NGO8. TPP Kamianka Buzka9. agriculture10.village Zolochiv

stakeholders

• assemble:• interfaces to other stakeholders• requirements (quality and quanity)• pressures by / to other stakeholders

• from your knowledge now, what measures and scenarios are implementable

• model application:• scenarios: future development, externally driven,

e.g. climate change, pop. growth• measures: actions to face present deficits or

scenario consequences

homework / report

• calibrate hydrology (evaluate - competition)• calibrate water quality• research and implement:

• one development scenario• one own measure• one measure of another stakeholder that causes a

pressure for you