© J. Yan-2003-09

TowardTowardss a Sustainable Energy a Sustainable Energy FutureFuture

Sustainable Energy Systems and Challenges Sustainable Energy Systems and Challenges of Energy Utilizationof Energy Utilization

Jinyue YanJinyue YanYannjyYannjy@@mtmt..luthluth.se.se

Lecture 1Lecture 1

Course MTM142Course MTM142

September 3, 2003September 3, 2003

2003-09-Yan

OutlineOutline Sustainable Development & Sustainable Sustainable Development & Sustainable

energy systemsenergy systems Energy Utilization in the world and Sweden Energy Utilization in the world and Sweden

and policy issuesand policy issues Challenges: ExamplesChallenges: Examples: from Climate : from Climate

change (Global system) to Humid Air change (Global system) to Humid Air Turbine (Technical components)Turbine (Technical components)

Example: Our solutions to global climate Example: Our solutions to global climate change -- Responsive Carbon Managementchange -- Responsive Carbon Management

Advanced sustainable energy technologiesAdvanced sustainable energy technologies

2003-09-Yan

Challenge ! Challenge !

A picture from a kidA picture from a kid

Nature and Human SocietyNature and Human Society

2003-09-Yan

When are you going to payWhen are you going to pay

now or future ?now or future ?

2003-09-Yan

Sustainbility and sustaiable Sustainbility and sustaiable developmentdevelopment

SustainabilitySustainability: : Refers to whether a process can be Refers to whether a process can be continued indefinitely without depleting the energy continued indefinitely without depleting the energy or material resources on which it depends. or material resources on which it depends.

sustainable developmentsustainable development: : Development that Development that provides people with a better life without sacrificing provides people with a better life without sacrificing or depleting resources or causing environmental or depleting resources or causing environmental impacts that will undercut future generations. impacts that will undercut future generations.

sustainable society. sustainable society. A society that functions in a A society that functions in a way so as not to deplete energy or material way so as not to deplete energy or material resources on which it depends. resources on which it depends.

2003-09-Yan

Three dimensions of sustainable Three dimensions of sustainable developmentdevelopment

development that meets the needs of the present without development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needstheir own needs

The economyThe economy

growthgrowth

financial stabilityfinancial stability

The environmentThe environmentThe social welfareThe social welfare

employmentemployment

social and culturesocial and culture

EnergyEnergy

2003-09-Yan

Challenges to sustainable Challenges to sustainable developmentdevelopment

Global energy consumption: Global energy consumption: developing countriesdeveloping countries, , e.g., nearly 2 billion people lack access to electricity. e.g., nearly 2 billion people lack access to electricity. could be 5 billion in 2050.could be 5 billion in 2050.

Local and regional pollution from fossil fuels Local and regional pollution from fossil fuels (developing countries) + climate change (developed (developing countries) + climate change (developed countries)countries)

Security of energy supplySecurity of energy supply Reform and privatisation of energy market: power Reform and privatisation of energy market: power

energy policy-making is changing fast. Just as market, energy policy-making is changing fast. Just as market, more and more issues require more and more issues require regional or global co-regional or global co-ordinationordination..

Improvements in Improvements in energy efficiencyenergy efficiency and reductions in and reductions in the the cost of renewable energy sources cost of renewable energy sources

2003-09-Yan

EnergyEnergyEnergy plays an important role for all above Energy plays an important role for all above sustainable developments. We need a sustainable developments. We need a sustainable energy systemsustainable energy system

Sustainable Energy Systems: Sustainable Energy Systems:

– improving energy efficiencyimproving energy efficiency– switching to environmentally less harmful fuels, such as switching to environmentally less harmful fuels, such as

renewable energiesrenewable energies– the global equilibrium of energy production and the global equilibrium of energy production and

consumptionconsumption

2003-09-Yan

From Source to ServiceFrom Source to Service

SourcesSources

Fossil fuelsFossil fuels coalcoal oiloil natural gasnatural gas

RenewablesRenewables SolarSolar BiomassBiomass HydroHydro NuclearNuclear

ServicesServices lightlight warm/coolwarm/cool transportationtransportation

……......

Energy TechnologiesEnergy Technologies

Energy Technologies are supplying the services Energy Technologies are supplying the services

2003-09-Yan

An An example example of energy of energy chain from chain from extraction extraction to energy to energy serviceservice

© J. Yan-2003-09

Energy in the world from Energy in the world from IEA reportIEA report

http://www.iea.org/statist/http://www.iea.org/statist/keyworld2002/key2002/keyworld2002/key2002/

keystats.htmkeystats.htm

2003-09-Yan

Energy supply in the world by fuelEnergy supply in the world by fuel(sources, IEA, 2002)(sources, IEA, 2002)

2003-09-Yan

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY BY REGIOTOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY BY REGIONN

2003-09-Yan

Energy comsumption of the world by fuelEnergy comsumption of the world by fuel

2003-09-Yan

Total energy consumption by regionTotal energy consumption by region

2003-09-Yan

Outlook 2020 by fuelOutlook 2020 by fuel

12 400 Mtoe (2010) 

14 800 Mtoe (2010) 

2003-09-Yan

Outlook 2020 by regionOutlook 2020 by region

© J. Yan-2003-09

Energy in SwedenEnergy in Sweden

http://www.stem.se/http://www.stem.se/

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

What happens in Nature when energy What happens in Nature when energy provides services ? A “heat engine provides services ? A “heat engine

model”model”

What have we paid What have we paid for the services?for the services?

Have we ever paid?Have we ever paid?

Forgot the nature?Forgot the nature?

Nature (Source)Nature (Source)

Nature (Sink)Nature (Sink)

SocietySociety

service/service/energyenergy

resourceresourcess

wasteswastes

Nature (Sink)Nature (Sink)

2003-09-Yan

Climate Climate Change !Change !

2003-09-Yan

CO2 Emissions by fuelCO2 Emissions by fuel

2003-09-Yan

CO2 emissions by regionCO2 emissions by region

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

Reason 1 - increase emissionsReason 1 - increase emissions: energy : energy production, industrial processes and production, industrial processes and transport. transport. The industrialised countries consequently The industrialised countries consequently must bear the main responsibility of must bear the main responsibility of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide.reducing emissions of carbon dioxide.

2003-09-Yan

Reason 2:Reason 2: decrease carbon sinkdecrease carbon sink cutting down forest uisng for or built-up cutting down forest uisng for or built-up areas, urbanisation, roads etcareas, urbanisation, roads etc

2003-09-Yan

FutureFuture

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

Who is responsible ?Who is responsible ?

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

Data in 1995Data in 1995

Note: emission right !Note: emission right !

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

Future CO2 Stabilization TargetsFuture CO2 Stabilization Targets

2003-09-Yan

？？ ？？ How to manage How to manage carbon carbon ？？ ？？

to reach the target to reach the target

Options Options focused on fossil fuels:focused on fossil fuels:

- reduce emissions- reduce emissions

- capture emissions- capture emissions

2003-09-Yan

A New Concept: A New Concept: The state of art: based on the fossil fuels. --The state of art: based on the fossil fuels. --

> > – it is possible to it is possible to reducereduce emissions emissions – but impossible to but impossible to avoidavoid emissions emissions

= = reduce increasing emissionsreduce increasing emissions New idea: renewable (bioenergy) + removal New idea: renewable (bioenergy) + removal

technologytechnology New technical solution: New technical solution:

Biomass (= CO2 neutral) + capture CO2 Biomass (= CO2 neutral) + capture CO2 ==>> Negative CO2 emission==>> Negative CO2 emission

Managing Climate RiskManaging Climate Risk

2003-09-Yan

Advantages of Managing Climate Advantages of Managing Climate RiskRisk

Increase the carbon sink by increase Increase the carbon sink by increase use of biomass to substitute fossil use of biomass to substitute fossil fuelsfuels

Cost Effective COCost Effective CO2 2 Capture Capture

Results in Results in Science Oct 26 2001Science Oct 26 2001

2003-09-Yan

Bioenergy + COBioenergy + CO22 Removal Removal

energy products

biofuels

ashes (minerals)

carbon dioxide

CO2

CO2 removal

2003-09-Yan

Comparison between fossil fuel based Comparison between fossil fuel based and biomass based COand biomass based CO22 capture capture

systemssystems

-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

Coal-firedsteam power

plant wchemicalabsorption

Coal IGCC-COshift-physical

absorption

NGCC wchemical

absorption

Recoveryboiler wchemical

absorption,power

BLIGCC wphysical

absorption,power

kgC

O2/

kWhe

© J. Yan-2003-09

Strategy implementation Strategy implementation requiresrequires

Technology InnovationTechnology Innovation

2003-09-Yan

Example of Technology Example of Technology InnovationInnovation

Humid Air Turbine (HAT Humid Air Turbine (HAT Cycle)Cycle)

Parallel combination of steam and Parallel combination of steam and gas turbinegas turbine

FeaturesFeatures– High efficiency, low cost, low NOxHigh efficiency, low cost, low NOx

Joint working teams with both Joint working teams with both industries and universitiesindustries and universities– Pre-study: 1992—1993Pre-study: 1992—1993– ProgramProgram ：： 19931993 ：：

ABBABB （（ Alstom), VOLVO, VATENFALL, Alstom), VOLVO, VATENFALL, SYDKRAFTSYDKRAFT ，， EL-FORSK, EL-KRAFT, KTH, LTHEL-FORSK, EL-KRAFT, KTH, LTH

– 1998, first pilot plant1998, first pilot plant

2003-09-Yan

Innovation of Energy Innovation of Energy SystemsSystems

Integration of energy systems Integration of energy systems with industrial processwith industrial process

2003-09-Yan

MISTRA KAM R&DMISTRA KAM R&D Integration of energy technologies into forest industryIntegration of energy technologies into forest industry

Efficiency and Product ImprovementEfficiency and Product Improvement

2003-09-Yan

Future Energy Future Energy TechnologiesTechnologies

Integrated and Clean Energy Plant Integrated and Clean Energy Plant Multiple fuel feedstock and Multiple fuel feedstock and products products

Larger becomes largerLarger becomes larger Smaller becomes smallerSmaller becomes smaller

Distributed power generation Distributed power generation “Personal Turbine”“Personal Turbine”

2003-09-Yan

Modules and IntegrationModules and Integration

FeedstocksFossil- coal- gas- oil

OpportunityFeedstocks- Biomass

- Municipal waste

- Refinery waste

Fuel Upgrading

Gas streamcleanup

ProcessOptions

GasificationCombustion

Heat exchangeSeparationCatalysisFuel &

ChemicalSynthesis

Energy Conversion- Turbine

- Fuel Cells

OutputOptions

ElectricityChemicals

TransportationFuels

SyngasHydrogen

Steam

Ash/traceElements

CO2

Co-products

CO2-Rich Stream

2003-09-Yan

Summary –Summary – toward towardss a sustainable energy a sustainable energy

futurefuture

Technologies innovationTechnologies innovation

Reduce our demands for servicesReduce our demands for servicesBetter quality of life with enough to Better quality of life with enough to meet our needs -- not our wants!meet our needs -- not our wants!= Change Life Style != Change Life Style !

2003-09-Yan

Future: Kids’ dreamFuture: Kids’ dream

Reality: Reality: to be or not to beto be or not to be

??

2003-09-Yan

Thanks !Thanks !

2003-09-Yan

Sources: EU Energy and Transport in Figures, 2002Sources: EU Energy and Transport in Figures, 2002

2003-09-Yan

Sources: EU Energy and Transport in Figures, 2002Sources: EU Energy and Transport in Figures, 2002

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

2003-09-Yan

                                                       

2003-09-Yan

About MeAbout Me 1989, 1989, came to Swedencame to Sweden 1991, 1991, PhD, KTHPhD, KTH 1997, 1997, Docent, KTHDocent, KTH 2001, 2001, Professor, LTUProfessor, LTU Research Interests:Research Interests:

– Advanced power generation cyclesAdvanced power generation cycles– Climate change mitigation technologiesClimate change mitigation technologies– Biomass energy systemsBiomass energy systems– Thermodynamic properties of working Thermodynamic properties of working

fluidsfluids