© k.fedra 2000 1 integrating gis and environmental models object-oriented integration

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Integrating GIS and Integrating GIS and environmental modelsenvironmental models

Integrating GIS and Integrating GIS and environmental modelsenvironmental models

object-oriented integrationobject-oriented integrationobject-oriented integrationobject-oriented integration

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Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...

Environmental problems are spatial Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced.almost always be georeferenced.

GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for

environmental analysis.environmental analysis.

Environmental problems are spatial Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced.almost always be georeferenced.

GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for

environmental analysis.environmental analysis.

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Basic concepts in GIS are:Basic concepts in GIS are:• locationlocation• spatial distributionspatial distribution• spatial relationshipspatial relationship

Basic elements:Basic elements:

• spatial objectsspatial objects

Basic concepts in GIS are:Basic concepts in GIS are:• locationlocation• spatial distributionspatial distribution• spatial relationshipspatial relationship

Basic elements:Basic elements:

• spatial objectsspatial objects

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spatial (geometric) objects:spatial (geometric) objects:• pointpoint• node (topological)node (topological)• arc, chain, grapharc, chain, graph• polygonpolygon• pixel, grid cell, cell grid, rasterpixel, grid cell, cell grid, raster• TIN, FE mesh, nested gridsTIN, FE mesh, nested grids• 3D elements3D elements

spatial (geometric) objects:spatial (geometric) objects:• pointpoint• node (topological)node (topological)• arc, chain, grapharc, chain, graph• polygonpolygon• pixel, grid cell, cell grid, rasterpixel, grid cell, cell grid, raster• TIN, FE mesh, nested gridsTIN, FE mesh, nested grids• 3D elements3D elements

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spatial (topical) objects:spatial (topical) objects:• landmark, reference pointlandmark, reference point• river reach, road segmentriver reach, road segment• administrative units: administrative units: block, district, city, block, district, city,

county, province, country, region, .....county, province, country, region, .....

• river basin, landformriver basin, landform• island, continentisland, continent

spatial (topical) objects:spatial (topical) objects:• landmark, reference pointlandmark, reference point• river reach, road segmentriver reach, road segment• administrative units: administrative units: block, district, city, block, district, city,

county, province, country, region, .....county, province, country, region, .....

• river basin, landformriver basin, landform• island, continentisland, continent

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Basic concepts in environmental Basic concepts in environmental modeling are:modeling are:

• systems statesystems state• systems dynamicssystems dynamics• interactioninteraction

Basic elements:Basic elements:• functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes

Basic concepts in environmental Basic concepts in environmental modeling are:modeling are:

• systems statesystems state• systems dynamicssystems dynamics• interactioninteraction

Basic elements:Basic elements:• functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes

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Object-oriented integrationObject-oriented integrationObject-oriented integrationObject-oriented integration

links the basic elements:links the basic elements:

of GIS:of GIS: spatial objectsspatial objects

and models:and models: functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes

through object-oriented design.through object-oriented design.

links the basic elements:links the basic elements:

of GIS:of GIS: spatial objectsspatial objects

and models:and models: functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes

through object-oriented design.through object-oriented design.

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Object-oriented integrationObject-oriented integrationObject-oriented integrationObject-oriented integration

Some concrete examples:Some concrete examples:• ECOSIM, ECOSIM, an urban environmental an urban environmental

information and decision support information and decision support systemsystem

• WaterWare, WaterWare, a river basin a river basin management information systemmanagement information system

Some concrete examples:Some concrete examples:• ECOSIM, ECOSIM, an urban environmental an urban environmental

information and decision support information and decision support systemsystem

• WaterWare, WaterWare, a river basin a river basin management information systemmanagement information system

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ECOSIM EN1006:ECOSIM EN1006:ECOSIM EN1006:ECOSIM EN1006:is a model-based decision support system for

urban environmental management. It integrates on-line data acquisition and monitoring systems, GIS and dynamic

simulation models in a flexible client-server architecture based on standard protocols: TCP/IP and http.

is a model-based decision support system for urban environmental management. It integrates on-line data acquisition and monitoring systems, GIS and dynamic

simulation models in a flexible client-server architecture based on standard protocols: TCP/IP and http.

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Systems architectureSystems architectureSystems architectureSystems architecture

supports three main function groups:

• data acquisition and storage• analysis and forecasting of

management scenarios• communication of information

contents and results to the user (user dialogue, visualization).

supports three main function groups:

• data acquisition and storage• analysis and forecasting of

management scenarios• communication of information

contents and results to the user (user dialogue, visualization).

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Systems architecture Systems architecture Systems architecture Systems architecture

data acquisition layerdata acquisition layer

data managementdata management

modelsmodelsexpert expert systemsystem

DBMSDBMSGISGIS

modelsmodelsexpert expert systemsystem

analyticalanalytical modelsmodels

graphical user interfacegraphical user interface

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client-server architecture based on TCP/IP and http.

Main ECOSIM SERVER coordinates:• user interface and dialogue• information display, GIS• external information resources:

- data bases, monitoring data - simulation models.

client-server architecture based on TCP/IP and http.

Main ECOSIM SERVER coordinates:• user interface and dialogue• information display, GIS• external information resources:

- data bases, monitoring data - simulation models.

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these functions are supported by a set of conceptual servers:

• Data Resources Servers• Model/Compute Servers• User Interface Serversthat integrate the information

resources and tools of ECOSIM

these functions are supported by a set of conceptual servers:

• Data Resources Servers• Model/Compute Servers• User Interface Serversthat integrate the information

resources and tools of ECOSIM

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ECOSIMECOSIMSERVERSERVER

MODEL 1MODEL 1

MODEL 2MODEL 2

MONITORINGMONITORING

DATA BASESDATA BASES

X WindowsX Windows http browserhttp browser

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ECOSIMECOSIMSERVERSERVER

MODEL 1MODEL 1

MODEL 2MODEL 2

MONITORINGMONITORING

DATA BASESDATA BASES

X WindowsX Windows http browserhttp browser

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Object-oriented paradigm:

the systems OBJECTS encapsulate methods that utilize the information resources and tools provided by the

conceptual servers.

Object-oriented paradigm:

the systems OBJECTS encapsulate methods that utilize the information resources and tools provided by the

conceptual servers.

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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology

Object-oriented design:

models based on real-world concepts.

OBJECTS combine:

data structure and functionin a single construct.


models based on real-world concepts.

OBJECTS combine:

data structure and functionin a single construct.

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Objects in ECOSIM include:

• decision scenarios

• model scenarios• emission sources• observation data (stations)

Objects in ECOSIM include:

• decision scenarios

• model scenarios• emission sources• observation data (stations)

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Abstraction:denotes essential characteristics that

distinguish different object (classes)


Abstraction:denotes essential characteristics that

distinguish different object (classes)

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Abstraction

is implemented through the ECOSIM

Object TEMPLATE definition files

Abstraction

is implemented through the ECOSIM

Object TEMPLATE definition files

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Encapsulation: hides all the details of an object that

do not contribute to it's specific characteristics.


Encapsulation: hides all the details of an object that

do not contribute to it's specific characteristics.

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Encapsulation for ECOSIM Objects includes their

respective set of methods used for • instantiation (obtaining data)• update of state (context dependent)• display and dialogue• communication with other objects

Encapsulation for ECOSIM Objects includes their

respective set of methods used for • instantiation (obtaining data)• update of state (context dependent)• display and dialogue• communication with other objects

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Modularity:is the property of a system that can be

decomposed into a set of strongly cohesive and loosely coupled modules.


Modularity:is the property of a system that can be

decomposed into a set of strongly cohesive and loosely coupled modules.

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Modules in ECOSIM include:• individual simulation models• model and decision scenarios• emission inventories• observation (monitoring) systems• geographic information system represented as object classes and

implemented on conceptual servers.

Modules in ECOSIM include:• individual simulation models• model and decision scenarios• emission inventories• observation (monitoring) systems• geographic information system represented as object classes and

implemented on conceptual servers.

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Hierarchy:

is the ranking order of abstraction:

• Aggregation: is part of ...

• Inheritance: is a kind of ...


Hierarchy:

is the ranking order of abstraction:

• Aggregation: is part of ...

• Inheritance: is a kind of ...

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Hierarchy in ECOSIM:

Air-quality monitoring stations (AQ)are part of observation stations (OS).

A specific station (kind of AQ)inherits the generic properties ofthe AQ (parent) class.

Hierarchy in ECOSIM:

Air-quality monitoring stations (AQ)are part of observation stations (OS).

A specific station (kind of AQ)inherits the generic properties ofthe AQ (parent) class.

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Concurrency:is the property that distinguishes

objects in terms their respective

threads of control and state of activity (interactive, active (batch), passive).


Concurrency:is the property that distinguishes

objects in terms their respective

threads of control and state of activity (interactive, active (batch), passive).

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Concurrent objects in ECOSIM are used for the HPC models

• MEMO (3D atmospheric)• DYMOS (3D photochemistry)which require computing times that

may make interactive use infeasible depending on available machines.

Concurrent objects in ECOSIM are used for the HPC models

• MEMO (3D atmospheric)• DYMOS (3D photochemistry)which require computing times that

may make interactive use infeasible depending on available machines.

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Object-oriented designObject-oriented designObject-oriented designObject-oriented design

Rumbaugh et al. (1991)• informal and flexible, based on

recommendations (legacy software)• stresses readability and expressive

power in code and documentation• focus on adding detail incrementally• encourages iteration and prototyping

Rumbaugh et al. (1991)• informal and flexible, based on

recommendations (legacy software)• stresses readability and expressive

power in code and documentation• focus on adding detail incrementally• encourages iteration and prototyping

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• well proven for commercial, event driven (OO/C++) software products

• appropriate for interactive (event driven) GUI software

• implementation through coding (prototyping) cycles

• more informal, middle-out life cycle.

• well proven for commercial, event driven (OO/C++) software products

• appropriate for interactive (event driven) GUI software

• implementation through coding (prototyping) cycles

• more informal, middle-out life cycle.

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References: Rumbaugh,et al., (1991) Object Oriented

Modelling and Design. Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, ISBN 0-13-629841-9.

Oskarsson, Ö. and Glass, R.L. (1996) An ISO 9000 Approach to Building Quality

Software. 274 pp., Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, ISBN 0-13-228925-3.

References: Rumbaugh,et al., (1991) Object Oriented

Modelling and Design. Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, ISBN 0-13-629841-9.

Oskarsson, Ö. and Glass, R.L. (1996) An ISO 9000 Approach to Building Quality

Software. 274 pp., Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, ISBN 0-13-228925-3.

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Integration example:Integration example:Integration example:Integration example:

WaterWare, WaterWare, a river basin management a river basin management information system combines:information system combines:

• hybrid GIS linked to object classes:hybrid GIS linked to object classes:– river basin elements

– models and model scenarios

– tasks or decision problems

WaterWare, WaterWare, a river basin management a river basin management information system combines:information system combines:

• hybrid GIS linked to object classes:hybrid GIS linked to object classes:– river basin elements

– models and model scenarios

– tasks or decision problems

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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare

River basin objectsRiver basin objects are spatially are spatially referenced; they can representreferenced; they can represent

• measurement stations measurement stations pointpoint• treatment plants treatment plants pointpoint• river reaches river reaches line, arcline, arc• subcatchments subcatchments polygonpolygon• etc., etc.etc., etc.

River basin objectsRiver basin objects are spatially are spatially referenced; they can representreferenced; they can represent

• measurement stations measurement stations pointpoint• treatment plants treatment plants pointpoint• river reaches river reaches line, arcline, arc• subcatchments subcatchments polygonpolygon• etc., etc.etc., etc.

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River basin objectsRiver basin objects are defined by: are defined by:

• context context defined by other objects defined by other objects

• methods methods they use to update their they use to update their state using other objects, models, state using other objects, models, rules of an embedded expert system, rules of an embedded expert system, any information resource available.any information resource available.

River basin objectsRiver basin objects are defined by: are defined by:

• context context defined by other objects defined by other objects

• methods methods they use to update their they use to update their state using other objects, models, state using other objects, models, rules of an embedded expert system, rules of an embedded expert system, any information resource available.any information resource available.

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Tasks Tasks are specific problem oriented are specific problem oriented view of sets of river basin objects.view of sets of river basin objects.

They assess or forecast their state They assess or forecast their state (over time) given a number of (over time) given a number of decision variables and scenario decision variables and scenario assumptions (the context) to provide assumptions (the context) to provide decision support information.decision support information.

Tasks Tasks are specific problem oriented are specific problem oriented view of sets of river basin objects.view of sets of river basin objects.

They assess or forecast their state They assess or forecast their state (over time) given a number of (over time) given a number of decision variables and scenario decision variables and scenario assumptions (the context) to provide assumptions (the context) to provide decision support information.decision support information.

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Objects Objects are interlinked, providing are interlinked, providing information to each other:information to each other:

ReservoirReservoir is is linked to linked to subcatchment subcatchment that that provides its inflow, provides its inflow, linked to a linked to a

monitoring stationmonitoring station that records it, and that records it, and an an irrigation districtirrigation district it supplies. it supplies.

Reservoirs itself an element in the Reservoirs itself an element in the water allocation taskwater allocation task..

Objects Objects are interlinked, providing are interlinked, providing information to each other:information to each other:

ReservoirReservoir is is linked to linked to subcatchment subcatchment that that provides its inflow, provides its inflow, linked to a linked to a

monitoring stationmonitoring station that records it, and that records it, and an an irrigation districtirrigation district it supplies. it supplies.

Reservoirs itself an element in the Reservoirs itself an element in the water allocation taskwater allocation task..

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Objects Objects have their specific display, have their specific display, reporting and editing functions (user reporting and editing functions (user interface) as part of their interface) as part of their encapsulated methods. encapsulated methods.

All object attributes can be edited All object attributes can be edited through a rule-based expert systems.through a rule-based expert systems.

Objects Objects have their specific display, have their specific display, reporting and editing functions (user reporting and editing functions (user interface) as part of their interface) as part of their encapsulated methods. encapsulated methods.

All object attributes can be edited All object attributes can be edited through a rule-based expert systems.through a rule-based expert systems.

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RiverBasinObject ClassesRiverBasinObject Classesclimate stations flow stationsclimate stations flow stationswater quality st. settlementswater quality st. settlementswater works treatment plantswater works treatment plantsindustries animal farmsindustries animal farmsirrigation districts subcatchmentsirrigation districts subcatchmentsdams, reservoirs weirs, falls, gates, sluicesdams, reservoirs weirs, falls, gates, sluicesabstraction river reaches, cross sectionsabstraction river reaches, cross sectionsaquifers, wells scenic sitesaquifers, wells scenic sites

RiverBasinObject ClassesRiverBasinObject Classesclimate stations flow stationsclimate stations flow stationswater quality st. settlementswater quality st. settlementswater works treatment plantswater works treatment plantsindustries animal farmsindustries animal farmsirrigation districts subcatchmentsirrigation districts subcatchmentsdams, reservoirs weirs, falls, gates, sluicesdams, reservoirs weirs, falls, gates, sluicesabstraction river reaches, cross sectionsabstraction river reaches, cross sectionsaquifers, wells scenic sitesaquifers, wells scenic sites

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RiverBasinObject ClassesRiverBasinObject Classes

spatially referenced by spatially referenced by

• location (location (reference point, shape, extentreference point, shape, extent))

• links to geographical objects:links to geographical objects:– community, province, state

– sub-catchment, river segment

RiverBasinObject ClassesRiverBasinObject Classes

spatially referenced by spatially referenced by

• location (location (reference point, shape, extentreference point, shape, extent))

• links to geographical objects:links to geographical objects:– community, province, state

– sub-catchment, river segment

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RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects can becan be

• displayed on the mapdisplayed on the map

• selected from the mapselected from the map

• aggregated across spatial objectsaggregated across spatial objects

Base maps and display functionality Base maps and display functionality

are provided by the GISare provided by the GIS

RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects can becan be

• displayed on the mapdisplayed on the map

• selected from the mapselected from the map

• aggregated across spatial objectsaggregated across spatial objects

Base maps and display functionality Base maps and display functionality

are provided by the GISare provided by the GIS

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsmain functions:main functions:• obtain or update their current state obtain or update their current state

(load, compute, infer, ask ....) from (load, compute, infer, ask ....) from information resourcesinformation resources (objects) (objects)

• report their current state to report their current state to clients clients (other objects, display clients: X-(other objects, display clients: X-Windows or http, hardcopy, etc.)Windows or http, hardcopy, etc.)

RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsmain functions:main functions:• obtain or update their current state obtain or update their current state

(load, compute, infer, ask ....) from (load, compute, infer, ask ....) from information resourcesinformation resources (objects) (objects)

• report their current state to report their current state to clients clients (other objects, display clients: X-(other objects, display clients: X-Windows or http, hardcopy, etc.)Windows or http, hardcopy, etc.)

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectseach class has a set of specific each class has a set of specific

attributes in a set of data structures attributes in a set of data structures and associated methods, defined in and associated methods, defined in a object class TEMPLATE.a object class TEMPLATE.

Objects inherit this structures and the Objects inherit this structures and the generic class properties upon generic class properties upon instantiation.instantiation.

RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectseach class has a set of specific each class has a set of specific

attributes in a set of data structures attributes in a set of data structures and associated methods, defined in and associated methods, defined in a object class TEMPLATE.a object class TEMPLATE.

Objects inherit this structures and the Objects inherit this structures and the generic class properties upon generic class properties upon instantiation.instantiation.

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RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects TEMPLATEs TEMPLATEs

• headerheader with name, ID, location, links to with name, ID, location, links to geographical objects, meta datageographical objects, meta data

• attributes attributes defined asdefined as– DESCRIPTORS (variables of the expert system)– lists and tables– time series– links

RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects TEMPLATEs TEMPLATEs

• headerheader with name, ID, location, links to with name, ID, location, links to geographical objects, meta datageographical objects, meta data

• attributes attributes defined asdefined as– DESCRIPTORS (variables of the expert system)– lists and tables– time series– links

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• RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects attributesattributes can be can be • data stored with the objectsdata stored with the objects• methods that retrieve or generate methods that retrieve or generate

these data:these data:– DESCRIPTORS use the expert system– file references– embedded SQL– URLs for remote information sources.

• RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects attributesattributes can be can be • data stored with the objectsdata stored with the objects• methods that retrieve or generate methods that retrieve or generate

these data:these data:– DESCRIPTORS use the expert system– file references– embedded SQL– URLs for remote information sources.

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments: methods include the displaymethods include the display

of the objectof the object

in hypertextin hypertext

multi-mediamulti-media

style.style.

subcatchments: subcatchments: methods include the displaymethods include the display

of the objectof the object

in hypertextin hypertext

multi-mediamulti-media

style.style.

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments:

object display object display

includes a mapincludes a map

with a DEM ofwith a DEM of

the basin asthe basin as

part of anpart of an

embedded embedded

hypertext hypertext

display.display.

subcatchments: subcatchments:

object display object display

includes a mapincludes a map

with a DEM ofwith a DEM of

the basin asthe basin as

part of anpart of an

embedded embedded

hypertext hypertext

display.display.

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties like landcover distribution andbasin properties like landcover distribution and

topography (elevation bands) are presented topography (elevation bands) are presented

in a graphical format as well as a list of numericalin a graphical format as well as a list of numerical

values that can be edited through the embedded values that can be edited through the embedded

expert system: expert system:

subcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties like landcover distribution andbasin properties like landcover distribution and





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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties like landcover distribution andbasin properties like landcover distribution and





subcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties like landcover distribution andbasin properties like landcover distribution and





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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties ca be defined both in basin properties ca be defined both in

numerical or symbolic terms, with the numerical or symbolic terms, with the symbols optionally linked to ranges (or symbols optionally linked to ranges (or distribution, fuzzy sets) of numericaldistribution, fuzzy sets) of numerical

parametersparameters

subcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties ca be defined both in basin properties ca be defined both in

numerical or symbolic terms, with the numerical or symbolic terms, with the symbols optionally linked to ranges (or symbols optionally linked to ranges (or distribution, fuzzy sets) of numericaldistribution, fuzzy sets) of numerical

parametersparameters

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments: the main functional attribute of the subcatchment the main functional attribute of the subcatchment

object is its outflow, which feeds into a number object is its outflow, which feeds into a number of other models. This is computed, as a of other models. This is computed, as a function of the basin attributes, with the function of the basin attributes, with the dynamic (daily) rainfall-runoff model:dynamic (daily) rainfall-runoff model:

subcatchments: subcatchments: the main functional attribute of the subcatchment the main functional attribute of the subcatchment

object is its outflow, which feeds into a number object is its outflow, which feeds into a number of other models. This is computed, as a of other models. This is computed, as a function of the basin attributes, with the function of the basin attributes, with the dynamic (daily) rainfall-runoff model:dynamic (daily) rainfall-runoff model:

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Subcatchment ObjectSubcatchment ObjectSubcatchment ObjectSubcatchment Objectrainfall-runoff model:rainfall-runoff model: describes the describes the

outflow from a catchment as a function of outflow from a catchment as a function of

basin databasin data

(orography, soils (orography, soils

land cover,land cover,

drainage)drainage)

precipitation,precipitation,

temperature.temperature.

rainfall-runoff model:rainfall-runoff model: describes the describes the outflow from a catchment as a function of outflow from a catchment as a function of

basin databasin data

(orography, soils (orography, soils

land cover,land cover,

drainage)drainage)

precipitation,precipitation,

temperature.temperature.

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Subcatchment ObjectSubcatchment ObjectSubcatchment ObjectSubcatchment Objectrainfall-runoff model output in terms of flow, rainfall-runoff model output in terms of flow,

evapotranspiration, soil moisture,evapotranspiration, soil moisture, groundground waterwater storage,storage, againstagainst precipi-precipitation.tation.

rainfall-runoff model output in terms of flow, rainfall-runoff model output in terms of flow, evapotranspiration, soil moisture,evapotranspiration, soil moisture,

groundground waterwater storage,storage, againstagainst precipi-precipitation.tation.

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments:subcatchments: are linked to related objects are linked to related objects

like measurement stations that also provide inputlike measurement stations that also provide input

for thefor the

models.models.

subcatchments:subcatchments: are linked to related objects are linked to related objects

like measurement stations that also provide inputlike measurement stations that also provide input

for thefor the

models.models.

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjects

reservoirsreservoirs provide an input-output provide an input-output transformation of flows, can lead to transformation of flows, can lead to

water losseswater losses

(evaporation)(evaporation)

and can effectand can effect

water qualitywater quality

(eutrophication)(eutrophication)

reservoirsreservoirs provide an input-output provide an input-output transformation of flows, can lead to transformation of flows, can lead to

water losseswater losses

(evaporation)(evaporation)

and can effectand can effect

water qualitywater quality

(eutrophication)(eutrophication)

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsreservoir morphometry reservoir morphometry describes thedescribes the

relationship of storagerelationship of storage volume and surfacevolume and surface area to the surfacearea to the surface elevation; these dataelevation; these data determine the determine the storage behavior forstorage behavior for the water resourcesthe water resources model.model.

reservoir morphometry reservoir morphometry describes thedescribes the

relationship of storagerelationship of storage volume and surfacevolume and surface area to the surfacearea to the surface elevation; these dataelevation; these data determine the determine the storage behavior forstorage behavior for the water resourcesthe water resources model.model.

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsreservoir water quality reservoir water quality constrains potentialconstrains potential

forms offorms of

water usewater use::

- drinking,- drinking,

- industrial,- industrial,

- irrigation,- irrigation,

impliesimplies

treatmenttreatment

costs.costs.

reservoir water quality reservoir water quality constrains potentialconstrains potential

forms offorms of

water usewater use::

- drinking,- drinking,

- industrial,- industrial,

- irrigation,- irrigation,

impliesimplies

treatmenttreatment

costs.costs.

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsreservoir water quality reservoir water quality can be analised can be analised

with lake water quality models or with thewith lake water quality models or with the

a rule-baseda rule-based

expert system.expert system.

reservoir water quality reservoir water quality can be analised can be analised with lake water quality models or with thewith lake water quality models or with the



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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsreservoir water quality reservoir water quality can be analised can be analised

with lake water quality models or with thewith lake water quality models or with the



reservoir water quality reservoir water quality can be analised can be analised with lake water quality models or with thewith lake water quality models or with the



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irrigation districts irrigation districts can be major water usercan be major water user

in a river basin, with agricultural water demand in a river basin, with agricultural water demand

usually by farusually by far

exceedingexceeding

domestic anddomestic and

industrial use.industrial use.

irrigation districts irrigation districts can be major water usercan be major water user

in a river basin, with agricultural water demand in a river basin, with agricultural water demand

usually by farusually by far

exceedingexceeding

domestic anddomestic and

industrial use.industrial use.

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsirrigation districtsirrigation districtssoils, crop distribution, irrigation technology, transmissionsoils, crop distribution, irrigation technology, transmissionlosses, and the local climate are the main factors losses, and the local climate are the main factors determining water determining water demands. demands. Satellite imagery canSatellite imagery can

provide up-to-dateprovide up-to-date

information on landuse,information on landuse,

cropping patterns, andcropping patterns, and

the state of crops.the state of crops.

irrigation districtsirrigation districtssoils, crop distribution, irrigation technology, transmissionsoils, crop distribution, irrigation technology, transmissionlosses, and the local climate are the main factors losses, and the local climate are the main factors determining water determining water demands. demands. Satellite imagery canSatellite imagery can

provide up-to-dateprovide up-to-date

information on landuse,information on landuse,

cropping patterns, andcropping patterns, and

the state of crops.the state of crops.

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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsirrigation districts: irrigation districts: key variableskey variables total areatotal area

crop distributioncrop distribution soil typessoil types irrigation technologyirrigation technology conveyance lossesconveyance losses groundwater tablegroundwater table precipitation, potential precipitation, potential evapotranspirationevapotranspiration

irrigation districts: irrigation districts: key variableskey variables total areatotal area

crop distributioncrop distribution soil typessoil types irrigation technologyirrigation technology conveyance lossesconveyance losses groundwater tablegroundwater table precipitation, potential precipitation, potential evapotranspirationevapotranspiration

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irrigation districts:irrigation districts:

the main functional attribute is thethe main functional attribute is the

supplementary irrigation water supplementary irrigation water

demand. This can be estimated withdemand. This can be estimated with

models like the FAO CROPWAT.models like the FAO CROPWAT.

irrigation districts:irrigation districts:

the main functional attribute is thethe main functional attribute is the

supplementary irrigation water supplementary irrigation water

demand. This can be estimated withdemand. This can be estimated with

models like the FAO CROPWAT.models like the FAO CROPWAT.

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irrigation water demand estimation:irrigation water demand estimation:

computes thecomputes the

complementarycomplementary

irrigation waterirrigation water

demand for andemand for an

irrigation district.irrigation district.

irrigation water demand estimation:irrigation water demand estimation:

computes thecomputes the

complementarycomplementary

irrigation waterirrigation water

demand for andemand for an

irrigation district.irrigation district.

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treatment plants treatment plants provide input for the waterprovide input for the water

quality models (BOD quality models (BOD biological oxygen demand),biological oxygen demand),

solids,solids,

nutrientsnutrients

(phosphates,(phosphates,

nitrates).nitrates).

treatment plants treatment plants provide input for the waterprovide input for the water

quality models (BOD quality models (BOD biological oxygen demand),biological oxygen demand),

solids,solids,

nutrientsnutrients

(phosphates,(phosphates,

nitrates).nitrates).

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RiverNetworks RiverNetworks consist ofconsist of

• the RiverNetwork (topology) itselfthe RiverNetwork (topology) itself

• RiverNodes (which are coupled to RiverNodes (which are coupled to RiverBasinObjects)RiverBasinObjects)

• RiverReachesRiverReaches

• CrossSectionsCrossSections

RiverNetworks RiverNetworks consist ofconsist of

• the RiverNetwork (topology) itselfthe RiverNetwork (topology) itself

• RiverNodes (which are coupled to RiverNodes (which are coupled to RiverBasinObjects)RiverBasinObjects)

• RiverReachesRiverReaches

• CrossSectionsCrossSections

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RiverNetworks RiverNetworks provide the provide the • geometry (link to the GIS) geometry (link to the GIS) • linkage to the RiverBasinObjects linkage to the RiverBasinObjects as functional elements for the as functional elements for the • water resources models• water quality models.

RiverNetworks RiverNetworks provide the provide the • geometry (link to the GIS) geometry (link to the GIS) • linkage to the RiverBasinObjects linkage to the RiverBasinObjects as functional elements for the as functional elements for the • water resources models• water quality models.

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RiverNetworks RiverNetworks have both ahave both a

• generic (physical) representation generic (physical) representation – geographic representation

– schematic representation

• model specific (extended) representation that includes model parameters and data requirements.

RiverNetworks RiverNetworks have both ahave both a

• generic (physical) representation generic (physical) representation – geographic representation

– schematic representation

• model specific (extended) representation that includes model parameters and data requirements.

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River NetworkRiver NetworkRiver NetworkRiver Network

schematic representation of theschematic representation of the networknetwork as a as a directed directed graph graph with with arcs and arcs and nodesnodes

schematic representation of theschematic representation of the networknetwork as a as a directed directed graph graph with with arcs and arcs and nodesnodes

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Models Models can operate on the schematic can operate on the schematic layer, which is linked back to the layer, which is linked back to the physical GIS layer of map overlays physical GIS layer of map overlays through the georeferenced through the georeferenced RiverBasinObjects: RiverBasinObjects: water resources water resources model, water quality modelmodel, water quality model

or directly on the physical GIS layer: or directly on the physical GIS layer: groundwater model.groundwater model.

Models Models can operate on the schematic can operate on the schematic layer, which is linked back to the layer, which is linked back to the physical GIS layer of map overlays physical GIS layer of map overlays through the georeferenced through the georeferenced RiverBasinObjects: RiverBasinObjects: water resources water resources model, water quality modelmodel, water quality model

or directly on the physical GIS layer: or directly on the physical GIS layer: groundwater model.groundwater model.

© k.fedra 2000 1 integrating gis and environmental models object-oriented integration

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processes functional

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