know the factors of production understand what budgeting is and why it is important demonstrate...
TRANSCRIPT
Budget AnalysisAg Management
Chapter 4
Objectives*
Know the factors of production Understand what budgeting is and why it is important Demonstrate knowledge of budgeting principles,
limitations of budgeting and guidelines for successful budgeting
Know the steps in planning budgets Identify the three types of budgets Be able to develop and analyze an enterprise budget Exhibit knowledge of partial budgeting
Planning a budget
4 Factors of Budget Production
Capital Labor Land Management Must know the amount and value of each
7 Questions Managers Must Answer
1. What are available factors of production?
2. What is the best way to use available factors?
3. What crop and/or livestock enterprises are possible?
4. What proportion of the land should be used for each crop or livestock activity considered?
5. What labor is necessary?
6. What capital is needed?
7. What management and production practices should be used?
What is Budgeting?
Budget
A plan for action by the business Include projections of income and expenses
for all or part of the business Best format is a formal written plan
6 Reasons for Budgeting
1. Helps you plan for the useful life of assets
2. An excellent device for organizing
3. Useful to estimate the amount of credit needed from lending agencies
4. Allows for experimentation with possible outcomes before resources are actually committed
5. Identifies cost and income items that might be otherwise overlooked
6. Lets you refine an organization
Types of Budgets
Enterprise› Projected cost and returns for one production process usually for one
production period› Ex: projected cost and returns per acre for a crop or per head for
livestock Partial
› Projected cost and returns associated with some change in the farm or ranch business
› Ex: A farmer analyzing a possible change from custom harvest to owning his own equipment
Cash Flow› Estimates of cash inflows and outflows for an entire production period› Ex: a monthly summary of projected cash receipts and disbursements
for an entire year
Limits of Budgeting
Time Difficult to accurately predict prices and
yields Risk both production and financial can limit
the effectiveness of budget reliability Overlooking cost and overestimating profits Overestimating production
5 Guidelines to Make a Good Budget
1. Decide what you want to analyze with the budget
2. Decide whether to use enterprise or partial budgeting
3. Choose a time period for the budget. (Month, quarter or year)
4. Decide what data will be needed.
5. Decide how many alternatives will be evaluated or analyzed.
5 Steps to Develop a Budget
1. Appraise the business and family goals and objectives
2. Inventory resources available for use in the farm or ranch operation.
› Inventory should consider the available levels of land, labor, capital and management.
3. Select the physical data for inputs and outputs
4. Select the market prices for inputs and outputs
5. Calculate the expected cost and returns.
Enterprise Budget
Enterprise
Read p.4-4 to 4-10
Partial Budgeting
Partial Budgets
› Projected cost and returns associated with some change in the business operation
When Partial Budgets are Useful
Expanding an enterprise Alternative enterprises Changing production practices Buying new equipment/machinery
Eff
ects
of C
han
ges
Positive
Negative
Reduced Cost (RC)› Change will reduce or eliminate some cost. Any
cost that does not change will not be included Additional Returns (AR)
› Change will cause additonal returns. Any returns that will not change will not be included
Positive Effects= RC +AR
Additional Costs (AC)› Change will cause additional cost to be incurred.
Reduced Returns (RR)› Change will eliminate or reduce some returns
Negative Effects = AC + RR
Net Change in Income
(RC+AR)-(AC+RR)= Net Change in Income An estimate of the net effect of making a
proposed change Positive= indicates a potential increase in
income due to the change Negative= indicated a potential reduction in
income due to the change
7 Componenets of a Partial Budget
Column One Column Two
Negative Effects Positive Effects
1. Additonal Cost 4. Additional Returns
2. Reduced Returns 5. Reduced Costs
3. Total Additional Costs and Reduced Returns
6. Total Additional Returns and Reduced Costs
7. Net Change in Income (Line 6 minus Line 3)
Cash Flow Budgeting
Cash Flow Budgeting
Projects money flow, reciepts and expenditures for a specific time, usually one year
For farms and ranches cash flow budget is projected on a monthly basis
Advantages
Shows the operator where excess cash will be available and when cash deficits will occur
Provides for budgeted loans that are borrowed only for the periods through which they are required
Provides a technique for combining personal and farm or ranch financial needs for the next period
Allows comparison of cash flow projections with the cash flow summary to record actual performance against the advanced planning
Helps evaluate the relationship between short-term debt to repayment capacity
Lets the manager immediately see the cash position through the year
Disadvantages
Time must be devoted to collecting and projecting data
Projected prices are difficult to estimate Borrowing rates may fluctuate Family and business consumption of
resources may vary The entire cash flow projection plans need
constant review and revision
Summary*
Cash flow planning is a tool the farm or ranch can use to analyze trends in the farm business
Allows a manager to analyze a net cash projection and borrowing requirements
Used to establish credit lines necessary to the farm business
Cash flows must be constantly evaluated and updated
Cash flows are only as good as the information used
Assignment
Complete Assignment Sheets 1-3 & Ch 3 and Ch 4 Review Sheets.
Due--