8999 i}ers. r C0at.•etti0s:.

the. h""I l.oce.J. o::: ths. \1?,. yes·t.erdc.y hel.d tho f:tr~ o:f the announced aocies o:f ·::tin.cuao:!iona on· thti vari,;.us ;::oaition:: ':li'--t!u: ... e.:-ty. Tho to!=-iC was _the R:u.sd.Bn ·('._uur:;ti.on "--•'i."th ~hachtm:m _:~or- t.he Majot"ity c.:::.U Fo • .-~~t .:.·•Ji.' ·the M;lnc.::-L"it.y. E.Gc."l

had ~ hl.·. J.5 mills. for prescnt.."\t.i.:n an!! 50 u:.lns. J:o·c-. s<l!!:!!:l6.X""J. .At this_ :nceting there wnlz ~im~ on:L:y :for :.:}!.e~tiun~1 fru~ th;r i'loor. A~ t.hc n.crl cc:oting-on· June.7~ t.h\3 i'l.oor will be .o;.er:. :for ·tiJ.ocussion to be i'oJ.~owmi_ by _c f'i:!.al. ~t~_-J;q. _ ee.ch ope.u.ker. P.e.ther- "th:m eciito ieJ.ize about the n-::atine I'll rer:ort tb.e __ eu-p.;. ste..,:~:e vf: the ro,;orts, tllc c;.uczt:i lis ask:ciL anti -~-!b sunnnrios. She.c:b;t..:.:.an a~oke £i::'!lt:' ~ .

The Ru~sian c,.:ueaticn- !.a t1L ;:-o!;t i.'U--Ot·truJ.t · _ucGtiOll !'or- t~~ !'cvtJlution.il.I"y_ io.ov..-::mmt ~:ince the- Ruaaiml &::v- . .J.ution. It. ~.-mina.to~ tho ,·oJ.iticul. lifo b£ tho· v.or.lO.:J>ourgco:l:.a:!:o n.'1.d :the wc:.·lil ~l'.bo::.• r.:.::.vt'.s.cnt a::; •icll .:.s'" tli:~:t. o.i_·~ the Fourth_· i1os:oJ.jC,:;. The ·aiimv-.Jr gi.von 'tv t.h.i.s -~_ilc~tian will d"~?.tilr..rlne'-t.h,. :fat<: o£ the \·ev-.;.~~uti.anary

": ·o.::;;vo:umt z:ncl ·~b.o chn:::-c.ctu.:-· of' the '} och. \:~ · , ···The_ Btudica ci1ti riltaJ.:,ses of' the Ru~sien 'I_U.c :tiou ·a-re tho gr~·-..,test_~ntrl.

marlc b~: th::.- T»otsk~'·ist t10VEment. e.uci above. e:u by Tr-otok.y hir..t.~al.f. __ we·~shHJJ.··-~~: ·_t'ine 'tocla,yJG rliGcu_a.Gion -to th£~ JZXb: claoo ch.ai-acter .of -th-3 0ts.lin1st ~t~"to-t6da;Y-­

_-_ · :. '!ho state :i.s a_ toll.tic:al i!J.~titutiun c·:.b.sisting _f'unil.a:ncnta!...l.y- o:t :pr.isons : Et..ll<i:-_o..U.ita·q ~d;t:es o£ 1...9-L- se.:;:.t:.::atec1 froil the peojU~ _as a l7h01e. _ Ite_u fun<lticlli.::· i.:s._ to· _k~e:; in --~~~~~on th~ cJ..usc :m.m r:!l..~ch the_ ruJ.fuc- cleo~ dorivos ita_--{o~e~· \\'"C~:th._ The_\btmsraP..i.fi o£' the :.:.ctm~. O-~ ~:rcaaction uetcrz.inoD t,hc rul.:\ne .cJ.o ... s •. -.-.

'Thus,. t!~o sl.nvc ownern ruled in the sJ.r.ve ·statca., the lanct owners in. £-eud_e.l. sc,<ill9io/, ~"Md thc.·capital:ist. ;.,~.nars r..tlo :lu· cu:pitcl.i~t ~ocio-ty.. l3ut r:hr.:ro there i~·no ow~:s:erchi,:? _.n.~· such -.-.·bJ:~t -.:1r? thr: r!l.c.c::- c~t"<l~~l~!.at.ics ;;,::..' .-:;.I:.s· rul.i!l.f: clc..ss1 The- . WOl."ld.n.g cl.as_a, ·A_i~il._thf> Ruoclf'.!t i:lcvo1ution1 t.ovk ovo·· ·tho _o\·.nct•:hi~::- o!: ell tl">.o tti~s;_· Of. :-I:Oci~lcti::,;n e.n.U tl.!raotl it ov~:· to i!lc st.::>:te: the:; establ.:nhed. We havo thus c,

·---cr!te::l.::ln S i:or· c.ct.c-r..;:L'Tling tho r.umc cJ.c..:;~·-. '!'he. cJ.n.au clu:;r;e.CtP.-r~ 'thorei'orci, v:.:n.~J:terc state~ i$ ~wt •1eto r.tinccl ·L.~ ::h · :m~> the ~cu."l~ o~ ·_roO.uct::..·-u sint'.o tho ov;na them t:llt.~ the state ia not c. ~haao-t._Tltcr-ef'ore, tho c~o.s;; Cd~.L·.acte~" is.-~·~;:;~~~ &.~· th. e cl.e.ss cb.ure.c:f;•:lr :;£ 'tho st{!to. \Tlri.e ::.s c. polit.. icul not ~:.n c1..n.ernilip _<

_'l'hc cl.e._~s 'chare.ctr.:r :is ~i.ot-·t:.ct!3t"..:",i!:.od'q'thc :.::.-.nct'GlliT- ·.;:t" rro_ ar'ti bu.t by the ers~ip ·::.:r t.hc :>tutc. Th~ l-"~cliticcl.· I:o:--er c!~ -:.ho b-:;,u:-;;c-cio5ic :i.G .aszurod bL its . cconuzd.c ~;-;or ·wh.iC.1 .it;- asour_cC. b~-- :its o•mcrship cf': .tllc :;~.cans of _ t\.lduct;fon. •. ~ The

-· ~cc:!:!dd:.c· y·-awer· c~r t.h!j _ worldng class;_ on. th!:! ~,-.t11·~1' h&nd.. is e.•Jlii'.J-·ed )~ i tn. I•-Ql.iticel. _,. ~: ·:::-i:n•e.r. 11<:!'. t-ho:"'&.fot•a c62lcd ·tro~o Eolr.hcvi}: :::tate a "'''.;):rkt!:.:s stnt.o·. Tho Do:tGh!lvik5 •·· Wre. ~n ·thoi!". ~ gwi...-.Q. uge.inot the-· !c~"tol·..:.ticn at· r.a_ itai.:..~ f'r(';;l h~o poSS).bJ.o di.racti·.Jno:_ · 1) r-ron t:1.o aniei!. i!.J.:;os.i.tion £r~r:t abr..:£&.t:.1 2) fro<=1 the rc-Cnergonco ·of' the j:latty ~a?i~U::.nt .W.f.l!le1l.t5 .;;..till in ful;.eia, tho Kv~ak:'! U.'l-.3. rfcf;Cl.O:l. •

For y.:ara ·now tho f:Uf!Sitm· iTO~~~e cl~ss h:.>.:.> 'ne.d n~ cord-rol st e.ll ·)f tho stato· ertd no roJ.itic(!].. t·o•~·or. Given our p:'Xlioas it 1::: ~hcrci'or-e su.~i'icicnt i'~r us­to co.ncl.u.C.e thc.t ftlticie. _is nOt ·a wor1:ero sta:to. Without ~:o~it.ical. ·r:v\·.ror tho :JtatO centt be a X'!CP'- workor:J state. It. :l.3Mpolitical. :-o·.;·er v.-hich se.fc~rda tl::.e workers centro~ oi' thu. state.; Lut :1.!' tac ~ocrlti.ne cJ.ut:)s i:J no-t -th:l t·uJ..ine _,cl.s.sa, l-:h..;o is?

Trotnky ·so.w c. vra)· QUt by devclo;.int; the ·t.hcof"j' o£' :.t ~·pr:cn.cratnU : \:•r..:fCl:.'S A"Dona.,.artict ·l-nrk.Yr.:; et.ct~. ne D'-l:ht. tho w~.:~rkillG clc.G;-; hut~ _no olitical .'.-cv;~_~t' n.e.ith:.r hav~; the cr .. i.t~llirls hecc.u~c ne>>·Jhcre ho.s pr.iV!l-te ror-orty Occn t•c::;-t,,rod. Rathci;" t.hc kul~e e.nti us;mcr~ lw.7!.> been cor.~.-lct<lly Unstr;:.y~d. Thure urc. ::rtill. SQr.tt:. cle."'len"tD ci' -;.he:a but 'i:.hu.s:o E·.ro c::mrJ.ctCJ.y ~iLr-oLM't~nt. Ut~.tionali2.acl """·;:ol:-t.Or< hOJ ~cl ::till.. rc:lllin~ in cxifltt:ncc a.::; o;:stn1ll.i!~hf'J;d ! :J ·t.lle Rcvo~ution, it a Ue~Cn-e.L"t~.-tcd i'tCJc:te::•:J ~tn't.o. · Tro{.7;y ;:6.-id the uorkcrc. nO l.onee." . hav~- r,., >J.:L~:LcOJ. pov:a:- but. thay -cQtc.in oc~::.?:t.!ic -O•;.e:r.,, Ft"Jtl our k.sio criteria thnt the economic ~o·r·er·_ of' tho ·r·ttl'ldit'C- ,: if.R:3 t-'o~::l:. it:> : oliticeJ. •.WIOl' ;'la ;._ny th~.:t Trotclcy 'WafS·

com:J.c··~r.'lly v.TUnc;. Trot(.ll"',.Y corrl!ctly l..:wk•J"- .i'or tho rc:;:tor~tiGn of ca._ !tt:.l.ism -_ 1-_in_j:.JrL:;:u~1.tor.z.;.t.:i,.;.;n_oi:.E.r.i~~.lJl~o.,~) w!'!ot·c Loc.jj,1 al.so l.ookcd foL· :it. hilt tho

:.ta:to pl'O_:;orty dovo~.)_pc.d. ut thOti'e:"l..:tJ f :lee U!l tho loui.i cl: :;~Qli ~ical. l~o.,;c~ b,'• tho .Jil."ol.Atut"int. 'thla dUa:Iri~ ·LJ.;.o ~~or.:;o:-~ ~te.tist:.: llcn't bol?-n to rn:;o~vo.

For !ilun.Y ~:cl:.ra now e..'lvthcr ox;-a.&nt:.tion itac b en uffijrod: Ru~~ia is no -t. workeru :;t:.:.to bOC4Ut10 i:.lt:) .:rolct.llrl.t-.t lncl:::> r.ol.:.t1c.:l.l. }:o'::or. U.:..ithe:.· :i.a !t A c ~tLut:li~ol CCl~;itcJ..i::;t :ltt:.to. Uowovc:- it io u ;;urtii!Ul.Ul.' t:r~.c o£ c;~.;·ita.l.iat ·~tn.to~ :..n Ruatin, Uu: 'Ll].c,;.ry :::c.;_.·3, ...-o il.:.~.v-::~ ~tu.te cu: -it,n:..lai:J. TJU~ thct11'j' htul it-a £:l'Oa.t:.. oct Uio:l~<:..U~ticm i'rv:J tl1o l).rt·o;J{.!M~o oe,.cci~ i.he RulJ:,ian, Montrhovi!tn, I dcn't s-t.ato 1 to ol"ir,in t·~1 cl.:.ct·cti! t thu _ tho~r,)'. Dut t~Vtul 1>oforo tlla t1.u~SiUll RO'\o"''lutj,o:li ----;: :; the !l!onshuvi.i;:l hc.d u rlci~ e;;,nco?ticn ot iiarxittu. Thily thorr.i\)ro dc.."l.:lcd. -in_ ndvance·~~~· tho _j:ooDlbll:.i.ty o!.' L ;;oclul.is1. l'f.Nolut.!.on in n.m.>uia. Tho:r inoict.ud thOl'r.tf'ors thllt--- :,·,_ oul.y a. boiJ.,•go~t:i:s !.~Ov-.)luti:.m:- vrua o:.;J:lhlo £or l\.ias1:...· Tho tho'-'rJ' thr .. t- i-OGt-Boishovik\~ ft'.ltU1i'"" i= c. CD.;.,:ital.Lot ~ta.tC'! !.'l.oi-;!l locic~ _:!'ron thb \1vodo.n c"ncon.:lono oi" the

_llol:Jltevik, Ucmabo,~~c. Thus 1'01'"· Ot~o ._Ilu.Utt\"1 _i~. Atro~ovitch, __ :fol.~ _!:nn, __ .!o~ ___ Krlut~~ Ruooiu- ~mtf otll.to·· co._ j,tn.l!nt. fJ.l.- sup~ or-t.' 'their-, th~·wi~ L-.t .Ut~tlnt.: fl•oi:l t•n-G,cilci.- .. _._.. ..

· ...... - 2 -- 9000 · His qu.:.;tat1on1 .:J.,.;~.ys .i!:immderctood W:H.!. iLlpror;u:ly applied, bas been used U.t eJ.l.

o£ .. thc:'lo r..s_ tho I•Gfl for their th~oriea. T~ f:CcuJ.im·i·~y o£-_'tho _ctat-e cupi~l!>~ theory ic. t:::o-f'ol<1; 1). --the tat-m..

iS_ used 'r.y E.ll t~to::Oo th~~reticiHnc to charu.ctr:riz:o the mo:-Jt anta.pmistic r.b.BnOmen&.;. Wlll.l.t..:thc;)-' -.::nnnot. cxp]..a:l.n, the~' ct:u state capi"W.J.!.r-..:u; 2) no tc,·.o ~copJ.o·. rd.ll .a.€;ree. or cc.n·_-c.grc? GU. a·defil:.iti::m of -f.-hat i$ sto.t_e_car.-i+.al.imn.. . . -___ .- .. _-.

- ·Tha for.nUl!i ata.to ctil~i-talisa t-olia Us nothinC bacauee it coverEt· ·tOe;; ouch~. - It_ tell:;- ua n,·t.hillG ~;hie;;, st-e"ci.fica1.1.j" :d.stiutr:.t:islw:: v.tht:.t is in Hussi.c. . Acco_r.:'tlng . ::. _.-:'.-

tO -:it wo w-.:;ul.dalsc i'..nvo to c.UJ. Dlzlund1 GettJ""..Jl;Y 1 Jap-an, [·ol.c.ud," etc. a1ie.te ·cti.:pi~~:--;--; ist. ·\!,,J.l opoci!'ip <li:Cferent:Lcttion is thus l.c~~ The liberal t·adicals say_- that. ._. -:-J 5"'-.A.to· co. piteli:t!!. crl.sto ·tttere_ the state is the only ce.pltel.ist.. Thin :lc-"t;.l!it~t::* · ) u.lous;. Ca-;:-it&.-lls."l c'!:::l !!Cvar o:iet 'IVithout a ce.ci·t-D.J.ist. cltr.ss. The sta.·to fs·not·_ .·_ ~ ,J a'- ~e:sD. .I-t hai bo_m Zeld that th·.:. ca;it.al.ist 1.o ou. y· fC. ugent, but- withOut- t.net:_· _; ·::-~ at;ent·-t}u<;ro :i_z !t~rt-nc-;r ctm 'tbol:'c bo- e;e.-plta!..im. Ii'_ y.:;u. f'z:f th.ic then I add-t~-t ·--. .-<-.:.j r.her(;\. thc_ro. i::i -_~,-nly e:no __ ca:d:ts>~i:Jt ·in r.ho:3c _ hwlds aL~e c-·!lca:~.tr::.ted.- all: the'o='II.cezt:mt _of":_· .. ·.{ protluct.ion, 'then it ia nd-lOntel' capii6.lism .. · I:r, tho-1.~c£orc• you ·st:y the sti.'\tO·i.s~-t.b.S'~~

. ~. ::;>itclict, ·yo_•J. ~ •l.cxJ.. .in' co:o.-t-:~cto~-- terr.:s. l!oreoVsr j thin !"!a a nevor ·. OOCI1.\t.~-' ; .. <:·-~--.-~~j iiar:Kiist- c once,;·t.J.on of- atu.tc caoo.:!.te.J.is=J.. -,~ ·~ :\

:_ ,·--.::; .. , .. ~:- : · Lenin_ Suu t.h!.i statn ca:,i-tilli.sm tl1,o Bolsi:levJ.ka :Jar-.e .;sts.btisb_j,ng :ir:' ~~quo~•:.- _._] ::,·:;.::- Duk!wr.in .. l'froto !ilUch abou-t it l..ut 't'lh.cro It e l'n'Otc- that ca.;.it~iats ~ ·aue c':luntcy ~- ;;;rl

. _c.o.:t e.Uvlis..'t -cotl:c·et:Lt"icn, ·Lenin a;._,Cndcd 11Can not." Buk!urin' s &XWUpl.e o£ ·st-c.te -:-.::; moaopoloy c C:- -~~it~~s:!t ii-"aG the Unitt:d St.ntas of -\7o::-~d ¥i'ar I. nut here ~"ri.~te _ -;: __ ~~ :;.:roptJrt,r crlated and· co-;J;_.:;_c~ition <:·xistcd. In no 1.ountry of caj:'itc..ll.&l he.s_ i-t ever,- ~ -~; been sct:n in c.:!J_y ~ts.ge o~ covol.oJ:.mt.:nt nt &ll, v1hot:e tha st.ato t!Lkos ·:>vcr !='riv:~.te :_· pro:-nrt:: lU'lrt ·cUr,:i.tell&-:; reic.ine~ · · - ·

I dcn•t elGin:. t:. bo ~ Great. theoretician Wt I c~noolo r.,ysel:f' 'b-.f \\o.tch.illg:· thOao·_ "''h~ do i-.laiia- it. Still. ! he.vc .lcunml ac::J.eth~'"lt;: Ever:r·th.ing I ~earned o.bcut c: n:·:;:itn· lls-u fl"o!!!. ·the t.:-.a0t·.ist3 oi' ·au:- ::;.ov~-;-c.cnt •.:ll :::.::dd t.het for cap:l.ta:LiS!!l_ to eriat there :..-u.st 00 thegl'l be.sic £ca.turcs: ~) prQdOrri.nD.llca o:f col:!l!lodit:r _srOductian.,

·--·r e., __ prcduc;...-tit:l . .for th.c I.'lnrkot:t j:ro~'.uct.ion v;h.icll c::c-~::::.te::: by the bl:i.l:J.d .dic.tntee: the rcarket;

1 ?..) private ol'.:!ler3hi;· oi'· tho O(IL:nS oi' ;.roduction end exchcnge; - . . o:¢stoncc of £rae ...-:age lalor. lfua.t C.oes llan: Z!ean L7 fr.ec ~gc l.abor? lle. give s .

o tel':"J a dual :nt:anine: l) le.bor:-~us:t. -:l-JSl _free~ oi' o"P<.no:."slrl.p of_ tho :;eana _of' p:o~l~_Ctio~- 6: nd_ 2). it tau~~ 'lx::~iiCi pollticai1) - U1.} :.or£ i_e:; ~ vrego TIOrker. ~-Not .one· Oi. "tone eo ~tn-ac ~Je.Sl.C __ rn::;.\U.rCJ:J.f'~cnst.:J m :ru.sai.s. to~. - All. wr.i:ters o.nd ,t.eacb.era or Mnrx:l.Sill 6.gree en these criteria Of.' capi.tal.ic:u. RE.lnd Uarx , -D:lgels~ Ka.utsky~: Bof,'d;Wlov,-LCnin-, Trctsky,_-.Svcl'dl.ov, £.11- t.l;.e ate.-nd.u-d teX""J;.a, a_;u agroe~ ~cro' _ --, is uo rcascn t,. rovi:Je that. But the ste.to cap.ital.ista say thoy wont-t e.rguo about· i. In.stCecci tlie:r Gt:.;J t:OO.t. _in F.u~Jin the lav; c:f' valu~ ::;;por~to::f in full ·.rorco. -Since i.t _o!;crfltC>a in Rusnin. r':lltl nlt;o under ce.;:.it-al.iSI'l, R.tia:!lia thcrefol.~c is stt1.te Ca~· :· itullat. .nut trJ.p~ .i.:Lno:t.· t~~ ns. tlw t~tato ca1:.ituJ.ists st.;;. to it. Tho ~aw .o!. va1ue,­ss. yr.. U.a rx. i.s ~tE,aturs. DaY-, It io neither cste.bli~hcd nor l'r.lpcd out _by ca;itnJ.iDr'l.· Scioo.t~~itlh th.e £o:us :in which .it Opcrntec. It_opera.t~o~d one vro. y tmdcr Lenin, one T:c.::J- undeo.· Otal.:Sn> uud j,t o;;eo.:.:.t$o on.c ··~ under T'r. \.'lllSD. or l!it'()hi.to. Under capitulis::n, tho lnw of' vtJ.uo oparl!.tcs v:o.dor- private exchtmce.

· di~r;uis!los it apocii'icelly~ :,.t_a. :-x end Lc.n:!.n 'Lh<::!lSc~ves- say no.. Let 1:10 ·~~.,;:~i;; ~- .fcii5I'"thC a l.hc ... a: J;u;---we--opare.tinl: un<~or C.f:. -i l:.t.li~... U:n.dor ca :~ii·~·~..cl~,;i;~""'~·:;•;,1~~~~~~

7 Jl of thO .. aolntion ta)t~·;c(..:l c.;notc.'lt tm:: var!c.hlo cu. 1 :Ill wo J· . .r.v·rJ tlv.; a ' avorup;o rato ·c.£ !·'ro.i'it. !lew !s tllie cstublieh·~l!· ill P...ua~i~ l.£ ft::J::.::.ic.. i:i <.;.a .i~at;.

'I'ha .rc.te c!' J_)rofit ia of ·lit~ :.i{ni!'ic.:.nct;; in c:.._- ;Lt:_~i::;t ;;t·o,~uction. "Nithout it­tru,rc \':'OClll ho utter .. .n~.r;.;l\)-'. Fo~ .;:. ;;i vo.n t.-.ltu 1 m:~. t:..;Jno.l. c~. i t.U. ~-here i:: earned 0. t:;h·cn nllti llll.l ,-ttr-j::lU9 ( nt1..tio.n~ ,:.l'Oi"i"t) • !km in till:~ ciistribut~d t!l:l.:>ng t.ha vo.r-i-:us (:4-;ite.i=::ta? D.! r:.i".tit l.aw? By t'. ol!t.icc. ~ cl.ncisioa? no. Dy et ba&ic cc_ o.:. no:1::.c ll<vr which ;..eys I {,ct -£ra;t the nc.t.tonu.l ;Jro.:'i"t tra~ ;.ct•cm~go r-.hich :r:J ear-i-ta l. is oi' -tho total natiencl C!.;,~ it-~-< 1. Stcol t.h~-:.·ol'~ro ~:: b"'~ :1 =-ore t.hn.n \loll~ · Undar ~n pi·te.liu...:: ~ro.luction 13 ·.llly for Pl'Of~ If' I ..l-:nH;. cot Q. profit l 'lUit­prOducing. JJ.'er..·J.:; th.io tJWJ.ii'arrt~c.l :i.n Ru.:..;cin?JX> tt~r- P.ucoian ca;:i~aliute Civi£io it accorciing t pm:coutt.c;o • .. ·1' t,::U.t.l. n. it.ul? r'! not,, thon by wht.:t law? .

M:~. n::t o::: tt.n otut-l) ctr:.! t..:!.i3t thC\.lrct..i.cj!;.'1:l t.~~ unti-Ulldor con!iu:nptin .. "1i~t6~ 'l'~hAY 1~ tnero tu•o cilVJ..l'Oport..!-;.!l:Sa Hh!.:.t ~lotcn1i:l.ctt tUcC•! di::proport:tona in fJJlooia?_

-~-.lri""b-a ~·itnlion thl:.: !;l . oi.t.r.z.:~~n~- b.;: t.h~ bli.ll;..; Ui .. tt·iiJ . .-~ic.n ~;· thr: nutiontt.l copitnl. l\ ~ !;rl:\oatll _, r.J __ .. c; t:;. i'bo ~o..,, a.-~c.e "til. CCL·l tulh·:. ~lhs:; _ u.t' fi.l.waiu? Thc. str..t.o ia not ~ .._ l~ra:~. 'Hhlch i~ ·t.":oc c las,:; ~n Ru!~dn? Uuw •.iv(;; em~ l)Ojr;..;o_;;; :~ cc·-1t.lU1nt:. in

H:uao1u1 U~t·o you c:t.n L"'U)' in. How J..J you ~-ntcr uti'.\ lou.w: :i ~· ln f!l\:.>:ia? Hllw ia tha cl.u~w :~<::1\-;rt--.:.r..tcd': !ly ;:lt..'\t econ·: L,in !:!C.~Ul? l)JI .:.nh~rih·nco7 1lt1,., cl~u? Ia thcro n<.:~t r:a:vorthlllt~ti;;- Wl inherent trt,nd tu.-.ut·t:~~1 i.htl c nctm.t-:.•:.ti,::n -of cc.;;ita.l.? I311•t ~.h·.n·~ ~.>"UCh c:;..IlC:J.ntl.·t~tic.u in ituada7 I't 1:: o.::-U."l.teruct.l!\1. t'.)· oth,n• teruli"ncies _i.io~i:lr:; _in . thG o;:., cdt.:c_ UircchionL ·t~t thl:.: i!::n_t t __ .W.!-:ol'tu..'lta . \1-lc ~n..~ It. tl~n:-"'-~ t.l'?:- . _____ -:~~;::_-::~+:'~

th"Coz•ot!ctJ.._po.o:!iblli.. ty. • Ii.ut. lf ~iuU_I\chltl.-vt' dUel' ccnccn-t:.!"<--'-t.\-·.n :..n one ncnf11 .. n.cn .----.~··.·· •. -:·: CA:;Jt:tt'il1sm --c.:m-::~s t-~ t ... "l. end. > • _ -::.

- Tilo l~tst rc!"ubo i:-! thc..t ~.t ill c.. tU11-;uu c:•t.!.tnlir.;a Ju H~11-'llL:. \:cct:U.OHl it _- · _: .: i'!_)llowe R pr,ll\l'f;.tu•.t..cn !"'n'\""Qlution •. lt b.a 3 no nu.t.ttn.i.l .J :;:t.c-ry. .:UJ. oth'!lr cc.'.1i~~.•"

. . .; d 3 ~ ~ nd-~. ajl_itiliSt cl.aGee~ ctur.o Out of- ::ro-·capite.liet. conditione .. _ This ono _cmae-_out

-of _G. de~ed_ burca•J.crc.cy •. In ~C.t c'aee it_ ttUst ho- acknoldcdged tbD.t ._such .Capital.~·-: ·_i&n. has-.":ne"ier. e....c.!.ste~- bs.i'o-:_~ n.or _\fill it aua!n ~unl.E:lss there is- the. ~oZ.c;oct1Vf)- o-r·· - Crthor-JirOle_t.ariSn."_reyol.utionffwh.i.Ch rlll d;~Zey. _L&stJ.y, if' RU.sai.aJ.s_-e. ·£aiscist~-:~:

eta.to _car.1.ta.1.isn:; there· liil'Jt.U.tl J~ uoi:lc_ refleCtion or that·- in· the sociAL· si,~e_" of_ Bu~~- - Sot:Gh.wtih9_·_ mtcr.ne.t1.on.al. _,ro-rkine; clasn fecl.s' that 'Ru.Otda

~ c:_apj.titl.ist. C ·ertrWily too· :lll.L'"'l.nU.tioual. 't,O;ir'ge.O::.:;i~--l:o~. t~•t :it-. fe · ,· .,· L"tlL-···~''tl-' <'·.!~ . it<:l.~st. . >

. ', ·Novr'-to s~izt:!- our -.Posit.ion: Ylbat t.lwn exi:1tc in .RusSia'? bu.rairuct"B.tic- collecti. vl3t stc:.te_ --· mt~ProlctS.riim _ ·anu_ e.nti- oocu.:c~a1;, ·ca~·it8llst.. Tho_ ruling. cle.sa ia a buruaucraCy. Tim .~os.dbllity of

w~~ :.foJ:Gscen }?:,· Marx. I'_""'tl nl.r.eady -¥'!-lblirJhod _td.~oG'f ~~~"~"'~g~e~v:tlla$t;I~~~~~~~~~J , . neJCt' to Trotlllcy' of t.lu> ll:lsaie.n OPfOSition osid in l93l. th:l·~ in · ,·_.\uiic,OO_:~rul.iilg c~aas.; , EulWr!n said that in degcn • _ .. cui; · Co1J.ld~·Cwaigc· •. · Trotsky :allowod -fOr_ 'it spos:d.b:llity D.n1.t -·l-~'- Cic_c~~- 2tlxai:Yarrlm would hAve.- proved tu ·Mo~·~a.~r~~~~~~~· ~:_concJ.un.?-cna· blt ·_:ntrverthclleso ___ he tUJ.o;:-;ed_ for ~,_he t. ·~=l~~::~f.:!~~:~~~t~[~1;~ _-thcoey _aroso -fran ou.r"aru:.lis.ia_ o:f O.ovelo}Dento ·:in PJJ.s::ia-~ .working claBs ·t--. £s.iD:taill· ;~v;e.r ':indofiu.it.oly in· one CountrY 2nd c reate -_So~tn .in one country. We though-.; ·that· ~he_ cn;.ltllli_~t_a _but.- the ftu:.:!Sian OOurgaoisio provcxi to i..·o too __ t".'Cak t.o rctako· pcn-ror. e:Oztte to au:esia: pr~t"lly f'r~a::~: _t.ho outside. 'But v;orld ca. italls

couJ.dn.'t do it ooCaUt>a it_wu.$ too vroak c.n..:!.. t.oo toni \1jt its O\.UL~~~~~~~;t:i~~~~~~t!~ :1.on:s.~ In:t!J.e·m.'\dst- of thic :matu;:,i~· impotence, _t..,.riu.in-~in-.t.he · reeutablial£_.bc.u:-ga0i:J ruJ.e, th~ uni:_,_~e class gc,1:1 brilliantly c ame to ;as:J_ by c.ca.~h.ing both _the ~-or.ld.nr; clnso aail tlm rotman.ts in--Ruasia. 'l'h~ buroaucr<:~.cy c.:.me to ~-O;;e!: ond, c:'Ganded pr.oduction·- not-

' production nQr ca.;.it&J.ia-t ;~·roduction_ e.::: the intct'D.nti:~nJ. cs.:.:.i'l.el.ia_ts aro:JO ·thfi· 21e1~- :::__ rbiriS!l- in fol-.:it:h· tho ·olU cl.i:::r;cs r...r.ve teen' Ue~troycd.- · _ w.;:,rld.nt; cJ.c.cs doer. not exist in its ca.. itali:;.t: i'or::t or in its workers eta:~e- _forD .. Evan. J.'eso does the l.d bourgcvioio cx:iat. · -Xrotsky _~mo. i.Ju:..t :in_£ascism._cn the:.-on,a·­hand tm.G. in- $to.J.iniGm. on· the otb.er we al:-eedy ll'ee ·the bce::.mu.ngs o.t ,tho barbariam. -The':!"utUro 'of tho' b...trbe.r-lfb cannot bo seen a priori. VIe don•t 'pietelld thfi"

t __ longevity for the bu.ruaucracy. that. ua: ..... couJ.d fal'etell for ca;;i'.:al.i_S!l. _.-_Tba-t-~tO.ak ·w: ' .. · :-'-.r~ ... - . --. l,j :·.tO. -~ ~UQ. "i:.illlea UC~.'Utic ~ll?ct.!vi~ t..:::.~: ~c::--)n_d-f!l-t.e~-. ~hi)_ ~ .. :~.'=". !"'·. ci. cot)n.'£: ,1. ned .

. \ . · · :tha ·wcrldr.e c~;: to ._1-oes~abli-.Jh xmt!txlt aocie"y on co~!luniat ba(pllllin:o·.-: ii"~ \li :~o .6n<f countr}"...j The-world:ng cluon inter:u;tionel.l;t :i.e j.run:haustibl.!l,. .,l~t._ . ·, 'J -_aountr\'"·it ie exhautttibl.a.---' Tho .rutura·or Stal.ini~1!1 ce.n 1Y..t secn_cm:..y_m

Our:+ .. ~::la ·the~ef'oro-·i:.: lead tho_atru_,gl.c c:.gainat Stulilli~. I .hopo in future, d1ocus3ion- ·t.ha crisiu m- tho Fourth ~u.s reJllE.inj:l& left ~iuG, uf'. Stru:LlldtotL.o>' :/;! the l.af't. -.. ;1nr, ct the :orld.Lg clo.os.

9001

9002 Th.c ,;,-u.bst.!!.:lca r;.f_ .Fci:' ;c:t.• ~ r- .,:,.-n.1:, :.it•n_ !o:L~;:.i'is: ·;te. ~..a·fe ~' .c-=. treated to a curi ua 1.octut•o _by co:n":"adc Shu.chtman. You might

·u.e.vu :fuouet.t ti7.t"lt. >oe bav~ n.:..~. ... lu::.d six yc:t.~c :}:f ~t.,.:.uglc. H!.: diei-~:;:e.rded-t!.l~ d6Vt".Jl.Opf.' .. men.t of t!te r.a-r .on~- the dGVt.>~orment of Fast~l'n Eu1:-ope. ..U.ao he :J.ierogarded· his · ow~-~:::osi"'vion!' We d~''t ~ect another ca1)itsl.l' but i."l _six yaar;S w.a'exp_cct-_more.· tb.<m. be ~s.rld: in ;19~1. _ He s~-~t tea _IdnutO:s __ on 'lro_r1:ers st;.'.tism., _i'ii'ty :dnutes on_:., state ce.r.itHl.iSD, und :.nl.y f'i!'teen·-:rinutes .on t.urcs.Ucratic collect1vim. But.ili.-hl.S :f':L:'tecn m:L"lUtea he blld --~ime··-p..noueh to ·r.ay tbat h..o) di.sag-.resd uith Trotaky ~ or.-Only_ partinl4.y. a.grc.od -;:::i.:t.h him :n ·fue .jl.n~tion o.::. t.he rea~-: raisa.l c£ the c~och. _ It' ·s ·

- just llko ·,ee..yin& th_e_ ·l.:;.dy ill onl:; a·lltt1e bit !;rcc;nant. · In 1946, _we· suirl!lOd up_ c.:ur-Uif.!."ei-i"nc·ss. We said TrotsJcy _J.cl'_t us_ a du.SJ.

hcrite.ge; ·tb.!:! Cc':lce[tt_ o!" l':or~d revolution and tilt'-eoncept of v:Ot·kor:: otctiozio·.--wc ·said ·~c t:U~t reta.i.l1._.the ouc e.nrl c~r;e thv other~ The Maj.:iritY-Ellti. thO IKif·Uid>tlie-;­~OllC.·lat.cl.:y; o?.:~itet · on the· basis vi' the· de:r:;enartd.on of: tho October RevolutiOn-_they_---}

_ ro:d-5od-.tli?;'C6~c::rt ·oi' .. ~·orl~ ravoJ.ution.; It. is t.hcra.fo-l·fz; neces-aa.cy·:to-_soe_ h-~~;· -. · · . , :~i 'rr9tG'k.:o'"·.d•:"'rV'~:tope-·..1 the _th::;ory o£ tlm ~ ot'tlcncnt t•cvol.ut·~on. .IL.:;so.id 'the !:tOst·-ad.Vanced ·--;·:~,.; JE G~"J~ ~v:i.ll £ive' th7· chir~~e~sti.cs c~ the. wo~:J.d rcvoJ.ut~on ~d. tha _develope~~,:-~~,~~-~ the_-pro<;o.uction rel.&t:.J..ou:;. llu.t m tb.e ·c:oncrete· s-tate., by conbiued and- uneven-: ,__,,'_ ._ -.-- .. ~ dc.veJ.o~en:t·;_~~e· cE.n..-..lot __ -ig;t·:n·e the les:-: ad-ronced. ffilat is ::..1vo~vcd i..s :iot t-_settiri:g· ,.,~

, tOO ·-&.t~·:ror ·t!:z revo~ut on but ;l.e.cing it ·:in :::crs>ElctiV'-: ::>f~v,-url.d· rcvolutiou.· · ~t-is invol-..re:d ·io the ·,:e-:.·;;:_·:.9ctives of: worl.d revo1ution. There.fore .. in- roviiing Tr-0t.s!cy'' s ·w~r~s-rs_ :rta 'tisn:. ;.o'oU nu:Jt use his Q".'.U -nc.:thoC.: v:cn~1e revo~ution_ en :·t.ho .. ' ba ·sis cf:_ the r;-.bjeotivc <tcvel.o:;mc.nt-oi· t.he ecO:ilcmic fot•ces Cnd on the:· basis" of vror::cl.Ag:~ c--l.e.tss .int.&rvr-.n:ti.".m. 'l'hu :Ul.;rv.ite.b""~i.ty of soci.:.l.i.~ !.:. bc::.C·.;d. c;·nl;l ·n tho cclls.pae 0~ ce.,,.itelliem., l!.'ve~i··centlratio-:. ·:of EJ.ur:~.~-st has !w .. d to ·11orl-~ thi~ ou.t c:-_ncl•etely,

1la. ric d:-ew hiZ~ concJ.us:lons o£ ~ow tho lE..w c-f-vnJ.uO :~~?oera:tCs in-~dvuncBd· ca;:i'talict · countrie~. Tho "hc-.r" ior Yurx ,;e.s not to rc:a:Un .:.·n the market o...."'i.d i:tu uaq_:UU.i:ty,u .but to go 'into prod.uctloD..· The ·confl:i_ct botwc.::n. onu grou: ;':.::1.0 .:~roiiucOa- ·-· ~ro tbr~D- hi~ vnJ..uc t:nu -;.he group who -u:ourps the sur.~·lu.:J value. Tiri.8 inequaJ.ity i~ the ilor:.t._!\b(-~ ~-£ r_..:.c.~.' How ·;-·:an he. l~Lla ccnc.:rctzl.y t.-' fcr-,·:::oe ·-..-hr.t- ··f~ arc ~cing now? By_ e.no.J::ts:ing the'Concl.u~iono c1' tile l.C.l';' ::f _ ·ot.ion of ca itlll.im:t. We· P.a.ve .'to E:oc-li.o;.•j ::n...-.,- e.n~lssed tho li .. ;Uts of: capit!:J.j.st society. ~ince Wor~d t~n.t' II,

'ilicidcuta--.l:r r.iux, iiil.ferding c.dd that th~ I--1ena.~cvika.wc.r'.) _¥irene; L"C£ore. ·. That +..l.!.f:::rc~ . . :i.:J no et~ta ca..,.:it!>.J.iso in Ruscia. bcceuso thc_;:o_a :is no :.rive.te prc:-erty. , .

- - _ lla:rx s~t hills J.:r tlle tusk ·1: t.lct11r·.1~:ning whether the ~c.-.·: ;. _ val.u..::· ·tdth ito ccr.cO:!l.l..ttent,thc .l.aiV o£ th.:: concootre.ti -zi ::d' en. ital., wcoll\i clJ.Et.llge; :i:.!.t!J. X J.t:.w oi' tho -dcclinlna ra.ta '.if' ·ro.fit f.llUi ~:lle t:.gg:-egato c! c·::ns·~r.nt ':-o ".'S.rio.ble. tu:.rx-eliid -"No~··· You can't ~v6id -t.!li.-: contt•e.diction. Marx rt.ado tb.i.s ann]:ysia i."'l. vo1u.ce I-.6D.d . set -it: uy a>J·hio ·1-~:e$se,· r..~ tc ccc~, i.'1. ·:o~u~-,·~ II. _:r.Ii_gele c~r"t·ieci tho U!laJ:isiS. :::rz;cxJ i'ol'"linrd b i.nt:t-Duhri:l::;- ond ~he Cri-tique ci: ¥,ri\Jl~·;""'~ e.nd said -t':lnt e:ftot• Q. certain lq%: stc.gc ~·ou ct.>.n.'1ot c:ny .l nric l:lc.vc 11 pluU.cosucsa.i• Lenin f."Ut it. J.n C"'!.>!.'..te--and Rev- · '-'~uticn; B"~b::.ri.tt ill ·the A£.0- of Me.rxiil;;;.j Trots'::y in tho i'irct. m.cni:f.'osto , f tho Bolaho,""ilcs. Th.iu . .- '\"te~ n::J to:o~trn.ction bccaus the l.lolsht.vik~ faC':> tho .-:: -::bl~ of onldng th.,. i"u,~:::ia:;. ;·:orl:ars utatt: intO ::-" ;:orJ.~-.. ·:•o!·!zo:·~ a t.::.tc. '.irotclcy' 1 _who liter'

.dotri.orl 'ca.~_i-&:.U.i:l:.l .:n fllsoic. ~rt:Ul ulJ.O':iOd £or :.te thco:rctictU ;q: po.scii:;ility. lie :.nid_., Cto.to Cl\l,)i tulio:ill ;·,·?~:.1.·-~ be !.!O ;;.:,'.:"';at~;:-_ to ll~, t."hc on.iy tlifi'erance ·would. be . . .. _ thL.t i.."'l~;t-oud o: t.hc r!·,tt~ G·!' ::r·o~it boinn c.eci•.::..d t:. co:::1. ctition i~. ·,:~,;uld be Uecirlcsd-'· 'b,,- tho otato. Tito 1.vocuco t"\."t.c o.:..~ !·o.:.·i~'. i.>;. not tieciojvc to' Mat?:. The J.c.w which tb c..:.-:·:i.·tw.:st:J c.:J.:..'"l -t o~ca:·o i:: "!:-h•:.: J.~:-1 ,"_-.: ti1o C.~cJ..i..::liut( r.:-.~c ol' . -.o~itxbl(rm:tn+~ :htrliTkxl· bCC"'-Uf;O ln<<O~"' i:; th!l cnly :-.lo:a·ce uJ: our;~~u::: x vcl.uo. :m-1929 '110 6.oved to n st.ueo ~:a~t 192~, !.i.!'~ti .-dt..~ ·t.h:l rir;c ':.\;· :.·c.ecic:-.1 tho::o \'14'.0 t'U ·,.hcL· in::ic:::.ti~ tha t cta:t.i.t'iCfl;~,ion. ill the no,; ;:hcno:ncnt:-n f C:.:l. 1 r.o.l.:i ;;.--:;. ~"htd. h.:.:;. OI.!CU.:::Orod?

~';'it!l. "iior1d. 'l:r--..t· Il nn•.i. the role ot :~u~:::iu,_in Ch.o war, nc·:-' .;_ue::tion~ arose. In 194$ ~ ... o :;::.:1.:::! t u1'h"' cx_:.:-erionce or' S·t.n1.iniz!. •:tu:.;::::iu. :;::.nco 19:36 he~-.: c-.x;J.octcd_- the _icioe tiu:.t ;·_Jhuni.r.1- c.- cny cl.t~.o:>::; .-.thel' l~ht:n ~.h~ .r~~~ct~.!·ia~ co c ::r l'ovcr:o tho laws o!· ::.~ti,:;n o!' ca;lt-t.:J.is·l:. ~,roJ.u~tion. F1a."'Uli.nG L'<-tcu;:.CJn O.Cl't.!ly the st!i.ti!'i~<l in:.:ttot:.d oi' th;.; c eJnt~:..ncou.; :.:ul.;l::.:·.uion ~"' tbor.c luwa ...... Stc.lill:l.tJt. ftus~a., driY'Oil b;,· int~rnel c;.cn'.:.r~' . .!ictionc of -,-aJ.uc prvdut;tion, i.o. cc. .. :!tuliP't -::-ro~action, hi~..C ('io!"o~t.cd G ·3mr-..n:: on].J' ~o ootark u. on tho GCJ;1o 1<:.:~-.od.o.li::;t . roo-·w:l1 re~H·o~:ucillu _ !n :,. t:e.c.o "..he llc-:::-nor.dc c.n~ 1>11 icc~ wotho<.ln o~' Cor-... o.n :l;.:~crie.lia:.'l, .. ;.~rnct tl.t&D.Wtiou. 1 ~..,otinr; mou L:Jl.:i :.;.(;.:t,()riel!l, i"'u::.•;;c.tivn ._f chu.i.n~' c.::: •;?!.l, ... nl~s x_ ! .. .-\"1 r.!dc.h tJlts conq_uorinu ~poricJ.i:;m, hold;J -th.~,.: ~~rg:o:~t sho.L·t:." (nu.1. ~r -ti-m~:?,. vol 1 1 #21 A;.rll 1!11 l94.S) _ .

~11:, r;ont further. ~.:o t.ri ... ,-. to an:it~ ~o ;:li ia.::llJ.::; 1 _ i'h.ilo~~o, hloLl~~, ~t..-.ti;;tical!: ~hc.t occurroU. Wu a.~n 1 t ccce:pt Sl!l.O.cht.."::tt.'\1 ::1 ~:!ciicul.ou:.:l h.:!-orarch,:: of ~.vl'i..-!...jt~~ VOC'.,;\111 ·

\'!h.tm ••c 1; 11.;0 to thu c.:clj' ilin o.r vu r o.r.o ~o ou.,:; t.'--lo ;. h:mo:'.i.enon today i>3 ~-t_r~+.)t'ic~tt.ion. tkx't~.l~idf Ruu:t_ic. i;..: tho cc..o.trt:..l. <:.uc<::ti<on to•.i.~· in th·.· o•.::.nf.le of .. bo!..'"lr:; tn.c: :·ir .. •.rt. in li£u ".J:: di.&t. --.Nu !'c~::::cn.- t.~1.e'!.rreticslly'" r:~ -st!W :lh::.t · d.t.z:.tUiontion: }'.:ul no o!i'cct un l.ho ~-->ltc.J..:~r~. luws. lt J.;; n~--;. ri~tc i 1t'O cr·t.:: l.--ut \to)W ::.ucl~ !)!' Ot'r, -lttu vnltlo oxt.1•nctcct croos b3.ck ..:.nto _ pr\.hiUI.!tio~h m.ut io in"''~lvcd in h~a·, fla tho lc.w cf vol.ua _or•o1'ntos:1n tbc ne~·: J._ocn.dont nooiety.

Uarx t1i-otu1 1tTll\J9CJ;T:h -look up.>n- thn :Jtr!-IJ;--dovol.or:-nunt o!' yulun ca ~ :o.oro_'_

J . - 5.- -, -. abat.f.!lcl>io:iJ i"Jrget· ths.!. __ tha :::o7cment o.f inciu:;tcl:o.l. cc._..it-.. ~l is_ ·the ~e~ize.ti.on-· o£ .. . --this e~sti'~~ctivn. · .VaJ.u.a·lLs>:e' t·~: .. ;:;~s through "-G.ri0ua !"oms ·in ·o;hicll-_it·_t!D.intcin::s it.Eelf· nn_d.- at_.th...;: ~·QG"t.ime' inc~se.:1e::> it_s value. ~fii=nH:Tr-t.Jrkk=rTrn'h'kx -Aa ·.q.0 (­aro _bern ccncel'Iled i.""l. tho:~ .foL'!il ni:- t.}U.~ _:~:Iu_vo.-uent, -~·:e &htill not t.eko .into c'.:lnsidt;;.r6:ti.oli.-_-\ ~he __ l~ey-olu~ic-JlD ~;ldch yt:._·_:L t:l.l..-val.ue .·,.o.y uui;c_re,"r.~ _C:i.:.l•ille _it.~ _ru"t..<ltic:n._ But _.:i.t :· ii:. - -· -clc~.t"-_thf..t cs.j!.:·eJ..is·c·:·roC.u6tion ce.n.\.~- ~ri.i;t unci en:iurt:,; u·.~- api.tO ·

· revoJ.uti~s o_£ c~}·:!.ta.J..-val.ue,: so l.otlB: a~ this vd.lue crec~:tes mot·e vnJ.uej tlui:t esy;-,::::o _..i.OU('; a~ :Lt. iWO~ t!l"N?U£h its cycl.es-as a aru..t-develf.>ping · so·· a- a tna- ra'rol.u.tio:n~ in· ·;:U.u.a · C:m X·. cvcc::;;;;:-: sud- be:l~c.ed h- .SO!:!.~ n•oY.,;ent•,~·:{ oi'- ca;itcl.- e.p ear· &s the acti n: ··ox some :!.ndi'\ri:lus.l' induStr-'.a1. F£hl'orus _tba·,·:func.t.ivr..;,;; o'f e.,:. lr,;,yer· .._~:r ·la:_or- ower, a sailer :r of :r_rociucti.,ra ca.~.Ute:L, ·_ :m.Q '.ID.o __ bringS _about. th~ ·}'roceaa_ o:t: rotE.tion· I£ s'?cial c_a:.:::ttcl..-Vli.l.U:e· expe~ie:lcEa c. ro~lut,iotl· m v.&J.ue, it may c~pii':ll of the individ\W.l.-_ ca ii.~:ist. Enlccuc.b5 anc !'ails, _l:ecauce -.i~selt_ t-. t.he c:::ndit:icns of t.he_c~nvere.ion o£ ve.luos_._- To the. re-:vo.lutioila :i.rL-_Ylll.ua _becc:to 'ncuts ·_8llC:. ..f'rcquent., thr. aut:ll!le:tic' Jio,turc a,~pinf;_ V&l.uO-:,Wkc$;. itr;eU.-£eJ.t.: w·l.th ·tho !'orce ot'-.-'Jl.e.nen.tnr.r ~o·wi•ro;: ••g.mo.it

£q-re:J1gb.t_~ F..Wl ,c~C·llc..ti·- nt. -tli··-the_ inJ.irltiUe.J. ct.pit6.1._ist·;.~,~t~h~o:~~·~;~:il~::~::~~~:~~~~u~.; p~od~c-~_ion·_-:oocc.o.o;:z subject· -t..0 :nlnon:..al. oz-.sc:ulation, ond ._.cecdt",_~ ::.s __ eitdf.:,·;z:e~·w.,. _Tlic~e ftJ!.:io:c;i_da.l r~~u"tion<) _in. 1-'ll.lue.1

:t,.hat. rh!_ch.thuy_ e..c.~e cll.e.;ea t-o re~_ta, nr..:.:.oly, the i:lQ.c·.cnde.'lt :cn:tux·~ · d~cl·o;;;;Jj,J;,: · >the_: £0-rm- c.:£- c.a :.i.tal·-~J. ita :-ncreaain.;~ iti!o_-cndcncc. u· -tho cou-. c ,-:r ":i.ts.:

cc.a~ita.:t,: ·vol~ ·-II~-_:;_;. 120) . .· \: _ .: .· · _. - _It-is tt.J.s la·,'t-cf vcll.le ~·:-hic.:h oi:cratcn in'i"illso:ic ·-:mG. ~rhidi -l!ke:-ri;:s<U.t"::!'elt .

. . . in.- -s?i·!;c_ of __ ·the. {.-u;caU.cruey.. _It. shows t::.ldt st."".te ca~ itltl.is!l !·;lll'ch is t;~u::":ti~~;~~~~-;~ :.'cr:::. :·::: •. !: c!'l. :1 ~;nJ...i ~t·. d~vcJ.o·;.m:.:nt . i::~· t:.lso -th_u c.1 ~:1.!1 t.e;c;rc::.t.ivn. a: i.J obso~cs_cent ::-·.atericl. dcstr-oYCd, ·but alec inefi'i.cicn.t me.nugc;t::s aro· ite..1.i5rn. ill it.:5 .w:.,. .. orn ·state f'oro C.cstt>oye the c.a_itol:i.sts bccuuse t.1l~re ata_uJ.itY ior- tho :.~oci.ei'n. ~a. i. c.l"t ol.' .ouch .:l ztc-.te.

In 1.947 it 1& no lon~J;e::" only the bc_~~ginn:!.JU;. It -1" the bA.gtun1ru; ot the e:nd.-­ThlD 1e tkb.~t n ma.et; ~e,·- not the 1~11 of private ~roperty~ U....:rx .~aid. it ._Wu _ ..

. po .. ib. 1 .... ~. o lw.V9 "priT&to• oapit~l,l;;ll~CII1t. private a..,l..hl.iat propor.\;r .• t .. hat' .. • w., he ru:mld ·!!peak o£· coi:I:'IIWUil. .w~~-1 .. _. cf eapital.i.et oO!IIluntsm .. -- , .', -: _ -~-- · __ · We lai.Ot: .Us.'i- i!1 the wol"b~ eta11 law o~ value opera.t4a in the sen•~= 0'1

the 0%1•*"""" ot 'ha"vorld markDt, bo.' it 4aoa D.Ot op~rate to tho oxt•ni th3.t the ..,rldng claao l.u\onenen. in p:::Gdua\ion ond it w1 thoro atm;~ to tho ..,qe,.t tha\ tli.O . wctrko%'el i'llteneD.t1cn amaes ths" atate t;o VS.ther e.vq. !he~ dit:forence 1e _lie\v&a. @l:d.naUw - opention; · ·

la l94), the Stsl.iniah reTiood llarziom b;r otating that tile ll>w of value op_,ratea 'tr.:l\. tba.\ lt lc not car>italia a1nt'le,1n ·a:fff!lct they ao.14,- ainae prodU:ctian:,-_-!s azsnisttd 1a a aortet atate. · , , _ _

It il a aony oigh\ llhan a l~cder o:f r. Mani•t move11lent like Oo:rrDde Shll.OhtJaan-, at \h1a atece of dttaadent, OllpitBliam, doe a t!verything \o obaoure what Hsrx worked ao bud to %tllftal in the prog::reaa1on of nuooe11ein hle\or1c ordera ~ the pnerdl. IJ$ motion o't soo1•t1tta. Thio pn~ral lav Shachtu:a. tl•meforma into an iron ouooel~i.JI.~

e p!"'aoe41 to throw. this etrAV lieD. dow not b)' re-vefll in.c b.ov lmes1a baa- d.-viated b4 .. oe.pod 1:roa tba "1ron pathm• but tho toot that \he """ci~e or llaluomst AU". dOGI no\ tit into U. lnot~B4 of &bo.,ing how llu.oo1a dl.ttera :!"rom oapitlll.i.,., he merell'- aeaerta Ute.'& it dS.ffera. Marx wrot.e o:f the eoonoa1atal ;:.._:;._

ts!rho wl1uu•. aaonomiot th1nke htt Us allda '' gr~at 41ncoveq 'ld:Len,. a_e _e&a!Dat ~he· _ds.~'OilatrU._ •. r4,. the imler oon.neo,~on, __ he proudlT proo1cdma tb.o.t itt_ appauDoa _­\hUl«li l.ook·d!ffsr&U1i. Iii-:tut he ia bo~etine \ha' he'bolde fa•t-to:the-app8&'ranaa-0Ad tolcea it for tho lu\ ·;,.,rd. • · 9003

- 6-lfhe bU.renucrr-.tic collent1rluto :cceke much ot the :f'aa~ tha.t the bure&U.crntic

coliectiviota cannot be celled capital~ata because tho c&pitalists dcn1 t Choose to introduce"bureeu.cre.tic aoll.eotirtsm. R They rmbatitute the ~11 ot thfJ ca:¢..tal.ia' · for the la'tli ct eat-itdislll~ It 1a l.ib Xautaley'1 EJ ar,ga.ment llhieh said that 1mpe1"-'oJ.:•01~~; ia not a ~Jts.ge ar· CS3)1taliem but ie a policy pr8terred. bT bad. capitalialia.

It 1a· at111 neQeas8r,7 to uee what taws are operat!Te not what 1avs aro not to _opsrate. She.chtm.an says the :tuture Yill be decided by· st~&. This ia· sn . eva~ion... Does t'hl'!: strugg1.G_ :tlov :fro:. tha ·:-eg'.::.e t::ld. the eee"-C~ ~~ !s !t e..- ferTllJ\t :. wiSh?" Is bu.rt"'auora.tic collectivism replacing cap1tsl.1am in Yugoslp.via, :!.n O:echo- _ olovOld~>, 121 Poland? :-:bat kid of' au ""~sis ia !.t which :fslia to deal. with thiel Iu Chicago , J't1r~Bon cs.id t:hA.t the J.aw of motion· in Rllas1a 1a suspandf,d. That .the .,co%loJtS.a ·1awa -don1 t opere.te theb tod.q- beJCSilR& pol.'-tics preTente _tliem f....om op' erJotllll!l:'i,1 !Jllst. ths;oe ie: no· ansrch ot urodu.etian 1n Ba.aBia• Does Sbachtman nil,y this Shaclitman· makeo a big thing~-o:f' slave 1abor. He mpeaks (!£. th" tvo-:fol.d. f'reodom _oc· f're8' labOr f'indi~ it to be 1) :freedon :from ownership of the means ot produ.ctior... ·Slld 2) 1'ioflri011 to eeu' its labor power on the_ mitrket·, i.e. po11t1cal 1'reedca. lh:t.t th1a ia net 'What. Karx-i!tbe.nt' b;r the_ twc-fold :treedcm. 'k'hs.t; Marx •aid \<l'.e,e:

Pb-&e·labcror~rs i:c. the _d0u.b1e sezuie" tb.zt. neither they thBeel.Tea·

ll.!ld.percel o-r. tho :n~ens of prod.u.CU.on, as in the- cese o:r slave•;•~·~olt::~;a~~;~~:~;~·~!orllr··~ nor do th-: -, mefillG of :p:rodnctiot!. ·belong -t:> them, as in the ease at they· are, thetrefore; free t'rom •. unenmum"bered b7., &tV meens of '""'- 0 ( Csl.tfll., TOl. I, lh ?85) . '

· Sh!s ia. the ltu!)aia:J. worker. the lie.si worker, and fie American wOl"kftr tod..a.Y in ~hi.a 8teg8 of et...-bital.lat decadence.. The degradation of tha worker renu1ts not from \b.a d.cn::OOenCe i.if- -the ·xr6riili:tt but ~rc.= the d.ecad::=:nca a!' ca.p:ttalis.iil;,:

!faa Stalinist lQlatd.t:L nvoidod. tba-anarehy or production, crises, une:nplo,..snt; h8.e it ,-solved: es.pi:t_Rliet c:)ntradict1ons1' _ I~ it cou.l_d oolTs these aontrad!o\iCDe it. ucml.d rule tho ecO"">l.Or;y' riot be ~ed by :it.. . . _ ,

I n.r..y there:f'ore, th!!.t in revising Trote]Qr1 s workera' Htetism, we revine it in the eontext of-wor~d ~volut1on .. You revise~ the coutest o£ wor1d revol~t1on ~ the ~ight o:f' t~e Eu.~ai.an d..sgeil.er~on. In Ila.eaia. do you cal~ for a proletarian ra-rol.ution or tot• a ale.vo revolt. SJ.ave revolta conld orga:~.ize no new ooclot:;r. Proletarian :re?Ol:a.tion ee.tabltshes a nev sooiet)'". ' . '

· In- the diop'C.te betwean Lenin end :Bukharin, Bu.kharm said throw_ out eveeythi.D&. 'Whio~ :preceed.ed the revoluti~n. Lan1n oaid the whoJ.e mot bez seen no a prooeaa. · Lenin -wrote: ''~iu is the general. perspective of \-:orld history. \i'h.atever the

· su.'bsequent viciasitu.;:tea o£ the s~r->J."lc. "iiuy be. ho-;r"yi:- :::-.ey ?r"ti:l :ig:~e~ !t. ~.be neeenHnr,v to oTercn~ ••• ~ -order not to get lost in the3e_ zigz&ga and tViate of hist;ory and to'pregerv@! tho genera1 perspect1ve ••• 1n ord.er not to get·l~~t in these· twiat_a~ in order not __ JEt to _get lost in the -periods a~ retreat, .retirement OZ' tem;:>orary- def'~at, OJ.' W-en h1.a tory or tho enmrzy· throws us bacl, •••• " And I -add: It. is al1. the more neoeasar,r no. to B03'· not 1f' the revolution f'ail.a then what, ·but tO base ou.rselTes on the .. unconacioua _strivings of' the ,-orld.ng claSs tO i-eorganiZe · society on eommnn~st beglHnings.

The f'ollowing "Vare thn quoet!.ons es.~d durin« ~he queRtioit periods Vaugh:a. to Farant: Mar:!:: SJ!l!nko about cris~a and expltdns it thus: a particular.

csnital1at rsiDYasto nnd seta a new relation between constant Bed variable and tbns oriaea GCC'tlr. How do y0'..1. explain that this ehou1d coeur flrr~ vhere there la a ainele oa~1t~l1at without o~et1t~ont WhT should he reinvest to-alter the ztSt ro,J.atio!l between oonst:-~t end var1!!.1)lf11l 'Nb7 c:n1 t he plan properl.Tt 1iow do :vou eXplain cr111es t:~.O. ;ycu.r bo.aiaf

<Bob It. to Shaoh.tmazu Tou :.tnte two prime rt'JqUiaiteS tor capit8l1a: l) oom::~l)dttT prodnct1.ou ~or the blind m.rket: 2) dieproportionalit;r of procblotion. Stteh ~iaprop~rtl9na~el7 ehould not exist in Rnaain nooo~1ng to you, therefore ar1aoa dlould net ll:f:d.~t in Rtleftia. I:r there are Ill) crisf'ln thmi there ia an adV~Qod society. Is thie tr~ ot Buss1&1 ·

J'imMT to Sbaahtman: Raa th"' theOJ'iY' of bu~aucrtt.tio olllleotirlstn a position ont­l) 'Whi~h or the ba111a eontrrul1ct.1ouo of oa~ teliam hae TUJ.ssia aolvedt · 2) Are ·

~ th~ Y!ll and 1nt~ll1gence o~ the Bnea1an bur~auorata still a~bjoOt to tho blind ·~ eoono:nic l&ws ~= aro thf' vill and. 1ntel11cenoe of' the o~:1i talist olnsat Ai..d :tlow!.ng

~rom the~• J) ·W111 70U ~lAto h1•tor1aally, the bureanaraoy to aapiteliam. I. :Se~rg to J'oreut: Do ¥0~\ aondder ~be lfa:i burnauoreey aa ~art of the

oa~1tal1st olpa~T If 70u do aa J1~ olAim&d in 1941, how cnn we Dpeak nf »on­ap...rt1om. in Oftrl!lllllTl How !!!peak nf oan1tal1ats expropl'1at1~ o&pitaliat.t

Lund to J'orest: In the .§!!:llg«le ~or t..lltt N'ev Oourn , Shnchtmc.n related the bureauorC!.tia satru«s).e 1'1rst a.t;n.lnst the riGht "'1ZS.C nnd thGn againL\t the letil lt'izag. On 'h• baftie ot atate oap1tnl.1cm hov do 1'0"..\ cha.raoterise the 1920 atN£gl.ot

· -""':". Rio_)Qr to. ionett If _w. •. "bU.ud -toiiUUt>ii1oO laws oan 1:c. pu~ ~G ccal;::.1~_Dl7 vo.:.:;loc:.l.lct ·- n n \.--ork=r;.1 cin'tn,·u.DT·im't it :pocaibltt for· the etnte caniteliBtll to-1:;l&n th8 · · -.

:f) roport1r.m. brrt~,ean aonattm.t oa·11tn1. and ,-arlable Ofl.!'ltnl. in" the arunfl way~ a• the ~rldng olaaa oaa't _ ·

llu.tb \o Sh&Ghtruuu li'oroot in hor otud1oa of llllasio.n ooonoJ:1Y ahowod. t~004 . ·

-7- 9005 in -l!n.caic. ·the c.!U!!!l relationship. torleta 'between the production ot the JUeanB O'l p::ocdua\ic::l (lll>pt. I) and tho pr01!naUon o! tho meens. r,t COD.SUDption (Dept~ II) as exiSts 1n eapital.iat soo1.et:y. l'ra;n vhat eaonomic lava does this derive in Enseia-1£ aot t'rom bhe oa"Pi,al!.at lav cf acoamal.a:~icnt

-- GhaalitliWl. aiikoid -l'VXilii:t 'Whe~lar- there iii no d1;;pi"op;rt1c~it; 1%1. a:.aa1;.. ~c What do&~ Shaentman attribute ~hie d1aporpor\1onal1tT in BnasiaT

It thtt.lAll .af T-.l.ue "J)6ra'tol! in B:lea1a, to ~t e:dent does it do soT 'What :la p!-oduced in Ba.aalll.'t Vas value? Kov is this _sol _ . Rank ~e~ to Foroatt ln relation to labor being froe 1n a doable sense:

£Ho 0~ the tool• aAd. tree r;.'L the l.and., i.e-. to go where it \d.Dhea, is this tne 1n lllleoi&f,

~_:. .. --·- M.aggie Boll _to-Forest: JfGt;q !!laid that bure&W.ora.tic colleot!Tism U!.aas ,--\ . t"I"Om. -2rQ'kDkJ"' a thsnr,r o£ the vorbre' state~ aDd ha -16 oppoaed t:o both •. Rcw·th6U

dotJe he juatU;r ht& m..k:i..ng e. 'bloc with tham against ua't .___....... li'Qrm.IID. to Slmcht!IIA!l.: Sh.achtmau pcaee au a ort·tatricn ot capitel.iu 1ihe ·priTf.lte

omtorahip o~ th.e ·nezne o'£ prcdtlc111on end oxolum&!l• D14 thia Qrli:t. in_ non-capitaliSt s~:usi~t'ty! _ - ··

!ienuU.i -'J!~nw1clr: ·to -Sha.c11.tmmu Did f're• iabor e%11' _in lful Ge~t 1 • • • ~rda.t: 1iere t:he l.936 purges, pu'!'ges ot -1n8Hi.c1ont

J. ~rat: It sOems tO mi!r that her pos1t1cn em. :pu.rgeo 1e a juat1f1oat1on of _the

\ Stcl.1n1ot ptirt;es. ' -~._.e t-Q. »Ores"%! Feri:st sqa 'bur'f.'mcrat1c oallectirtsm denies the inorttabllit:T

_ o~ p;_ooi~1~ She aey:; that . evMuat!Jlg pheno:aena and thttn· dt'alfing oonolusione 1a pr~t1a ,\ltd.eh_ fiho!o tiwQses. On llhat' ba.ale aoew llhil datttraine 1nerlt1b_tl1t.r'f- .

·~ I!~ 'Bl=-*-~l.l t'o ~oro:st:: :By '!ihet ®nczoete MMMiem does the lnv at ~ leBA to th&·· dec:ti:oil:lg rnta at'· :pro£1t. now d.oeo thitt ocottr 1n Ba.•ala! ' . ;

.- lfflleon to J'orest: Didn't the .aama phenomena ot &.aaia. tod(q exiet in Lenin's BnssiaT ·

Oorbtn-to ~orest~ lo 1nter.nat1onal competition, i.e. ~i1tar,r·compet1tien b<altveen nat1on.s neceasary to calling lm.asia a etate caj;ttallem. I'! Bnaata oonq_uaro the w:rld l!OUJ.d 1 t at ill ,., oau1tal.ia.1'

To Shachtman: In the United States there is co:apGt;ition between i.udivldnal c8.pital.1ate,. but in l:.ssi.a international. ccmpet1t1on a:tfecta ita internal ecsonoq. In ~ito of ~o _oompotition ~tbtn Enaa1a, ~doesn't world co~at1t1on act ec a aube:titute ·for the. _Ea.&aian eC~oz:qT

Toni to ShaohtmaJl: Ma.r::r: uaeO, the mcdci of produot1on aa a detorminen~ o~ the ~tar· o£_ .tho .otnte. --~.What _1s __ thfJ! rt10de o~ production _in lln~ai_aY _ .

. 1. :Berc to·_ J'Gr4&t::· hom 192:3 $o 1936- what vere 'Qba lava of motion o%' ih.e .. •ti,pnwlt ~rate Jtfi::Uil WZ'lc&l"t111 atatef 'What o ntra41ct!.GD.B ex1eted 1n the v ' .. dage:marated w%lare1 a tate o:i'. that per;tod't What wna tho rcl:.:.~ion;hip tb.Gn batvocm

the bure·.marai!T in 1h1su1a end tha ca:pitaliet ola.sa :!.n .Ra.nia and throughout the capitaliot YDrldt

She.chtmsn ~or ten ciJXIltea: I a.Wced certain basic questions. 'What are the oharaate~ 1st1cs of cap1tcl.1sm- a"' Mar:rlsta. have altrqs defined them! Do thay appl.T in Ra.saia1' I otil.l l>--a.&t e.nsnra. ~e three basiC ch.s.raoterist.1c• of oa:tita.llu are a.s I st&,f!d them and I quoteU. J2.8D7 l.f.an:iat thlitoretio1ena in DUpport:. I llant a good reaaou ~ this now has to be abandoll!.ld to aecz:m:odate the theor1ata o~ state capitall~~;~ 1D. P.u.a•1a. I a there a tsMenay to a dngl.o state caplatliam! Yes. But Marx 'and tho Ma1':111'• have msde 1 t clear that 'Whon. that ooou.rred it vould. no lancer be oapi t.altaae Man: saidl 112he rata of profit is the compel1ing povar o~ oepitr~ist prod!loticm., and oD17 rsuch. thing" ar~ -prod:a.oed ne yield a :yrof1t. l!vnoa ~hv tr1gb.t a: th= ~o&].iah cecno:!.:t: OTer tlle tJ.?cliile of the rate Gt protit. Ths.t the be.re :poa•!.b1li\:r- at 1uoh a thl.BC · ahea.ld \iOrey lU.on1•do, ahowa his profac,n,i undcrstand1:c& of the aoAdlt1aJhl ot oap1t&l.lat .· produot11on. 'l'he reprol!lah moved .e&ainet him, thc.t he hae en e;re onl7 to the dcnl~ U\ent of- the productiv-e :forceR r-egardl.eaa of 'human belnge, 1 reprdle!l5 o! the aa.c­ri:ticea 1n husnn bolnge e.lld. o&pi'Cial. ~ inaurred 1 atribtt pno1••17 hta •'NJ\1.' point. ~e drrclopme:a:t of the prcd.uot;iv~ forcoa ot aooi.ol. lolJor 11 tho hiatorlcal. task and pr!TUege of Cn}'ital. It 1• prec1oel.T 1n thia vq thnt it WU>on•ciou~' areat:ee the materiAl requirem.,nts o! a higher mode o~ pral!nction. ltlhat vorriee Rica:rC".o is: tho :f'a;:t that the mte ot profit, the s~iuu.le.ting prlno1plt'1 ot eapltt"-1lw:t production,· the :t'l.lJ\dtwC!ilnii:al. premiae and driving torco ot aocamulatlon, ehould be e~ered by the develc-pE.eD.t. o£ p=oduo,1on ita•l.t. ADd the qu.ant:!.tat1n proporU,on uana eTeeythinc; here. 'lb.erf.l is indeed tJomething de~per tlu!.n this hidden. At this 'Point, which he v~elT :reels. It 1a here demanutrated in a purel.7 ecc.nom!o ~q, , _ thAt 1& :fro~ a bourgeo!o point o~ view, ~lth1n the oontinea o! aap1tallet undere~andiDS irom the stccdpotnt-of cap1tnl1st pro~ogion itael~. thAt 1• baA a bnrrier, thaQ 1' is ·relative. tha~ it ia ~Ot 8n abaolute, but OnlY a hiatoriocl mode ot produatioa ~n~ra~ondi~~ to a de:ttnlte and limited epoch in _the dWTelopmsnt of the_ material oonditiOD.!'t of producioion.-n. (2Jii.UW.:~ TOl. iii.- PP• J0~5);-- _, ::· :· -- -:··_---··_·--:-:--·--:- -.

In Ra.oeln. you haTe that z1ngle capital!. at-- the stR.te. What is the oolipelllu£ law! Marx add 1~ 1 o p:aU:b: p:ro~it '£~r the eap1tal1ata. Is thifl ao in P.u.a1la'! ll%pl.a1n this ont1A£t!.otorUy and I 1 ll s&ree with you. I't!! well know a.a a Taa1llat0r.

•ov oa_ th, '11"1"t.ton or value~~r;'Z[;-~ lett~~ Lenin" calls the outstanding l.othJ' ~_,.,. •-" uadontonll'-'>c of Maniam •. Le~te~ 1;o Kugel....,, Jul7 l.l, 1868: · · ·· ·.

~· WJZUJ_iln.=a abnut thn n~oooo1t;y ot proving_ the ooiLOapt_ of Telua ariseS fro._ oo~l••D 1,cngr..no.t'l' both- o:t the subjGct dealt: w1. th end of· the oothod ofao1ence. ~•:"¥ cl:...tld lwo-•• thAt a OOUlt.tey 'tlb.i'Oh oenaed to work, I "Will Dot eq. for· a ;year,· lm~ f~r--,r;..'-fi({W ~~lr•_. -~;glfi die~ "F:r'!!'q ohlld ltT.I)'!!I!! too t•u•t the mess of _produo~.e ~arrl'!w;pcmdin.!: \o th~t d11'.t•rent n:Oeda rAq..Lire dif'f'orent nDd qwm:t1tat1Tel7 de"er:d.n9_4 m&ee•a or th~ toll.el lft.bca.:r :J1: eco1ety. That this neoeBDity- at_ d1o:f;ribu'\1ng_ eo'ciat · lcbwro _1J:t t!t.U"luita pr_c;.ortioWI. oannot _be dono -s.waj with_ bT _t~Ei parligulg :!ora ot eooill\l. -pn4aai!.on, but· c~ onl;y change the top 'it Asaumes, is selt eTl.de:at. :lo natuT&l· lg.v;:. OAD '!sa done &.WI!j' with. .What em change, 1n chsngillg h1r>•crtcal alroumtt:J:.aec, ic- tho ..t9D 1.n \.'hioh these lave aperat~. And the.- form tn. which :thia propor:.1011a1. MT1a1mt. o:r l.:..bour oparates, in-_a state :Jf aoc:!.etf lihero the 1r&tol:'Cot;DJJOtion o£ uooi-!53. labor is man1!'8oted._ in. the·nrlva.te uaha;y:;ll!'·_ot' tholn- __

. 41v14w:U. p!-0411-0,11 .\l!" l(l.boitr, 1s :prec1_eely' the rxch.ange value .o! these producte.· - ~--~1c:lcft O!:ntd.ata--procisol¥ 1!1 voridng- out 1!21! the law of·y$.l.ue opOr2.taa.

So tb~ U' ,,,... v...a~~d At ~ho To:ry beg1nn:l.n& to 'OXpl.ain' all the phono.O.n..:,which ap'pl\:r-«1l~l.,- oontrA41-a' tha.t lav, ono vould haTe to give the- soienoe ~--.the 9C1&nco. It_1~ pr•c!D~ ~ B!cardo 1 a m1ataka that· i~ h1s_f1rst chapter an ..,.,_ue-b~ t~IJ 2!!8 E;iven nl.l p!'uJo1.bl8- ce.tNor'!es, W1ch bve still to:be _devel:cped.,

- in-t?rd•r 't!) ·_'f'N'Vt! tl'-.. eir~cu!U'orutty rlth tho l.e.v of value. -_ ."Pn thil_ oth~tr lvJ:ild. &s·· you aurrtJot~ aammed, the M.eton ot the 'theou

·garl~ Jiliovs· thslt tlw cona&pt- o-L the value re1a.t1on ha.a nl:mye-bean the sa!te, vhethe:f. mere o:- lertn clear, hadged With Ulus1ona or· ac1entit!cally preoisrJ.. Since the _t~ought !==rocea• S.tb0li" grova ou.t o:fth\, Oond.itio:D.s, __ b·_-1t~telf al'l!W.\l"§l. :Pr:oce_aL1, th1nkil2..g tha~ _Nally __ Ot>mpre~_enda ma.st a1wa,:ys be .~he se.mo~·~ end- oan onl.7 'Tar'J-f:l"lldt12l.l;r Gtaoord1JJ-4 -t.o·m.atu.ri'iy of deTelopment, includ.ing thai; o:i the orgaD. _ 'b,---wh1ch. the thi:!-.~ ili do:lo!l,. 'EYer;rthing else ia dr1nl. 11 ,

&~bAtant~allY the s~g £undane~tRl oonneation Yith pr1vcte property wna made i_:).. the l.aet thi.ng Na.r;;: wrote - a letter to tw,. bourgeois German. economist

'rihen tM_.ue M&r.dat :tath~ra apoke O:S: ato.tif'1ce:~1an ~~ produot_ion th~y meant llhat h: in th., Onited St;.atf'i! during- the -we.r, nnd llru!:i Germeny, etc~ Tb2t stattJ or~sr~zeB and- eontroln but pr1vnte property remains •

. ln. th~ Sixtl1 :tcrld Oongresll, :Bukhariu goes into great detail against aD lrBJtian cc!:rnde- abcut the qt1eation o£, ste.t1f1oat1on &8 Bukhs.r1n and Lenin si>oke of it-- the :...-18'4:lin.g o~ monopoly lDt 'With ~..=-; the Stnte zriaohiri.e - and. ht" :sey-: it' c ·theo:Mtt!oally pouo1ble-· the.t all os.;,ital1sms be. concentrated in one, but 70U vil.l th~n hi!::..-e an expl.o1ting oociet;r vh1ch y,1.ll not bt! cuip1tsliam. That Will. be the ~n.<i; ~ n.eg!'~M.c!!. 6:f -_ ~e.:P!t~if!!!; .-.Th~!"l! v!ll 1:11!!' ~!"~~'!!! b1.1~ n~ · e!'l!'itPllia t _criaea.

I·em Oppoaed to the ~e:eroble historical ~rosrenslan _of oooie~. DoeS that eielud.e·::;a~rel:'_d~Telop!!e~te't H~""Tel.-d~lc~D.tr; l.-111:::h ~-a iacre ·or J.Gss out.iiid6 o'% thtt· h1ator1o~ epoehth For example see .. the Oriental dAspotisms vh1oh e~ats4 during feudalism e.nd the rise of _cap1te.J.ism. ,

w~ c~ot ~ do not attemot to £orotell the h1stor1oel evolution ot bureanoretio coll6ot1v1sm. ~e don•t belluve it h~s one. It haa not Shown that·1t aan overcome vital oapitlll.iem.. It it does oo, we Bhall givtt en ev8n mo:ro e%hen5t1ve l\Daly-o:le than "Je: lu:o.Te done. ·

Doean1t eTeeybod) _know th!!.t wherever liui Germany advanced, privet~!! -pro,:pert;y t~ats were eiven to German aartelel But the Rnsaicne don't do thia •. can•t ~ spll!"_~ o'i: t~_i~ as a hiatorlcal aberration without giving u:p our· revolut1one..r;r perspootiTet

l'orast for thirt;r D.lm.J.tea: In ~uot1ng f~ m Yolu.e III, Shachtman ot~rta tr~m the Tflr.Y ~irnt with the rate

o~ prot:tt. ,- Dut be nd.uaod ~t l~ ea1d that \he ra.te ot prof'it 1e thA- cap1tal1ai 1'orm of' sta.tln.;e the decl.b1ng rntl!t ot profit nr1e1ng tro.G the lnw of' velue. The same ie true llhen be quotnR f(ar%.1 e latt~r.

Tho domlnant t"oMo ia the l.Pv ot Taluo. Don't contuse this lfith the-phan­ometu!.l. :!o~ it bli:.AS• ~,farx 1ne1&ted on th1a. }ian ko!tep• re£err1ng to l'rivat~t property, but the.t 111 tht! ·~illlple nf:i\ati~fi!U wq oZ ataUng it at ona point ot 4evolopmont. :But Ua.rx ol.WotrB inaiated that you. can• t oonsid~r th~ f'om apart troa the osaeno~ o~ th~ production relations. In his letter to Ann~nkov, D~o. 28, 1846, Marx, wrt.ti~ o:f F:mdhon, uqa:

"l'1nal.l.7, th~ laGt cntogor,y in M. Proudhon' e l!i,Yite!!l 1!!: aoJia1:1tuted b7 nropertv. In the :real world, on the othor band1 the d1T1o1on o~ labor ~m.d all H. Proudhon'a other cs.tego,:·ioa nre aociol. rolu.tions forain« ae a Ulol@J 'llb.•t is to-dq Jru: known aa proper-ty; outaitle these rele.tiona 'bOtl.rgr-•1• P::'O!'ftrt7 ia nothing but a meta-­~11ilcl. or juristia 1l~ua10l1. 'fh.e pl"operty ot a different epoch, feudal- proporty, de'velOfJB 1n a series o~ entirely d1:N'ereut. eooial relations. H. ?roudhon, 'b7 eatnbliab.i~g proj;art;y an an independent. rflla\1on, commit. l"lora than a mistW in method. t heo clt~~e.rly ghova that he hm! n~t ~AIIf•ed t.he bond. ldlich hold a _together all 'fomr- o!:_ ~tn~!"ci"W'nt~ !'r.~d!!,o:o_M-_.-m 4 _t~~\. h• b~~ n(ll~ _u~·!"~taM _th" hi ... tftrin A'fttl t%".a'!.•1tln­chnraoter o'£ th~ :tol"'ls ~ pro4u.otio)l !n a p·- rtS.c:t.\l.nr apooh. M. Proudhon vho doe a not regard our nocial inat1tut1ouo aft an hl,tor1cel d~el~~aent, can on~ produce·

.--:\ogmc.t1c cr1t.1llism qt theta. " · 9006·

- 9- 9007 . lllo col:q'loses the capitalist ebas in P.nssie.? I have moved in tireat detail.

tbSt it io the ~ "clasoless intelligcntsiau united in cap1tetismta d1atntegrating :form.- . - - . . -

_ woW __ t_c ·answer tis· questions~ !rhos,; ldlich Moe not· enswered. t~ rill bo anvvered at- au.io nex\_ s_esslon. All._ the _underoonBUI:Jptioniata t'z.om_·haa.- Lu:um'burg ioo :t:e):lwa to Shi!.ohtman in•1et tha.t el.l. ;you _ne_ed ia. a plan. Man aa.id that th_e p:r:ijjort1on·Qr Iu.:Ut!.ns,-~:c!.ght: em::1;:ta:a:; to ona 'Varll\ble. 113 ~tealmie&l. pl.&.uninl;.- Bu' MA!-Jt Daid &B thi.a continues U . the vorlm:!" coul.d lift on air you oazmot Overcome tha,.eOD.trad.ic\icm: :J~ t~ propOrtion. On the other hand you he.ve. the acc1al.izat:1an tJt labor-vhiali.d:rives the ·'-"'rkir« cla!JJ& onto_ the scene as· capit.el.15JR1 a Sft'Y~ dfgger. . Tbe aha~• ar.!.sea not h'ce a plan or 1t a l.AOk bl.t .tram_ the oon:trd1-.t:i0Ji. b8tvaen eDna taUt and Tari:Wlo CEq)ital... InStead of disco.saine;_ this. ,yUu g1Te ech8ol.­'boy. detildt!.onz ·cr :;>r1Tate_pr0Jisrt;r. It :!.& impoaalbl.e to plan ~aat the vorl.d I!lU"latt. - Tlu\t_-i-8 1ilW t'he ,WOJrk~ru 1 ata'ttl waa ·tr&Jisitional md __ oouJ.dU1t remain. ~t--ie -liAJI. ~w:i a.re e.ga1na:t the _theor;v of ,c?1al1sm 1n one ootm.tr,r. (.Answer to Vaughn)

1lf' thsN-VertJ conaontrat.icm 1n tho hands, ·world-wide, of a sin£-le ce.pitaliat.,

l doll. t thl:nk U . vov.l.cl. ~hen 'l>e cop~tnl.i.-a. .. · · I:t ;you nN Pl<'\"OC""-pled w1.\h prtva~e inM:ridl.lal oapital.iste, I tel.~ ;you ve

Myqu ap&ak oi' 6gen1us or ·~a:pital.i.am not cf ca -italiats beeauoe they 'expnss the ~eseat_ot;tbb 1av. ·

_ You oNmo_t l&pa:"ate pol.1 ti'!''ll and econmdce as_ you tnaiat 3.n you:.~ qtteationo on BOl!Jr;;)a:t"t.to.. . _. _ . ,

- Sh&oh~ Soe-.ak.-s of moi:grel f'orma;~i.ons but goes on. to make- it· the basia of &. vol.-iO.- w.mrrili 11tOriC-~:i'eiG. ·

'r.b.a't ll_oncr~t~·mechsni.am brings about the "!.eolining rate o'E prof'!.t? Ma-.'""X se;,-11 i.t..1e.\he 1e.¥ of value. ·

ShachU:ran insiota tha.t state capitalisn ha.o never been seen end thti.t real. ata!1~1oat1on 1a onl7 the ·costAnation n~ private property .with atnte.pover.behind it. In :Zs.ll,el-D Europe I sEq it is more than tvo-th1r4o sta.t11'1ed. i'l1le.t k:1n4 of state :I. a ~MtT Ben 1s so!lmthing threateni.ng wcrl.d cap1t&l.iam :yet :rou ina,. at it _is a.· m.ongr~1 form lllhlch b.a.a 011ah enormous sc.c1al. importance.

I 1187 m:r pbJ.ltoooplgr-. eoouom1os end pol.1tics now £rom the object1Te colll.apee o:!' capiieJ.1om. Slld. tho eiCergenee r4 the worlti.ng ol.e.s11 as· its discip1.1nfld grllYe diggerc. If you went to :9lei w1 th a new· aoo1ety? !!'rotsk;y •aid reRJ.b:e the ramififAt.U.fttll-.

- . . ) - . . . . · .. Bha.ghtmm. for _twenty minutes:

·--I inelst _on.-.mt aohOolbo~ definitions at·· ce;p1tal.-1Bl'J; x·-dml•t·~-ipore th6 ·pjood\ivfi1·0a--Hl.&~1ona bu.t I 1ns:Lst thEot thev-. ~at cil the three·"b4::1e ::-equ!re::e!lte. 'De=-onstrat• that thosa 0%1nt hi Ra.esia. · . ·11!1 lt. a f'reak't c.eh l"orest~. Yes and no. :Bt!.t the' e.ns\o-er caDnot be· demonistrated theoretioal.l.T. onlJ" praotlcel.l.T in strugde. It it overoomes- eapitaliem it is-not a. fftak.. ~~ rellt&!.ne _to be seen. We haYe eem. that it OTeroame it in Ro.aa1a aD4.

'(_ that i~ ohcl.l.enps bp1tal.ism in the wor1d. W"nether 1.t oana weroome it cami.o\

I ~' be Y&id. Oae ~h.!ng it pl"QYed io the incapaCity o~ the lr"Orld.ng claaa ioo withstand buraau.oratia col1dcs.t1rta. .

~e idea Uz.at 11' tharo is not canitel.iem then there must be· aoo1a11B!d 1• a ~ in. ~e Mar.d.at ROV8Ilent. But the- so1entimte in the mOTement said ~en: thG questlm vu :raised thAt i:r the vorkertt do no~ take l_)owsr anothflr da:TOlopDtent _lc p.oaalble. ~ln add mo. J'or one hundred ~s, while_ the proletariat was oil the rise, the problem f'aoi»g ua did not arise. t. \1'e heye lvenW :rears of. ~ . 'l'he problem cldeta end 1111at be ana ~.~dZ\ Cap1t6l18lii :must 1~1te.bJ.7

/, oog,.po~~ U "b :Dot-·abooliiteq··g.;,;;,;;;;toiid_:-tli.O.t ooo~ol.ia will '"!Pllaoe it.j In \,. order fQJL.J:hlP io oCCltr, ~ Oth!tr thtn-':-n, we ilUat have a atM'l\g ·party;=,_

---::-- ---~ Ye are m~-rfOr speeld.ng o£ a bn'iit1i:rd-voci-e-11T.-lh1~ a bastard eociet;y implies at l.east one pa.Mnt. You haTe ths immncu.late conception theory. W"ho we:re the . parent a o-t ·the Ba.ealan oap:!.tal.i~;t olasa't Out o:r ldtat sooial root a did -ther come! We know vhsre the cnp1te.liata in the Unit~ States or Siam or lCngl1md ocme 1'rm:l. 'Whore did thaT oome frs in B:no&1A1 You have oraat~d a new class_-- the state oapita.1.1a\ cl.a!ill~- Did they e.rie~ t'roa the Xul.~ or tho !lepraant From ·wha:U · Hetw ld.ll. thia claua perpe~te 1te6l~t W~11 it d1e with th~ last eXisting members ot the bureanc~ in BD.sa1a1 3-veey clnca pelj)etuatCia 1tsel-t by natural. ln.wo. How, "1:7 what economic or natural law do!!' it p&afl on ito power in Ea.asio.?

Speald.Dg: oX th& d1rlo1on o'! pr.)f'it, Marx oqet "In a cap1tal.1at sooiety. this ourpl.ua-value • or thio aurplun r.rcdu.nt (l•aarlng cuide acoide:ttal fiuatua1:1cns in i"t" distribu\1011 f'.nd !)eJlS!.dttrlne \;nl.y', the reg-.Uc.ting law of these nuatuatione) t .

ia divided ·nmong tho c&p1t~1nts as a diTidend in pro~ortion to the percent~ o~ the tottt..1 aooial Cfll'1tf'l1 Mld 'by flach. In thia ohape the ~urplue--value a-ppcara !1.8 tho ::.Yer~ -pro:!it, .'-!h!.cll in it!! turn 1!1_ !l~parat~ __ tnto_ :vro:tits __ Of.:.'!nteZODrif!!~. l!!:nd_-~:·. interest. a.nd ll"h1o!l in thi& n:y J:laT t'Dll into the b..s.nde o£ dii'terent kinde ·or oa.J)ite.liete.. fhie spp:roprl•\1oa.. and. d1etr1but1cn at' the ~lu_a-Talue, or __ su.rplus.

:prcduct, b;y ths aapttal __ hottr.er, baa ita b_arr1er in private_ o1m.ar~p- ot land._.- Just Ba-,thft PetiTe cu.pital1at ·pumPo mJ.rplua labOr, mid "'thith it.'au.rplll;&-!&lue·· eid·-mrplu.e