微 观 经 济 学 micro economics
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微 观 经 济 学 Micro economics. 1. 经济学是选择的科学. 经济学研究的两大基本问题. 一、资源配置问题. 选择 Choices ,稀缺的资源如何进行合理配置。 包括以下五个经济学研究的基本问题 : A .生产什么?(产品) what ; B .如何生产?(生产要素组合) how 用什么方法。 C .为谁生产?(分配) for whom 如何分配. 此外,还有 生产多少?(数量) how many - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Microeconomics
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1. how many whenChoices :A whatB howC for whom
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2. law of Scarcity
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3. Resources human resources natural resources capital resources--- N --- L--- K--- E
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4.
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0369121512345ABCDEF 5.PPF:Production Possibility Frontier A 0 15 B 1 14 C 2 12 D 3 9 E 4 5 F 5 0
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5. Opportunity Costs0369121512345ABCDEFABCDEF
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0369121512345ABCDEFG
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0369121512345ABCDEFHEconomic Institutions
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Macroeconomics ---
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John Maynard Keynes 20 1883-1946
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1929-1933 1929-1933
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MicroeconomicsInvisible hand Resource allocation
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Adam Smith (1723-1790)
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2F. 1758 -1623-168717761817D. 1T.J.-B.
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3. 1920A.lfred Marshll 1842192418701890
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193019201933
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4 F.von John Maynard Keynes 1883194619301936
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Paul Anthony Samuelson 1915 19701940
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1 economical man2
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what ought to bethe way things are
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1. 2.
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(
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(1) A B C D (2) A B C D B D
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(3) A B C D(4) A B C DB C
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1 DemandSupply
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Demand willing needswantsdesires able
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Demand Function
PQd
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! Qd = P
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:The Law of DemandPQPQ0P QDab
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1.A Shift in the Demand Curve0P QDabP0Q0P1Q1
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2.A Shift of the Demand Curve 0
P
QD0P0Q0Q1D1Q2D2
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PQD
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A B C D D
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1.Giffens Goods PQ1845
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2. Conspicuous goodsPositional GoodsPQ0PQD
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1. --- --- Supply
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Supply Function 2.3. Q s = + P1.
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PQ PQ 0P QSab
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1.0P QSabP1Q1P2Q2
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2.0
P
QS0P0Q0Q1S1Q2S23.
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1. A B C D 2. 3.A B C D AAB
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4. ABCD5.xyxA x B x C yD y 6.A B C D
ADB
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Elasticity
PQDPDQOO
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elasticity
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price elasticity of demand1.Ed
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2.
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ab544008005445
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abba QPPQ
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3. E = 0 perfect inelastic
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E = perfect elasticPQD2O
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E = 1 unitary elastic =
- E < 1 inelastic
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E > 1 elastic D56%9%POQ
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1.8620301P18P26Q120Q2302
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2.0.151.210Ed=0.15P1.2 P=0.8()0.810
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4.dQ/dP
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CCO
PQF
CGQd=f(P)A
BdPdQ
- Q=f(P)OPQDCBEAed=ed>1ed=1ed
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PQOABCAB1C
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A B C D B
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3.1.2.4.
5.
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TR = P * Q 3101. (Total revenue
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2. E > 1Ed=2P1=500/Q1=100 10% 10%20% P2=500 500*10%=450/ Q2=100+100*20%=120 TR2=P2Q2=450120=54000 TR1=50000 TR2 TR1=54000 50000=4000 TR2 >TR1
- 10%20%P3=500 +50010%=550/Q3=100 -10020%=80 10%TR3
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E > 1,,; ,,1QOP
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ABC
- 3. E < 1Ed=0.5P1=0.2/Q1=100 10%10%5%P2= 0.2 0.210%=0.18/Q2=100+1005%=105TR1=P1Q1=0.2100=20TR2=P2Q2=0.18105=18.9TR2 TR1=18.920= -1.1TR2
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10%10%5%P3=0.2 +0.2*10%=0.22/Q3=100 -100*5%=95 TR3=P3Q3=0.2295=20.9TR3 TR1=20.9 20= 0.9TR3>TR1Ed=0.5P1=0.2/Q1=100
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E < 1,,;,,QPO
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12
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Cross-Elasticity of Demand 1. 1
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2.
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3.Ec0 YP XQXY Ec0 YP XQ XY Ec =0
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Income Elasticity of Demand1.10%5%0.5
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QM
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2.5A. Em1superior goods luxury, luxurious goodsEm0 B. Em1 C. 0 Em1essential necessary goodsnormal goods
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D. Em =0 E. inferior goodsGiffen goodsEm0
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Price Elasticity of Supply1. A
P
QO
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2.
- 3.>1
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Es=1Q ES=P ES=04. O
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Q ES1PEs1PQES0O
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5.
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Equilibrium of Supply and Demand
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1.The Equilibrium Price:
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The Law of Supply and Demand 1.Q3P2P1PD1D3D2Q1Q2Q
P3E1
E2E3SO
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2. A Supply ShiftS1
S2S3Q3P2P1PDQ1Q2Q
P3E1
E2E3O
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DS QP1DD1P SPQD2DD2 P3DD3 P3. S S1P
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A B C D
D A
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eg:D=122PS=2P P=3 Q=6
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Price controls 1.Price floor
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PQDSP0OQ0P1Q1Q2 excess supplyE
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2.Price ceiling PQDSP0OQ0P1Q1Q2excess demandE
- >
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()
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1EQ3P1P3P2
PPEPtOQQEQ2OSDQ1
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2.
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3SDEQePeQOPP1Q3P2Q2Q1tOP