99

()

. 347

. 350

360

362

. 371

372

()

. 374

378

381

388

. 389

391

. 394

. 397

400

413

423

. 432

434

()

. 436

441

451

455

. 461

462

()

/ 463

464

474

476

. 480

481

()

. 482

. 483

485

497

500

. 508

510

()

. 514

. 515

516

521

525

. 529

530

. 532

. 534

. 537

. ... 546

. 548

. 583

584

. 591

. 592

594

601

611

618

626

. 632

633

. 638

. 639

642

650

655

. 660

662

. 664

666

669

680

682

. 685

686

. 688

. 690

692

703

709

716

. 720

721

/ 724

725

735

737

. 739

741

()

742

743

749

750

()

347

350

360

362

371

372

347

/

2011 224,493

13 3082 6

(Jones, Kettles, & Spurrier, 2009)

(Hall, Doran, Bakec, Pink, Sidani, OBrien-Pallas, & Donner, 2001)

1:10

(2010)

2-2.5 ()

(2008)

4-5 7 5~13

4-6 7 6~18

8-10 7 7~20

79 20

348

()

()

(C)

()

349

(C)

(

)

1.

2.

350

() 13,550 /

71.3% 41.22%98

44.59%

60.5%

()

1. 6 2-3

2. 70

6

30%

() 224,493 133,082

108,433 24,649 59.28%(

100.01.01)

() 70.2%16.0%()

87,732 70.2%

20,043 16.0%

17,163 13.8%

124,938 100%

() 5,775

2,561 44.3%

3,214 55.7%()

351

NP NP

31,299 1,103 553 1,656

47,198 1,217 2,274 3,491

34,592 172 387 559

16 16

NP 53 53

2,561 3,214 5,775

44.3 55.7 100

() 13,550

91,411 104,961

100 7

()

C ()

352

C

4 1 2 1 2.5 1 4 1

1.5 2.5 2 1.5

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

2 2.5 2 2

1 0.5 0.5 1

2 2 1.2 2

0.25

4 1 4 1 0.25

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

0.5

0.5 0.5 0.5

()

2010

2~4.1 //>12

3.6 //

()

(2008)

(2002) 2012

2001 87,234 119,268

140,899 172,578 2001

353

94,443 123,126 150,410 163,002

2001

80102,684 122,693 164,219

211,219 2000 8960 2012

164,423

(2005)

(C)96-98 423

>500 2 ()250~499

1 ( 249 24

27 (6.38%) C C)

()

() 2010 8 1111

1,072 ) 8 18

()

61.2

49.63%/46.64%25.19%

57.46%55.78%

31.34% 99 8 5 99 8 16

1,072 95%

2.99% Positive Practice

Environment, PPE57.46%

45.71%44.78%

17.9%

50.75%44.78%

25.37%57.28%24.25%

354

/16.79%9.51%

39.44%35.03%(

2010)

57.46

55.78

31.34

57.46

45.71

44.78

50.75

44.78

25.37

39.44

35.03

(2010)

1111

2010 7 45.14%

()

355

1994

1:4 1:1.5 2 1:1

1:2.4 1:1.5 2 1:1

1:3.2 1:1.5 2 1:1(

2010)

(C)

1:2 1:0.4 2.5 0.5

1:2.5 1:0.5 2

0.5 1:4 1:0.67 2

1:1(2010)(C)

2.9 2.3 1.4

(2010)

()

(2010)

356

4-12%(Needleman, Buerhaus, Mattke, Stewart, &

Zelevinsky(2002) 1% 0.3-0.7%(ANA, 2000)

Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, Sochalski, & Silber(2002)Rafferty,

Clarke, Coles, Ball, James, McKee, et al.(2006) 3,980

118,752

12.4-14.3 6.9-8.3 26%

29%Dunton, Gajewski, Taunton, &

Moore(2004) Potter, Barr, McSweeney, & Sledge(2003)

Tallier(2003)

1 0.29%

Unruh(2003) 10% 2%

(2009)

1% 2.29%

10.83% 16.69% 3.44%

9.67% 9.98% 2.83%

12.10% 17.77%() 1%

11.62% 12.48% 24.71%

19.81% 17.27% 9.80%

5.02% 26.55% 26.52%

4.57%()

100 1

() % () %

17.77 9.67

16.69 3.44

12.10 () 2.83

10.83 2.29

9.98

357

1%

() % () %

26.52 17.27

24.71 19.81

26.55 () 5.02

12.48 11.62

9.80 4.57

(2009)

11

5.58

5.14 2.95 2.91 2.74

1.62 1.6 ()

11 7

5.58 2.74

5.14 1.62

2.95 1.6

2.91

(2012)

0.1 0.6% 7.2%

0.5 3.1% 31.5%()

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

-0.6% -1.2% -1.8% -2.4% -3.1%

-7.2% -13.9% -20.3% -26.0% -31.5%

358

(2009)

()

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

( 20072009)

()

()

359

360

(Jones, Kettles, & Spurrier, 2009)Aiken, Clarke, Sloane,

Sochalski, & Silber(2002) 10,184 232,342

4 5

30 7% 6 14%

8 31%

2001

()

1:4 1:8 1:4 1:5 1:8 1:5

1:6 1:10 1:5 2006

1:7(2009)

14 14 15

14 15 16

18 18 110

Pfefferkorn Rovetta 12

3.2

52 5 8 Upenieks, Esser, Akhavan, Ngo, &

Kotlerman (2007) PDA 10~15 (2

361

telemetry units 1 13 14) 2

67%(Registered Nurse, RN) 33%(Nurses Aides; Care

Partner)(Medical -Surgical Unit) 7.11 //

1999 2004 1

()

15 14 12 16 11 17 18 16

(AHA; America hospital association)

6,299

5.32 LPN ;Licensed Practical

Nurse 6.63

(Oregon) 7.47

()

(//)

RN RN+LPN

AZ 91 7.27 9.67

OR 68 7.47 8.14

NV 32 6.05 7.31

CO 83 6.13 7.02

CA 488 5.91 7.02

ID 47 5.10 6.50

USA 6,299 5.32 6.63

362

(

)

2010 12 458 201

43.89%()

0.52 2.64

0.49 2.57

0.72 3.71

2.51 12.66

2.50 11.94 2.21

10.78

()

%

19 17 89.47

85 43 50.59

354 141 39.83

458 201 43.89

363

(n=17) (n=43) (n=141)

()

()

()

0.52 2.64 0.49 2.57 0.72 3.71

0.58 3.03 0.62 3.31 0.72 2.55

0.56 2.86 0.46 2.19 0.28 1.56

2.51 12.66 2.5 11.94 2.21 10.78

3.00 13.62 3.51 10.38 - -

0.81 4.63 1.00 7.36 0.87 4.37

NBC 1.21 6.11 1.42 6.67 2.26 6.47

(RCC) 1.83 10.02 1.63 7.87 1.05 5.64

(RCW) 0.73 3.29 0.72 3.17 0.45 2.65

**

37,200 40,370 31,200 34,200 54,780 58,880

35,250 37,560 30,950 34,510 45,370 52,640

29,760 32,270 29,130 32,680 42,470 49,050

364

()

3 1 2 1.5

1 2.5

() 2 4 1

0.4 1 4 1

1 1

1.5 4 1

1 3 1

0.7 10 1

()

() 0.60

3.2 2.63 14.0

0.68 3.6

2.95 15.8

() 0.56

3.0 2.44 13.0

0.64 3.4

2.74 14.6

() 0.47

2.5 2.06 11.0

0.53 2.8

2.32 12.4

40 100% 240

()

365

()

0.5 1

(2010)

34,965

87,732 52767

()

(2010)

3.23.02.5 //

3.63.42.8 // 141311 //

15.814.612.4 //=(

365)/(240)

2,617 4,828

1,908 3,943 816

1671 5,341

366

10,442 ()

()

*=

x1.5x12 4 3.8 3.2

18.8 34.8

13.1 27.0

4.7 9.6

36.6 71.4 (

)

4 1 3 1

1.5 2

1.5 1.5

1 1

2 2.5

2 () 2

0.25 4 1

0.4 0.4

1.5 -

0.5 1

- 4 1

- 1

- 1

- 1.5

- 4 1

- 1

5 1 3 1

- 0.7

15 1 10 1

20 1 18 1

367

0.52 2.64 2.51 12.66

0.60 3.2 2.63 14.0

0.68 3.6 2.95 15.8

0.49 2.57 2.50 11.94

0.56 3.0 2.44 13.0

0.64 3.4 2.74 14.6

0.72 3.71 2.21 10.78

0.47 2.5 2.06 11.0

0.53 2.8 2.32 12.4

**

(C) 40

0.5 2.7 20 14

7 6

4 10

3 13

0.4 2.1 16 11

5 8

3 13

3 13