Most confusing questionTheoretical complexity and

ambiguityNo unanimous agreementHypothetical constructDifferent perspectives

Philosophical Subjective objective

Ancient Greeks – innate and God given construct A kind of reflection and contemplation

Thomas Acquinas (medieval times)– passive and active intelligence

Three perspectives in 17th century Rationalism – Descartes Empiricism – Locke &Hume Biological – Darwin, Galton

Common sense and beliefs of layman

Greeks – oratoryChinese – martial artsPacific – boatingAfrican tribes - hunting

Formulated by theoristsUsing different methodsResult of Clinical studies

Biological definitions – adaptation to the environment

Psychological definitions – Stress the measurement of intelligence

Operational definitions – as per the situation

Aggregate global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment - Wechsler

Each intellectual activity involves a general factor ‘g’ and a specific factor ‘s’

‘g’ is common to all mental operations neogenesis ‘s’ is specific to specific activities ‘g’ reflects in three mental process

Apprehension of experiences – understand Eduction of relations – Comparison Eduction of Correlates – Logical relations

Verbal factorSpatial factorNumerical factorMemory factorWord fluency factor Inductive & Deductive reasoning

factorPerceptual factor

Does not agree universal ‘g’Only specific factorsLabelled as samples Intermediate position between

Spearman and Thurstone

Against ‘g’Only ‘s’ElementsSpecific and common factors

Vernon(1950)Four levels

‘g’ Major – Verbal educational and Spatial

Mechanical Minor – Word, fluency, Numerical,

Spatial, Mechanical, memory Specific factors

Burt (1955) ‘g’ Relation level – relation finding, practical

applying Association level – memory, vocabulary,

habit formation, imagery Perception level – coordinated movements Sensory motor level – simple movements

Three dimensional Mental Operations▪ Cognition, associative memory, retentive memory,

convergent thinking, divergent thinking, evaluation Various type of contents▪ Visual‘, auditory, symbolic, Semantic, behavioural

Products of mental operations▪ Units, classes, relations, systems, transformations,

implications An ability is the combination of three 180 abilties

Fluidcristalised

CreativePracticalAnalyticalSTAT

Brain damage studiesExceptional IndividualsDevelopmental historyEvolutionary historyPsychometric findingsPsychological tasksCore operationsSymbel system

NaturalisticBodily kinestheticMusical Interpersonal IntrapersonalLogical mathematicalLinguisticSpatialexistentialistic

Bioecological Perspective Ceci(1990) factors within the ecology and biology interact Potentials, context, knowledge, elicitors

Socio cultural perspectives Vygotsky, Boykin , Lave Cultually derived abstraction Social cognition Development of cognition through socialisation

Individual tests – one individual is tested at a time

Group tests – a group of individuals is tested at a time

Verbal or language tests – make use of language

Non verbal – involve activities – performance tests

IQ= MA/CA * 100

Vocabulary testsMemory testsComprehension tests Information testsReasoning testsAssociation testsBinet & Simon test is an example

Content in material formsOral instructionsWhat he doesAlexander’s performance testBhatia’s performance test

Binet – 1905, Standford – Binet (1910), Terman & Merril (1937)

Stern – 1912Army Alpha and Army BetaWAIS(1944, 1958)WISC(1960)STAT (1985)

There are many other abilities other than ‘g’

Test items has no practical useSingle basic score – a number Intelligence as a fixed entityRelies on factor analysisEffect of prior experienceDIQ

Carroll’s definition of aptitude Given importance to time taken for

learning A model for school learning, 1963 With same instruction, different

achievement Normally distributed Five factors

Time allowed, Perseverence,Quality of Instruction, Ablity to understand instruction, Aptitude( amount of time required)

Novelty + valueProduction of a totally or partially

novel identityCreativity is a process which results

in novel work that is accepted as tenable to useful or satisfying to a group of people at some point in time

UniversalBoth inherited and acquiredProduction of something newAdventurous and open thinkingCarries ego involvementAverage intelligent may be creativeNot related with school achievementSociability and creativity is

negatively correlated

Preparation Incubation Inspiration/illuminationVerification or revision

Freedom to respond Opportunity for ego involvement Encourage originality and flexibility Removal of fear Using the creative resources of the

community Proper organization of the curriculum Reform in evaluation system Use of special techniques

Brain storming synetics