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. Motivation and Leadership from Chinese Philosophy Perspective Liying Bai Associate Profesor in Fuzhou University China Visiting scholar in University of Delaware, USA lbai@udel.edu

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Cultural differences Huge system, share a few points here She, He Hu, Who Creative, Conformism Made or created? Individual characters are influenced by group and national characters the deepest part is

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Iceberg Model of McClelland

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Work Values Auction: 1, Do something for the public welfare 2, Pursuit beauty and an artistic atmosphere 3, Seek creative development of new things 4, Apply independent thinking and analysis 5, Sense of achievement 6, Independence, acting according to their own pleasure 7, Admired and respected by others 8, Supervisory or management others 9, A lot of money 10, Stable and secure life 11, Good and comfortable working environment 12, The relationship with your director is equal and harmony 13, Work together with like-minded partners 14, Be able to choose their favorite way of life 15, No boring work with full of change

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Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory (I) Creative & challenging work Praise & recognition Friendly coworkers Safe working conditions Rest & breaks Selfactualization Esteem Social Safety Physiological

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Ausubels Motivation Theory cognitive drive achievement motivation self improving internal driving force subsidiary internal driving composition

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Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory DissatisfactionSatisfaction Traditional View Herzbergs View Hygiene factors DissatisfactionNo Dissatisfaction - Quality of Supervision - Pay - Company policies - Physical working conditions Motivators No satisfactionSatisfaction - Personal growth - Responsibility - Achievement

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source: Herzberg, Frederick. One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review, Jan2003, Vol. 81 Issue 1, p87-96

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Comparison of the Three Theories of Needs Self-actualization Esteem Social (Belonging) Safety Physiological Growth Relatedness Existence Motivator Hygiene factors Maslow Alderfer Herzberg

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Douglas McGregor Behind every managerial decision or action are assumptions about human nature and human behavior.

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Chinese traditional assumption of human nature debate: people are born good or evil? Theo ries 1 2 3 4 Cont ents

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1 People are born evil

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Xunzi Legalism Xunzi 313 BC-238 BC was a Chinese Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States Period and contributed to one of the Hundred Schools of Thought. Xunzi believed man's inborn tendencies need to be curbed through education and ritual, counter to Mencius's view that man is innately good. He believed that ethical norms had been invented to rectify mankind.

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2 People are born good Mengzi (372 BC 289 BC) Confucianism The feeling of commiseration the feeling of shame and dislike the feeling of modesty and complaisance the feeling of approving and disapproving are essential to man. The feeling of commiseration is the principle of benevolence. The feeling of shame and dislike is the principle of righteousness. The feeling of modesty and complaisance is the principle of propriety. The feeling of approving and disapproving is the principle of knowledge.

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Bauhinia flower petals

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3 Good, and evil Liang Qichao (1873-1929), Liang Qichao, "personality-centered theory." "Best of the doctrine": "best of doctrine, is to make everyone's talent intuitive ability to play very successful.

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4 No good, no evil Gaozi (420-350 BC), Mohists, 'Man's nature is like water whirling round in a corner. Open a passage for it to the east, and it will flow to the east; open a passage for it to the west, and it will flow to the west. Man's nature is indifferent to good and evil, just as the water is indifferent to the east and west.'

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Compare WestEconomic Man X Social Man Self- realization Man Y Complex ManBeyond Y Chinese Contents , , ,

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East- West 1 Homo economicus, Rational-economic Man, Adam Smith X 2 Social Man, George Elton Mayo Hawthorne effect 3 Self-realization Man, Abraham Maslow Y 4 Complex Man, John J. Morse, Jay William Lorsch. Beyond Theory Y http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_X_and_Theory_Y http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_74.htm http://hbr.org/1970/05/beyond-theory-y/ar/1

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Confucianism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism Zhongyong Daxue http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Learning http://hugols.wordpress.com/2008/10/21/what-makes-a- leader/http://hugols.wordpress.com/2008/10/21/what-makes-a- leader/ Rn ( , Humaneness)Rn ( , Humaneness) Y ( , Righteousness or Justice)Y ( , Righteousness or Justice) L ( , Propriety or Etiquette)L ( , Propriety or Etiquette) Zh ( , Knowledge) Xn ( , Integrity)

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Daoism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism Wuwei the best of men is like water Naturalness protection, hint Suggestion (Hongchong, and Sushi) Dialectics Moon spring, sweetest time Motivate, getting better slowly, life line

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Example: Satisfaction with Life In most ways my life is close to my ideal. The conditions of my life are excellent. I am satisfied with my life. So far I have gotten the important things I want in life. If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.

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Questions About Chinese philosophy About Motivation and Leadership About China Thank you lbai@udel.edu