ROAD TO REVOLUTION1755-1783

FINAL REVIEW

Fragile Peace 1750-1754

Neither Britain nor France dominant in North America after King George’s war. No sooner had it ended then the two powers began building for another war.

Ohio valley major contention point. Claimed by Virginia, Pennsylvania, France, the six nations of the Iroquois, and, of course, the natives who lived there.

France built forts, Virginia sent a surveyor named Washington ( remember him? Yeah didn’t think so.) with a contingent of men, who were promptly driven from the area.

Most Indians favored French. (French were less a threat to their lands)

French and Indian War

Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany plan of union for “mutual protection” but it came to nothing since colonies refused to yield power of taxation. Warning sign maybe?

British sent General Braddock with 1000 regulars.

Map before the war.

French war contd. Braddock felt his

regulars were superior to French and native soldiers. Openly condescending to colonial troops as well.

Sent to take Fort Duquesne failed and forced to retreat after being ambushed by French and Indian troops losing 25% of his forces

Continuing native attacks halted colonial help for 3 years from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia.

Tides Turn

Pitt took over control of the military affairs in the British Cabinet. “I know that I can save this country and that no one else can.” He reinvigorated the British soldiers and became a popular hero to the colonists.

Promised parliament would pay for the cost of fighting if colonists acquired the men. 40000 troops organized in the colonies.

End of the War

Quebec falls in 1759 with both Commanders, Generals Wolfe (British)and Montcalm (French) falling in the battle.

Montreal surrenders in 1760. Officially ended in 1763 with the

signing of the Treaty of Paris, France ceded All territory east of the Mississippi to Britain, New Orleans to Spain and ceased to be a major power in North America. Spain ceded Florida to Britain for Cuba.

Before and After

Resentment and Friction British officers regularly criticized colonial

soldiers, also complained about colonists unwillingness to provide food and shelter.

British debt doubled. Colonies prospered by breaking the

Navigation acts. “Pontiac’s Rebellion” arose and was

subdued 3 years later. (Indians resisting settlement west of the Appalachians, French had been thinly scattered, Americans came in droves)

Proclamation of 1763 (No settlement west of Line drawn down Appalachians) and a 10000 man standing army was instituted as a result.

Colonial Oppression under George III

Writs of assistance passed to stop trade with the French west Indies. Violated privacy of of a place of residence since most business was conducted at home.

Boston merchants quickly challenged the constitutionality of the writs but were beaten by the Mass. Supreme court.

Taxes and Outrage

Sugar act 1764- passed to raise revenues to offset military debts which Pitt promised not to do. Plus it made trade so difficult through legal papers that it was near impossible to not commit a technical violation. Removed the right to fair trial and sent smuggling cases to admiral courts where the judges were given part of the confiscated materials, a serious conflict of interests.

Stamp act- 1765 direct tax on the people and virtual representation was used as an excuse for no colonial representation. Colonists denied that they were virtually represented and said they were slightly self governed. A Boston mob stormed and destroyed the Boston stamp distributor's house as well as Justice Hutchinson’s for many of his court decisions. Colonies began boycotting all British goods and caused the colonists to achieve some self-sufficiency.

Acts contd. The Declaratory act was passed (as the Stamp

Act was repealed) in 1766 by Parliament stating that they had full legislative power over any local legislatures in the colonies.

Quartering act 1766 to 1767 made colonists pay for supplies needed by British soldiers within their borders. Many saw it as continued tyranny and New York began to protest.

Townshend duties- 1767 set prices that did not conform to the market rates. Considered outside of the taxation power of the British on the colonists.

Resistance Many of the intellectual colonists were

influenced by Enlightenment literature such as Locke.

John (“Mad”)Wilkes after being elected is refused his seat in Parliament after being critical of King George and his policies.

Women began a nonconsumption campaign against tea.

Townshend also passed American Board of Customs Commission, deeply hated by many and seen as enabling “legalized piracy” targeted John Hancock.

More Tension.

The Boston Massacre 1770 considered the first deaths of the revolutionary war. 5 people were killed including Attucks. Defended by John Adams and all but 2 of the soldiers were acquitted.

North repealed most of the Townshend duties.

Committees of correspondence created in 1772 with urging from Samuel Adams.

Lord Dunmore's war began in 1774 and was fought with Indians over land in the Ohio area.

More Taxes Huzzah!

Tea act passed in 1773 threatened to corrupt Americans into accepting Parliamentary power to tax the colonies.

45 tons of tea ended up in Boston harbor on December 16th. (Boston Tea Party)

Intolerable acts

Coercive acts were passed 1774 to force the colonies to pay for the tea dumped into Boston Harbor.

Closed Boston Port, shut down Mass. legislature With the Quebec Act, giving religious

freedom to Catholics in Canada and gave them land down to the Ohio and west to the Mississippi, were named the Intolerable acts.

The “Murder” act allowed any person charged with murder in asserting royal authority to be tried else where.

Quartering act allowed the requisition of empty private buildings for housing troops.

The Beginning of a Rebellion

First Continental Congress assembled in September 1774 and voted to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting to Britain. Sent a message to the King imploring him to end the crises.

Governor Gage sent British troops to Concord to collect rumored munitions, was hit on their way back by Yankee forces which began a hit and run guerilla battle back to Boston. “Lexington & Concord” first fire fight of revolution, (Paul Revere rides)

Bunker Hill – Brits drive Continentals from Breed’s Hill, suffer huge losses doing so

Pleas and Propaganda

Olive Branch petition sent to King George III.

Paine published Common Sense pamphlet in 1776.

Jefferson masterminded the Declaration of Independence, the revolution had begun.

Revolution Adv./Disadv.

Loyalists felt that independence was not the only option.

Britain- had the most professional army and largest navy as well as a larger population./ Not on home soil and far from England.

Colonies- Home soil determined mostly self-reliant from years of boycotts. Skilled in guerilla warfare./ Forced to fight standard European style which they could not win. Ill-experienced officers, until Washington

Enter one George Washington. Purported himself with dignity and

respected the soldiers. Knew the American soldiers needed to be respected.

Learned from his earlier military defeats in the Ohio valley.

North

Knox heaved the cannons from Fort Ticonderoga to the hill overlooking Boston forcing the British to retreat.

Victories at Trenton and Princeton boosted morale, 44 continental casualties with 1300 British troops and Mercenaries removed from combat.

Saratoga was the turning point that convinced France to help the colonists.

Von Stueben was a Godsend for the colonial army and the training won them the battle of Monmouth.After horrible winter at Valley Forge – (second Paine pamphlet – “the Crisis”

West

Natives such as the Cherokees began attacking South Carolina and North Carolina. Whites retaliated and forced them to ceded their land to the whites.

Brant led pro-British Iroquois against Penn. And New York devastating the border area. Sullivan retaliated and defeated them in 1779

Nearing the End

Gates, after running from Cornwallis after just one volley, is replaced by Greene.

Greene stretched Cornwallis’ supply lines until they snapped and dogged Cornwallis until he retreats to Yorktown.

Peace

Cornwallis trapped at Yorktown surrendered to the colonials in October 1781.

The treaty Peace of Paris sowed the seeds for later disputes between Britain and America.

Evolution of egalitarianism Articles of Confederation 1781

outlined America’s new government. Decentralized power.

THE ROAD TO THE CIVIL WAR

1820-18621820-1833

Missouri Compromise

1819- 11 free to 11 slave states in House of Reps.

MO came in as a slave state it would upset balance

Maine came in as a free state to keep balance

36° 30´ line of separation for slave vs. free states

MO wanted to prohibit blacks from entering the state Clashed with Constitution’s provision that

citizens have = rights in all states Clay got agreement that MO cant discriminate

Missouri Compromise

Monroe Doctrine

Euro can’t colonize America anymore It would be considered an “unfriendly

act” America would abstain from any

European wars unless American interests were at heart

Served as bold words for nationalistic purpose

Impact Euro scoffed at its empty statement Holy Alliance was afraid of Britain and

not the US It was a claim by the US for supremacy

Equality and Inequality cont’d

Free blacks in North Bottom of scale Segregated, discriminated against

Middling Class Professionals small merchants landowning farmers

The North

Improved transportation Brief canal boom Steamboat

Commercial farming Industrial innovation

Lowell Mills in Mass. Still agricultural

Most populous section of the country

The South

King Cotton “Peculiar

Institution”Increased

by cotton boom

Varied lives for slaves at different plantations

Politics

Move from the hands of rich Southern planters into the hands of Northern merchants

Universal male suffrage in some states Party nominating conventions held Popular elections for President 2 Party System arises Rise of third parties as well “Spoils system”

Nullification Crisis Calhoun and South Carolina say that Tariff of

Abominations was unconstitutional Really worried that a North dominated

Congress may some day try to outlaw slavery, good time to “test” Nullification by saying:

“Each state has right to decide whether or not to obey federal law or declare it null and void”

Calhoun holds convention Jackson gets Congress to pass Force Bill so

military can be used Proclamation to the People of South Carolina:

nullification and disunion are treason

What You Need to Know About the Mexican War

• Whig party strongly disagreed with going to war

• resulted in Mexico selling of California and New Mexico

- This caused problems because in some of those states slavery was already being practiced and technically now as new states they weren't supposed to

• The winning of the war had a patriotic result in the U.S but it quickly faded away

• Thoreau went to prison for not paying his taxes because he did not support the war and wrote Civil Disobedience

Wilmot Proviso• David Wilmot (D – PA) proposed it and said that none

of the territory acquired in the Mexican war should be slave territory

• The Congress adjourned without discussing it then came back and proposed it be $3 million but said nothing about anti-slavery which was really Wilmot´s purpose in the first place

• Caused bitterness between the North and the South because it helped to solidify their opposing views on slavery

John Brown

Planned to arm slaves with guns/pikes and start insurrections all in the south

Seized Harpers Ferry, but whites came instead of slaves and they were over taken

Lawyers tried to claim that he was insane, but he knew very well what he was doing and a link was made with him and Northern abolitionist

The South was not at all pleased, and felt betrayed from the North once again.

Henry Clay’s “omnibus” bill (AKA the Compromise of 1850)

1) The admission of CA as a free state2) Mexican cession into two territories, New

Mexico and Utah without federal restrictions on slavery (popular sovereignty)

3) New Mexico gained the larger piece of the cookie between the border dispute with Texas

4) Government would assume the public debt of Texas (throwing bones out to please the dogs)

5) Slave trade abolished in the District of Columbia, but slavery still allowed

6) Lastly, a more effective Fugitive Slave Law (Angered North, pleased Southerners)

Daniel Webster

“Seventh of March” speech Chided the North for trying to “reenact the will

of God” by excluding slavery in the Mexican cession

He proved to be a proponent for the compromise

Ruined his reputation in Mass, his home state Dashed any Presidential prospects

Nashville Convention

Extreme advocates of southern rights meeting

Suspicious and important because it could be seen as a meeting to secede from the Union

Most rabid attendees were the “fire-eaters”

White House

President Zach Taylor died from eating and drinking to much (would that be the best way to go?)

VP Fillmore appointed Daniel Webster to secretary of state

Stephen Douglas

Compromise of 1850

Stephen Douglas chopped and diced Clay’s omnibus bill, which was losing favor in Congress and placed popular sovereignty in the Utah and New Mexico bill.

It composed of Statehood for CA Territorial status for Utah and New Mexico Resolution btw the Texas and New Mexico

boundary Federal assumption of Texas debt Abolition of slave trade in the D.C. New FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW

Both the South and North benefited, but the issue of slavery did not go away as did secession.

Buried the Wilmot Proviso

Fugitive Slave Law

Fugitives had no right to a fail trial, jury, and were not allowed to testify in their own behalf

Claimant just had to point and say he was a run away (imagine if our laws today were like that…)

North HATED it and realized slavery was not a sectional issue but a national problem, passed the “personal liberty laws”. Fugitives could not be jailed in state jails,

trying to foil the South and exclude the use of law enforcement.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe Depicted a slave Eliza running away to

freedom Tom gets whipped to death Preyed on people’s emotions and the

cruelty of such a peculiar institution. Runaway best seller (in the North and

overseas) put a “Face” on slavery

The Impending Crisis of the South

Hinton R. Helper wrote against slavery, calling it a curse upon whites

Election of 1852

Whigs were separated from the Fugitive Slave Law (their last run as a party!) Nominated Winfield Scott, bad decision due to

Scott’s support of the Compromise Democrats were not separated and

supported the Compromise fully Franklin Pierce won being a “dark horse”

Kansas Nebraska Act Stephen Douglas wrote it in hope of fulfilling

the Manifest Destiny and increasing the importance of the Midwest by the Pacific railroad (which was planned)

Conflict:

1) Some southerners wanted the Pacific railroad to start from either New Orleans or Memphis

2) It voided the Missouri Compromise line of 36*30’ by allowing slavery all the way to Canada if voters in the new territories so desired (which, Douglas felt, they wouldn’t, but even the possibility caused a huge Northern backlash against Douglas)

Political Groups

Free Soilers- abolitionists whose argument was slavery impeded white’s progress and is a disgrace to labor.

Whig’s die from separation, losing the election of 1852, and the Kansas Nebraska Act.

Know-nothings came and went Republican party emerges

Things you need to learn again

Ostend Manifesto Recommendation from three US ambassadors (Br, Fr, Sp)

that Pierce urge seizure of Cuba by “any means possible” Becomes public, plan abandoned

Kansas Crisis (Bleeding Kansas) Senator David R. Atchinson crossed with a ton of

proslavery followers and voted for slavery illegally, Lecompton, and the Lecompton Constitution; Buchanan’s blunder…

Antislavery in Topeka, John Brown and the “Pottawatomie massacre”

Popular sovereignty failed Sumner’s head runs into Preston Brook’s

cane a few times

Lincoln vs Douglas

Lincoln-Republican “House divided” speech (slavery cant exist in

one half and in the other exist) Did not want to bring equality between blacks

and whites Douglas-Democratic

Believed in the expansion of white settlements through popular sovereignty

Got into a predicament with his “Freeport Doctrine” during the Dred Scott debate.

Dred Scott Case

Scott had sued for his freedom because he was now residing in a free state

USSC under Taney said Scott could not sue because he was property and not a citizen of the U.S., also that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional so he was never free.

Slavery issue was coming to a boiling point

South secedes

Buchanan is no longer president and Lincoln is elected. Lincoln was very unpopular in the South and it

was the South used him as their excuse to secede

South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, they formed the Confederate States of America

Crittenden plan

The Last chance for the South to come back into the Union

Created by John Crittenden Proposed compensation for run away slaves Repeal of northern personal-liberty laws Two amendments

First, that the government could not interfere with the Southern states’ slavery

Second, the restoration of the Missouri Compromise line to protect slavery

Fort Sumter

Is bombarded by the Confederates and is taken over before relief ships could supply it

Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee all side with the Confederates

Civil War begins

Both sections begin mobilization for war Recruitment and Conscription laws begin

South gains a total of 9 million armed soldiers

North gathers around 22 million soldiers

RECONSTRUCTION: POLITICS AND CRISES

1865-77

Lincoln’s Plan Proclamation of Amnesty and

Reconstruction “Plan of Minority Voters” or “10% Plan”

Means for Southern states to rejoin the Union 10% of voters must take an Oath of Allegiance, and

must accept emancipation to the state’s law Former confederate congress officials, army and

naval officers and resigned union military or congress officials (people who had essentially switched sides) were excluded from taking the oath and had to apply for Presidential Pardon

Blacks were also excluded if they had not voted in 1860

Proposed by Lincoln during the war, obviously never implemented due to his death, but it did draw a response from the Radical Republican dominated Congress, who viewed it as too lenient towards the South

The Wade-Davis Plan Countered the 10% Plan (“too weak”) Provisions

Each former confederate state ruled by a Military Governor

½ of Voters required to take an Oath of Allegiance After the Oath, delegates could be elected by those

who had taken the oath from those who took the oath to a convention to repeal secession and abolish slavery

Did not provide for Black Suffrage Pocket-Vetoed by Lincoln

Fear that readmission would be delayed indefinitely

Reconstruction and Johnson Only Senator to remain in Congress when his state

seceeded Strong anti-Confederate, “treason is a crime” Supported emancipation as a part of the Union policy, did

not adopt abolitionist ideas, nor counter racist sentiments

Johnson’s Plan Plan to readmit the 7 states still without reconstruction

provisions to the Union Any Southerner to take an Oath of Allegiance would

receive a pardon and amnesty, and all property (except slaves) would be restored to them

Southerners with more than $20,000 worth of property had to ask Johnson for a pardon individually (which he gave freely once they “begged”)

These southerners could elect delegates to state conventions where secession would be declared illegal and the 13th amendment would be ratified.

The “Reconstruction” Amendments

13th Amendment:Prohibited slavery in the United States; ratified

December 1865 14th Amendment:

Defined citizenship (“Born or naturalized” in the US), provided for loss of congressional representation as repercussion for denying suffrage to ANY male citizen, repudiated Confederate debt, disqualified former officeholders who supported the confederacy from holding state or national office; ratified July 1868 as a condition of readmission

15th Amendment:Prohibited denying suffrage on the basis of race, color or

previous condition of servitude; ratified March 1870, required of VA, MS, TX, and GA for readmission

Women and Reconstruction

Loopholes in the 15th Amendment Didn’t provide full black suffrage without

restrictions, (didn’t provide for women’s suffrage at all)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Adding insult to injury after the inclusion of “male” in

the 14th amendment, with the absence of “sex” from the 15th

Minor v. HappersettUSSC rules that being a citizen doesn’t mean a state can’t deny women the vote

Blacks and Reconstruction

Freedmen serve as the Backbone of Southern Republicanism 60% SC legislature Black 6% of the House of Representatives were

black, half of which were from SC Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce serve

in the US Senate, both from Mississippi Black officials on the state level formed a

political elite, better education, influenced by the north, from big cities or large towns

Counterattacks “horror of negro domination” Ku Klux Klan

Widespread terrorist movement, violent Southern Democrats

Intimidation and violence against black voters

Aimed to suppress black voting, reestablish white supremacy, and topple reconstruction gov’ts

Knights of the White Camelia Spontaneous vigilante groups Suspected to be responsible for rapes,

shootings, murders, arson, beatings, and roasting of blacks and their supporters

Counterattacks Continued Targets

Freedman’s Bureau Officials Black Schools in Mississippi White Republicans Black militia units Economically Successful Blacks Black Voters Republican officeholders

Enforcement Acts and the Ku Klux Klan Act Outlaw vigilantism and protect black voters from

terrorist groups Empowered the President to use Federal troops

against vigilantes who aim to stop the electoral process

The Impact of Emancipation

Confronting Freedom Freedmen migration

Liberty to move toward higher wages, better housing and “havens of independence”

Legal Marriages and Reuniting families Some successful and some failing ends Desire for secured privileges of family

Black Institutions African Methodist Church Black Schools established by the Freedmen’s

Bureau Civil Rights Cases

Supreme court invalidates the Civil Rights Act of 1875, an Act passed in honor of Sumner’s (yep that Sumner) proposals

Agriculture, Society and Economy

Toward a Crop Lien Economy Secured loans through Liens (Claims) on Crops,

absence of property for collateral New Concerns in the North, 1868-1876

Grantism Grant, a strong military man, was not a savvy

politician His authority was abused as he appointed anyone

who wanted an appointment; (Spoils System, a la Jackson)

“The Gilded Age” and Boss Tweed The Liberal’s Revolt

Horace Greely and “the best man” The Panic of 1873

monetary dispute: greenbacks and yellowbacks Caused a 5-year depression

The end of Reconstruction

Republicans in Retreat Sick of: carpet bag government, the “southern

question” and the “negro question” Reconstruction Abandoned, 1876-1877 Redeeming the South

Ex-Confederates retake office Democrats sweep to take advantage of Republican’s

weak grip on southern electorate, blacks almost immediately disenfranchised (KLAN, other intimidation)

The Election of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes - the election scandal – Hayes

(Rep) vs Tilden ( Dem) Honest men, crooked election, votes in question

FL, SC, LA Commission gives all to Hayes, Dems object Deal made – Hayes gets White House, promises to

end Military reconstruction, appoint Dem cabinet member, see that federal money gets spent on southern improvements (The compromise of 1877)

Reconstruction Era: Things to Know

Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, and the Radical Republicans “clamored for the abolition of slavery and a demanding

reconstruction policy.”; they felt Lincoln’s plan was too weak and too forgiving of the south

Freedmen's Bureau Established to support former slaves; established schools,

churches, and other places for the survival of black’s well being.

Lincoln's 10 percent plan versus Wade-Davis bill Lincoln required that only ten percent of the voting population

take an oath of allegiance to the USA while the Wade-Davis (congressional) plan required that half of voters take the oath, the Wade-Davis plan could have delayed readmission of the states almost indefinetely

Thirteenth Amendment Outlaws slavery and was required by the Wade-Davis Bill and

the plans of Lincoln and Johnson to be ratified for readmission in reconstruction proceedings of the established electorate

More Things to Know black codes

The black codes regulated the rights of “free” blacks, locking them into a traditional sense of slavery in freedom, blacks were not truly liberated without the amendments that would soon protect their rights

Civil Rights Act of 1866 The first law passed over presidential veto, the bill

made black citizens legally equal to white citizens Fourteenth Amendment

All persons born or naturalized in the United States were declared citizens, of those citizens males were allowed to vote without regard to race and/or ethnicity. Under the realization that the south would not accept blacks unless forced to do so, the amendment declared that any state withholding the rights of blacks to vote would lose the percentage of legislators equivalent to the percentage of blacks in the state population.

Some more to Know Reconstruction Act of 1867

divided south into 5 parts, each controlled by a military governor

required each state to elect new delegates and form a new constitution

required states to allow ALL MALES to vote temporarily barred former confederates from voting required states to guarantee equal rights to all citizens required all states to ratify the 14th amendment

Tenure of Office Act Passed over veto, denying the president the right to remove

from office any appointed or approved (by congress) official without the approval of congress of the dismissal

Fifteenth Amendment Congress granted all male citizens the right to vote, and

declared the right of congress to enforce the amendment with repercussions on any state choosing to disobey it

Know these, too! carpetbaggers and scalawags

carpetbaggers were northerners who went south during reconstruction to make money, scalawags were southerners who supported federal reconstruction, both were derogatory terms

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Advocates of women’s suffrage and universal suffrage, competed with the 13th,

14th and 15th amendments as they further included blacks and excluded women from the voting population.

sharecropping and crop-liens sharecropping was the division of farms into smaller areas which were farmed

by—often black—farmers, crop liens guaranteed the production of these lands, by holding for collateral the next productive crop if one was to fail.

Ku Klux Klan White supremacist organization responsible for many of the hate crimes

committed against blacks, violent opposition to black participation and influence in society. The Klan often targeted black officials, black schoolhouses and even black homes, they didn’t just attack things, they also attacked people.

Enforcement Acts (Ku Klux Klan Act) These acts declared the punishments for those who attacked or attempted to

deny the rights of blacks or any other minority

And, know these… Civil Rights Act of 1875

Declared the rights of all citizens equal, noting that the south would not treat blacks fairly if they weren’t forced to.

Crédit Mobilier a fraudulent construction company used to skim off the profits of the

Union Pacific Railroad William M. “Boss” Tweed

Leader of Tammany Hall and the “embodiment of corruption” “Seward's Ice Box"

William H. Seward bought Alaska from Russia for the cost of 7.2 million dollars

Liberal Republicans and Horace Greeley “Anything to Beat Grant”, Greeley had inconsistently supported a

reconstruction plan, and managed to earn the support of half of the republicans and the democrats

greenbacks and the Greenback party defenders of the civil war monetary system of non-specie-backed

greenback paper money, arose from the period in which the government was trying to decrease inflation by pulling greenbacks from circulation.

LAST OF THE THINGS TO KNOW

Slaughterhouse cases [and their implication regarding the 14th Amendment!] The slaughterhouse cases concerned business monopolies on

butchering, which allowed for the loose interpretation of the 14th amendment where they denied blacks claims of discrimination citing slaughterhouses as a national right, not a state right, to which the 14th amendment did not apply.

Mississippi Plan and redemption Local democrats dispersed into republican societies and observed,

marching through black areas, patrolling voter registrations and keeping the republicans shaking in their boots for fear of one slip-up.

“Exodus" movement Black expansion into homesteads in Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas, and

Louisiana Hayes, Tilden, the Election of 1877 & the Compromise of

1877 Major scandal much like the election of 2000, where one single

electorate vote was needed for Tilden to win, and all the remaining votes were necessary for Hayes to win, but alas Hayes won

party politics in an era of social and economic upheaval

high pensions and fraud being paid w/ budget surplus raised by high tariffs democrats defend immigrant voters; solid south—repubs. have

NE, rural areas, and MidW; support from GAR (war vets, bloody shirt)

money supply becomes issue, gold or silver only trustworthy currency; Greenback party doesn’t think so; to debtors and farmers, tight money policy = bad

Sherman silver purchase act 1890 req. US to buy and mint silver—loop hole is they don’t have to

distribute it spoils system begins to be criticized; half-breeds and stalwarts;

half-breeds give positions to capable ppl, stalwarts = shift in party is time to reappoint to victors, regardless of ability or character Garfield killed by insane office seeker – Congress creates

professional civil service; Pendleton Civil Service Act,(1884) requires qualification ,tests, ability

Tom Watson, Mary E. Lease "raise less corn and more hell"

Lobby w/ Weaver as candidate for Populist P arty (1892) : gov. action on behalf of farm/work, low tariff, higher income tax, RR regulation, direct election of Senators, secret ballot Jim Crowism bad as ever, lynchings, black

disenfranchisement through poll tax, lit. test, grandfather clause (less terrorism than b4);

Booker T. Washington comes up from poverty in Horatio Alger style; stresses importance of achieving financial independence over equality

Plessy v. Ferguson legalizes racial segregation

Politics in a Depression decade

Cleveland faces panic of 1893 when gold standard dropping b/c of redeemers and failure of major RR creating panic/depression 1893-7; 600 state banks fail Jacob Coxey has good idea of gov. funded civil service

for 25% unemployed; plus reinstating legal tender (Coxey’s Army heads to Washington, arrested before arrival)

JP Morgan and August Belmont have to bail gov. out w/ 62 mil $. Gold strike in AK calms things down,

The Grange

The Grange(rs) farm coop in great plains, cash only, community support; attacked RR for fed reg. max freight prices Granger laws in many states; States can

regulate RR rates in their states Wabash v. Illinois, USSC changes mind

and says that fed cant reg. interstate commerce Congress counters w/ ICC and Interstate Comm.

act Grange lose at state lvl alliance movement

rises out of it; colored, NW mw; sense of community among farmers; realize polit. potential

Watershed election of 1896

gold people know that paper money alone could cause uncontrolled inflation, and silver ppl know that tight money policy devastates farmers/debtors/workers democrats run William Jennings Bryan:

“cross of gold speech” war chest of Republicans is bigger, take

election McKinley enacts Dingley tariff (all time high)

and officially commits US to gold standard though populism died, progressivism

began to emerge;

Expansionist stirrings and war w/ spain

Mahan and Influence of sea power upon history; idea of imperialism and overseas adventures as test of manhood (plus naval power) becomes jingoism

US expands and annexes Hawaii after discontent from locals about sugar prices and us stealing their kingdom and putting up hotels

Pulitzer's World and Hearst's Journal use new printed photographs and sensationalism to appeal to the masses and cutthroat fight for readership; inspires more expansionism

war spirit fight w/ Spain to free Cuba, Teddy Roosevelt

gets first taste of action; rough riders black troops, despite segregation within their own

ranks, served w/ distinction victory in freeing Philippines, Aguinaldo = freedom

fighter, but after he writes up his version of a democratic institution, islands go to US by pop. Vote anyway

Anti-imperialsts believe that annexation and war to do so is unconstitutional