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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ К ДОКЛАДУ А. Ю. МИЛИТАРЕВА И С. Л. НИКОЛАЕВА «ПРААФРАЗИЙСКИЕ ЗООНИМЫ И ПРОБЛЕМА АФРАЗИЙСКОЙ ПРАРОДИНЫ»

PROTO-AFRASIAN ZOONYMS

1. UNGULATES

1.1. Bovids.

1. *ʔakw- ‘k. of small bovid’

Chad. *(ʔV)kw- ‘she-goat, goat(s)’. Cush. N.: Beja oka ‘sheep’; E.: LEC: Arbore ʔokki-ič/-ité ‘individual male/female of horned stock’; Dullay: Dihina okk-itte ‘sheep’; S.: Asa ʔaʔaku ‘sheep’, (?) Ma’a ogú ‘goat wether’ (acc. to HRSC 25, *k and *kʷ may yield g).

2. *ʔayl- � *ʔal(l)Vy- ‘k. of small bovid’

Sem. *ʔayl- ‘ram’: Akk. (?); Ugr.; Hbr., Aram.; ESA; Tna. (perhaps < Saho-Afar); Jib. ayyól ‘Steinbock’ (Bittner 29, not in JJ; otherwise from *ʔayyal- ‘deer’). Cf. *ʔayVl- ‘deer’.

Berb. *ti-Hilay- ‘sheep’: Ahaggar té-helé, Ghat či-hali, Taneslemt t-ilay, etc. Cush. N.: Beja alli, pl. illi ‘long-haired sheep’; E.: Saho ille, Afar illi ‘small cattle’, Arbore ʔellém, Elmolo ʔélem ‘ram’ (both with -m suffixed); S.: Maʔa iʔalé ‘ram’, iʔalú ‘sheep’. ● Cf. HSED No. 67; Bl. Beja 233-4; SED II No. 24; AADB. Cf. *laʔ(laʔ)- ‘(young) small bovid’ and *ʔayyal- ‘deer’.

3. *ʔayVl- ‘deer; k. of small bovid’

Sem. *ʔayal- ‘deer’: Akk. ayalu ‘stag, deer’ OB on; Ugr. ʔayl ‘deer’; Phoen. ʔyl ‘stag’, Hbr. ʔayyāl ‘fallow deer’; Aram. Off. ʔyl ‘deer, stag’, etc.; Arab. ʔiyyal-, ʔayyal- ‘cerf’. Cf. another meaning of Arab. ʔiyyal-, ʔayyal-, namely ‘bouquetin, bouc de montagnes’ as well as Sab. ʔyl ‘mountain goat, ibex’ and Jib. ayyól ‘Steinbock’ (unless an Arabism), which may alternatively

continue the homonymic (at least on the PAA level) *ʔayl- *ʔal(l)ay- ‘k. of small bovid’ (2467). Egyp. (Dem.) ʔywr, Copt. *ʔeyul ‘deer’ (likely borrowed from Sem.). Chad. *lV(yV) ‘gazelle, duiker’ St. 2005 #57. Cush. E.: LEC: Somali eelo ‘tipo de gazella (antilope giraffa)’.

4. *ʔarVn- ‘k. of small bovid’ Sem. *ʔVrn/m- ‘mountain goat’: Akk. armu ‘buck (of gazelle or mountain goat)’ MB on;

Aram. (Syr.) ʔarnā ‘caper montanus’; Arab. ʔirān- ‘oryx mâle’; Gez. ʔornā ‘kind of antelope’, Goggot, Muher ərrəññä ‘ram, small male sheep’; Mhr. ḥā-ráwn, Jib. ʔɛrún ‘goats’, Soq. ʔérehon ‘moutons, chèvres’. Berb. *a-nHir (<*-nVʔir, met. <*ʔVrin?): Zenaga e-naʔrh ‘gazelle-Dama’; Ghat inir, Ahaggar enir, Tadghaq tinhirt ‘antilope mohor’. Cush. E.: LEC: Baiso orén (m.), oroono (f.) ‘goat’. ● Perhaps derived, with -Vn- extention, from *ʔaruy- ‘k. of small bovid’.

5. *ʔi/arw- � *ʔawr- ‘(female/young) large bovid’

Sem. *ʔi/arw-n- � *ʔawr- ‘calf, bull’: Syr. ʔarwn- ‘calf’; Arab. ʔirn- ‘male oryx’ (tu

ʔirnin ‘bull’); Amh. awra ‘male (animal), dominant or alpha male; bull’; Gur. *ʔaraʔ/y- ‘cows’. Egyp. (MK) ỉr-t ‘calf’, (Dem.) ỉry-t ‘milking cow’. Berb. *-HirVy ‘calf’: Ayr ehəri, Semlal ta-uru-t ‘troupeau’ (de bœufs)’, Azilal ta-wru-t ‘troupeau’ ~ tiwra id.; Chad. W.: Hausa wariyya

‘a k. of antelope’, Dera wore , ara ‘meat’, Sha ʔarwaˋ ‘ox’. Cush. N.: Beja oreo ‘bull, steer’, rw ‘cow’; E.: Saho awr, Afar awur ‘bull’, LEC: Somali awr ‘he-camel’, Rendille or ‘he-camel, bull’, Oromo oor-oo ‘burden camel’, Bayso aar, Arbore ʔaar , Dasenech ar ‘bull’, etc., HEC: Sidamo waʔr-iččo ‘older calf’, Burji array, arʔáy ‘bull’, aʔre ‘calf’; Yaaku rɛhɛʔ ‘calf’ (while the Beja and Saho-Afar terms can be Amharisms, the other forms are unlikely so). ● Cf. Bla. Beja 236, 269; SED II No.16; AADB. The temptation to unite with *ʔaruy- ‘k. of small bovid’

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is compromised by different representation of forms of both roots in the same individual languages.

6. *ʔaruy- ‘k. of small bovid’

Sem. *ʔarw- ‘gazelle, ibex’: Akk. arwû (OAkk. on); Arab. ʔurwiyyat- ‘chèvre de montagne’; Sabaic ʔrwy-n (pl.) ‘(female) mountain goat, ibex’; Mehri ʔarīt ‘goat’. Chad. *ʔVrVw- ‘goat; sheep; duiker’: W.: Hausa ara-ara ‘type of long-legged ram, goat, sheep’; C.: Baldiu érèwè ‘antelope sp.’.; E.: Migama ʔāró ‘duiker’. Cush. *ʔaray- ‘goat’: E.: Afar eráy-taa ‘goat’; LEC: Somali ari, eri ‘pecore e capre’, Oromo reʔ-ee, Rendille riyyo, Bayso arer, Dasenech re-ččo, pl. reʔe ‘goat’, Elmolo rr’ete ‘female goat’; HEC: Burji aráy ‘sheep’; Yaaku erer ‘antelope sp.’; S.: Iraqw ari ‘goat’, pl. ara, Alagwa, Burunge ara (pl.), Qwadza ali-to (-l-

<*-r-) ‘goat’. Omot. N.: Koyra aare ‘flock of sheep’. ● Perhaps to be united with *ʔi/arw- � *ʔawr- ‘(female/young) large bovid’.

7. *ʔa/iw- ~ *waʔ- ‘k. of large bovid (and meat, skin?)’

Sem.: Tgr.wäʔat ‘cow’; Mhr. ʔīwē- ‘gazelle’. Berb.: E.Tawllemmet i-wa-n (pl.) ‘vaches, bœufs’ (hawu, hawwu ‘vache’). Cush. *ʔa/iw- ~ *waʔ- ‘bull’: N.: Beja yew ‘bull, heifer’; E.: Yaaku wáá(t), pl. wáaʔ ‘bull’; S.: Iraqw, Alagwa, Burunge aw ‘bull’ (cf. C.: Awiya ay and E.: LEC: Mashile uwwu ‘skin’). ● Cf. Cush. E.: Yaaku yɛʔɛi ‘meat’ and Omot. S.: Dime wəhə, Karo wa(h)a, Ari, Hamar wa ‘meat’).

8. *ʔiwat- ‘k. of small bovid’

Sem.: Tigre ʔäyot ‘Ziege, Zicklein’; Gogot wətəňňä, Muher, Masqan wəttəňňä, Chaha wətənä, Eža wəttənnä ‘the young (male) of a goat or a sheep’. Berb. *ti-hatt- (<*ti-ʔat-t ?) ‘sheep’ (pl.). Chad. W.: Bokkos tìtwi ‘sheep’; (?) C.: Bachama hara (< *Hat-), Bata hata ‘meat’; E. *(ʔa-)taw ‘she-goat’: Sokoro atu, Nanchere, Lele, etc. tū, Modgel tō. Cush. S.: Qwadza aʔato ‘sheep’.

9. *ʕaw/y- ‘k. of small bovid’

Sem.: Tgr. ʕəyyät ‘suckling lamb’. Egyp. ʕw.t (OK) ‘sheep and goats’. Berb.-Can.: Gomera aó ‘sheep’. Chad. *hawa ‘goat’: W.: Fyer ʔoo ‘she-goat’; C.: Gisiga ʔaw, Gude ohwa, Nzangi hoɛ, Bachama hwo-to, Gidar hawa ‘she-goat’. Cush. N.: Beja ay, ey, pl. éeya ‘goat’.

10. *ʕVlag- � *lVgʕ/ʔ- ‘male/young large bovid’

Sem.: Arab. ʕulm- ‘old bull’; Tgr. lga ‘male calf’, Tna lgaʕ ‘cow close to calving’. Chad. C. *lVg/ɣ- ‘bull’: Hidkala əlghə, Bachama lugulɛy, etc. (cf. Chad. *lVgVnV ‘elephant’ St. 2005 #174). (?) Cush. N.: Beja laga, legha ‘calf’ (< Tgr.?); S. *lagaʔ/y- ‘goat’: Alagwa lagay, Burunge legeʔi. ● Perhaps only NA.

11. *ʕi(n)ʒ- ‘k. of small bovid’ Sem. *ʕa/inz- ‘she-goat’: Akk. enzu (ezzu, inzu) ‘she-goat, goat (gen.term)’ OB on; Ugr.

Phoen. ʕz, Hbr. ʕēz, Aram (Off.) Off. ʕnz, ʕz ‘goat’, (Syr.) ʕezzā ‘capra’, Sab. ʕnz ‘goats’ (coll.), Arab. ʕanz(-at)- ‘chèvre’; Mhr. wōz, Jib. ʔɔz ‘she-goat’, Soq. ʔoz ‘chèvre, mouton’. Chad. W.: Bokkos ʔazan ‘ram’. Cush. E.: Saho ʕidoo ‘sheep’; LEC *(ʔ)iʒ-: Somali ido (lack of the initial *ʕ- is disturbing), Rendille iíy(e) ‘flock of sheep’, Elmolo ʔédi ‘goat’; (?) S.: Asa ʔando ‘impala; female impala’.

12. *ʕay/wp- � *pi/aʕ- ‘(female, young) small bovid’

Sem.: Arab. faʕfaʕ-; ESA (Min.) fyʕ, Soq. ʕeyfif ‘kid’. Egyp. (20 Dyn.) ʕpwy ‘name of a

holy ram’. Chad. C.: Hwona wufi-ra ‘she-goat’, Logone, Kotoko hufu ‘goat’. Cush. E.: Dobase piʕa-če ‘female goat’. ● See SED II No. 49; AADB.

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13. *bVʔ(bVʔ)- ‘k. of small bovid’

Sem.: Akk. bibbu ‘wild sheep’ SB; Tgr. buba ‘koodoo (antelope)’. Chad. W. *bVʔ(bVʔ)- ‘duiker’ (or < *ʔV-bVʔ- ‘cow, antelope’?). Cush. S.: Iraqw buubuuti ‘gazelle sp.’, Qwadza baʔ-uko ‘bush duiker’ , Dahalo ḅáḅaʔááni ‘bushbuck’.

14. *baggaʕ- ‘k. of small bovid’

Berb.: Tuar. *bagug ‘young ram, lamb’. Chad. W. *(m)bag- ‘sheep; he-goat’; C. *bag- ‘sheep’; E. *bag- ‘she-goat’. Cush. C. *baggā ‘sheep, ram’. Omot. N. *bagVy- ‘goat, sheep’.

15. *bawil ~ *yabil- ~ *mbVl- ‘k. of small bovid’

Sem. *ybil- (perhaps <*wbil-) ‘ram’: Phoen., Hbr., Aram. (but Arab. wābilat- ‘petits chameaux ou agneaux; petits d’un troupeau composé de chameaux ou de moutons’). Egyp. (OK, MK) ỉbꜣw ‘Mähnenschaf (ovis tragelaphus)’. Berb. *ḇ/bal(l)i ‘sheep, ram’: Ghadames ta-ḇali, Audjila te-ḇel, Gurara, Tuat, Tidikelt belli (pl.). Chad. *bVlV ‘goat, sheep’: W.: Geji mbila

‘sheep’; C.: Boka bwələ ‘goat’, Matakam bəláw ‘race de mouton sp.’; E.: Lele bulóbuló

‘he-goat’, Kabalai bâl, Migama bo liyo, Sokoro bal ‘goat’. Cush. E.: Oromo bull- ‘lamb’, Hadiya ambula ‘ram’, Kambatta ambula ‘goat, ram’. Cf. Chad.W.: *baHil-Vm- ‘horn’: Montol

bulu, Bolewa boolu-m, Galambu bali, Maha belem, etc.), C.: Bura ti-mbil, Chibak tə-mbələ ‘horn’. Omot. S.: Dime bal-tu, Galila baali ‘horn’. ● Cf. HSED No. 2570; SED II No. 245; AADB.

16. *bVr- ‘(male) large bovid’

Sem. *bVr- ‘bull’: Akk. bru (pru) ‘young calf’, bīru ‘bull (for breeding); young cattle (up

to three years)’; Mand. bira ‘domestic cattle’; Arab. (Yem. dial.) brah ‘cow’; Tgr. bara ‘ox’,

Amh. bare, Har. bra ‘ox, bull’, Gur. *bawr- ‘ox (for farming)’. Cf. *bVʕVr- ‘household animal; beast of burden’ (SED II No. 53), perhaps derived with a secondary -ʕ-. (?) Egyp. (20 Dyn.) bꜣwy ‘arena, battlefield for bull-fight’ (presumably a nisba < *bVr- ‘bull’, cf. EDE II 53-54). Chad. *bVrV ‘buffalo, bull’: W.: Gera bara ‘buffalo’; C.: Bura bri ‘herd of cattle’, Logone bere, Buduma báriē ‘bull’, Zime-Batna mbar ‘meat’; E.: Mokilko buru ‘bull’. (eventual borrowing of

all the forms from Eth. not to be ruled out). Cush. *bVr- ‘bull’ (unless < Eth.): Beja beʔry ‘bull,

cow’ (< Eth.?); C. *bir- ‘ox, bull’ (Bilin bir, etc. < Eth.?); E.: Afar abur ‘bull, ox’, HEC *br- ‘young bull’ (Sidamo boor-to, etc. < Eth.?). Omot. N. *bariy- ‘bull’: Wolayta boora ‘ox’, Gamo

boora ‘bull’, Zala br ‘ox’ (acc. to Blench OLT 68, all three < Gur.), Chara biira (acc. to

Blench ibid., < Agaw), Kafa bariy ‘calf’, Mocha bariyo ‘steer’, Bworo ber, Sheko bariyo ‘bull’. ● Cf. HSED No. 183; Bla. Beja 238; SED II No. 53 notes.; EDE II, 54-55; AADB. Cf.

Nostr. *bVrV: Alt. *bioŕu ‘calf, lamb’, Drav. *padd-/*baṟ- ‘heifer’ (GlDB). 17. *birk- ‘k. of large bovid’

Egyp. (NK) bkꜣ ‘milk-cow’ (if < *bVkVr- with met. and unless < *bk; ‘be pregnant’). Berb. Ahaggar éberkaw ‘veau non sevré’, Ayr, E. Tawllemmet ebărkăw ‘veau (de 2 à 12 mois)’. Chad. W.: Dear bírìk ‘bull’; C.: Buduma Buduma bergá ‘buffalo’ (<*bVrk/g-: voicing is possible); E.: Dangla bàrkì ‘bull, cow’, Bidiya bìrkì ‘bull’, bìrkà ‘cow’. ● Cf. met. *kVbVr- ‘k. of large

bovid’.

18. *ĉayw/ʔ- ‘(meat of) bovids’

Sem. *ŝaw- ‘head of small cattle’: Akk.; Ugr.; Phoen, Hbr.; Arab.; Sab. Egyp. ( MK) ꜣy

‘pig’ (if ꜣ is not < r or l; cf. also w ‘ass’). Chad. *ĉa- ‘cow; meat’: W. *ĉa- ‘cow’: Siri ẑáà-ti, Jimi, Polchi ŝáa, Dwot, Buli, Zul, Ngizim ŝáa (cf. also *ĉaw- ‘meat’); C. *ŝa- ‘cow’: Tera ẑa, Bura, Margi, Gisiga ŝa, etc. (cf. also *ŝuw- ‘meat’). Cush. S. *ŝaʔe- ‘cow’: Iraqw, Alagwa,

Burunge ŝee, Asa ŝe-ok, Qwadza ŝae-ko. Omot. N. *ʔay- � *aʔ- ‘goat’: Bworo eya, Mao

(Hozo) aa, (Ganza) saʔa, Dizi ɛs-ku. ● Cf. HSED No. 517; SED II No. 217; AADB.

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19. *čaʔw- � *ʔačVw- ‘(meat) of small bovids’

Sem. *ṯaʔ(w)-at- ‘ewe’: Ugr.; Aram.; Arab.; MSA. (?) Berb.: Canarian (all islands) chivato, chiva ‘kid’ (rather < Spanish chibo). Chad. W.: Kariya čiči, Gera čača ‘goat’ (redupl.); E.:

Kwang čuw� ‘he-goat’. Cush. E.: Somali soʔ, Oromo fooni, Baiso soʔo, Konso sowa, etc. ‘meat’ (Oromo f- points to *č). Omot. N. *ʔačVw- ‘meat, flesh’: Koyra ʔaččo, Zaysse ʔačó, Ganjule ʔačo, Kachama ʔačɔ, Chara aččaa, Gimirra ʔač, Ongota čata (<*ča-ta). ● Cf. SED II No. 236; AADB.

20. *(ʔu/i-)daw- ‘wild sheep ?’

Sem.: Akk.(redupl.?) dūdu (lex.), a/etūdu OA, SB ‘wild sheep (male)’; Aram. (Off.) ʔndwt id. (hapax in Frah); Arab. wadān- ‘mouflon’. Berb. *wVdad- ‘wild ram (Ammotragus lervia)’: Nefusa a-wdād, Semlal, Izdeg, Ghadames, Ghat udad, Ahaggar ūdad. Chad. W.: Hausa uda ‘k. of sheep’; C.: Mofu dáw ‘goat’. Cush. E.: Saho aydṓ ‘sheep (coll.)’, Afar ida ‘ewe’; LEC: Bayso idādo ‘sheep’. Cf. Sum. udu ‘sheep’.

21. *dabVy- ‘(female/young) large bovid’ Sem.: Arab. dabab- ‘veau qui vient de naître’; Harari däbāy ‘female calf, heifer’, Zway

Zwy. ǯibičča ‘young bull’. Cush. N.: Beja daaʔbi ‘breeding male (of all kinds of domestic cattle)’; E.: LEC: Somali dibi ‘bull’, Oromo (Wellega) dibi-cca ‘young bull’.

Cf. *dub- ‘horn’ (Egyp., Chad., E.Cush.) and *dab- ‘skin, hide’ (Arab. dabab- ‘poil abondant’; Chad. W.: Dera dímbì ‘skin, body’, E.: Mobu dáḅá ‘skin’; Cush. N.: Beja adeeb ‘skin, hide’, C.: Bilin dabba ‘tanned hide’, E.: Somali dub ‘skin’; Omot. N.: Kafa dabboo ‘clothes made of bull-hide’.

22. *dVbal- ‘k. of even-toed ungulate’

Sem.: Arb. dawbal- ‘wild boar, suckling pig’, Gez. dbel ‘billy goat, bull, male of any

animal’, Tgr. dbela ‘ram’, Tna. dibla, Amh. dabela, dbl ‘billy goat’ (LGz.120-21; in view of a tenable Arab. parallel, hardly haphazard in triconsonantal roots, less likely < Cush. as Leslau asserts, while E. Cush.: Saho, Afar dabeela ‘billy goat’ are rather borrowed from Eth.). Cush. N.: Beja debala ‘yearling cow’; E.: Baiso dabaalo ‘heifer’ (cf. in Bla. Beja 243). ● Cf. Bla. Beja 269; AADB. Perhaps derived, with -l suffixed, from *dabVy- ‘female/young large bovid’.

23. *damaʔ/y- ‘k. of small bovid’ Sem.: Gurage *dumma ‘cow without horns’. Berb. *-damV ‘gazelle’: Tlit ádmū ‘gazelle’;

Zenaga dāmi ‘Gazelle Rufifrons’; Ahaggar (and other Tuareg) édemi, pl. idemân ‘gazelle de grande especè’. Chad. W.: Mburku dumun ‘duiker antelope’; E. *dum- ‘meat’. Cush. E.: Hadiya damal-iččo ‘antilope dekkula’ (with root extention -l?); S. *damaʔ/y- ‘eland’. Omot. N.: Male dammə ‘calf (bovine)’, Yemsa dumā ‘sorta di antilope (corrispondente all’amarico dekkulā)’.

24. *(ʔV-)dVwr- ‘k. of small bovid’ Sem.: Akk. dudrū ‘sorte de mouton’; Arab. diryānat- ‘espèce de taureau pourvu d’une

bosse’; Tgr. (pl.) ʔaddarit ‘dwarf-antelope’ (too diverse meanings). Egyp. (OK) ỉdr ‘Herde (von Vieh und Geflügel)’. Berb.: Ayr edəri, pl. idăran, Ahaggar édəri, pl. idərân ‘orix’, etc. Chad. W.: Hausa dari ‘hartebeest (Damaliscus korrigum)’, Guruntum doro, dòoro ‘goat’, Bokos ʔandûr, Sha ndur ‘ram’, etc.; C.: Musgu uderi; E.: Dangla daro ‘gazelle sp.’ Cush. E.: Afar wadār ‘Ziegen, Kleinvieh’; Somali aderio ‘male kudu antelope’; S.: Burunge doro ‘zebra’; Dahalo ḏáḏi:ri ‘Lesser Kudu’. Omot. *dVr- ‘sheep’: N.: Koyra, Zaise dorō, Basketo, Doko dori, Oida duro ‘sheep’, Gimira (She) dor ‘ram’; S.: Ari dertí ‘sheep’, Dime der ‘goat’. ● The formation from *(ʔu/i-)daw- ‘wild sheep ?’ with the -r root extension is to be considered. Also v. Tak 2011 73.

25. *daSS- (*-s or *-ŝ) ‘male/young small bovid’

Sem.: Akk. (MA, SB on) daššu (taššu) ‘buck of gazelles and goats’. Cush. N.: Beja deeš ‘young gazelle’. Omot. N.: Welayta dešša, Gofa , Gamo , Dorze , Cancha dešš, Chara deeša ‘goat’.

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26. *(ʔa-)fVr- ‘k. of bovid’

Sem. *parr- (1) ‘lamb’ (Akk. parru; Syr. parr-, Mnd. par-; Arab. furr-, farr-), (2) ‘cattle’

(Ugr. pr ; Hbr. par ‘bull, steer’, pr ‘cow’, Aram. (Sam.) pr ‘bull’, prh ‘cow’; Tgr. fərrət

‘pasturing herd’, mfrr ‘herd (of cows)’, Amh. afʷar ‘to become a yearling ox’; (?) MSA: Mhr.

fr (pl. fəhr�n) ‘young bull’, Jib. fɔʕɔr ‘young bull, male calf’, Soq. fáʕhar ‘young bull’ (with a secondary -ʕ-). Chad. C. *fVr- ‘buffalo; cattle’: Bura fir, Kilba fur, Margi fur ‘buffalo’, Mbara fàrày ‘cattle; dot (bride wealth)’. Cush. *(ʔa-)fVr- ‘sheep, goat’: E.: Yaaku apur ‘sheep’; S.: Asa ʔeferet, ʔoforok, Qwadza afulatu ‘he-goat’. ● Cf. HSED No. 1950; SED II No. 181; AADB.

27. *gad(-am/n)- ‘k. of bovid’

Sem. *gady- ‘kid’ (common Sem.). Chad. W. *ga/ud-am/n ‘antelope’; C.: Zime-Batna gódày ‘buck’. Cush. E.: LEC: Oromo gadam-sa ‘greater kudu’, Dirayta gadan-sa, gadam-sa ‘antelope’; HEC.: Sidamo goda ‘deer, gazelle’, Burji gadám-a ‘greater kudu’ (< Oromo?).

28. *(ʕ/ʔi-)gʷal- ‘k. of large bovid’

Sem. *ʕigʷal- ‘calf’: Ebl. (?); Ugr.; Phoen., Hbr., Aram.; Arab.; N. Eth. (Gez. ʕ/ʔəgʷəl, Tgr. ʔəgal ). Egyp. ʕgnyꜣ cow depicted (very likely <*ʕVgVl- ). Chad. W.: Sayanchi, Geji gal ‘cow’; C.: Bura gyɛl ‘bull’. Cush. S.: Dahalo ngolome ‘male buffalo’ (<*nV-gʷVl-Vm-?). Omot. N.: Wolayta gallua, Zayse galo ‘calf’. ● Cf. HSED No. 1100; SED II No. 28; AADB. Cf. metathetic

*ʕVlag- � *lVgʕ/ʔ- ‘male/young large bovid’.

29. *(ʔa-)gar- ‘k. of small bovid’ Sem.: Akk. ( MA) gurratu, agurratu ‘ewe’; Tna. gahret ‘doe antelope’, Tgr. gärwa ‘kudu

(antelope)’. Egyp. (MK) ḏr (if < *gVr) ‘calf’. Berb.: Zenaga əgrərh ‘bélier’. Chad. *(ʔa-)gar- ‘k. of antelope’: W.: Hausa āgārē ‘big, male gazelle’, Bolewa gaarùwà ‘pack ox’, Karekare gaarùwà ‘bull’, Tsagu gāre ‘reedbuck’, Mburku gāri ‘oryx’, Ngizim agare ‘gazelle’; C.: Bana gàrəwà ‘troupeau de bœufs’, Mandara gāri ‘bull’, Musgu garí ‘(grosser) Stier, Laststier’, Hursa goragora, Udlam gwara, Matakam ŋgwur ‘ram’, Logone garia, Makeri ingərii ‘antelope’, Buduma ŋgəri ‘gazelle’; E.: Tumak gəru, Kwang gowor-to ‘antelope’. Cush. *gar- ‘k. of antelope’: N.: Beja garuwa ‘eland’; C. *gar- ‘calf; E.: HEC: Darasa gurum’iččo ‘gazelle’, garrančo ‘Agazen antelope’, gorona, Burji gar-ée ‘calf’; S.: Iraqw gwaraʔai ‘Hartebeest’, Burunge geraʔi ‘Grant’s gazelle’. Omot. N.: Wolayta, Dawro gaaraa ‘antelope dekula’.

30. *ɣufr- ~ *ɣVraf- ‘k. of small bovid’

Sem.: Hbr. ʕōpär ‘a young fallow deer’; Aram. Off. ʕpr ‘young stag/gazelle’; Arab. ɣafr-, ɣufr- ‘petit de chamois ou de chèvre, chevreau’, ɣifr- ‘veau’, yaʕfūr- ‘gazelle, petit de gaselle ou de biche’, ʕu/ifr- ‘porc, verrat, petit cochon, pourceau’. Chad. W.: Ngizim gəràfìyà ‘hartebeeste’. Cush. S.: Asa ʔeferet, Qwadza afulatu ‘goat’.

31. *haw/yr- ‘k. of bovid’: Sem. Arab. hawr- ‘très grand troupeau de moutons’ (DRS 391). Berb. *harVy (Tuar., Tamazight,

Shilh) ‘sheep, small cattle; fortune, wealth’ (in a couple of Tuareg languages also ‘faon de gazelle’); Canarian *hara ‘sheep’. Chad. W.: Dera ʔara ‘stew, meat’; C.: Bachama hara ‘meat (animal)’; E.: Lele ōrē (pl.) ‘goats’. Cush. S.: Dahalo heeri ‘goat, sheep’. (?) Omot. N.: Malo

hri ‘cattle’, Oyda (h)arr ‘cow’. 32. *kVbVr- ‘male large (?) bovid’ (no Sem.) Chad. C.: Mafa ńkúvár ‘antelope’, Buduma kāber ‘bull’. Cush. E.: HEC: Hadiya kobira

‘buffalo’; S.: Asa kubarari ‘dikdik’, kubararok ‘male d.’, Dahalo kórrobe ‘male lesser kudu’ (met.?). ● Cf. met. *birk- ‘k. of large bovid’.

33. *kVm- ‘troop of large bovids’

Sem.: Arab. kūm- ‘troupeau de chameaux’ (BK 2 945). Chad. *kVm- /*kʷVm- ‘cow; bull’ (CED #435) and *kVm- ‘meat’ (ibid. #435a). Cf. also *k(V)yVm- ‘oribi, gazelle’ (St. 2011 #225).

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Cush. C. *kim- ‘cattle, cow’ (incl. Bilin, Khamir kim ‘cattle, possessions’, Kemant kemaa ‘possessions, herd’). Omot. N.: Koyra kéémo ‘cattle’ (borrowing from S.Agaw is possible).

34. *kar(w/y)- ‘young small bovid’

Sem. *ka/ir(r)- ‘ram, goat’: Akk. kirru (or girru) ‘a breed of sheep (?)’; Ugr. kr ‘ram’; Hbr. kar ‘(young) ram’, Aram. kr ‘sheep’. (?) Egyp. (NK) kr-ty ‘horns’ (dual). Berb. *kVrr ‘ram, goat’, *kVrw ‘lamb, kid’. Chad. *kVr- ‘goat, ram’: W.: Kofyar koor ‘castrated goat’, Angas kīr ‘fattening ram’ (cf. kwēr ‘reedbuck’), Gera kwaraˋ ‘goat’, Zaar karoˋ ‘sheep’, Wangday kɛroˋ ‘ram’, etc. (cf. Tangale kɔrnɛ ‘to protect, quard, keep, shelter, watch’, kuri ‘herd (of cattle)’, Dera kəra n’herding’ < *kVr- ‘to guard, to protect, to shelter’, acc. to St. 2011 #259); E.:

Tobanga (N. Gabri) kara ‘goat’. Cf. also *kʷVr- ‘bull, cattle; meat’ St. 2011 #286. Cush. E.: Arbore kaariy ‘heifer goat’, korat ‘male goat’, Dobase koren-te ‘female goat’ , Yaaku kurum- ‘goat, young; lamb’. ● Cf. HSED No.1432; SED II No. 118; AADB.

35. *laʔ(laʔ)- ‘female/young small bovid’

Sem.: Akk. lalû (laliʔu, lalaʔu) ‘kid’ OB on; Ugr. llʔu ‘lamb, kid’; Soq. lúloh ‘brébis’. Berb.: Ahaggar élahei ‘mouton à laine’. Cush. *laʔ(laʔ)- ‘goat’: E.: LEC: Oromo lal-eesa ‘she-goat’; HEC: Sidamo laatto (f.) ‘young sheep, lamb’; S.: Iraqw leʔi, Gorowa leeʔi ‘goat’. ●

Perhaps eventually related with *lawiʔ- ‘large cattle’. Cf. *ʔayl- � *ʔal(l)Vy- ‘k. of small

bovid’, *ʔayVl- ‘deer; ‘k. of small bovid’.

36. *lawiʔ- ‘k. of large bovid’

Sem. *lVʔ- (m.), *lVʔ-at- (f.) ‘head of large cattle’: Akk. littu (l�tu); Ebl. li-a-num ‘cow’;

Arab. lʔa ‘wild bull, buffalo’; Mhr. ləhaytən ‘cows’, Jib. leʔ, Soq. ʔelheh ‘cow’. Egyp. (Pyr.) iwꜣ ‘bull’ (if < *lVwVʔ-). Berb.: Tuareg əlu ‘bull’ (quoted in EDE I 86 as "Tamasheq", dialect name and source not specified). Chad. W.: Dera laà ‘cow’; C.: Gude la ‘cow’ (cf. also W., C.

*lu/iwa ‘wild animal, meat’). Cush. *lawiʔ- ‘large cattle’: C. *luway ‘cow’ (Bilin luw�, etc.); E.:

Saho, Afar l ‘cow, cattle’, LEC *loʔ(loʔ)- ‘cows’ (Somali loʔ, Konso low-aa, etc.), HEC *lal-

‘cows, cattle’ (Sidamo lalo, etc.), Dullay *loʔ-, pl. *leʔ- ‘cow’ (Tsamay lʔ, pl. lʔ, etc.), S.: Qwadza leʔa-mu-ko ‘bull’. ● Cf. HSED No. 1632; SED II No. 142; AADB. Cf. Austric *lVw ‘ox, cattle’ (GlDB). Cf. metathetic *waʔVl- ‘male/young bovid’: Berb.: Izayan ṯa-wala ‘troupeau de bœufs, sangliers’; Cush. E.: Somali weeyl, Hadiya woʔl-a ‘calves’. Cf. EDE I 86; HSED No. 2595. Perhaps eventually related with *laʔ(laʔ)- ‘female/young small bovid’.

37. *maʕi(n)ʒ- ‘female bovid’

Sem.: *maʕiz- ‘goat’: Aram. (Jud.) mēʕazzē, mēʕazzəyā, məʕizzē, məʕizzayyā ‘goats (translated in Aram. dictionaries as ‘from goats, goats-hair, horn etc.’); Minean mʕzy (du.) ‘chèvre’; Arab. miʕāz-, maʕīz- ‘chèvre ou bouc’. Egyp. myz-t ‘horned animal (?)’ (lack of -ʕ- makes this form with obscure meaning still more doubtful). Chad. W.: Hausa màazo ‘harnessed antelope’; C.: Gudur maŋgazaw (met. <*magnaz- <*maʕnaz-) ‘Redunca (reedbuck)’; E.: Barein muzo ‘ox’. (?) Cush.S.: Dahalo máʕaḏe ‘female topi’ (ḏ is considered to continue *d, but the present reflex of the triconsonantal does not look haphazard). Omot.N. *miHi(n)z- ‘cow’: Gamo míizi, Gofa miza, Dorze miiz, Anfillo minʒo, Bworo mii(n)zà. ● A unique case of likely derivation, with m- prefixed, from *ʕi(n)ʒ- ‘k. of small bovid’ as early as on PAA level.

38. *mVr- ‘k. of bovid’ Sem. *mir- ‘bull’: Akk. mīru ‘young bull’ SB, mīrtu ‘cow’ OB; Hbr. mərī(ʔ) ‘fatted steer’

(usually regarded as derived from the verbal root mrʔ ‘to be fat’, which is less likely). Egyp. (late) mr.t ‘cow’. Chad. W.: Hausa mariri ‘white oryx’ ; (?) C.: Mafa maray ‘fête rituelle de taureau; taureau de case sacrifié lors la fête’; Toram (Mubi gr.) múro ‘gazelle’. Cush. E.: LEC: Rendille máar ‘male calf’, maár ‘fem. calf’, Arbore máar ‘calves’ (coll.), HEC: Hadiya moora ‘older calf’, Dullay: Harso, Dihina maar-akkó ‘heifer’, S.: Maʔa -moro ‘steer’ (acc. to Ehret

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HRSC, < NS, but in the light of E.Cush. and AA parallels it is less likely). Omot.*mar- ‘calf’: N.: Wolayta mārā, Dorze mar, Male marro, etc. ‘calf’; Ongota marte ‘she-calf’. ● Cf. *(ʔV-)mar- ‘male/young small bovid’.

39. *(ʔV-)mar- ‘male/young small bovid’

Sem. *ʔimmar- ‘lamb’: Akk. (‘sheep; sheep and goats; ram’); Ugr.; Phoen., Hbr., Aram.; Arab. Chad. W. *(ʔa-)mar- ‘goat’: Tangale mara ‘(castrated) goat’, Dirì marì ‘goat’, Bokkos maray, Sha amara , Fyer ʔamara ‘ram’, Tala màar, Buli maro, Polchi mar ‘goat’. Cush. E.: Saho,

Afar mar ‘ram’. Omot. N. *mar- ‘sheep, lamb’: Wolayta mara ‘lamb’, Male màràyi ‘ram’,

marmaro ‘lamb’, Koyra mara ‘ram’, Bworo merrà ‘sheep’ (Blench OLT 72). ● Cf. HSED No. 1729; SED II No. 5; AADB. Cf. *mVr- ‘k. of bovid’.

40. *nayal- ‘k. of small bovid’ Sem.: Akk. nayalu (nālu) ‘roe deer’ Mari, SB; Tgr. nälät ‘she-antelope (koodoo,

Strepsiceros capensis)’ (cf. also noli ‘he-goat with a big head’), Amh. niyala ‘mountain antelope’. Egyp. (OK) nꜣ.w ‘Steinbock, ibex’. Cush.E.: LEC: Somali nayl ‘lamb’.

41. *p/fVl- ‘young bovid’ Sem. *pVlw/y- ‘foal, small of domestic animals’: Arab. filw-, faluww-, fuluww- ‘a yearling

foal or ass already weaned’; Tgr. fəlit ‘calf’, fəluy ‘calf weaned’; Soq. fólhi ‘a yearling calf’ (in Tgr. and Soq.borrowing from Arabic is possible). (?) Chad. W.: Guruntum fwull ‘cow’ (isolated term). Cush. N.: Beja filay ‘she-camel just foaled’ (borrowing from Arabic or Tigre not to be

ruled out); C. *fiyal- ‘goat’ (Aungi fəyli, etc.); E.: HEC *fillaʔ- ‘goat’ (Kambatta felle-čču, pl. felleʔu, etc.). Omot. N.: Kafa fɛll ‘goat’ (Blench OLT 71) < HEC? ● Cf. Bla. Beja 246; SED II No. 174; AADB.

42. *taʔ/y/w- ~ *w/yat- ‘female/young bovid’

Sem.: Hbr. təʔō, constr. tō(ʔ) ‘antelope’; Tgr. tay (pl. tayatat) ‘young of gazelle’, (?) Amh. təw(w) ‘small elephant’. Chad. W.: Daffo-Butura yàt ‘buffalo’; C.: Musgu tai ‘cow’. Cush. E.: LEC: Oromo waatii ‘calf, baby’, Elmolo íwate ‘Thomson’s gazelle’, ʔóot ‘cows, cattle’; HEC: Hadiya wātānčo, Kambatta waataan-ču pl. ‘new born calf’; S.: Ma’a taw-o ‘heifer’. ● Cf. *ʔiwat- ‘k. of small bovid’.

43. *ṭalVy- ‘young bovid

Sem.: Hbr. ṭālǟ ‘lamb’; Sab. ṭly-n (du.) ‘yearling lamb’, Qat. ṭly ‘kid, lamb’; Arab. ṭalan, ṭalw- ‘petit de gazelle né tout récemment, petit de tout animal à pied fendu, comme agneau, chevreau etc.; Gez ṭali ‘goat, kid’, Tgr. ṭälit, Tna. ṭel ‘goat’, Harari ṭāy ‘sheep’. Berb.: E. Tawllemmet ā-ḍēl ‘calf’. Chad. W.: Hausa tālíyṓ ‘young animal following its mother’. Cush. E.: LEC: Baiso ṭaltu idaado f. ‘sheep’ (idaado ‘sheep - ewe’ - general term); HEC: Sidamo ṭ/ḍala ‘she-donkey’.

44a. *waʕ- ‘wild goat ?’ (no Sem.) Egyp. (AE) wʕ.ty ‘goat’. Chad. W.: Bokkos, Daffa-Butura wòʔ; C.: Mbara wĕ ‘goat’. Cush.

N.: Beja weeyu ‘ibex’ 44b. *waʕil- ‘k. of small bovid’

Sem. *waʕil- ‘antelope; ibex’ (in all the branches). Berb. *wulli ‘sheep (pl.), goats’ (in all the branches). Chad. W.: Jimi walaróo ‘antelope’, Geji wullì ‘gazelle’; E.: Lele òl, Kabalai yilə ‘antelope’. Cush. E.: LEC (met.): Somali ʕawl-kii, Rendille ḥol (ḥ < *ʕ) ‘gazelle’; HEC: Sidamo wilii’l-icco, pl. wilii’le ‘young (of sheep, goat)’. ● Perhaps < *waʕ- ‘wild goat ?’ (a very weak root, though), with the -l suffixed.

44c. *waʕr- ‘wild goat ?’ Sem.: Hbr. yaʕărā ‘kid’; Arab. yaʕr- ‘chevreau’ (note also yarʕ- ‘veau’); Tgr. warʕe

‘mountain-goat’. Egyp. ʕr ‘goat’ (or < *ʕl, v. *waʕil-). Chad. W.: Montol, Ankwe, Gerka ur, Kulere wàr ‘he-goat’; E.: Lele ōrē ‘goats’. Omot. N.: Male wari ‘goat’.

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45. *(ʔa)w/yVn- � naʔ- ‘k. of small bovid; meat’ Sem.: Akk. (YB) unû ‘k. of meat’; Hbr. nāʔ ‘raw (flesh)’; Arab. nyʔ ‘etre cru, n’etre pas cuit

(viande)’; Gur.: Cha. on, Ezha onn ‘young male goat or sheep’. Berb.-Can.: Tenerife ana, haña, jana ‘sheep’. (?) Egyp. (NK) wny ‘calf (as a representation of Osiris)’ (hardly rel.). Chad. W.: Mupun nān ‘flesh’, Galambu nyàa ‘meat’, Siri yaani ‘she-goat’ (cf. also *nVyVw- ‘horn’: Geji nowo, Boghom nyaw, Tule nyewò, etc.); C.: Munjuk nèŋ, Musgu nē, nɛŋ, niŋ ‘meat’; E.:

Migama ĩ:ná, Jegu te-ené (pl. ʔeen), Birgit ʔayney ‘goat’. Cush. N.: Beja ano � naaʔ ‘sheep’; E.: Afar anaʕ-to ‘lamb (female)’ ( -ʕ in Auslaut is unexpected as it is not confirmed by Som.), Somali wan, pl. wanan ‘ram’, Rendille onó ‘sheep’. Omot. S.: Dime iin, (?) Ongota hoona ‘sheep’. ● Cf. Bla. Beja 234-5.

46. *y/wapan- ‘male/young large bovid’

Sem.: Ugr. ypt ‘vaca, becerra’; Arab. yafan- ‘jeune taureau âgé de quatre ans’; Gez. tayfan ‘young bullock’, Tgr. täfin ‘giovenco, bue non ancora domato’, Amh. wäyfän ‘young bullock, calf of 2‒3 years’, Gur. *wafin and *mofan ‘young bull, steer’. Chad. C.: Gaʔanda ufana, Higi (Dakwa) funu, (Kamale) nfun, Fali (KIrya) nfu, Banana àfún-tá, etc. ‘buffalo’. Cush. E.: Dullay *wayfan- ‘bull’ (<Amh?); S.: Qwadza faʔamo ‘buffalo’, Asa faʔanok ‘elephant’.

47. *ʒif- ‘k. of small bovid’

Sem.: Akk. zīpu ‘sheep’. Chad. *zVf- ‘goat’ St 2009 #403. 48. *ʒVʕVm- ‘k. of large (?) bovid’

Sem.: Arab. zaʕʕāmat- ‘bœuf ou vache’. Berb.: Siwa zəm, pl. izamm-ən; Zenaga əžəmmi ‘gazelle’; Ayr ezamm, Ahaggar ezamm ‘oryx’. Chad. W.: Angas nzum ‘Antelope’; Warji

zama-ruwana ‘big bush animal’, Diri azuma-gwara, Jimbin ima-kwan, Kariya zuma-kwar ‘hartebeest’; C Ouldem zeme’l ‘oryx algazel’; Bura zima-zima ‘a boar’; Mofu ezem, zem,

zemzeme ‘belier’, Balda ʔàem ‘ram’; Affade sm, Shoe zam ‘Schlafbock’. 49. *ʒVmVr- ‘k. of small bovid’

Sem.: Akk. (Mari) za-mu-ra-tum ‘kind of sheep’; Ugr. zmr ‘antelope’ (not very reliable); Hbr. zämär ‘kind of gazelle’; (?) Arab. zmr ‘s’enfuir (se dit d’une gazelle)’. Berb.: Ghadames a-ẓūmer (ẓ is strange), Fodjaha zamar, Siwa i-zmər, Semlal, Izayan izimər ‘ram’, Snus, Shawiya izmər, Qabyle izimər, Zenaga əžiʔmər ‘lamb’. Chad. C.: Ouldem zèmélmèl (< *zvmVr/l-) ‘oryx algazel’. Cush.S.: Dahalo ǯumúru ‘male waterbuck’. ● Perhaps derived. with -r suffixed, < *ʒV(ʕ)Vm- ‘k. of large (?) bovid’.

1.2. Odd-toed ungulates

1. *ʕalVḳ/g- ~ *lVḳ/gum- ~ *ḳalVm- ‘camel ?’

Sem.: Arab. ʕalīḳ-at- ‘chamelle menée en laisse’ (cf. Mhr. ʔēlīg ‘camel-calf about two years old’, Jib. ʕiźɔg, dim. ʕálgɛn ‘2-4 year old camel’). Berb. *lVḳum- ~ *ḳVlam- ‘camel’. Chad. W. *r/l/ŝaḳum-; C. *l/ŝuḳ/gʷam- ‘camel, horse’; E. *luḳ/gum- ‘camel, horse’ (< Berb.) Cush. E.: LEC: Somali qaalin, pl. qaalimo, Rendille ḫaal’ím ‘young female camel’ (a lw. from Berb.?). ●

Likely a chain of borrowings from Arab. > Berb. > Chad. and LEC accompanying the introduction of domesticated camel from the Arabian peninsula to Africa.

2. *ʕay/wr- ‘k. of ass’

Sem. *ʕayr- ‘(male) donkey’. Egyp. (OK) ʕꜣ ‘donkey’. Chad. W.: Pero áurà ‘donkey’. Omot. N.: Basketo yera ‘donkey’ (cf. Kafa awarō, Mao (Diddesa) wɔɔre ‘horse); S.: Dime yere ‘donkey’. ● Cf. *waʕr- ‘wild goat ?’.

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3. *(ʔi-)bal- *balbal- ‘k. of odd-toed ungulate’

Sem.: Akk. ibilu ‘Arabian camel, dromedary’ SB (a late literary term of limited frequency and is hardly genuine in Akkadian - cf. discussion in CAD i 2); Sab., Qat. ʔbl (f. ʔblt) ‘camel’; Arab. ʔibl-, ʔibil- ‘chameaux, race de chameaux’; Mhr. ḥə-ybīt, Jib. yət ‘she-camel’ (cf. Syr. həbālətā ‘grex (camelorum)’, habbālā ‘pastor camelorum’, with a rarer variant ʔebālətā ‘grex camelorum’.) An areal Arabian term, proto Semitic origin is unlikely; probably borrowed in Syr., with its irregular h- in most forms vs. ʔ- in Arab., ESA and MSA. Berb. (Tuar.) *(H)abal ‘(young) camel’ (the vocalism rather speaks against an Arabism). (?) Chad. C.: Musgu abelehéhe, Munjuk ablohe, Mesme blehi-ne, Banna bélehe, etc. ‘donkey’; E.: Lele bilahe ‘donkey’, Migama báàlé ‘mare’ (-h in the Auslaut speaks against a direct kinship with the present AA root). Cush. N.: Beja balāb- (<*balbal-) ‘2‒3 years old camel’ ; C.: Qwara beela, Kemant bäyla ‘mule’ (usually combined with other Agaw forms like Bil. baqla, Kham. biqla, Kem. pl. bäqəl, etc., though *-ḳ > Agaw -y is not attested anywhere else); E.: HEC: Kambatta b-ula ‘mule’. Omot. N.: Yemsa bu-lō ‘mule’ (a lw. from HEC is more likely than from Amh. ba-lo). ● All the SA forms are vague. Cf. *bil(bil)- ‘k. of largest herbivorous animal’ and *bawil ~ *yabil- ~ *mbVl- ‘k. of small bovid’.

4. *(ʔa/i-)bVray- ‘k. of equid’

Sem.: (?) Ugr. /ʔa/ib(b)īru/ ‘horse? stallion?’; Hbr. ʔabbīr ‘stallion’ and ‘bull’ (considered a derivation < ‘strong, powerful’). (?) Egyp. (18 Dyn.) ỉbr (considered a West Sem loan.). Chad. *bVr- ‘ass, horse’: W. : Hausa ḅārù ‘mare’; Mupun brəŋ, Sura bərìŋ, Angas brüŋ ‘horse’; C.: Logone mbíri, Kuseri bor, Klesem imbúrìoy, Affade boró ‘ass’; E.: Dangla boora, Migama bòoṛáw, Birgit booray ‘horse’, Mokilko búurù (f.) ‘âne’. Cush. E.: Yaaku barta ‘horse’. Omot. N.: Wolayta barayyiyu ‘mare’ (acc. to Lamberti, “prob. a loanword from Kafa”... However, there is no doubt that this lexeme represents a borrowing from Sem., cf. Tigre/Tigrinny/Gurage/Argobba/Amharic bazra”. However, in Kafa and Moča -y- may correspond to *-z-, but not in Wol., where z <*z and hardly in Sheko); Kafa, Mocha baraaye, Dizi (Sheko) baraye ‘mare’. ● A Chado-Yaaku-Omot. Wonderwort of non-Afrasian African origin? Cf. also *bVr- ‘(male) large bovid’.

5. *dakʷ- ~ *kawd-an- ‘k. of equid’

Sem. *kawdan- ‘mule’ (Akk., Ebl., Ugr., Aram., Arab.) Chad. W. *dakʷ- ~ *dVwak- ‘horse’; C.: Tera doḫ ‘stallion’ Pidlimdi/Hina ndok ‘poni’; E.: Dangla dewki ‘antilope-cheval’ (‘roan-antelope’?). Cush. S.: Iraqw daketi, Alagwa deketi ‘zebra’. ● With a metathesis in Sem. vs. Chad. and S.Cush., probably a lookalike or a Chado-Cush.

6. *dV(n)ḳʷ/gʷVr- (var. *dVḳʷal pl.) ‘k. of ass’

Sem.: Tgr. dəngʷəla ‘étalon’ (cf. Amh. dangəle ‘mouton’) DRS 279. Cush.: C. *diḳʷ/ɣʷ/gʷ/kʷar- ~ *dəḳʷal (pl.) ‘donkey’; E.: LEC: Oromo donḳoro ‘stupid, fool’, (Bararetta) dongorra ‘donkey’; S.: Iraqw, Gorowa, Alagwa, Burunge daqwai, Qwadza dagwagwai-ko (Dolg. 1973: 275), daḳʷaḳʷayiko (HRSC 345) ‘donkey’. ● Cf. Chad. C. *zVngʷ- ‘donkey’ (St. 2009 #530). The Cush. forms are probably to be united with S.Cush. *dakVt- and Chad. *dakʷ- of the questionable entry *dakʷ- ~ *kawd-an- ‘k. of equid’, all to be treated as a series of terms with irregular reflexes, featuring a Chado-Cush. Wonderwort of non-Afrasian African origin. Cf. *da(n)g(ʷ)-Vr/l- ‘elephant’. What about the origin of English ‘donkey’ having no solid etymology?

7. *dam(dam)- ‘k. of equid’

Sem.: Akk. damdammu (damdāmu, daddāmu) ‘a mule’ Mari, NA. Berb.: Zenaga dəmma ‘mahari’ (camel). Chad. E.: Kera (?) gədàamó ‘horse’ (if <*gV-dVm- < *kV-dVm, assim.). Cush. E.: Afar daami ‘zebra’, LEC: Somali dámèer (also dábèer) ‘male donkey’, Baiso demer

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‘ass’. ● Unless a group of lookalikes in view of d and m of high frequency in Afrasian, reflexes of the PAA term for a wild ass. Cf. *damaʔ/y- ‘k. of small bovid’ 1.1.23.

8. *(ʔa-)gal- ‘k. of odd-toed ungulate’

Sem.: Akk. (OAkk. on) agālu, agallu ‘an equid’ [CAD a1 141], ‘Reitesel’ [AHw 15]; Ebl. ag-lum = ANSE.NITA.KUR (a donkey); (?) Arab. ǯawl- ‘troupeau nombreux de moutons, de chevaux, du chameaux’; Tgr. gəlgäl ‘foal (mule, horse)’, Tna gəlgəl ‘puledro di cavallo o mulo non ancora domato’ [Bass. 815], Amh. gəlgäl ‘the young of domestic animals (goat, sheep, horse, donkey)’. Berb.: Ahaggar ăgelgâli ‘chameau de charge commun et lourd’; Zenaga ažiǯ, pl. užəǯən ‘ane’ (<*ʔagil). Cush. E.: Saho, Afar gālā, LEC *gāl-, HEC *gāl- (likely < Oromo); Dullay *kāl- (<*gāl-) ‘camel’. Omot. N.: Dache, Zaysse gaale, Yemsa gaala, Kafa gallo, Dizi (Sheko) gaale ‘camel’ (perhaps from Oromo). ● Likely ‘donkey’ in NA, looks like a series of borrowings in SA. Cf. *(ʕ/ʔi-)gʷal- ‘k. of large bovid’.

9. *gany-, *gangan- ‘k. of equid’

Sem.: Gz. ganetā, gānetā ‘mare’, Amh. gaňňa, geňňa ‘stallion’ (LGz., 199), ‘mauvais cheval’ (DRS 148). (?) Chad. *gVnVw- ‘domestic animals’, *gVn- ‘wealth’ (St. 2011 #660); C.: Logone geném ‘mare’ (unless < ‘woman’); E.: Kera gòŋ ‘k of antelope’. Cush. E.: LEC *gany- ‘mare’, *gang- (<*gangan-) ‘mule’ , HEC *gany- ‘stallion’, *gang- ‘mule’ (likely borrowed from Oromo gaňňaa ‘mare’, gaang-oo ‘mule’), Yaaku kank-a (<*gangan-) ‘zebra’. ● In view of only Eth. forms in Sem., likely Cushitisms in Eth. (rather than vice versa). Cf. *hu/ig-an/m- ‘k.

of odd-toed ungulate’. 10. *hu/ig-an/m- ‘k. of odd-toed ungulate’

Sem.: Aram. (Jud.) hōgānā, hōgənā ‘young camel, or dromedary’, (Syr.) hūgnō gamlō ‘dromedarius’ (in fabul. aram. ‘asinus’); Tgr. haǯin ‘chameau de monte’ (DRS 367). Berb. *a-Hugg ‘colt, foal’ (common Berb.). Cush. N.: Beja hig ‘3 years old camel’; E.: HEC: Burji hogom-áy ‘horses’. ● A vague term with diverse meanings, perhaps a phantom root.

11. *(ʔV)ḥi/ull- ‘young odd-toed ungulate’

Sem.: Akk. (OB) ilulayu ‘ein Kamel?’; Tgr. ḥele ‘camel (poet.)’, Tna. ḥawla ‘donkey’s colt or foal of about two years’; Hrs. me-ḥeleyōt ‘she-camel with fully-grown young’. Berb.: Ghat a-hulil ‘âne sauvage’, Ahaggar ă-hâhul ‘jeune chameau non castré’, Ayr, E. Tawllemmet ə-hulel, pl. ihuletăn ‘poulain, ânon’. Cush. E.: LEC: Rendille éḥel, Arbore holl, Dasenech ʔuol ‘donkey’; Dullay: Gollango ooll-ó ‘Pferd’; S.: Dahalo ḥelleʔa ‘zebra’. Omot. N.: Zaisse ollō, wollō, Ganjule ollo ‘horse’ (<*ḥ/ʕwl). ● Perhaps a PAA term for a wild donkey’s colt. Cf. Chad. C.: Chibak ḥla ‘Stier’, Kilba hā-hál-dī ‘bull’, Musgu ḥalúu, hollú, Mbara hùlúù’buffalo’ , where -l- may continue both *r and *l).

12. *hawar- *harr- ‘young odd-toed ungulate’ Sem.: Arab. ḥuwār-, ḥiwār- ‘petit de chameau récemment né, ou jusqu’à l’époque du

sevrage’; Tgr. ḥəwar ‘young (of camel or donkey)’; Mhr. ḥəwōr ‘very young camel’, Jib. ḥewōr ‘camel a few days old’ (Arabic loans in Tgr. and MSA cannot be ruled out.) Berb.: Ahaggar awra, pl. iwerân ‘chameau dans sa 1ère année’ (an Arabism?). Cush. N.: Beja hare ‘camel’, harri ‘mount (anything that can be riden)’; E.: Saho ḥer-a ‘female donkey’, LEC: Oromo harree, Konso harr-eta, Dirayta harr-et ‘donkey’, HEC: Burji harr-ée ‘donkey’ (<Oromo?); Dullay: Gawwada, Golango ḥarre, Harso ḥari-ččé ‘ass’. Omot. N.: Wolamo har-iya, Gofa haare, Gamo, Dorze, Cancha, Kullo hare, Malo, Dache, Zayse hare, Kachama haarre; S.: Ari harra ‘donkey’. ● Besides highly probable Arabisms in Ahaggar and, perhaps, in Beja, a very likely PAA term for young of wild donkey. Cf., however, *haw/yr- ‘k. of bovid’and Chad. *ḥar(V)w- ‘bull, buffalo’: W.: Sha ʔarwa ‘Ochs, ox’; E.: Somrai hāra ‘elephant’ (in CED #361 united with C.: Chibak ḥla ‘Stier’, Kilba hā-hál-dī ‘bull’, Musgu ḥalúu, hollú, Mbara hùlúù ‘buffalo’, where -l- may continue both *r and *l).

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13. *kʷar(r)- ‘young ass’

Sem.: Arab. kurr- ‘ânon, poulain’ (DRS 1283), ʔaurr- ‘poulain’ (cf. kawr- ‘troupeau nombreux (de chameaux, de bœufs)’; cf. Amh. kʷərkʷər, Wolane kurkur ‘interjection one uses when calling a donkey’. Chad. W. *kwar- ‘donkey’; C. *kwar- ‘ass’ (and Nzangi kərə, Bata-Zumo kara ‘horse’); E. *kwar- ‘ass’. Cush. N.: Beja káreesee ‘Kamellaus’ (see ‘louse’ ) E.: LEC: Somali kóron ‘castrated camel; impotent man; barren she-camel’; Rendille inkuraarrú ‘donkey colt, young donkey’. Omot. N. *kur- ‘donkey’. ● Likely a PAA term for a wild donkey’s colt.

14. *kirkVr- ‘k. of odd-toed ungulate’

Sem.: Hbr. kirkärät ‘she-camel’. Berb.: Ayr, E.Tawllemmet i-kərkar ‘camels’ (pl.) Chad. W.: Hausa takarkari ‘pack ox’. ● The coincidence in structure and meaning in the isolated Hbr. and Tuar. forms is interesting. Probably to be united with *kʷar(r)- ‘young odd-toed ungulate’.

15. *para(ʔ/w)- ‘k. of equid’

Sem. *paraʔ- ‘onager, wild ass’: Akk. parû ‘Onager, Maultier’ OB on; Ugr. pri; Hbr. pärä(ʔ); Sab. frʔ ; Arab. faraʔ-. Egyp. (18 Dyn) rnp ‘young horse’ (met. < *prn ?). Chad. W.: Gerka pirri ‘mare’; C.: Bura puru ‘white horse’ (there is no a correspondibg colour-name in Chadic). Cush. N: Beja firrat ‘she-camel just foaled’; E.: Saho, Afar farar ‘horse’; LEC: Somali, Arbore faraw ‘zebra’. Omot. N.: Wolayta, Zala, Dawro, Gofa, Gamu, Chara fara ‘horse’. ● Unless a group of lookalikes in view of p and r of high frequency in Afrasian, a vague term with diverse meanings.

1.3. Swine 1. *ḫunʒ(-ir)- ‘k. of swine’

Sem. *ḫV(n)zīr- ‘pig’. Berb. *-gVnduz ‘calf; piglet’. Chad. WChad. *gunVʒ- ‘wild boar’ (cf. *gursun- ‘pig’). CChad. Musgu aǯin, azəŋ ‘pig’ ? (hardly related as *ḫ does not yield 0 in Musgu) along with CCh Daba guldom- ‘pork’. ECush.: Oromo golǯaa, Sid golǯo ‘boar’. Omot. *gudin/m- (< *ḫuʒin/m- with metathesis?) ‘pig’ Omot. along with Mao kand [Bnd. Om. 304], Ganza kuze/äl ‘pig’ [ibid 281], etc.

Phonetic diversity can be probably explained by the terms for ‘pig’ being taboo. Cf. other phonetically somewhat similar forms like Even more likely, Omot. *gudin/m- can be an African substratum term, cf. Hausa gàdu ‘warthog’ (and?), Kanuri godu, Tubu gadu, Bantu *-gudu ‘pig’, *gidi ‘warthog’ [Sk 74].

2. *ḥVlp- ~ *lVpḥ- ‘k. of swine’ Sem. *ḥallūf- ‘hog, pig’. Berb. *Hilf ‘hog, pig’. Eg. ỉpḥ (<*lVpVḥ) ‘pig’ ● Cf. EDE I 89 . 3. *gʷVr- ‘k. of swine’ (no Sem.) Chad.: EChad. *gVrw(-in)- ‘wild pig’. Cush. Agaw Aungi gərmi, Kunfäl gerimi ‘pig’ Appl

CDA 110. Omot. *guri ‘pig’. 2. LARGEST HERBIVORES

1. *ʔab- ‘k. of largest herbivore’

Sem.: Tgr. ʔabot ‘name of an elephant (poet.)’. Cf. Akk. ub/pātum ‘dike (= trächtige?) Kuh’. Egyp. ꜣb.w (OK) ‘elephant’, (MK) ‘rhinoceros’ (may be < *rVb- or *lVb- as well). Chad. C.: Gisiga ʔabu ‘hippopotamus’, Buduma ambu ‘elephant’. Cush. C.: Khamir bíwā ‘Hippopotamus’; E.: HEC: Burji bóoy-ee ‘hippopotamus’ (acc. to Sass. Burji, 40, the same word as booy-ée ‘domestic pig’, both forms very likely loanwords from Oromo bóoyy-ee ‘wild boar’).

Another possible etymology is from AA *baʔ- ~ *ʔab- ‘be big’ (2106): (?) Sem.: Akk. ub/pātum ‘dicke (= trächtige?) Kuh’; Egyp. (OK) bꜣ-w (met. due to tabooing?) ‘Ruhm, Ansehn, Macht, Gewalt, Wille, Schicksalsbestimmung’; Chad. *baʔV; Cush. E: LEC: Oromo baay’ee ‘much, many’, HEC: Kambatta abba ‘big’,

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S.: Qwadza baʔ-at- ‘to increase (in size)’, in its turn, probably related with AA (all the branches) *ʔab- ‘father’ (cf. MSA ʔeb ‘big (masc.)’ clearly < ‘father’ as Jib. ʔum, Soq. ʔām ‘big (fem.) is < *ʔVimm- ‘mother’).

2. *ʔVnay/w- ‘elephant’ (no Sem.) Chad. W *nVy/wV ~ *(y/ʔa-)wanVy- ‘elephant’; C.: Nzangi níwa id. (cf. *n(Vy)VʔV

‘hippopotamus’: C.: Logone niee, Buduma nai, Afade, Makeri, Gulfei naày; Zime-Darya nīēʔ; E.: Kera túúní). Cush. *ʔVnay -: C.: Aungi ennī, ennāŋ, Kunfal eni ‘elephant’; S.: Qwadza onayo

‘elephant’. ● Cf. *(ʔa)w/yVn- � naʔ- ‘sheep, goat; meat’. // Another possible etymology, parallel to that in *ʔab- ‘k. of largerst herbivore’, is from AA *wa(y)n- ‘big, many’ (2779). Cf. NS: SNil. Akie nyí:é: ‘rhinoceros’ (in NS *ŋgwí:r ‘large horned or tusk herbivore’ Ehr #514)

3. *ʔarw- *ʔawr- ‘k. of largest herbivore’

Sem.: Tgr. ʔərwät (with fem. suff. -ät) ‘female elephant’. Chad. C.: Kuseri arẹ ‘hippopotamus’. Cush. E.: LEC: Boni oor ‘male elephant’ (included in PEC: 46 into *ʔarw- ‘large male animal’, perhaps to be incorporated into the present entry: Saho awr ‘bull’, Somali awr ‘he-camel’, Rendille or ‘he-camel, bull’, Dasenech ʔawr-ič ‘he camel’, Oromo oor-oo ‘burden camels’), HEC: Sidamo rooʔe ‘hippopotamus’ (met.?), Dahalo ʔáároole ‘eland’; S.: Ma’a áro ‘large herbivore’. Omot. S.: Galila ayɛrin ‘hippopotamus’. ● Cf. *(ʔa-)rVw- ‘lion’. Can it be a meaning shift < PAA *war- ~ *ʔur- ‘big’ ?

4. *ʕalw- ‘elephant’

Sem.: Akk. alû (elû) ‘bull (as a mythological being)’ (may be < *ʕalw/y); Syr. yaʕl- ‘unicornus’; Tgr. ʕəwal ‘young of the elephant’. Berb. *Ha/ilw ‘éléphant’ (may be < *ʕalw): Shilḥ əlu, Zenaga əžih, Ghat alu, Ahaggar êlu, Ayr iləw, etc. Chad. W.: Zul liiye ‘elephant’ (< *liʕ-? cf. C.: Musgu ālí ‘giraffe’). ● Note that Cush. E. *wayl- ‘rhinoceros’: LEC: Somali wiyil, Rendille wéǯel, Dahalo wāla are not related with Sem., as *ʕ > ʕ both in Somali and Dahalo, and > ḥ in Rendille. Cf. met. *waʕil- ‘k. of small bovid’.

5. *bil(bil)- ‘k. of largest herbivore’ (no Sem.) Chad. C.: Zulgo mbele, Mada mbile, Hurzo, Mbreme, Gwendele mbelele, Uldeme, Muyang

mbele ‘elephant’ (Bla. Eleph.: 197); E.: Mokilko bílyò ‘buffalo’ (ibid.). Cush. E.: LEC: Dasenech boobiló ‘elephant’, HEC: Sidamo boowila ‘rhinoceros’. ● Cf. *(ʔV-)bVl- ‘k. of

odd-toed ungulate’. 6. *čaw(a)r- ‘male large bovid, elephant’

Sem. *ṯawr- ‘bull, ox’. (?) Egyp. (Pyr.) šsr (< *čVr- ?) ‘bull (for slaughtering)’. Chad. *čVwar-: (?) W.: Dera wóré ‘ox’ (*s, *č > Dera w, acc. to St. 2009:28); C.: Bura čiwar, Kilba ciwar, Nzangi čuwarɛ, Kobochi čūāré (Bla. Eleph. 200) ‘elephant’. (C. Chad. [Bura-Margi group] terms like čVwVr- ‘elephant’ are considered by Chadicists to be < *čVwVn-; in St. 2011 #433, the reconstruction *ǯ/čVwVn- is suggested compared with HEC *ǯanaʔVy-, though there are more likely two different root as, acc. to CED 28‒29, reflexes of *č and *ǯ do not cross, while the forms like Bana čīwə seem to point to the fallen *–r rather than *-n in the Auslaut, since the former is generally less stable than the latter – cf. CED 35). Cush. E.: LEC: Boni šēr ‘hippopotamus’; S.: Ma’a čurú ‘bull’.

7. *da(n)g(ʷ)-Vr/l- ‘elephant’

Chad. E.: Gabri dūgūrù, Sokoro dogol ‘elephant’ (and dúger or dúkur ‘rhinoceros’). Cf. Dangla dugulo, Migama diŋillu ‘trunk’ (and f. W. Saharan: Daza dugugul ‘trunk of elephant’). Cush. S.: Iraqw dangw ‘elephant’. Omot.: Zaise dongor, Kafa dangiyō, Ari dangór ‘elephant’. ● Cf. *dVḳʷ/gʷVr- (var. *dVḳʷal pl.) ‘donkey’. Cf. also Cush. E.: Saho, Afar dakaano, (< *dakan- or *ǯakān-), LEC: Somali dagon ((< *dakVn- or *ǯakVn-), Dahalo dokomi, ḍokomi (< *dVkVm- or, perhaps, *ǯVkVm-) ‘elephant’; Omot. N. *zak(kV)-nV ‘elephant’ (Kačama, Koyra zākkā, Gofa zakki, Ganjule zakka , Yemsa zaknō). Cf. *ǯanVʔ- ‘elephant’, *(ʔa-)ǯV(n)g(ʷ)- ‘k. of largest

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herbivore’ (and *da(n)gir- ‘monkey’, curiously coinciding phonetically). Cf. Bantu *nzok ‘elephant’

8. *dVnhVr- ~ *duhr-(Vn-) ‘k. of largest herbivore’ (no Sem.) Egyp. dnhr (late) ‘elephant’. Chad. W.: Hausa dṑrīna, Mupun dòrina, Miya dṑriná , Tsagu

dṑránà ‘hippopotamus’ (can the three latter forms be lws. from Hausa?). Omot. *dūr- (<*duHr-) ‘elephant’.

9. *garyam- ~ *gumaray- ‘hippopotamus’

Sem. *gʷimar(r)ay- ‘hippopotamus’: (?) Ugr. gmr ‘a kind of animal capable of fighting ferociously (hippopotamus?)’; Eth. *gʷamāri ‘hippopotamus’ (note also Gz. gamar, Amh. gumarre ‘large monkey’). Chad. C. *garyam- ‘hippopotamus’: Musgu geryam, Vulum, Mbara gàriyàm, Masa gáryam, Banana garyamba; E. *girim- id.: Tumak gìrim, Birgit gìrímtí. Cush. C. *gumarī ‘hippopotamus’; E.: Saho gŭmārē, Afar gŭmārī id., HEC: Qabenna gomarra, Tembaro gumorra. Omot. N.: Kullo gomára ‘hippopotamus’ (perhaps a lw. < HEC).● An African Wanderwort (perhaps borrowed into Eth. from Cush.)? The meaning hypothetically attributed to the Ugr. term makes one suspect it was prompted by the meaning in Eth. Cf. NS *ŋgwí:r ‘large horned or tusk herbivore’ Ehr #514 and *ŋgwí:rént ‘hippopotamus’ ibid. #515. Cf. also ES *(a)ŋO(R) ‘elephant’ Bend ES: 123

10. *gaw/ʔ- ‘k. of largest herbivore’ (no Sem.) Egyp. (ME) gw ‘bull’ . Berb.: Zenaga igi, Ghat giwa ‘elephant’ (< Hausa?). Chad. W.:

Hausa gıwā (may be < *giwan), Tangale yugne; C.: Mandara gùwè, Malgwa guwe ‘elephant’, *gVʔ- ‘rhinoceros’: Musgu ágai, Munjuk agai, Masa gáy, Zime-Darya gāʔi, Zime-Batna gəʔì, Musey ġāy-rà, Peve gāʔi, Hede gay. Omot. N.: Kafa gāhō, Mocha gāhe, Anfillo gāhō ‘buffalo’ (-h is not clear).● The Sem. forms [Aram (Jud.-Palest.) gētā ‘troupeau’; Arab. ǯāʔa ‘surveiller (un troupeau)’] are probably not related. The primary meaning must be ‘bull’.

11. *piʔar- ‘k. of largest herbivore’

Sem.: Akk. (OB on) pīr-, pēr- (<*piʔr- ?) ‘elephant’. Chad. W.: fyármà (< *pari-ma) ‘a young fem. elephant’; C.: Margi pir, Sukur n-vɛri (< *n-peri) ‘elephant’ (cf. W.: Kofyar feer; Warji farai, párái, Karya pár, Miya àpár ‘horn’; C.: Daba fàlām (-l can be <*-r), Buwal fárám, etc. ‘horn’). Cush. E.: Yaaku puriaʔ, pl. puriain ‘rhinoceros’.

12. *(ʔV-)Swaʔ- ‘k. of largest herbivore’ (no Sem.) Chad. C.: Kulung sṓ, Banana àxoʔa ‘elephant’. Cush. N.: Beja šē, pl. ša ‘rhinoceros’; S.:

Dahalo ʔùšò ‘bull elephant’. Omot. N.: Basketo ošáʔ, Wolaita oswā, Zala osoā ‘rhinoceros’. 13. *warŝiʕ- ~ *ḥar(i)ŝ- ‘rhinoceros’

Sem.: Syr. ḥarsūmā ‘proboscis; labia bovis’; Arab. ḥarīš- (lw. < Geez?); Geez ḥariŝ, ḥaris, ḥoras, ʔarwe ḥoras ‘rhinoceros’, Amh. awuraris id. Chad. C.: Mbara wí(r)ẑĭ ‘bull’ (< *wirŝi). Cush. E.: LEC *worš-, HEC: Hadiya oršaʕaḍo, Burji wórša (< Oromo?), Dullay: Gollango oršaʕte, Yaaku ʕɔrsɛʔ < *wVrsVʔ- ‘rhinoceros’.

The resemblance of Sem. and Cush. forms is hardly accidental, though Sem. *ḥ- vs. E.Cush. and Ch. *w- is enigmatic. In most of non-Semitic languages quoted, *ḥ- yields neither w- nor 0, but is preserved as ḥ or h. In Hadiya, Gollango and Yaaku (where *ʕ > ʔ) ʕ is non-etymological.

15. *ǯVm- ‘k. of largest herbivore’ (no Sem.) Chad. C.: Gidar ǯōmi ‘hippopotamus’; E.: Ndam ǯem ‘elephant’. Omot. N.: Basketo azāma

‘hippo’ (cf. Dizi (Sheko) iizəm ‘crockodile’. ● Cf. Geez ḥarmaz ‘elephant’ (also harmās id. obviously rel. to Arab. hirmīs- ‘rhinocéros; buffle; lion féroce’). Cf. *ǯanVʔ- ‘elephant’.

16. *ǯanVʔ- ‘elephant’ (no Sem.) Chad. W.: Ngizim ǯàunà-k; C.: Tera ǯùwàn, Sukur ǯuwan; E.: Nanchere ǯenaʔ, Gabri ǯénu,

Kabalai, Dormo ǯuno ‘elephant’. Cush. C. *ǯiHVn-; E.: HEC *ǯaniʔ- ‘elephant’, (?) Dahalo ḏannaba ‘female elephant’ (if to analyse as ḏanna-ba, ḏ considered to continue only *d, would

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be another case of ḏ continuing *ǯ/ʒ, besides máʕaḏe ‘in *maʕi(n)ʒ- ‘k. of ungulate’). ● Cf. *ǯVm- and *(ʔa-)ǯV(n)g(ʷ)- ‘k. of largest herbivore’.

17. *(ʔa-)ǯV(n)g(ʷ)- ‘k. of largerst herbivore’ (no Sem.) Egyp. zꜣg.t (met. < *ʔzg ?) ‘Fabeltier’ (MK). Chad. W.: Diri, Pa’a ǯuŋgwa, Siri ǯiŋwa

‘hippopotamus’, Dwot ndzughu ‘elephant’. Cush. E.: Yaaku sogómèi (s in Yaaku may render *z < *ʒ /ǯ) ‘elephant’. Omot. N.: Kačama azāgē, Koyra azzāgē, azzagi, Ganjule azagé ‘hippopotamus’. ● Cf. *da(n)g(ʷ)-Vr/l-, *ǯanVʔ- ‘elephant’ (and *ǯV(n)g(-Vl/r)- ~ *gal/raǯ-

‘monkey’).

3. CARNIVORANS

3.1. Canines and hyenas

1. *ʔayd- ‘dog’ (no Sem.) Berb. *a-yd/ḍi ‘dog’: Ghadames īḍi , Nefusa yuḍi, Mzab a-yḍi, Snus a-yḏi, a-yḍi, Taneslemt

i-gyəḍ-an (gy <*yy), but Ghat a-ydi, Ahaggar e-ydi, Ayr iži, idi, Adghaq ēdi, Zenaga iḏi, Semlal a-ydi, etc. Chad. *ʔa/id/ḍ- ‘dog’: W.: Bolewa, Ngamo ʔàdà, Kirfi (pl.) ʔéddíŋì, Diri àddā, Guruntum dā, Gera yaḍá, Mburku ḍíyà; C.: Tera yìḍa, Gude idda, adá, əḍə, Gudu hídà, Zime-Batna ədà, etc. Cush. S.: Ma’a idiʔe (marked in var. sources as a lw., but metathetically fitting this AA root).

2. *ʔay/was- ‘k. of canine’

Sem.: Arab. ʔaws-, pl. ʔuways- ‘wolf’ (cf. Geez ʔ/ʕawst, ʔawsənt ‘eagle, bird of pray’). Chad. W.: Muoun, Angas ās, Sura as, Montol ʔas, Tala ass; E.: Bidiya ʔùsú ‘dog’. Cush. S.: Iraqw seeʔay, Gorowa sooʔay (met.) ‘dog’. Omot. N.: Haruro wayše, Mao (Hozo) wiši, (Sezo) wiš(š)i ‘dog’ (otherwise < *waŝin- ~ *wVnVŝ-); Ongota ʔóóse ‘African hunting dog; jackal’. ● Cf. *waŝin- ~ *wVnVŝ- ‘k. of canine’.

3. *ʔayVw- ‘k. of canine’

Sem.: Hbr. ʔī (only in the pl. ʔiyyīm) ‘jackal’; Syr. bənāt ʔaway ‘thoes, canes aurei’; Arab. ʔibnu-l-ʔāwan ‘animal regardé comme un mélange né d’un chien et d’un renard’; Tgr. ʔaw ‘eatable wild animals’, Amh yäyi ‘hyena’, awu ‘hyena’s cry; hyena’, Gur. awi ‘wild animal, beast’. Egyp. ỉꜣw ‘dog’ (MK). Chad. W.: Warji íyà-nà, Kariya íí, Miya i ‘dog’. Cush. E.: LEC: Somali éy ‘dog’, yéèy ‘wild dog (Lycaon pictus)’, Boni óyʔ ‘dog’, yeyeʔ ‘jackal, Rendille yááy ‘wild dog (Lycaon pictus)’, Oromo yeeyii ‘wolf’; wild dog (Lycaon pictus)’ (cf. iyyaa ‘k. of wild cat’), Konso yoy-ta ‘hunting dog’; HEC *yayy- ‘hunting dog’ ●. Originally descriptive.

4. *gV(ʕ)d-Vl/r- ‘k. of canine or hyena’

Sem.: Arab. ʔabū ǯaʕdat- ‘loup’ (Belot 63), ǯadlāʔ- ‘chienne’ (BK 1 267). (?) Berb.: Qabyle agdi ‘dog’ (may be < aydi as well). Chad. *gVHVd- ‘dog’ (CED #196; rel. to g(V)HVd- ‘to bite’): W.: Hausa gṓǯè ‘dog’, Ngizim gádá-múzái ‘hyena’ (muzai < Chad. *mVz- ‘man, male’); C. *gid-, E. *gVd- ‘dog’. Cush. E.: LEC: Oromo gedallo ‘jackal’ (cf. also Som godgoddo ‘type of shark’). Omot. S.: Ari gudrí ‘hyena’.

5. *kʷahin- ‘dog’ (no Sem.) (?) Canarian cuna ‘dog’. Chad. W.: Fyer kʷéeŋ; C: Gamergu kenee; E.: Dangla kànyà,

Migama kânnyà, Jegu kany- ‘dog’. Cush. E.: Yaaku kwehen ‘dog’. Omot. *kan- ‘dog’. 6. kʷV(hV)l- ‘k. of canine’

Sem.: Gz. kʷähila ‘fox-like animal’ (and common Sem. *kalb- ‘dog’?). Berb.: Ahaggar ă-kûlen ‘loup, loup peint (lycaon)’ (non us. dans l’Ah.), Ayr, E.Tawllemmet əkolăn, pl. ikolănăn ‘écureuil’. Chad. C.: Bura kila, Buduma kəli, Logone kle (< *kVr- in CED #455; but can be <

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*kVl- as well). Cush. C.: Waag kuli ‘dog’ (cf. S.: Asa guhoelu-ko ‘dog’: g- is irregular). ● Cf. *takʷVl- ‘k. of large carnivore’ (< *ta-kʷVl- with ta- prefix ?).

7.*kayr- ~ *kuray- ‘k. of canine’

Sem.: Tgr. kurkur ‘dog’, Tna. wäkaru, wäkarya ‘fox’ (< Saho wakari ‘jackal’?). Chad. W. *kar- ~ *kyar-; C. *ku/ir- ‘dog’. Cush. E.: Saho kare, LEC *kayr-, Dullay *ka(Ha)r- ‘dog’; S.: Alagwa tokoraymo ‘bat-eared fox’, Burunge takuraaʔimo ‘wild dog’, Ma’a kuri ‘dog’.

8.*ku/it- ‘dog’ (no Sem.) Chad. W.: Hausa kútíi ‘dog’ (used only in one set phrase), Bolewa kutì, Dwot kat, Wangday

kàt. Cush. E.: Afar kuta, LEC: Konso kúta, Mashile ḫúta; S. Asa kite ‘dog’. 9. *ḳ/kVʒ/ǯim/n- ~ *gVʒ/ǯim- ‘dog’ (no Sem.) Egyp. (MK) ṯzm (< *ki/uʒ/ǯVm-) ‘dog’. Berb.: Siwa agurzəni, Audjila aɣzin ‘dog’, Semlal

ikzin, Izayan a-ḵzin, Seghrushen a-qqzin, Rif, Snus, etc. a-qzin ‘young dog, puppy’, Shawiya a-ɣərzul, Qabyle a-qžun ‘dog’. Chad.: Bura kazim ‘a male baboon, monkey, or dog’. Cush. N.: Beja oghus ‘dog’ (only Starkey); C. *giʒ/ǯim- (but Kunfal kassaŋ) ‘dog’.

10. *waŝin- ~ *wVnVŝ- ‘k. of canine’ (no Sem.) Egyp. wnš ‘wolf’ OK (cf. also ỉš (NE) pl. ‘dogs pulling the ship of the Sun-god’); Berb.

*wVššin ‘jackal’. ● Cf. *ʔay/was- ‘k. of canine’.

3.2. Felines

1. *ʕu/ir- ‘k. of feline’

Sem.: Ugr. waʕro (met.) ‘lioness’; (?) Phoen. ʕéri ‘tom-cat’; Arab. ʕurwat- ‘lion’ Chad. W.: Pa’a wùrá-čiki (čiki is a marker of male living beings), Kulere rúwân , Ngizim wùrà-k ‘leopard’; C.: Musgu àhìráw ‘leopard’, Masa rāw ‘renard ou grand chat sauvage’, BM yeraw-na ‘wild cat’. Cush. E.: LEC: Somali ʕúrri ‘tom-cat’

2. *bar(bar)- ‘k. of large feline’

(?) Sem.: Arab. ʔal-barbār- ‘lion’ (unless < brbr ‘faire du bruit, du tapage; crier’ BK 1 105; cf. hbr ‘gepard’). Egyp. bꜣ ‘leopard’ (Pyr.), ‘panther’ (MK). Chad. W. *(ʔa-)mbwar- ‘lion; cheetah’; C.: Mofu p. má-bár- ‘panther, lion’, Gisiga mo-bor ‘lion’; E.: Dangla bùurì ‘lion’.

3. *dV(ʔ)Vm- ‘k. of feline’

Sem.: Akk. dumāmu (tumāmu) ‘a wild animal’ SB [CAD d 179], ‘Gepard’ [AHw. 175]; Arab. dam-, dimm-at- ‘сhаt’; Geez dəmmat, Tgr., Tna. dəmmu, Amh. dəmmät ‘cat’. Chad. W (?) *damu ‘hyaena’, Hausa dāmisà ‘leopard’ (-s- is not clear); E.: Lele ǯem ‘Caracal’, Sokoro damde ‘cat’. Cush. S.: Iraqw, Alagwa, Burunge duʔuma, Asa duʔum-ok, Qwadza duʔumayi ‘leopard’ (and Beja, C., S-A, LEC *dVm(m)- ‘cat’ < Eth.).

4. *(ʔan-)gi/arw- ‘k. of feline’

Sem.: Akk. girru ‘lion’ SB; (?) Arab. ǯarwal- ‘serwal, lynx’ (with -al extension?); Harari gärgōra (also gängōra) ‘leopard’. Chad. W.: Hwona ʔàmŋwara, ʔaŋwara ‘cat’. Cush. E.: LEC: Konso karm-aa (< *garm-) ‘lion’, Dirayta kiro-ta ‘cat’, karm ‘lion’ (k- < *g-); HEC: Burji giraaʔw-ee ‘cat’, gárm-i ‘lion’ (unless both < Omot); Dullay *kárm- (<*garm-; lw < Omot.?) ‘lion’; (?) Dahalo ŋgūro ‘small black longtailed rodent’. Omot. N.: Zala gawar-ya, Dawro, Zaysse garawa, Malo, Gamu, Dače gawara, Zaysse garawa, Koyra giraawweʔ ‘cat’, Zaysse, Koyra garma ‘lion’.

5. *labVʔ- ‘lion’

Sem. *labVʔ- ‘lion(ess)’ (Akk., Ebl., Ugr., Hbr., Aram., Sab., Arab.; note Mhr. əwbīt ‘female animal in season’ < *lby). Egyp. rwꜣbw OK (if < *laʔb-) ‘lion’. Chad. C. *ʔa-libar- ‘lion’ (with the -ar extension). Cush. E.: Saho, Afar lubaak (< *lub-ak- with the -ak extension?)

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‘lion’, LEC: Somali libaḥ (with the -aḥ extension?) id. ● Note different root extensions. Cf. *ribal- ‘k. of large feline’.

6. *lič(-Vm)- ‘k. of large feline’

Sem. *layṯ- ‘lion’ (Hbr., Aram., Arab.). Chad. C: Sura lùšùm, Chip lišìm ‘leopard’; E.: Bidiya ʔàčìlo ‘serval’ (met.). Cush. N: Beja loliš, noliš (dissim.) ‘cat’.

7.*mary- ‘k. of feline’

Sem. *namir- (<*na-mir- or met. <*mir-an-?) ‘leopard’ (all the groups but MSA with a parallel variant root *nabr- in Mod. Eth., likely a result of a dissimilation by nasality). Egyp. (OK) mꜣy ‘lion’. Chad. W. *mur(mur)- ‘cheetah; jackal; hyena’; C.: Mafa mariy-žélé ‘lion’, Lame mereo, Peve méríáǹ, Masa muru-gama ‘wild cat, serval’. Cush. E.: LEC: Oromo mōrē ‘civet(-cat)’, Dasenech mor ‘lion, leopard’; S.: Gorowa mariri-ka ‘leopard’, Alagwa mariyamo ‘wild cat’, Asa mer-ok ‘lion’. ● Cf. Cush. N.: Beja miralai ‘cheetah’; E.: Dullay: Tsamai mirle

‘leopard’; Omot.: Ongota mirila, morle ‘serval, genet’ (< Tsamai?). Cf. NS *mEr ‘leopard, lion, cat’; Songhay mar id.; PWKuliak *mɛrı t id.; ESud.: Nandi merindo, Suk merīl ‘leopard’; Kuliak: Nyangi merihl id.; SNil.: Tatoga marir-d, Suk mɛrīl, Sogoo melil-tɔ (quoted in EDE III: 37).

8. *(ʔa-)rVw- ‘k. of large feline’

Sem. *ʔarway- ‘lion’ (Ugr., Hbr, Aram.), ‘wild beast’ (Eth.; Tna. ‘leopard’). Egyp. rw (pyr) ‘lion’. Berb. *HVwar- ‘lion’. Chad. E.: Tumak ərəw ‘leopard’, Mubi ʔórúwà ‘lion’. Cush. E.: Somali ar ‘lion’.

9. *ribal- ‘k. of large feline’

Sem.: Arab. rībāl- ‘lion; féroce, rapace (loup)’. Chad. W.: Hausa râbbı ‘leopard’, Sura rɛḅəl ‘wild cat’; E.: Somrai lārbə (met.) ‘leopard’ ● Cf. *labVʔ- ‘lion’.

3.3. Undetermined carnivorans

1. *ʔVnar- ‘k. of carnivore’

Sem. *ʔVnar- ~ *ʔVran- ‘dog; cub of a wild animal; viverra’: Akk. mīrānu ‘young dog, puppy; cub of a wild animal’ OAkk. on; Ugr. ʔinr (and ʔirn, met.) ‘dog, hound’; (?) Arab. ʔirān-, miʔrān- ‘repaire d’une bête feroce’ (and ʔrn ‘mordre, saisir avec les dents’); Amh. anär ‘wildcat (Viverra genotta)’. Chad. W.: Hausa inyāwarā ‘West African genet’; E.: Mawa ŋəru (< *ʔnVr-) ‘panther’ (cf. also E. *nyVrV ‘k. of rat’).

2.*ḳaŝ/ĉʕ- ‘k. of canine or hyena’

Sem.: Arab. ḳašʕ- ‘hyène mâle’ (also ‘caméléon’); Jib. ḳeśɛt ‘wolf’. Berb.: Ahaggar aɣsi ‘loup’, Ayr ta-ɣəs-t, E. Tawllemmet ši-ɣəss ‘chien-loup’. Omot. S.: Hamer ḳaski, Ongota qaske, kaski ‘dog’ (likely a lw. < Hamer or vice versa).

3. (*ʔa-)sVk- ‘k. of canine or hyena’ (no Sem.) Berb.: Tazerwalt uskai, Izayan usḵa, Iznassen uskai, Hgr. oska ‘chien lévrier’. Chad. C.:

Bachama sakey, Gudu sakəy ‘dog’; E.: Sokoro oskeŋ ‘hyena’. Cush. E.: Yaaku seeka ‘hyena’. Omot. S.: Ari (ʔ)aksi ‘dog’, wúksak ‘fox, jackal’, Ubamer aksi, (met.); Ongota ʔaski ‘dog’.

4. *sVr-an- ~ *sVnar- ‘k. of feline or civet’

Sem. *šVn(n)ār- ~ *šurān- ‘cat’. Chad. W.: Hausa sara, sawawara ‘civet’ (Cosp. #264), Boghom sawawara ‘like a hyena or civet’ (unless < Hausa), Polchi šišer ‘smaller than civet’, Daffo-Butura šúwír ‘Wildkatze’; E.: Tumak šàwàr ‘chat doré’, Dangla sàrààrà ‘panthère femelle’. Cush. E.: Dullay *sari-ko ‘leopard’; Yaaku warwars’an (met.) ‘serval’. Omot. N.: Ganjule šuuro ‘cat’.

5. *takʷVl- ~ *tVlVkʷ- ‘k. of carnivore’

Sem.: Gz. takʷlā ‘wolf’, jackal’, Tgr. təkla, Tna., Amh. täkʷla ‘jackal’ (< or > Cush.?). Cush. N.: Beja tákʷla ‘wolf; Lycaon pictus’; E.: Saho takla, taḫla ‘Wolf, Hyänenhund’; HEC

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*tVlVkk- (met.?) ‘Felis serval’. Omot. N.: Zaysse, Zergulla, Koyra, Ganjule tolko ‘hyena’ ; S.: Dime tolku ‘leopard’. ● < *ta-kʷVl- with the ta- prefix < *kʷV(hV)l- ‘k. of canine’ and further metathesis?

6. *wahar(-ab)- ‘k. of canine or hyena’ (no Sem.) Berb.: Senhadja i-uhar, Ait Tuzin a-whar, Ait Warain uhar, etc. ‘fox’. Egyp. (late) whr-t

prop. noun ‘bitch’, Copt. ʔuhor ‘dog’. Chad. W.: Pa’a ʔyara ‘dog’; C *rVwV (met.?): FK, FM řŭ, FJ luwi ‘hyena’. Cush. E.: LEC *warāb- (and Konso oray-ta) ‘hyena’ (< *warh-ab- ?); S.: Maʔa ware ‘hyena’.

7. *VʔVb- ‘k. of carnivore’ Sem. *ḏiʔb- : Akk. zību ‘jackal, vulture’ SB; zəʔēb ‘wolf’’; Syr. dēb- id.; Arab. ḏiʔb ‘loup;

chacal’; Eth. * zəʔb ‘hyena’; MSA *ḏib wolf’. Egyp. zꜣb (pyr) ‘jackal’. Chad. W. *ǯib- ‘viverra’; E. *ǯabiy- ‘hyaena’. Cush. N.: Beja diib ‘wolf’ (an Arabism not to rule out). Omot. S. Ari (Galila) deban ‘fox, jackal’ (d- is unexpected: *ǯ > z in Ari; a lw.?).● Cf. Cush. *ʒVʔVb- ‘lion’ (Sid doob-iččo, Kmb zob-ečču, Tam zob-ečo) and Omot. *ʒab- id. (Bako zab).

8. *(ʔa-n-)ʒVr(-am)- ‘k. of feline or civet’

Sem.: Akk. azaru (azzaru) ‘lynx’ OB on; Gz. ʔanzar ‘wild cat’. Chad. W.: Warji ǯara-waŝ ‘lion’, Zul zaʔāri ‘like a hyena or civet’; C.: Bachama ǯàrá, Bata ǯíre, Buduma zā-zúr-mà ‘leopard’; E.: Gabri ǯur, Birgit ʔǯúr-úk id. Cush. E.: LEC: Oromo adurree, Dasenech adure ‘viverra’, LEC: Sidamo adurre ‘cat’; Dullay: Dihina, Gollango aturre ‘wild cat’; S.: Alagwa ǯeʔira, Burunge ǯiʔerare ‘viverra’. Omot.: Kafa yeeroo, ǯäro ‘viverra’ (a lw. < Cush.?)

4. OTHER REMARCABLE ANIMALS AND EDIBLE BIRDS 1. *da(n)gir- ‘monkey’ (no Sem.) Chad, C.: Gude dángwárá, Buduma dāgel; (?) E.: Ndam gəgəm dəgré ‘monkey’. Cush. E.:

LEC: Somali daŋer, Boni dašer (<*daǯer < *dager ?), HEC: Hadiya dagieraa, Kambatta dagieraa ‘monkey’.

Cf. *ding/k(-al)- ‘dwarf’: Sem.: Eth *dink- (< ECush.?), cf. Arab. duǯǯal- ‘vil, bas, de basses classes (hommes)’ (or < dgl ‘mentir’?); Egyp. (OK) dng, dꜣng, dꜣg (< *dlg); Berb.: Nefusa a-dənǯal ‘dwarf’; Chad. W.: Hausa gandi ‘pigmy’ (met. < *dang- ?); Cush. E,: LEC: Oromo dinki, HEC: Kambatta dənka, Tembaro dinka (both < Oromo?) ‘dwarf’. Cf. also *ǯV(n)g(-Vl/r)- ~ *gal/raǯ- ‘monkey’ and *da(n)g(ʷ)-Vr/l- ‘elephant’

2. *ǯV(n)g(-Vl/r)- ~ *gal/raǯ- ‘monkey’ (no Sem.) Chad. W.: Mbuko zəgày ‘k of monkey’, Zime-Batna ʒéŋgū ‘a k. of monkey’; E.: BRG

zúgúlì ‘monkey’. Cush. C. *ǯagir-; E.: LEC: Oromo gurēza (> Mod. Eth.), HEC: Harso kals-akko (possibly < *galz-) ‘monkey’. ● Cf. *da(n)gir- ‘monkey’. Cf. also *(ʔa-)ǯV(n)g(ʷ)-

‘k. of largest herbivore’. 3. *ḳir(-an)- ‘monkey’ (no Sem.) Chad. W.: Sura kar, Angas ker ‘monkey’, Bokkos kyerãŋ ‘red monkey’. Cush. E.: LEC:

Arbore ḳaarran ‘vervet monkey’. ● Perhaps a chance coincidence. 4. *ḳVr/lVd- ‘monkey’ Sem.: Arab. ḳird- ‘singe, surtout singe mâle’ (cf. ḳardaḥ-, ḳurduḥ- ‘gros singe’); Gz.

ḳardināt ‘monkey’ (Mnd. ḳird ‘monkey’ is an Arabism). Egyp. (hierogl.) ḳnd (< *ḳld ?) ‘Affe’. Chad. E.: Migama mékèrḍa ‘monkey’ (unless an Arabism).

5. *dab- ‘k. of large mammal’ Sem. *da/ubb- ‘bear’ (Akk.; Hbr.; Aram,; Arab.; Eth.). Egyp. (OK) db ‘hyppopotamus’.

Chad. W.: Boghom túp (regular devoicing) ‘hyppopotamus’ (Hausa dábbà, Ngizim dəbbà ‘wild animal’ are likely Arabisms), Pero ḍɛḅə ‘hyena’, Ngamo dəbən ‘lion’; C.: Gudu dōvən ‘lion’,

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dívā ‘leopard’. Cush. S.: Dahalo ḏabi ‘animal, game’. Omot. N.: Gimirra dodba, Ganza dwob ‘lion’; S.: Ari de(e)bí, Hamer dəbi, daḅi ‘wild animal’ ● Cf. PKuliak *dob- ‘rhinoceros’.

6. *pil- ‘aardvark (Orycteropus afer)’ (no Sem.?) Chad. C.: Bura pili-ngir ‘aardvark’ (ngir, ideof. describes large number of people or birds

sitting in one place). [Cf. E.: Lele pílápíla, Mawa pəla ‘giraffe’.] Cush. S.: Iraqw fila, Alagwa fili, Burungwe filu ‘aardvark’. ● (?) Cf. Sem.: Akk. (OB Lex.) pīlu, Hbr. pB. pīl, Syr. pīl-, Arab. fīl- ‘elephant’, Geez falfal ‘water buffalo, elephant’ (all or most of the above forms are usually regarded as non-Semitic or inter-Semitic borrowings.) Perhaps comparable by association between elephant’s trunk and aardvark’s long muzzle.

7. *ʔ/warn(-ab)- ‘hare, rabbit’

Sem. *ʔarnab(-at)- ‘hare’: Akk. arnabu (annabu) OAkk. on; Hbr. ʔarnäbät ‘hare’; Syr. ʔarnəb; Arab. ʔarnab-; Geez ʔarnāb (considered an Arabism by Leslau), Har. ḥarbāñño, Gur. *arbäññä; Mhr. ḥarnáyb, Hrs. ḥeynēb (cf. the forms lacking -b such as Syr. ʔarnāʕā ‘mus magnus’, Arab. (pl., alongside ʔarānib-) ʔarānin ‘lièvre’, Jib. ʔɛrní ‘hare’). Egyp. (old) wn (acc. to EDE I: 44, the hieroglyph for wn depicts a hare: perhaps < wꜣn < *wrn). Chad. *ʔarnVb- (> nVbVr- > nbVr- > bVr-) ‘hare’ (CED #11).Cush. C. *bäntäl/r- ‘hare, rabbit’ (Bilin mäntälä-rä, Khamtanga bitla, Qemant bäntära CDA: 79-80), probably met. < *ta-rnab-; E.: HEC: Burji (h)irbáan-čoo ‘rabbit’ (< Omot.?); (?) S.: Alagwa ʔorhóo, Burunge ʔoroʔoo ‘big hare sp.’. Omot. N.: Wolayta hirbaane ‘hare’.

Variations in the roots and stems must be due to a rare combination of *r and *n in one root; another reason for it may be tabooing the hare. Note the non-etymological ḥ- in Har. and h- in Burji and Wolayta, which can continue ḥ as well. Cf. PKoman *warVn- ‘hare’.

8. *ʔV(n)čaw- ‘mouse, rat’

Sem.: Akk. ayāṣu ‘weasel’ OB on; Geez ʔanṣawā ‘mouse, weasel’ (also ḥanṣawā, ḥanṣe ‘mouse’), Tna ʔančəwa ‘rat, mouse’, Tgr. ʕanṣay, ʔanṣay, Amh. ay(ə)ṭ ‘mouse’. Berb.: Ayr, E. Tawllemmet e-ḍəwi ‘jerboa’. Chad. W.: Hausa cíyō ‘field rat’, Sayanchi ààcə ‘mouse’. Cush. C. *ʔi(n)čaw- ‘mouse’; E.: LEC: Oromo wawwačoo ‘mongoose’. Omot. N. *ʔi(n)čaw- ‘rat’. ● The similarity between the Eth., Agaw and Omot. forms may imply borrowing ‒ most likely from Eth. having a reliable cognate in Akk.

9. *sVkw- ‘k. of small mammal’

Sem.: Akk. šikkû ‘mongoose’ (OB on); Amh. šəkokko ‘rock hyrax’. Chad. C.: Piẑimbi šèkwa ‘squirrel’, Logone swḗka, súwēka ‘ground squireel’. Omot.: Kachama šikaale ‘wild cat’, Kafa šakšako, Dime siku ‘bat’. ● Cf. also Cush. E.: Dullay *šak-t- ‘chameleon’: Gawwata šaḥ-to, Gollango šaḫ-to. Omot.: Wolaita šak-aanča ‘chameleon’. Cf. (*ʔa-)sVk- ‘k. of canine or

hyena’. 10. *laḫm- ‘k. of largest water animal’

Sem.: Akk. (OAkk. on) laḫmu (laḫamu) ‘a monster’, ‘ein mythisches Meerungeheuer’; Harsusi léḫem, JIb. lḫum ‘shark’, Soq. léḥem ‘grand poisson, requin’. Chad. *lVḫV ‘hippo’: W.: Dera ləhyo ; C.: Chibak laḫa, Bura laha, Gude ləh. ● Cf. Cush. N.: Beja leema ‘crockodile’ (the reflex of *ḫ in Beja is not clear).

11. *niḥas- ‘k. of large snake or crocodile’

Sem.: Akk. šaḫan (met.?), Bab. ‘serpent god’; Ugr. nḥš ‘serpent’; Hbr. nāḥāš (in one context interpreted as Crocodilus vulgaris). Cf. Arab ḥanaš- ‘reptile, snake’ (with irregular -š). Chad. W *niHas-: Sayanchi nyíči ‘snake’, Bokkos nyes, Daffo-Butura nis ‘python’. (?) Cush. E.: LEC: Somali yeḥaas, Rendille yaḥ(a)s’í, (?) Boni ǯaḥáas ‘crockodile’.

12. *dVlVl- ~ *did(d)al- ‘worm, snail, lizard’ Sem.: Akk. ( SB) dālil- ‘a small animal, probably a frog’; Hbr. pB nādāl ‘polype,

centipede’; Jud. naddal- id., Syr. dandāl- ‘scolopendra vel millepeda’; Arab. duldul- ‘hérisson’;

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Jib. dololɛt ‘kind of slow-moving snake’. Chad. E.: Dangla dìdɔlnyà ‘limace’. Cush. E.: HEC: Darasa daddalʔe, Kambatta diddil-ičču, Sidamo dandalle ‘lizard’.

13. *(ʔan/m-)ḳVr(n)- ‘frog, toad’

Sem.: Syr. yaḳrūr- (and ʕaḳrūḳ-), Jud. ʔaḳroḳtā; Arab. ḳirr-, ḳurr-, ḳarr-at-; Gz. ḳāḳer, ḳʷarnanaʕāt, Tgr. ḳorəʕ, ʔanḳorəʕ, Tna. ḳʷərʕo, ənḳoroʕ, Amh. ḳərnanot, Har. anḳurāraḥti ‘frog’. Egyp. (NE) ḳrr ‘frog’. Berb. *(ʔam-)ḳ(ʷ)arḳ(ʷ)Vr ‘toad, frog’. Chad. W.: Ngizim kərıinaka u; C. *kVr-Vn-; E.: Birgit kìrḗ-nì, Sokoro kóriŋgē ‘frog’. Omot. N.: Zaysse ʔóoḳḳaro, Zergula ʔooḳēru ‘frog’.

14. *ʔa-waʒʒ- ~ *ʒVw/y- ‘k. of large edible bird’

Sem.: Ugr. ʔuz; Hbr. pB ʔāwāz; Syr. wazz; Arab. ʔiwazz-, wazz-, Gez. zəy, Amh. Amh. zəyy (zəyyi) ‘goose’. Egyp. (Pyr) z.t ‘Ente, Ganz’, kꜣ zw.t ‘Erpel’ (lit. ‘male of a duck’). Berb.: Ghadames awəz(z), pl. wəzz-ān ‘ostrich’. Chad. E.: Mokilko ʔùzú ‘chick, cock’.

4. FISH

1. *ʔu/ir- ‘fish (generic?); spawn’ Sem.: Akk. e/urûtu ‘(fish) spawn’. Egyp. (med) ỉꜣr.t ‘part of fish’. Chad. W. *ʔuri- ‘k. of

fish’: Hausa ùùrii; C. *wurah- ‘k. of fish’: Zime wùràhùʔ ‘Polypterus bichir’; E. *ʔer- ‘fish’: Ndam ere; Omot. *ʔor- ‘fish’: Sheko or-us, Dime or-co.

2.*ʕVb(Vb)- ‘k. of fish’

Sem. *ʕabVw- ‘k. of fish’: Akk. abtu ‘a fish’ OB on (according to Salonen, denoted two different fish species, a sea fish Polydactylus tetradactylus and a freshwater one Barbus

xanthopterus); Soq. ʕba ‘a carp-like fish’, ʕába ‘a small blue and red fish’. Egyp. (reg.) ʕwbbw ‘k. of fish’. Chad.W. *HVbub- ‘fish’: Sura púpwáp, Angas bup; C.: Logone bwabwa ‘poisson Paraphiocephalus obscurus’; E.: Ndam bá ‘fish’.

3. *ʕač- ‘fish (generic); to fish’

Sem.: Arab. ʕaṯṯāʔ- ‘serpent’, Eth. *ʕasa ‘fish’ (cf. Akk. ašāšu, ešēšu ‘to catch (in a net)’, which can continue ʕaṯāṯ-, but in the only relevant context refers to birds). Chad. E.: Kera áčò ‘sardine’ (cf. Chad. *čVw/y- ‘to fish, fishing’ St. 2009 #788, compared with Akk. ). Cush.N.: Beja aša ‘fish’; C.: Bilin, ʕ/ʔasa, Khamtanga ḥaza, Kemant asa, Aungi asi; E.: Saho ʕaazaa (ʕaasa in Welmers) ‘fish’. (?) Omot. N. *Haš-: Kafa haašoo, Mocha haašo, Bworo aso, Anfillo haašo, Dizi (Nao) aša ‘fish’.

The Eth. term is considered a lw. < Agaw, borrowed, in its turn, into Beja, Saho and Omotic; however, (1) there is no ʕ in any Agaw language except some cases in Bilin, considered borrowed from or influenced by Eth.; (2) from the chronological point, what is expected to have been the source of borrowing into Proto-Eth. is only the proto-Agaw form; (3) the proto-Agaw form is impossible to reconstruct as the terms show diverse and irregular reflexes (ʔ- ~ ʕ- ~ ḥ- ~ ḫ- and -s- ~ -z-) which rather imply borrowing; (4) the Arab. term, debatable semantically, fits the Eth. forms phonetically, probably pointing to the common Sem. proto-form.

4. *ʕi/ud- ‘k. of fish’

Sem.: Jib. ʕidət, pl. ʕád ‘sardine’. Egyp. (18 Dyn.) ʕdw, ʕꜣdw ‘k. of fish’. Chad.W.: N.Bauchi *ɣʷad-’fish’; C.: Margi hya-hyoḍa, hya-hwyaḍa ‘a fish’, Zime yēḍwá ‘cat-fish, silure’; E.: Tumak dòo (unless < *dogo) ‘fish’.

5. *bus- ‘k. of fish’

Egyp. (n) bss ‘k. of fish’. Chad. W. *ḅwas-, E. *bVs- ‘fish’. 6. *gub- ‘k of fish’

Egyp. gb.t (AE) ‘k. of fish’. Chad. W.: Kirfi gubi-ti ‘k of fish’ (mud-fish); E.: Tobanga gübü ‘k. of fish’.

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7. *gVs- ‘k. of fish’

Egyp.(n) ḏs ‘k. of fish’ (can be < *gVs). Chad. *gVw/yVs- ‘fish’. 8. *ḳar-tum- ‘k. of fish’

Sem.: Arab. ḳarmṭ- (met.) ‘sheat-fish’. Cush. E.: LEC: Oromo ḳurṭummi, Dirayta ḳurtum-ɛt

‘fish’; HEC *ḳurtum- ‘fish’. ● Composed from *ḳar- ‘fish’ and *tum- id.? Cf. *ar- ‘k. of fish’. 9. *tam- ‘k. of fish’ Sem.: Geez taman, Tgr., Amh. tämän ‘snake, dragon’. Egyp. tm.t (med) ‘k. of fish’. Chad.

C.: Munjuk tum ‘pêche’, tumi ‘pêcher’, Musgu tum ‘Fisch’, *tVm- ‘to fish, fishing’ (derived verbal forms, judging by the Afras. cognates). ● This root is likely a second component of the Cush composite *ḳVr-tum- ‘fish’; cf. also met. Arab. ḳarmūṭ- ‘sheat-fish’.

10. *ʔabsar- ‘k. of shellfish’

Sem.: Soq. abšar ‘sea-shell’. Egyp. (MK) bsꜣ ‘Perlenüberschurz’. Chad. C.: Musgu abrasai, abrése ‘pearl’. Cush.: E.: Afar abisir ‘sea-shell’.

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С.Л. Николаев

КОММЕНТАРИЙ К ДОКЛАДУ А. Ю. МИЛИТАРЕВА И С. Л. НИКОЛАЕВА «ПРААФРАЗИЙСКИЕ ЗООНИМЫ И ПРОБЛЕМА АФРАЗИЙСКОЙ ПРАРОДИНЫ»

Согласно гипотезе, выдвинутой И. М. Дьяконовым, афразийская прародина

располагалась в области Юго-Восточной Сахары и в прилегающих районах Восточной Африки. Эта гипотеза поддерживается тем фактом, что большинство афразийских семей и языков по-прежнему распространены на территории Африканского континента. Носители кушитских, омотских, египетского и чадского праязыков остались в Африке, при этом чадцы заселили территорию к западу от первоначального праафразийского арела. Древнесемитские племена двинулись на северо-восток, в Переднюю Азию. Берберские (ливийско-гуанчские) племена двинулись в западном направлении, достигнув Атлантического побережья и Канарских островов.

Согласно противоположной гипотезе, выдвинутой А. Ю. Милитаревым, афразийская прародина локализуется в Передней Азии и на Аравийском полуострове. Наиболее вероятной археологической культурой, соответствующей праафразийцам, А. Ю. Милитарев считает натуфийскую культуру. К этой точке зрения примыкают сторонники включения афразийских языков в ностратическую общность. В пользу этой гипотезы свидетельствует тот факт, что между афразийскими языками, распространенными на африканской территории, и неафразийскими языками Передней Азии (в частности, кавказскими) обнаружены следы древних лексических контактов. Согласно этой гипотезе, разделение афразийской общности сопровождалось движением большей части афразийцев на Запад, на территорию Африки, и только прасемитский остался на своей исторической прародине.

Фаунистический анализ праафразийского словаря показывает, что лучше всего ему

соответствует фауна, характерная для позднеплейстоценовой и голоценовой Восточно-Африканской подобласти Эфиопской области Старого Света. Её границы совпадают с ареалом саванн. Эндемиками Восточно-Африканской подобласти являются павианы, три рода полорогих («антилоп») с многочисленными видами, львы, пятнистые гиены, кафрский буйвол, африканский страус, африканский слон, носороги, эквиды (ослы и зебры) и ряд других. Зоонимы, соответствующие перечисленным денотатам, реконструируются в праафразийском языке в первую очередь по данным «африканских» языков ‒ чадских, кушитских, омотских: слон, гиппопотам, носорог, лев, многочисленные виды полорогих, несколько видов псовых, кошачьих и виверровых и т. д.

Нет оснований считать, что большинство названий диких животных в афразийских ветвях было заимствовано или возникло в результате переноса названий домашних животных на разнообразные дикие виды. Зоонимы, относящиеся к восточноафриканской фауне, сохраняют свое первичное значение в чадских и кушитско-омотских языках. Эти языки относятся к очень рано разошедшимся ветвям ‒ по данным глоттохронологии, это произошло в XII‒XI тыс. до н. э., см. таблицу. В северных афразийских языках ‒ египетском, праберберском ‒ количество восточноафриканских зоонимов в исконном значении уменьшается. В прасемитском ряд восточноафриканских зоонимов обозначает

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мифических зверей, что естественно для недавних мигрантов из одной природной зоны в другую: корни и приблизительное представление об облике животных сохранялись, но денотаты на новой родине отсутствовали. Многие термины для восточноафриканской фауны используется для обозначения пород домашних животных.

Левантийская прародина афразийцев (точнее, прародина праафразийского языка) представляется невероятной. В Передней Азии XII‒IX тыс. до н. э. климат соответствовал современному климату лесостепей средней полосы Европы. Распад праафразийского язка (XII тыс. до н. э.) соответствует переднеазиатскому климату позднего плейстоцена, характеризовавшемуся суровыми зимами. В это же период распался пракушитско-омотский язык. Климат и фауна тропической Африки в это время мало чем отличались от современных.

Фауна Леванта во время бытования натуфийской культуры соответствовала обычной фауне средних широт ‒ большинство представителей восточноафриканской фауны просто не могла существовать в этих условиях, как и в наше время. Находки костей свидетельствуют, что добычей в охоте натуфийцев была лесостепная фауна умеренного пояса: газели (обыкновенная газель и джейран), олени, дикие быки (туры), кабаны, полуослы (куланы). В Передней Азии рассматриваемой эпохи не было реконструируемых в праафразийском языке обезьян, крокодила, слона, гиппопотама, носорога, льва, большинства видов мелких копытных. В Северной Африке и в Аравии (кроме ее южной оконечности) в это время господствовали полупустыни и пустыни с резко континентальным климатом, в которых также отсутствало большинство представителей восточноафриканской фауны. Природное районирование Европы, Передней Азии и Северной Африки, хронологически соответствующее позднему Натуфу (XI‒X тыс. до н. э.), показано на карте.

Распад прасемитско-египетско-берберо-чадского (Х тыс.), праегипетско-берберо-чадского (VIII тыс.), пракушитского языков (IX‒VIII тыс.) также хронологически соответствует прохладному передневосточному климату пребореального и бореального периодов. Предположение о том, что эти праязыки распались не в Передней Азии, а в Восточно-Африканской подобласти, разрешает «палеклиматическую контроверзу»: в тропической Африке незначительные колебания климата не отражались на видовом составе фауны. Только в течение более теплого атлантического периода (7270‒3710 лет до н. э.) ‒ через 4‒6 тыс. лет после распада праафразийского языка ‒ в Переднюю Азию постепенно проникает несколько видов животных, характерных для восточноафриканской фауны (в их числе лев, африканский буйвол и даман).

По данным палеозоологии, доместикация копытных (коз и позднее овец) произошла в

горных областях Передней Азии не ранее IX тыс. до н. э., поэтому исторически обоснованной является трактовка названий домашних полорогих в отдельных афразийских семьях как вторичных, возникших путем переноса названий диких животных на сходных домашних и в результате межъязыковых заимствований. Как в Леванте, так и в Африке дикие овцы отсутствовали; нубийский горный козел (Capra nubiana) не был доместицирован: предком домашней козы является азиатский безоаровый козёл (Capra hircus aegagrus), западный ареал которого ограничен Кавказом и Анатолией. Козы и овцы были интродуцированы в Левант в IX тыс. до н. э. и позднее в Африку уже как домашние животные.

Модель переноса терминов дикой фауны на домашних животных демонстрируется на примере крупных полорогих и непарнокопытных параллельно во всех афразийских ветвях: быки, буйволы, ослы были одомашнены сравнительно недавно (не ранее VII тыс.

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до н. э.); одногорбые верблюды были эндемиками Аравийского полуострова; лошадь не водилась в Передней Азии и не могла там быть там одомашнена. Единственным животным, одомашненным до IX тыс. до н. э., является собака.

Переднеазиатская локализация и привязка праафразийцев к натуфийской культуре не

представляются вероятными. Праафразийский язык мог локализоваться только в Восточной Африке, в частности в Эфиопии. Судя по зоонимам, прасемитский язык локализуется где-то в Передней Азии и хронологически соответствует ярмукской культуре, Убейду и др. ‒ культурам керамического неолита с развитым земледелием и скотоводством. Остальные афразийские языки локализуются в Африке: египетский и праберберский в Северной Африке, прачадский, пракушитский и праомотский ‒ в тропической Африке приблизительно в ареалах распространения их языков-потомков.

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Карта. Природные зоны в позднем дриасе (10,730‒9750 лет до н. э.)

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Таблица. Сопоставительные датировки праафразийского языка и афразийских семей,

климатических периодов Передней Азии и синхронных им археологических культур Леванта

Датировка методом STANDARD (50-словник)

Датировка методом EXPERIMENTAL (50-словник)

Геохронологические периоды (Европа, Передняя Азия, Сев. Африка)

Датировка ‒ лет до н. э.

Датировка ‒ тысячелетие до н. э.

Археологические культуры Леванта

Плейстоцен

Мейендорфское потепление

12,500‒11,850 XIII‒XII

Древнейший дриас (похолодание)

11,850‒11,720 XII

Бёллингское потепление 11,720‒11,590 XII

Proto-Afrasian

-11.5 -11.45 Древний дриас (похолодание)

11,590‒11,400 XII

Ранний Натуф, 12,500‒10,800 лет до н. э. (мезолит, развитое собирательство и охота)

Proto-Cush.-Omotic

-9.93 -10.68 Аллерёдское потепление 11,400‒10,730 XII‒XI

Поздний дриас (похолодание, засуха, конец оледенения)

10,730‒9750 XI‒X

Поздний Натуф, 10,800‒9500 лет до н. э. (мезолит, предположительно зачатки земледелия в позднем дриасе, скотоводство отсутствует)

Голоцен

Proto-Sem.-Eg.-Berb.-Chadic

-9.33 -9.31 Пребореал (потепление) 9610‒8690 X‒IX

Proto-Eg.-Berb.-Chadic

-7.76 -7.84

Proto-Cushitic -7.83 -8.58 (sic!)

Бореал (похолодание) 8690‒7270 IX‒VIII

Докерамический неолит A X‒IX тыс. до н. э. (местная, земледелие) и докерамический неолит Б IX‒VII тыс. до н. э. (пришлая из Анатолии, земледелие и скотоводство)

Proto-Berb.-Chadic

-6.15 -6.39

Proto-Omotic -6.24 -6.74 Proto-Semitic -4.65 -4.47

Атлантик (значительное потепление)

7270‒3710 VIII‒IV Ярмукская культура VII‒IV тыс. до н. э. (керамический неолит, скотоводство и земледелие)