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POLAR LAW – RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL LEGAL DOCUMENTS (1914 – 2015)

AND SELECTED LITERATURE REVIEW (2000 – 2015)

Onur Sabri DURAK1

ABSTRACT

Polar Regions, particularly the Antarctic region (South Pole region) was kept away from mankind’s influence for a long time due to historical development of geographical explorations. Geographical explorations, recent developments in shipping and technology led States to increase their activities and sovereignty claims on Polar Regions. In the meantime, States’ concerns and interests on Polar Regions have deepened due to recent developments in international policy and economy, energy demand and production capacity, and availability of commercial navigation particularly in Arctic region (North Pole region) through North – East passage. Yet more, States, which does not have close geographical connection with Polar Regions, have significantly increased their activities on Polar Regions.States have different kinds of concerns and benefits on Polar Regions. Such concerns and interests are namely as; sovereignty claims on Polar Regions, commercial shipping activities, exploration and exploitation of natural resources on Polar Regions and seabed, utilization of sea food resources, tourism, scientific researches and researches on possible new habitats for mankind. In accordance with the States’ above-mentioned concerns and interests, a number of international, regional and bilateral treaties were formulated and adopted on Polar Regions taking into consideration characteristics of each Polar Region. Moreover, a number of academic publication was written by authors.This study, at the outset, lists all relevant international, regional and bilateral treaties on Polar Regions in order to provide a comprehensive reference for researches and readers in Polar Law. Afterwards, the study provides a selected literature review on Polar Law written between 2000 and 2015. The literature review is studied in three chapters, which are namely as follows; “Books and Collected Materials”, “Articles and Book Chapters” and “Reports, Resolutions and Recommendations”.

1 Introduction

This book chapter consisting of relevant legal documents and literature review is the outcome of a project on the “Polar Age from a Global Perspective: Cooperation, Conflicts and National Interests”. The project has its origins in scrutinization of Polar Regions from an international relations and international law perspectives. In view of recent developments in Polar Regions, law of the sea, environmental law and cultural rights of indigenous 1 Onur Sabri DURAK, Ph.D., Istanbul Technical University, Maritime Faculty

Maritime Law Research Assistant, [email protected].

216 Polar Law – Relevant International Legal Documents (1914-2015) and Selected Literature Review (2000-2015)

peoples, this study aims to provide a comprehensive study on relevant legal documents and literature review in the context of Polar Law.

Though the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is the main global framework for managing ocean space, implementation has to be carried out and achieved through global and regional levels. This has led to the coexistence of many different global and regional legal regimes which is very same for the legal status quo of Polar Regions. In order to provide an effective legal regime, the management of Polar Regions have to take into consideration all of these different regimes. Therefore, this study firstly listed all relevant international and regional legal documents in the context of Polar Regions. However, it should be noted that, this is not simply listing legal documents, but also it is aiming to indicate recent developments in the law of the sea, environmental law and cultural rights of indigenous peoples.

The literature review is limited with the scholarly publications written between 2000 and 2015. One of the main reason limiting the literature review for the publications written after 2000 is the substantial changes and developments in international legal regime with regard to Polar Regions. Therefore, the content of scholarly publications has significantly changed comparing to publications before 2000. Due to ascending impetus of international and regional agreements on environmental law, deep-sea mining, biodiversity, cultural rights of indigenous peoples, scholarly publications have cordially developed in recent years. Moreover, the Antarctic Treaty operated without any continuing institution until 1 September 2004, when the Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty was established and based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Therefore, establishment of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat in 2004 has noteworthy influence on scholarly publications particularly on the institutional governance of Antarctic region. It should be noted that, in this study, relevant international and regional legal documents were not limited in terms of neither their adoption date nor their entry into force dates. Since, the international and regional legal documents are still in force, such limitation would have no effect in the context of this study.

The literature review for scholar publications is carried out in English language. Since, majority of the international academic journals and books are published in English, this study reviews the publications solely in English. One another reasons reviewing English publications is the official languages of international organizations, likewise the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat and the Arctic Council. English has been chosen as the official language for these international organizations on Polar Regions. Therefore, publications, reports and other documents introduced by these

Onur Sabri Durak 217

international organizations have been drafted in English which aims to create a common area for relevant parties. Taking into consideration such aim, this study follows the preceding and analysis publications only in English. However, it should be noted that some of the original languages of books referred under book reviews might be in languages other than English.

For the methodology of reviewing the literature, first of all, both hardcopy and softcopy books of widely-recognized scholars which are published from well-known publication houses and university presses all over the world were accessed. In order to complete a comprehensive review, Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, Yale University Press, Edward Elgar Publishing, Brill Academic Publishers, Springer – Verlag, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Routledge, Hart Publishing, Ashgate Publishing, Palgrave Macmillan, Kluwer Law International Publishing, Juris Publishing, Informa Law, Intersentia Publishers and other publication houses and university presses were visited. Bibliographies of these books have been studied and relevant academic resources were extracted. Moreover, databases and grad school websites of universities which have polar research centers have been visited in order to extract the master or doctoral thesis related to Polar Regions and Polar Law. Very similar to books, relevant academic resources were extracted from bibliographies of master and doctoral thesis.

Legal journals and articles were visited through international legal databases. For reviewing journal articles, first of all, international legal databases of Westlaw, LexisNexis and Springer were visited. Article reviews through international legal databases were carried out through keywords. After receiving results consisting journal articles, bibliography of each article was studied and relevant academic resources were extracted. The articles, their selves, were studied and referred here as well.

The study, later on, reviewed reports, recommendations and resolutions drafted or adopted by international organizations. In this regard, United Nations, International Maritime Organization, United Nations Environmental Programme, Arctic Council andAntarctic Treaty Secretariat’s reports, recommendations and resolutions were visited at the very first instance. Later on, reports and recommendations of Non-Governmental Organizations and Universities were visited. Some other reports were extracted from international symposiums, conferences or meetings on Polar Regions which were held all around the world. However, such reports were limited from the perspective of their content and reports solely referring to legal or policy matters were reviewed in this study.


2 Relevant International Legal Documents1914, International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, Entry into Force 1 July

1915.1916, Convention between the United States and Great Britain for the Protection of

Migratory Birds, Entry into Force 7 December 1916.1920, Treaty Concerning the Archipelago of Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen Treaty), Entry

into Force 14 August 1925.1940, Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western

Hemisphere (Western Hemisphere Convention), Entry into Force 1 May 1942.1944, Convention on International Civil Aviation (ICAO Convention), Entry into Force

4 April 1947.1945, Charter of the United Nations, Entry into Force 24 October 1945.1946, International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), Entry into

Force 10 November 1948.1948, Convention on the International Maritime Organization, Entry into Force 17

March 1958.1948, International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, Entry into Force 19

November 1952.1953, Convention for the Preservation of the Halibut Fishery of the North Pacific

Ocean and the Bering Sea, Entry into Force 28 October 1953.1954, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil

(OILPOL), Entry into Force 26 July 1958.1957, Interim Convention on the Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seal, Entry into

Force 14 October 1957.1958, Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, Entry into Force 10

September 1964.1958, Convention on the High Seas, Entry into Force 30 September 1962.1958, Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High

Seas, Entry into Force 20 March 1966.1959, Antarctic Treaty, Entry into Force 23 June 1961.1964, Convention for the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Entry

into Force 22 July 1968.1966, International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, Entry into

Force 21 March 1969.1969, Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna Convention), Entry into Force 27

January 1980.1971, Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl

Habitat (Ramsar Convention), Entry into Force 21 December 1975. 1972, Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS), Entry into Force

11 March 1978.1972, Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

(COLREGs), Entry into Force 15 July 1977.1972, Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

(World Heritage Convention), Entry into Force 17 December 1975.1972, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and

Other Matter (London Convention), Entry into Force 30 August 1975.1973, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora (CITES), Entry into Force 1 July 1975.1973, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 2

November 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1 June 1978 and the Protocol (MARPOL) of 26 September 1997; as regularly amended.

1973, Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears (ACPB), Entry into Force 26 May 1976.

1974, Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources, Entry into Force 4 June 1974.


1974, International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1 November 1974, as regularly amended (SOLAS).

1975, Agreement Between the Government of the Kingdom of Norway and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Co-operation in the Fishing Industry (Framework Agreement), Entry into Force 11 April 1975.

1976, Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway Concerning Mutual Relations in the Field of Fisheries (Mutual Access Agreement), Entry into Force 21 April 1977.

1976, Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and their Environment, Entry into Force 13 October 1978.

1977, International Convention on the Safety of Fishing Vessels (Torremolinos Convention), Not yet in Force.

1978, International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), Entry into Force 28 April 1984.

1978, Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (NAFO Conventions), Entry into force 1 January 1979.

1979, Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), Entry into Force 1 November 1983.1979, Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats

(Bern Convention), Entry into Force 1 June 1982.1979, International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR Convention),

Entry into force 22 June 1985.1979, Convention on Long-Rage Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), Entry into

Force 16 March 1983.1980, Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CAMLR

Convention), Entry into Force 7 April 1982.1980, Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the North-East Atlantic

Fisheries (NEAFC Convention), Entry into Force 17 March 1982.1982, Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean, Entry

into Force 1 October 1983.1982, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Entry into Force

16 November 1994.1985, Treaty between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United

States of America Concerning Pacific Salmon, Entry into Force 18 March 1985.1988, Agreement on Arctic Cooperation, Entry into Force 11 January 1988.1988, Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of

Maritime Navigation (SUA Convention), Entry into Force 1 March 1992.1988, Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the

Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Mutual Fisheries Relations, Entry into Force 28 October 1988.

1988, Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA), Not yet in Force.

1990, International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC), Entry into Force 13 May 1995.

1990, Convention for a North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES Convention), Entry into Force 24 March 1992.

1991, Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention), Entry into Force 10 September 1997.

1991, Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol), Entry into Force 14 January 1998, as regularly amended.

1992, Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean, Entry into Force 16 February 1993.

1992, Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Local Government of Greenland, on the one hand, and the Government of the Russian Federation, on the other hand, concerning Mutual Fishery Relations between Greenland and the Russian Federation, Entry into Force 16 October 1992.

1992, Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS), Entry into Force 29 March 1994.


1992, Agreement on Cooperation in Research, Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals in the North Atlantic (NAMMCO Agreement), Entry into Force 8 July 1992.

1992, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Entry into Force 21 March 1994.

1992, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Entry into Force 29 December1993.1992, Agreement between Greenland/Denmark and Norway concerning Mutual

Fishery Relations, Entry into Force 4 March 1994.1992, Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast

Atlantic (OSPAR Convention), Entry into Force 25 March 1998.1993, Protocol of 1993 relating to the 1977 Torremolinos International Convention

on the Safety of Fishing Vessels, Not yet in Force.1993, Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CSBT Convention),

Entry into Force 20 May 1994.1993, Agreement for the Establishment of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC

Agreement) Entry into Force 27 March 1996.1994, Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the

Central Bering Sea (CBS Convention), Entry into Force 8 December 1995.1994, Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (Part XI Deep-Sea Mining Agreement), Entry into Force 28 July 1996.

1995, Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA), Entry into Force 16 June 1995.

1995, International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel, Entry into Force 29 September 2012.

1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (Fish Stocks Agreement), Entry into Force 11 December 2001.

1996 Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS), Entry into Force 24 November 1996.

1996, Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, Entry into Force 24 March 2006.

1997, Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Protocol), Entry into Force 16 February 2005.

1999, Agreement between the Government of Iceland, the Government of Norway and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning Certain Aspects of Co-operation in the Area of Fisheries (Loophole Agreement), Entry into Force 15 July 1999.

2000, The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Cartagena Protocol), Entry into Force 11 September 2003.

2000, Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, Entry into Force 19 June 2004.

2000, Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation on the conservation and management of Alaska – Chukotka polar bear population, Entry into Force 9 December 2006.

2001, Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP), Entry into Force 1 February 2004.

2001, Convention on the Conservation and Management of Fishery Resources in the South East Atlantic Ocean, Entry into Force 13 April 2003.

2001, Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s Convention), Entry into Force 17 May 2004.

2001, Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Entry into Force 2 January 2009.

2001, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Entry into Force 9 June 2004.


2003, Treaty between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic on Cooperation in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories, Heard Islands and McDonald Islands, Entry into Force 1 February 2005.

2003, Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (Kiev Protocol), Entry into Force 11 July 2010.

2005, Protocol to Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, Entry into Force 28 July 2010.

2007, The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People, Adopted 13 September 2007.

2009, Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fishery Resources in the South Pacific Ocean, Entry into Force 24 August 2012.

2010, Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Entry into Force 12 October 2014.

2010, Treaty between the Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation concerning Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean (Murmansk Agreement), Entry into Force 7 July 2011.

2011, Agreement on Cooperation in Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic (Arctic SAR Agreement), Entry into Force 19 January 2013.

2012, Agreement of 2012 on the Implementation of the Provisions of the Torremolinos Protocol of 1993 relating to the Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels, Not yet in Force.

3 Books, Thesis and Collected MaterialsAbate & Kronk (2013), R. S. Abate & E. A. Kronk, Climate Change and Indigenous

Peoples: The Search for Legal Remedies, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013.Abate (2015), R. S. Abate, Climate Change Impacts on Ocean and Coastal Law: U.S.

and International Perspectives, Oxford University Press USA, 2015.Alfredsson & Koivurova (2009), G. Alfredsson & T. Koivurova, The Yearbook of Polar

Law Volume 1, Brill Academic Publishers, 2009.Alfredsson & Koivurova (2010), G. Alfredsson & T. Koivurova, The Yearbook of Polar





Law Volume 6, Brill Academic Publishers, 2014.Attard, Fitzmaurice & Gutierrez (2014), D. Attard, M. Fitzmaurice & N.A.M.

Gutierrez, The IMLI Manual on International Maritime Law: Volume I: The Law of the Sea, Oxford University Press, 2014.

Berkman (2012), P.A. Berkman, Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean: Promoting Co-operation and Preventing Conflict, Routledge, 2012.

Berkman & Vylgzhanin (2012), P.A. Berkman & A. N. Vylegzhanin, Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean, Springer – Verlag, 2012.

Borlase (2010), H. Borlase, Consistencies and Inconsistencies in the National Strategies of the Arctic Littoral States, Master’s Degree Thesis, University of Akureyri, 2010.

Brubaker (2005), D. Brubaker, The Russian Arctic Straits, Brill Academic Publishers, 2005.

Byers (2013), M. Byers, International Law and the Arctic, Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Caminos & Cogliati-Bantz (2015), H. Caminos & V.P. Cogliati-Bantz, The Legal Regime of Straits


Contemporary Challenges and Solutions, Cambridge University Press, 2015.Carlame (2010), C.P. Carlame, Climate Change Law and Policy: EU and US

Approaches, Oxford University Press, 2010.Chircop, McDorman & Rolston (2009), A. Chircop, T. McDorman & S. Rolston, The

Future of Ocean Regime-Building, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009.Coates & Lackenbauer (2008), K.S. Coates & W. Lackenbauer, Arctic Front:

Defending Canada in the Far North, Thomas Allen Publishers, 2008.Elvarsdottir (2010), H.S. Elvarsdottir, The Implications that Climate Change Has on

the Human Rights of the Inupiat in Barrow, Alaska, Master’s Degree Thesis, University of Akureyri, 2010.

Erlendsson (2010), G.E. Erlendsson, Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Concerns: Maritime Law, Sustainable Development and Human Rights, A Brief Look at Iceland & Greenland, University of Akureyri, 2010.

Ghosh (2015), S.J. Ghosh, Governing Maritime Transportation in the Arctic, Duke University, 2015.

Gjorv, Bazely, Golviznina et al (2013), G.H. Gjorv, D.R. Bazely, M. Golviznina et al, Environmental and Human Security in Arctic, Routledge, 2013.

Grant (2002), S. Grant, Arctic Justice, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002.Grant (2011), S. Grant, Polar Imperative: A History of Arctic Sovereignty in North

America, Douglas & McIntyre, 2011.Gray, Tarasofsky & Carlarne (2015), K. R. Gray, R. Tarasofsky & C. P. Carlarne, The

Oxford Handbook of International Climate Change Law, Oxford University Press, 2015.

Gupta (2013), J. Gupta, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, 2013.

Hasanat (2012), M.W. Hasanat, Soft-Law Cooperation in International Law: The Arctic Council's Efforts to Address Climate Change, Lapland University Press, 2012.

Havercroft, Macrory & Stewart (2011), I. Havercroft, R.B. Macrory & R.B. Stewart, Carbon Capture and Storage, Hart Publishing, 2011.

Hemmings, Rothwell & Scott (2013), A. D. Hemmings, D. R. Rothwell & K. N. Scott, Antarctic Security in the Twenty-First Century: Legal and Policy Perspectives, Routledge, 2013.

Honnenland (2014), G. Honnenland, Arctic Politics, the Law of the Sea and Russian Identity: The Barents Sea Delimitation Agreement in Russian Public Debate, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Hreinsson (2014), H. Hreinsson, Arctic Shipping and China: Governance Structure and Future Developments, University of Akureyri, 2014.

Jabour (2011), J. Jabour, Antarctic Law and Policy, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, 2011

Jakobson (2015), L. Jakobson, The New Arctic Governance, Oxford University Press, 2015.

Johansson & Donner (2015), T. Johansson & P. Donner, The Shipping Industry, Ocean Governance and Environmental Law in the Paradigm Shift, In Search of a Pragmatic Balance for the Arctic, Springer, 2015.

Johnstone (2014), R. L. Johnstone, Offshore Oil and Gas Development in the Arctic under International Law: Risk and Responsibility, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014.

Koivurova (2004), T. Koivurova, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in the Arctic, Ashgate Publishing, 2004.

Koivurova (2014), T. Koivurova, Introduction to International Environmental Law, Routledge, 2014.

Koivurova & Hasanat (2013), T. Koivurova & W. Hasanat, Current Developments in Arctic Law Volume 1, UArctic Thematic Networks, 2013.

Koivurova & Hasanat (2014), T. Koivurova & W. Hasanat, Current Developments in Arctic Law Volume 2, UArctic Thematic Networks, 2014.


Koivurova & Qin (2015), T. Koivurova & T. Qin, Arctic Law and Governance, The Role of China and Finland, Hart Publishing, 2015.

Koivurova, Brannlund & Bankes (2010), T. Koivurova, L. Brannlund & N. Bankes, Climate Governance in the Arctic, Springer, 2010.

Kraska (2011), J. Kraska, Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Kraemer, Cavalieri & Tedsen (2013), R. A. Kraemer, S. Cavalieri & E. Tedsen, Arctic Marine Governance: Opportunities for Transatlantic Cooperation, Springer – Verlag, 2013.

Lalonde & McDorman (2015), S. Lalonde & T. L. McDorman, International Law and Politics of the Arctic Ocean: Essays in Honor of Donat Pharand, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2015.

Leary & Pisupati (2010), D. Leary & B. Pisupati, The Future of International Environmental Law, United Nations University Press, 2010.

Lanteigne (2014), M. Lanteigne, China’s Emerging Arctic Strategies: Economics and Institutions, Institute of International Affairs, Centre for Arctic Policy Studies, University of Iceland, 2014.

Loukacheva (2010), N. Loukacheva, Polar Law Text Book, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2010.

Loukacheva (2013), N. Loukacheva, Polar Law Text Book II, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2013.

Loukacheva, Jabour, Winther et al (2015), N. Loukacheva, J. Jabour, J. Winther, Polar Law and Resources, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2015.

Lück, Maher & Stewart (2010), M. Lück, P.T. Maher & E.J. Stewart, Cruise Tourism in Polar Regions. Promoting Environmental and Social Sustainability? Earthscan, 2010.

Marsden & Koivurova (2011), S. Marsden & T. Koivurova, Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment in the European Union: The Espoo Convention and Its Kiev Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment, Earthscan, 2011.

Metuge (2013), L. Metuge, Multinational Corporations Versus Corporate Social Rresponsibility: The Case of Russian Oil Multinational Corporations, University of Akureyri, 2013.

Molenaar, Elferink & Rothwell (2013), E.J. Molenaar, A.G. Oude - Elferink & D.R. Rothwell, The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions: Interactions Between Global and Regional Regimes, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013.

Neumann (2010), A. Neumann, The Recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in the Context of the Area Protection and Management in the Arctic, Master’s Degree Thesis, University of Akureyri, 2010.

Niels (2011), E. Niels, Culture, Conflict and Crises in the Icelandic Fisheries : An Anthropological Study of People, Policy and Marine Resources in the North Atlantic Arctic, Ph.D. Thesis, Uppsala University, 2011.

Nordkvist (2013), L. Nordkvist, The Legal Future of the Arctic Region – Challenges and Opportunities Facing the World’s Northernmost Area, Master’s Degree Thesis, Lund University, 2013.

Nordquist, Moore & Heidar (2010), M.H. Nordquist, J.N. Moore & T.H. Heidar, Changes in the Arctic Environment and the Law of the Sea, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010.

Nordquist, Moore & Skaridov (2014), M. H. Nordquist, J. N. Moore & A. S. Skaridov, International Energy Policy, the Arctic and the Law of the Sea, Brill Academic Publishers, 2014.

Oude – Elferink & Rothwell (2001), A. Oude – Elferink & D. R. Rothwell, The Law of the Sea and Polar Maritime Delimitation and Jurisdiction, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2001.

Pedersen (2012), P V. Pedersen, Minerals and Mining: A Practical Global Guide, Globe Law and Business, 2012.

Pincus & Ali (2015), R. Pincus & S.H. Ali, Diplomacy on Ice, Energy and the Environment in the Arctic and Antarctic, Yale University Press, 2015.


Poppel (2015), B. Poppel (Ed.), SLiCA: Arctic Living Conditions – Living Conditions and Quality of Life among Inuit, Saami and Indigenous Peoples of Chukotka and the Kola Peninsula, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2015.

Powell & Dodds (2014), R. C. Powell & K. Dodds, Polar Geopolitics?: Knowledges, Resources and Legal Regimes, Edward Elgar Publication, 2014.

Raspotnik (2011), A. Raspotnik, Unilateral Pollution Control in the Northwest Passage, The Canadian NORDREG Regulations in the context of UNCLOS, Article 234, Master’s Degree Thesis, University of Tromso, 2011.

Sandroos (2015), B. Sandroos, The Law and Practice of Oil, Gas and Mining in Greenland: The Greenland Mineral Resources Act with Comments, DJOF Publishing, 2015.

Saul & Stephens (2015), B. Saul & T. Stephens, Antarctica in International Law, Hart Publishing, 2015.

Scarpa (2013), F. Scarpa, The EU, the Arctic and Arctic Indigenous Peoples, Master’s Degree Thesis, University of Akureyri, 2013.

Sellheim (2011), N. Sellheim, The Barents Environmental Cooperation – A Legitimacy Analysis, Master’s Degree Thesis, University of Akureyri, 2011.

Shadian & Tennberg (2009), M.J. Shadian & M. Tennberg, Legacies and Changes in Polar Sciences, Ashgate, 2009.

Stefansdottir (2014), M.M. Stefansdotir, Large Scale Projects in the Arctic: Socio-Economic Impacts of Mining in Greenland, Master’s Degree Thesis, University of Akureyri, 2014.

Stephens & VanderZwaag (2014), T. Stephens & D. L. VanderZwaag, Polar Iceans Governance in Era of Environmental Change, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2014.

Stokke & Hønnenland (2006), O. S. Stokke & G. Hønnenland, International Cooperation and Arctic Governance: Regime Effectiveness and Northern Region Building, Routledge, 2006.

Talus, Guimaraes-Purokoski, Rjala et al (2010), K. Talus, A. Guimaraes-Purokoski, A. Rjala et al, Energy Law in Finland, Kluwer Law International, 2010.

Tamnes & Offerdal (2014), R. Tamnes & K. Offerdal, Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic, Regiona Dynamics in a Global World, Routledge, 2014.

Tin, Liggett, Maher et al (2011), T. Tin, D. Liggett, P.T. Maher et al, Antarctic Futures, Springer, 2011.

Vidas (2001), D. Vidas, Protecting the Polar Marine Environment, Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Wasum-Rainer, Winkelmann & Tiroch (2012), S. Wasum-Riner, I. Winkelmann & K. Tiroch, Arctic Science, International Law and Climate Change, Springer – Verlag, 2012.

Weber (2011), M. Weber, The Strength to Continue: A Case Study Approach to Examining the Robustness of Polar Governance in the Era of Environmental and Energy Security, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Tasmania, 2011.

Weidemann (2014), L. Weidemann, International Governance of the Arctic Marine Environment: With Particular Emphasis on High Seas Fisheries, Springer – Verlag, 2014.

Weintrit (2013), A. Weintrit, Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation: Navigational Problems, CRC Press, 2013.

Wolfrum (2012), R. Wolfrum, The Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities: An Attempt to Break New Ground, Springer – Verlag, 2012.

Zellen (2013), B.S. Zellen, The Fast-Changing Arctic: Rethinking Arctic Security for a Warmer World, University of Calgary Press, 2013.

Zhilina (2013), I. Zhilina, Security Outlook of the Arctic States and the Perspectives on NATO’s Involvement, Master’s Degree Thesis, University of Akureyri, 2013.

4 Articles & Book Chapters


Agustin (2009), B.B. Agustin, Specific Regulations for Shipping and Environmental Protection in the Arctic: The Work of the International Maritime Organization, Vol. 24, No. 2, International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 2009, p. 381 – 386.

Aikio & Ahren (2014), A. Aikio & M. Ahren, A Reply to Calls for an Extension of the Definition of Sami in Finland, Vol. 5, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2014, p. 123 – 143.

Alfredsson (2009), G. Alfredsson, Human Rights and the Arctic, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, p. 233 – 243.

Alfredsson (2010), G. Alfredsson, Honorary Doctor, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 313 – 313.

Alfredsson (2012), G. Alfredsson, Arctic Governance: Human Rights, Good Governance and Democracy, Vol. 4,The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 141 – 153.

Alfredsson & Koivurova (2009), G. Alfredsson & T. Koivurova, Introductory Words, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, p. xi – xii.

Alfredsson & Koivurova (2011), G. Alfredsson & T. Koivurova, Introduction, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 3 – 4.

Alfredsson, Koivurova & Hossain (2011), G. Alfredsson, T. Koivurova & K. Hossain, Editor’s Note, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 5 – 11.

Alfredsson (2011), G. Alfredsson, New Polar Law Institute, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 717 – 717.

Alieva (2014), T. Alieva, Main Expected Changes in Legislative Regulation of Environmental Protection for Environmentally Hazardous Facilities in the Russian Arctic, Arctic Yearbook 2014, 2014, p. 538 – 545.

Allard (2011), C. Allard, The Nordic Countries’ Law on Sami Territorial Rights, Vol. 2, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2011, p. 159 – 183.

Allard (2012), C. Allard, Community and Collective Rights: A Theoretical Framework for Rights Held by Groups. Dwight Newman. Series ed. George Pavlakos, Series: Law and practical reason vol. 2. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2011. 243 pp. ISBN 978-1-84113-228-0, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 725 – 728.

Allard, Henriksen & Ravna (2010), C. Allard, T. Henriksen & Ø. Ravna, Arctic Dimensions in Law – Current Research and Education at the Faculty of Law, the University of Tromsø, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 315 – 322.

Aneiros (2011), A.R. Aneiros, Legal Framework of the Antarctic Environment, Vol. 8, International Studes Journal, 2011, p. 19 – 37.

Armstrong, Eide, Flaaten et al (2014), C.W. Armstrong, A. Eide, O. Flaaten et al, Rebuilding the Northeast Arctic Cod Fisheries – Economic and Social Issues, Vol. 5, No.1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2014, p. 11 – 37.

Arteau 82011), J.F. Arteau, Creation of Autonomous Government in Nunavik, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 343 – 349.

Atland (2010), K. Atland, Russian and its Neighbors: Military Power, Security Politics, and Interstate Relations in the Post-Cold War Arctic, Vol. 1, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2010, p. 279 – 298.

Axworthy (2012), T.S. Axworthy, A Proposal for an Arctic Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 87 – 139.

Axworthy & Dean (2013), T.S. Axworthy & R. Dean, Changing the Arctic Paradigm from Cold War to Cooperation: How Canada’s Indigenous Leaders Shaped the Arctic Council, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 7 – 43.

Bailes (2010), A.J.K. Bailes, Potential Roles of NATO and the EU in High Northern Security, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 201 – 224.

Bailes (2011), A.J.K. Bailes, Human Rights and Security: Wider Applications in a Warmer Arctic?, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 517 – 544.

Bailes (2013), A.J.K. Bailes, Understanding The Arctic Council: A 'Sub-Regional' Perspective, Vol. 15, No. 2, Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 2013, p. 31 – 49.


Bailes (2014), A.J.K. Bailes, The Small Nations Οf Τhe Wider Arctic Space: Security Challenges, Policy Options, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 598 – 628.

Bailes & Olafsson (2013), A.J.K. Bailes & K.T. Olafsson, Northern Europe and the Arctic Agenda: Roles of Nordic and Other Sub-Regional Organizations, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 45 -73.

Baker (2012), B. Baker, Offshore Oil and Gas Regulation in the Arctic: Room for Harmonization?, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 475 – 504.

Bankes (2009), N. Bankes, Land Claim Agreements in Arctic Canada in Light of International Human Rights Norms, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 175 – 231.

Bankes (2010), N. Bankes, International Human Rights Law and Natural Resources Projects Within the Traditional Territories of Indigenous Peoples, Vol. 47, Alberta Law Review, 2010, p. 457 – 495.

Bankes (2011), N. Bankes, Address by Professor Nigel Bankes, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 21 – 24.

Bankes (2011), N. Bankes, The Protection of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to Territory through the Property Rights Provisions of International Regional Human Rights Instruments, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 57 – 112.

Bankes (2012), N. Bankes, Carbon Capture and Storage; Emerging Legal and Regulatory Issues, Ian Havercroft, Richard Macrory and Richard B. Stewart (eds.). Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland Oregon, 2011. 304 pp. ISBN-13: 978-1-84113-268-6, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 735 – 741.

Barry – Pheby (2013), E.A. Barry – Pheby, The Growth of Environmental Justice and Environmental Protection in International Law in the Context of Regulation of the Arctic’s Offshore Oil Industry, Vol 13, Issue 1, 2012, p. 48 -57, 71 -73.

Barry – Pheby (2014), E.A. Barry – Pheby, Examining the Priorities of the Canadian Chairmanship of the Arctic Council: Current Obstacles in International Law, Policy, and Governance, Vol. 25, Colorado Natural Resources, Energy and Environmental Law Review, 2014, p. 261 – 289.

Bastmeijer (2009), K. Bastmeijer, Protecting Polar Wilderness: Just a Western Philosophical Idea or a Useful Concept for Regulating Human Activities in the Polar Regions?, Vol 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 73 – 99.

Bastmeijer (2011), K. Bastmeijer, Intergenerational Equity and the Antarctic Treaty System: Continued Efforts to Prevent 'Mastery', Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 635 – 682.

Bastmeijer (2011), K. Bastmeijer, Cruise Tourism in Polar Regions. Promoting Environmental and Social Sustainability?, Edited by: Michael Lück, Patrick T. Maher and Emma J. Stewart. London, Earthscan, 2010, 272 pp. ISBN 978-1-84407-848-6, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 729 – 731.

Bastmeijer & Tin (2014), K. Bastmeijer & T. Tin, Antarctica – A Wilderness Continent for Science: The ‘Public's Dream’ as a Mission Impossible?, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 559 – 597.

Begum (2013), S. Begum, Impact of Climate Change on Elderly People in the Arctic, with Special Focus on the European High North: A Human Rights Perspective, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 573 – 602.

Begum (2014), S. Begum, Circumpolar Health Atlas, T. Kue Young, Rajiv Rawat, Winfried Dallmann, Susan Chatwood, and Peter Bjerregaard (eds.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012, 190 pp., ISBN 978-1-4426-4456-4, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 644 – 649.

Berg-Nordlien (2011), M. Berg-Nordlien, Striving to Unite. The Russian Sami and the Nordic Sami Parliament Model, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2011, p. 52 – 76.

Berkman (2009), P. A. Berkman, Arctic Ocean State – Changes: Self Interest and Common Interests, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 511 – 525.

Berkman (2009), P. A. Berkman, Antarctic Treaty Summit: Science – Policy Interactions in International Governance, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 527 – 541.


Blincher (2015), L.C. Blincher, Epistemic Dependence and the EU Seal Ban Debate, Vol. 3, Issue 1, Politics and Governance, 2015, p. 49 – 60.

Boone (2012), L. Boone, Development of an Environmental Chapter in the Polar Code: Introducing a New Player – Black Carbon, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 541 – 560.

Borgia & Vargiu (2012), F. Borgia & P. Vargiu, The Inuit Declaration on Sovereignty in the Arctic: Between the Right to Self-Determination and a New Concept of Sovereignty?, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 189 – 204.

Bradshaw (2011), M. Bradshaw, Climate Change and Energy Insecurity: The Challenge for Peace, Security and Development. Edited by: Felix Dodds, Andrew Higham and Richard Sherman. London, Earthscan, 2009, 282 pp. ISBN 978-1-84407-856-1, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 732 – 736.

Brady (2014), A.M. Brady, Polar Politics and History, Vol. 4, Issue 2, The Polar Journal, 2014, p. 247 – 252.

Brattland (2010), C. Brattland, Mapping Rights in Coastal Sami Seascapes, Vol. 1, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2010, p. 28 – 53.

Brigham (2014), L.W. Brigham, The Developing International Maritime Organization Polar Code, Arctic Yearbook 2014, 2014, p. 496 – 499.

Brinchuk (2012), M.M. Brinchuk, The Concept and Structure of Russian Ecological Legislation, Vol. 3, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2012, p. 152 – 161.

Brubaker (2010), R. D. Brubaker, The Arctic – Navigational Issues under International Law of the Sea, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 7 – 114.

Bull (2015), K.S. Bull, Russian Fishing Activities off the Coast of Finnmark – A Legal History, Vol. 6, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2015, p. 3 – 10.

Burleson (2011), E. Burleson, Polar Law and Good Governance, Routledge Handbook of International Environmental Law, 2011, p. 529 – 542.

Burleson (2013), E. Burleson, Climate Change and Natural Gas Dynamic Governance, Vol. 63, Issue 4, Case Western Reserve Law Review, 2013, p. 1217 – 1277.

Burleson & Dougherty (2012), E. Burleson & S.D. Dougherty, Arctic Justice: Addressing Persistent Organic Pollutants, Vol. 30, Law and Inequality, 2012, p. 57 – 89.

Burleson & Huang (2013), E. Burleson & J. Huang, Antarctica and Climate Change, Ocean And Coastal Law In The Climate Change Context: Domestic And International Regulatory Challenges, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 317 – 344.

Caddell (2014), R. Caddell, Regulating the Whale Wars: Freedom of Protest, Navigational Safety and the Law of the Sea in the Polar Regions, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 497 – 544.

Caddell (2014), R. Caddell, Pursuing the Northern Rights: The Emergent Arctic Policy of the UK, Vol. 16, No. 2, Environmental Law Review, 2014, p. 122 – 128.

Cambou (2013), D. Cambou, The Impact of the Ban on Seal Products on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A European Issue, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 389 – 415.

Campell, Fenge & Hanson (2011), A. Campell, T. Fenge & U. Hanson, Implementing the 1993 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, Vol. 2, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2011, p. 25 – 51.

Canuel (2015), E.T. Canuel, The Four Arctic Law Pillars: A Legal Framework, Vol. 46, Georgetown Journal of International Law, 2015, p. 735 - ??? (Under process).

Cassotta & Goodsite (2013), S. Cassotta & M.E. Goodsite, A Regulatory Multilevel and Multidisciplinary Contextual Analysis of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Relevant to Greenland: Offshore Oil Drilling and the Imperfect Equation, Vol. 22, Issue 2, European Energy and Environmental Law Review, 2013, p. 46 – 69.

Cassotta & Mazza (2014), S. Cassotta & M. Mazza, Balancing De Jure and De Facto Arctic Environmental Law Applied to the Oil and Gas Industry: Linking Indigenous Rights, Social Impact Assessment and Business in Greenland, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 63 – 119.


Cela (2013), M. Cela, Iceland: A Small Arctic State Facing Big Arctic Changes, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 75 – 92.

Chaturvedi (2011), S. Chatuvedi, Emerging Science-Geopolitics Interface in the Antarctic: The Indian Challenge, National Conference on Science & Geopolitics of Arctic & Antarctic, 2011, p. 16 – 31.

Chircop (2009), A. Chircop, The Growth of International Shipping in the Arctic: Is a Regulatory Review Timely?, Vol. 24, No. 2, International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 2009, p. 355 – 380.

Cinelli (2011), C. Cinelli, The Law of the Sea and the Arctic Ocean, Vol. 2, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2011, p. 4 – 24.

Craig (2009), D. Craig, Implementing Sustainable Development in the Arctic: What Principles Should Guide Environmental Governance in Traditional Areas of Indigenous Peoples Facing the Impacts of Climate Change, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 307 – 322.

Craik (2010), N. Craik, Robin Warner, 2009. Protecting the Oceans beyond National Jurisdiction: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 329 – 332.

Daria (2012), T. Daria, Use of Correctional and Labour Measures on the Inmates of the Solovetsky Camp in the 1920s and 1930s, Vol. 3, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2012, p. 186 – 199.

Degeorges (2012), D. Degeorges, Polar Diplomacy in an Age of Climate Change and Energy Dependence – The Role of Greenland in Dealing with China in the Arctic, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, p. 305 – 311.

Dodds (2010), K. Dodds, A Polar Mediterranean? Accessibility, Resources and Sovereignty in the Arctic Ocean, Volume 1, Issue 3, Global Policy Volume, 2010, p. 303 – 311.

Dodds (2011), K. Dodds, Sovereignty watch: claimant states, resources, and territory in contemporary Antarctica, Vol. 47, Issue 3, Polar Record, 2011, p. 231 -243.

Dodds (2011), K. Dodds, Governing Antarctica: Contemporary Challenges and the Enduring Legacy of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, National Conference on Science & Geopolitics of Arctic & Antarctic, 2011, p. 6 – 15.

Dodds & Hemmings (2009), K. Dodds & A. D. Hemmings, Frontier Vigilantism? Australia and Contemporary Representations of Australian Antarctic Territory, Vol. 55, Issue 4, Australian Journal of Politics History, 2009, p. 513 – 529.

Doelle (2010), M. Doelle, Christina Voigt, 2009. Sustainable Development as a Principle of International Law: Resolving Conflicts between Climate Measures and WTO Law, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 336 – 336.

Duffield, Neher & Patterson (2014), J. Duffield, C. Neher & D. Patterson, Oil Spill in Northern Waters: Trial Outcomes and the Long-Term in Case of the Exxon Valdez, Vol. 5, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2014, p. 38 – 74.

Duyck (2011), S. Duyck, Drawing Lessons for Arctic Governance from the Antarctic Treaty System, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 683 – 713.

Duyck (2012), S. Duyck, Which Canary in the Coalmine? The Arctic in the International Climate Change Regime, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 583 – 617.

Editorial (2009), Editorial, Acknowledgements, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. ix – ix.

Editorial (2009), Editorial, Looking beyond the International Polar Year: An Opening Address, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. xvii – xx.

Editorial (2010), Editorial, The North: A New Academic Frontier Opening Address by the President of Iceland Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson at the Second Akureyri Polar Law Symposium, University of Akureyri 10 September 2009, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 1 – 6.

Eide (2009), A. Eide, Indigenous Self-Government in the Arctic, and their Right to Land and Natural Resources, Vol. 1, The Yearbookof Polar Law, 2009, p. 245 – 281.


Einarsson (2011), N. Einarsson, Fisheries Governance and Social Discourse in Post-Crisis Iceland: Responses to the UN Human Rights Committee’s Views in Case 1306/2004, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 479 – 515.

Elferink (2010), A. G. O. Elferink, The Continental Shelf in the Polar Regions: Cold War or Black – Letter Law, Vol. 40, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 2010, p. 121 – 181.

Elvestad, Nilssen & Ivanova (2011), C. Elvestad, F. Nilssen & L. Ivanova, The New Paradigm for Nature Protection: A Model for Russia’s High North, Vol. 2, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2011, p. 199 – 221.

Eritja (2013), M.C. Eritja, The European Union and the North: Towards the Development of an EU Arctic Policy, Vol. 27, Ocean Yearbook, 2013, p. 459 – 486.

Farre, Stephenson, Chen et al (2014), A.B. Farre, S.R. Stephenson, L. Chen et al., Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure, Vol. 37, Issue 4, Polar Geography, 2014, p. 298 – 324.

Fenge (2011), T. Fenge, Canada’s Northern Vision, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 719 – 722.

Fenge (2012), T. Fenge, Arctic Front Defending Canada in the Far North by Ken S. Coates, P. Whitney Lackenbauer, William R. Morrison and Greg Poelzer. Toronto: Thomas Allen Publishers, 2008. PP. 261. ISBN 978-0-88762-355-4; and Polar Imperative A History of Arctic Sovereignty in North America by Shelagh D. Grant. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 2010. PP. 540. ISBN 978-1-55365-418-6, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 745 – 749.

Fenge (2013), T. Fenge, The Arctic Council: Past, Present, and Future Prospects with Canada in the Chair from 2013 to 2015, Vol. 37, Northern Review, 2013, p. 7 – 35.

Fitzmaurice (2009), M. Fitzmaurice, So Much Law so Little Protection! A Case Study of the Protection of the Narwhal, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 21 – 54.

Fitzmaurice (2010), M. Fitzmaurice, Indigenous Whaling, Protection of the Environment, Intergenerational Rights and Environmental Ethics, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 253 – 277.

Fitzmaurice (2011), M. Fitzmaurice, Practical Implementation of Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights: A Case Study of the Russian Federation (Comparison with Certain Developments in Africa in Relation to Indigenous Peoples), Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 389 – 422.

Fitzmaurice (2012), M. Fitzmaurice, Tensions Between States and Indigenous People over Natural Resources in light of the 1989 ILO Convention No. 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries and the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (including relevant national legislation and case-law), Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 227 – 260.

Fitzmaurice (2013), M. Fitzmaurice, The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling and International Whaling Commission – Conservation or Preservation – Can the Gordian Knot be Cut (or Untangled)?, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 451 – 490.

Franckx (2010), E. Franckx, Eds. Aldo Chircop, Ted L. McDorman, and Susan J. Rolston, 2009. The Future of Ocean Regime-Building: Essays in Tribute to Douglas M. Johnston, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 337 – 342.

Franckx (2013), E. Franckx, The Shape of Things to Come: The Russian Federation and the Northern Sea Route in 2011, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 255 – 269.

Franckx & Boone (2012), E. Franckx & L. Boone, New Developments in the Arctic: Protecting the Marine Environment from Increased Shipping, The Law of the Sea Convention US Accession and Globalization, Center for Oceans Law and Policy, Vol. 15, 2012, p. 178 – 205.

Franckx & Boone (2012), E. Franckx & L. Boone, The Northeast Passage and the Northern Sea Route: Unity in Division?, The 18th International Seminar on Sea


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French (2008), D. French, Global Principles, Universal Values and the ATS: Regime Integrity as Antarctic Security, Vol. 6, New Zealand Yearbook of International Law, 2008, p. 63 – 75.

Frostad (2013), M. Frostad, The “Colonial Clause” and Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights: The European Convention on Human Rights Article 56 and its Relationship to Article 1, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013, p. 21 – 41.

Frostad (2014), M. Frostad, Some Thoughts on the Russian Use of Armed Force in Ukraine, Vol. 5, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2014, p. 146 – 149.

Garipov (2013), R. Garipov, Resource Extraction from Territories of Indigenous Minority Peoples in the Russian North: International Legal and Domestic Regulation, Vol. 4, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2013, p. 4 – 20.

Golitsyn (2009), V. Golitsyn, Continental Shelf Claims in the Arctic Ocean: A Commentary, Vol. 24, No. 2, International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 2009, p. 401 – 408.

Göcke (2012), K. Göcke, Recognition and Enforcement of Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights in Alaska, the Northern Regions of Canada, Greenland, and Siberia and the Russian Far East, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 279 – 304.

Göcke (2013), K. Göcke, Uranium Mining in Nunavut, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 119 – 142.

Graczyk (2011), P. Graczyk, Observers in the Arctic Council – Evolution and Prospects, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 575 – 633.

Graczyk & Koivurova (2014), P. Graczyk & T. Koivurova, A New Era in the Arctic Council's External Relations? Broader Consequences of the Nuuk Observer Rules for Arctic Governance, Vol. 50, Issue 3, Polar Record, 2014, p. 225 -236.

Grétarsson (2010), H. Grétarsson, Allocation of Demersal Harvest Right in Iceland, Vol. 1, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2010, p. 299 – 318.

Grétarsson & Danielsen (2014), H. Grétarsson & R. Danielsen, The Faroese Effort Quota Management System, Vol. 5, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2014, p. 100 – 122.

Grimsson (2012), H.E.O.R. Grimsson, A Speech by the President of Iceland Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson at the Polar Law Symposium Nuuk, 8 September 2011, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 13 – 20.

Hammer & Hoel (2012), M. Hammer & A.H. Hoel, The Development of Scientific Cooperation under the Norway – Russia Fisheries Regime in the Barents Sea, Vol. 3, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2012, p. 244 – 274.

Hansen & Mortensen (2013), T.T. Hansen & B.O.G. Mortensen, Social Impact Assessment, Including Impact Assessments in Relation to Mineral Extraction in Greenland, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, p. 359 – 386.

Harris & Millerd (2010), D.C. Harris & P. Millerd, Food Fish, Commercial Fish and Fish to Support a Moderate Livelihood: Characterizing Aboriginal and Treaty Rights to Canadian Fisheries, Vol. 1, No.1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2010, p. 82 – 107.

Harsson & Preiss (2012), B.G. Harsson & G. Preiss, Norwegian Baselines, Maritime Boundaries and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, Vol. 3, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2012, p. 108 – 129.

Hasanat (2010), W. Hasanat, Cooperation in the Barents Euro – Arctic Region in the Light of International Law, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 279 – 309.

Hasanat (2012), W. Hasanat, The Role of International Governance Systems in Protecting the Arctic Environment: Examining Climate Change Policy, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 561 – 581.

Hasanat (2012), W. Hasanat, Diverse Soft-Law Cooperation Forms in the Arctic – Do They Complement or Contradict Each Other?, Vol. 14, Issue 3, International Community Law Review, 2012, p. 273 – 299.

Hasanat (2012), W. Hasanat, A Unique Arrangement of Soft-Law Cooperation in the Barents Region, Politics of Development in the Barents Sea, 2012, p. 65 – 83.


Hasanat (2013), W. Hasanat, Searching for Synergies in International Governance Systems Developed in the Circumpolar North, Vol. 9, No.2, McGill International Journal of Sustainable Development Law & Policy, 2013, p. 5 – 41.

Hasanat (2013), W. Hasanat, Reforming the Arctic Council against Increasingly Climate Change Challenges in the North, Vol. 22, No. 1, Michigan State International Law Review, 2013, p. 195 – 240.

Hastings (2014), J.G. Hastings, The Rise of Asia in a Changing Arctic: a View from Iceland, Vol. 37, Issue 3, Polar Geography, 2014, p. 215 – 233.

Heinamaki (2011), L. Heinamaki, Towards an Equal Partnership between Indigenous Peoples and States: Learning from Arctic Experiences?, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 193 – 246.

Heinamaki (2012), L. Heinamaki, The Right to Be a Part of Nature: Greening Human Rights via Strengthening Indigenous Peoples, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 415 – 474.

Heinamaki (2013), L. Heinamaki, Human Rights and the Environment: Philosophical, Theoretical and Legal Perspectives By Linda Hajjar Leib, Queen Mary Studies in International Law Vol. 3, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 681 – 687.

Heinamaki, Herrmann & Neumann (2014), L. Heinamaki, T.M. Herrmann & A. Neumann, The Protection of the Culturally and Spiritually Important Landscapes of Arctic Indigenous Peoples under the Convention on Biological Diversity and First Experiences from the Application of the Akwé:Kon Guidelines in Finland, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 189 – 225.

Heinamaki & Herrmann (2013), L. Heinamaki & T.M. Herrmann, The Recognition of Sacred Natural Sites of Arctic Indigenous Peoples as a Part of Their Right to Cultural Integrity, Vol. 4, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2013, p. 207 – 233.

Heininen (2013), L. Heininen, Arctic Security – Global Dimensions and Challenges, and National Policy Responses, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 93 – 115.

Hemmings (2008), A. D. Hemmings, Beyond Claims: Towards a Non-territorial Antarctic Security Prism for Australia and New Zealand, Vol. 6, New Zealand Yearbook of International Law, 2008, p. 77 – 91.

Hemmings (2009), A. D. Hemmings, From the New Geopolitics of Resources to Nanotechnology: Emerging Challenges of Globalism in Antarctica, Vol. 1 The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 55 – 72.

Hemmings (2012), A.D. Hemmings, Considerable Values in Antarctica, Vol. 2, The Polar Journal, 2012, p. 139 – 156.

Hemmings & Stephens (2009), A.D. Hemmings & T. Stephens, Reconciling Regional and Global Dispensations: The Implications of Subantarctic Extended Continental Shelf Penetration of the Antarctic Treaty Area, Vol. 6, New Zealand Yearbook of International Law, 2008, p. 273 – 291.

Henrard (2012), K. Henrard, A Critical Analysis of the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine of the ECtHR, with Special Attention to Rights of a Traditional Way of Life and a Healthy Environment: A Call for an Alternative Model of International Supervision, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 365 – 413.

Hennig (2015), M. Hennig, The EU Seal Products Ban Why Ineffective Animal Welfare Protection Cannot Justify Trade Restrictions under European and International Trade Law, Vol. 6, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2015, p. 74 – 86.

Henriksen (2010), T. Henriksen, The Greening of Norwegian Fisheries Law, Vol. 1, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2010, p. 131 – 157.

Henriksen (2010), T. Henriksen, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Arctic Marine Biodiversity, Vol. 1, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2010, p. 249 – 278.

Hildreth (2011), E. Hildreth, Holes in the Ice: Why a Comprehensive Treaty Will Not Succeed in the Arctic and How to Implement an Alternative Approach, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 545 -574.


Hodgson – Johnston (2014), I. Hodgson – Johnston, Introduction to International Environmental Law. Timo Koivurova. London: Routledge, 2014. 234 pp., ISBN: 978-0-415-81574-1, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 641 – 643.

Hoel (2009), A.H. Hoel, Do We Need a New Legal Regime for the Arctic Ocean?, Vol. 24, No. 2, International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 2009, p. 443 – 456.

Hoel (2010), A.H. Hoel, Integrated Oceans Management in the Arctic: Norway and Beyond, Vol. 1, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2010, p. 186 – 206.

Hoel & Ravna (2010), A.H. Hoel & Ø. Ravna, The New Age of the Arctic, Vol. 1. No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2010, p. 159 – 163.

Holm, Raajaer, Jacobsen et al (2015), P. Holm, J. Raajaer, R.B. Jacobsen et al, Contesting the Social Contracts Underpinning Fisheries – Lessons from Norway, Iceland and Greenland, Vol. 55, Marine Policy, 2015, p. 64 – 72.

Honnenland (2014), G. Honnenland, Norway and Russia: Bargaining Precautionary Fisheries Management in the Barents Sea, Vpl. 5, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2014, p. 75 – 99.

Hossain (2010), K. Hossain, International Governance in the Arctic: The Law of the Sea Convention with a Special Focus on Offshore Oil and Gas, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 139 -169.

Hossain (2011), K. Hossain, The Realization of the Right to Environment and the Right to Development in respect to the Arctic Indigenous Peoples, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 129 – 153.

Hossain (2012), K. Hossain, Human Rights Approach to the Protection of Traditional Knowledge: An Appraisal of Draft Nordic Saami Convention, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 313 – 340.

Hossain (2013), K. Hossain, How Great Can a “Greater Say” Be? Exploring the Aspirations of Arctic Indigenous Peoples for a Stronger Engagement in Decision-Making, Vol. 3, Issue 2, The Polar Journal, 2013, p. 316 – 332.

Hossain (2013), K. Hossain, Securing the Rights: A Human Security Perspective in the Context of Arctic Indigenous Peoples, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 493 – 522.

Humrich (2013), C. Humrich, Fragmented International Governance of Arctic Offshore Oil: Governance Challenges and Institutional Improvement, Vol. 13, Issue 3, Global Environmental Politics, p. 79 – 99.

Ignatyeva (2013), I. A. Ignatyeva, Environmental Assessment in Russian Law: Can It Promote Sustainable Development in the Russian Arctic? Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 321 – 336.

Ingimundarson (2014), V. Ingimundarson, Managing a contested region: the Arctic Council and the politics of Arctic governance, Vol. 4, The Polar Journal, 2014, p. 183 – 198.

Ivanova (2013), A. Ivanova, Problems of the Legal Bases of Environmental Safety in the Arctic, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 643 – 648.

Jabour (2012), J. Jabour, The Antarctic Treaty System: What’s on the Horizon?, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 709 – 722.

Jakobsdottir (2011), H.E.K. Jakobsdottir, Human Rights Education in Countries of the North – Cooperation Across Borders – The Arctic in the Middle of the Circle, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 13 – 15.

Jeffery (2009), M. L. Jeffery, Terrestrial Area Management in Polar Regions: Applying the Eco-System-Based Approach to the Coalface of Climate Change, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 101 – 119.

Jing, Chen, Zhang et al (2012), L. Jing, B. Chen, B. Zhang et al, A Review of Ballast Water Management Practices and Challenges in Harsh and Arctic Environments, Vol. 20, No. 2, Environmental Reviews, 2012, p. 83 – 108.

Johnstone (2013), R.L. Johnstone, Evaluating Espoo: What Protection does the Espoo Convention Offer the Arctic Marine Environment?, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 337 – 357.

Johnstone (2014), R.L. Johnstone, Invoking Responsibility For Environmental Injury In The Arctic Ocean, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 1 – 35.


Johnstone & Amundadottir (2011), R.L. Johnstone & A. Amundadottir, Defending Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Iceland’s Financial Crisis, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 455 – 477.

Joona (2013), T. Joona, Statuksettomat saamelaiset Paikantumisia saamelaisuuden rajoilla (Non-Status Sámi Locations within Sámi Borderlands) Doctoral Thesis by Erika Sarivaara. Sámi Allaskuvla, DIEDUT 2/2012, 300 pp. ISBN 978-82-7367-031-1, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 698 – 702.

Joona & Joona (2011), T. Joona & J. Joona, The Historical Basis of Saami Land Rights in Finland and the Application of ILO Convention No. 169, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 351 – 388.

Josefsen & Skogerbo (2013), E. Josefsen & E. Skogerbo, An Indigenous Public Sphere? The Media and the 2009 Samediggi Election Campaign, Vol. 4, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2013, p. 62 – 89.

Kankaanpaa (2012), P. Kankaanpaa, The Arctic Council – from Knowledge Production to Influencing Arctic Policy Making, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 59 – 76.

Kattein (2012), I. Kattein, Logbuch Arktis. Der Raum, die Interessen und das Recht [Logbook Arctic. Space, Interests and Law]; Manfred Sapper, Volker Weichsel, Christoph Humrich (editors). Berlin: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Osteuropakunde e. V. (DGO) [German Association of Eastern European Research]. 2011; OSTEUROPA 61, 2–3/2011. 448 pp. ISBN 978-3-8305-1845-7, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 750 – 758.

Kimmel (2014), M. Kimmel, Sovereigns, not Stakeholders: An Alaskan Study in Fate Control, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 318 – 339.

Kleist (2012), M. Kleist, Thoughts on a Greenlandic Constitution Speech by Mininnguaq Kleist Held at the Polar Law Symposium in Nuuk, September 8th 2011, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 29 – 35.

Knecht & Keil (2013), S. Knecht & K. Keil, Arctic Geopolitics Revisited: Spatialising Governance in the Circumpolar North, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2013, p. 178 – 203.

Knyazeva (2013), E. Knyazeva, Language Rights for Indigenous Peoples: The Case of the Russian Federation, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 523 – 546.

Knyazeva (2014), E. Knyazeva, Book Review: The Proposed Nordic Saami Convention: National and International Dimensions of Indigenous Property Rights, edited by N. Bankes and T. Koivurova, Vol. 21, Issue 2, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 2014, p. 293 – 296.

Koivurova (2009), T. Koivurova, Do the Continental Shelf Developments Challenge the Polar Regimes?, Vol. 1, The Yearbook Of Polar Law, 2009, p. 477 – 497.

Koivurova (2010), T. Koivurova, Governing Arctic Shipping: Finding a Role for the Arctic Council, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 115 – 138.

Koivurova (2011), T. Koivurova, The Status and Role of Indigenous Peoples in Arctic International Governance, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 169 – 192.

Koivurova (2011), T. Koivurova, The Creation of an Arctic Law Thematic Network (University of the Arctic), Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 723 – 725.

Koivurova (2011), T. Koivurova, The Actions of the Arctic States Respecting the Continental Shelf: A Reflective Essay, Vol. 42, Issue 3, Ocean Development & International Law, 2011, p. 211 – 226.

Koivurova (2011), T. Koivurova, Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights Regarding Indigenous Peoples: Retrospect and Prospects, Vol. 18, Issue 1, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 2011, p. 1 – 37.

Koivurova (2013), T. Koivurova, The Dialectic of Understanding Progress in Arctic Governance, Vol 22, Michigan State International Law Review, 2013, p. 1 – 21.

Koivurova & Hossain (2012), Hydrocarbon Development in the Offshore Arctic: Can It Be Done Safely, Vol. 10, No. 2, Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence, 2012, p. 1 – 29.

Koivurova & Stepien (2011), T. Koivurova & A. Stepien, How International Law Has Influenced the National Policy and Law Related to Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic, Vol. 19, Waikato Law Review, 2011, p. 123 – 143.


Koivurova, Kokko, Duyck et al (2012), T. Koivurova, K. Kokko, S. Duyck et al, The Present and Future Competence of the European Union in the Artic, Vol. 48, Issue 4, Polar Record, p. 361 – 371.

Koivurova, Masloboev, Hossain et al (2015), T. Koivurova, V. Masloboev, K. Hossain et al, Legal Protection of Sami Traditional Livelihoods from the Adverse Impacts of Mining: A Comparison of the Level of Protection Enjoyed by Sami in Their Four Home States, Vol. 6, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2015, p. 11 – 51.

Kovler (2012), A. Kovler, International Protection Mechanism of Indigenous Peoples, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 205 – 225.

Kristinsson (2011), S. Kristinsson, Address by the Dean, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Akureyri, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 19 – 20.

Kryazhkov (2013), V. Kryazhkov, Development of Russian Legislation on Northern Indigenous Peoples, Vol. 4, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2013, p. 140 – 155.

Kulovesi (2012), K. Kulovesi, Climate Change Law and Policy. EU and US Approaches, by Cinnamon Piñon Carlarne, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. 384 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-955341-9, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 729 – 734.

Larsen & Rogvi (2012), B. Larsen & K. Rogvi, A New Faroese Constitution? – Faroe Islands between Parliamentary Sovereignty and Sub-Sovereign Constitutionalism, between Statutory Positivism and Pragmatic Reasoning, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 341 – 363.

Leary (2009), D. Leary, Editors Note, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. xiii – xv.

Leary (2009), D. Leary, Looking Beyond the International Polar Year: What are the Emerging and Re-emerging Issues in International Law and Policy in the Polar Regions?, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 1 – 19.

Leary (2009), D. Leary, Bioprospecting in Antarctica and the Arctic. Common Challenges?, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 145 – 174.

Leary (2010), D. Leary, Eds. Jessica M. Shadian and Monica Tennberg, 2009. Legacies and Change in Polar Sciences: Historical, Legal and Political Reflections on the International Polar Year, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 343 – 346.

Linderfalk (2013), U. Linderfalk, Mario Prost, The Concept of Unity in Public International Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2012, pp. 226. Hardback: 9781849460439, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 703 – 707.

Laiho (2013), M. Laiho, Steve Vanderheiden (Ed.) The Politics of Energy: Challenges for a Sustainable Future. Routledge, London and New York: 2012, VIII + 165 pp., hardback, ISBN 13:978-0-415-52307-3, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 688 – 694.

Lempinen (2014), H. Lempinen, Economics, Sustainability and Democracy: Economics in the Era of Climate Change. Christopher Nobbs. London: Routledge. 2013, 273 pp., ISBN 978-0-415-52440-7, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 636 – 640.

Liu (2014), N. Liu, China’s Role in the Changing Governance of Arctic Shipping, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 545 – 558.

Loukacheva (2009), N. Loukacheva, Nunavut and Canadian Arctic Sovereignty, Vol. 43, No. 2, Journal of Canadian Studies, 2009, p. 82 – 108.

Loukacheva (2009), N. Loukacheva, Arctic indigenous peoples' internationalism: in search of a legal justification, Vol. 45, Issue 1, Polar Record, 2009, p. 51 – 58.

Loukacheva (2010), N. Loukacheva, Polar Law Textbook, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 323 – 324.

Loukacheva (2010), N. Loukacheva, Northern Research Forum – Thematic Group on Legal Issues in the Arctic, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 325 – 326.


Loukacheva (2012), N. Loukacheva, Indigenous Inuit Law, “Western” Law and Northern Issues, Vol. 3, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2012, p. 200 – 217.

Loukacheva (2013), N. Loukacheva, Polar Law Textbook II – 2013, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 677 – 678.

Loukacheva (2014), N. Loukacheva, Developments in the Arctic Council, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 340 – 348.

Loukacheva (2014), N. Loukacheva, Inuit Perspectives on Arctic Ocean Governance: The Case of Nunavut, Vol. 28, Ocean Yearbook, 2014, p. 348 – 379.

Loukacheva & Garfield (2009), N. Loukacheva & M.D. Garfield, Sustainable Human Rights and Governance: The Quest of an Arctic Entity in Transition, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 283 – 305.

Loukacheva & Ravna (2012), N. Loukacheva & Ø. Ravna, Findings of the Second Conference on the Legal Systems in the Barents Region, Vol. 3, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2012, p. 147 – 149.

Luszczuk (2013), M. Luszczuk, Arctic Council Observer: The Development and Significance of Poland’s Approach towards the Arctic Region, Vol. 27, Ocean Yearbook, 2013, p. 487 – 502.

Macnab (2010), R. Macnab, Nationalizing the Arctic Maritime Commons: UNCLOS Article 76 and the Polar Sea, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 171 – 188.

Macnab (2010), R. Macnab, The Southern and Arctic Oceans: Polar Opposites in Many Respects, Vol 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 245 – 251.

Mager (2009), D. Mager, Climate Change, Conflicts and Cooperation in the Arctic: Easier Access to Hydrocarbons and Mineral Resources?, Vol. 24, No. 2, International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 2009, p. 347 – 354.

Marsden (2014), S. Marsden, The World Heritage Convention in the Arctic and Indigenous People: Time to Reform?, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 226 – 249.

Marsden (2014), S. Marsden, Protecting Sub-Antarctica Via The World Heritage Convention: Recommendations For Improved Domestic and Transboundary Governance in Australasia, Vol. 9(1), Macquarie Journal of International and Comparative Environmental Law, 2014, p. 1 – 17.

Maruyama (2013), H. Maruyama, Revitalisation of Ainu Culture and Protection of their Right to Culture: Learning from Norwegian Sami Experiences, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 547 – 570.

McDorman (2012), T. L. McDorman, Selected Contemporary Issues in the Law of the Sea, Clive R. Symmons (ed.). Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2011. 360 pp. (with index). ISBN 13: 978-90-04-18402-2, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 742 – 744.

Mettiainen (2013), I. Mettiainen, Climate Change Turn in the Regional Development Strategies of an Arctic Region, Case Finnish Lapland, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 143 – 183.

Moe (2010), A. Moe, Russian and Norwegian Petroleum Strategies in the Barents Sea, Vol. 1, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2010, p. 225 – 248.

Molenaar (2009), E.J. Molenaar, Arctic Fisheries Conservation and Management: Initial Steps of Reform of the International Legal Framework, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 427 – 463.

Molenaar (2012), E.J. Molenaar, Current and Prospective Roles of the Arctic Council System within the Context of the Law of the Sea, Vol. 27, Issue 3, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 2012, p. 553 – 595.

Molenaar (2012) E.J. Molenaar, Arctic Fisheries and International Law: Gaps and Options to Address Them, Vol. 63, Carbon & Climate Law Review, 2012, p. 63 – 77.

Molenaar (2014), E.J. Molenaar, Options for Regional Regulation of Merchant Shipping Outside IMO, with Particular Reference to the Arctic Region, Vol. 45, Ocean Development & International Law,, 2014, p. 272 – 298.


Mortensen (2012), B.O.G. Mortensen, Mining and Pollution: Arctic Environmental Law in Greenland and the Mining Industry, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 673 – 688.

Mortensen (2013), B.O.G. Mortensen, The Quest for Resources – The Case of Greenland, Vol. 15, Issue 2, Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 2013, p. 93 – 128.

Mortensen (2014), B.O.G. Mortensen, Exploiting Hydropower in Greenland: Climate, Security of Supply, Environmental Risks and Energy-Intensive Industries, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 36 – 62.

Möller (2011), J.T. Möller, Case Law of the UN Human Rights Committee relevant to Members of Minorities and Peoples in the Arctic Region, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 27 – 56.

Murgatroyd (2009), C. Murgatroyd, Defence and the Arctic – Go With the Floe, Volume 154, Issue 4, The RUSI Journal, 2009, p. 82 -86.

Myrvoll, Thuestad, Myrvoll et al (2012), M. Myrvoll, A. Thuestad, E.R. Myrvoll et al, Unpredictable Consequences of Sami Self-Determination: Rethinking the Legal Protection of Sami Cultural Heritage in Norway, Vol. 3, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law

Nayak (2013), A. Nayak, ‘Himadri’ and the Global Politics of Melting Ice: India’s Arctic Presence and the March Towards Global Governance, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 649 – 667.

Neufeld, O’Reilly, Summerson et al (2011), E. Neufeld, J. O’Reilly, R. Summerson et al, Valuing Antarctica: Emerging Views from International Studies, Antarctic Futures, Springer, 2011, p. 233 – 252.

Neumann (2011), A. Neumann, Indigenous Peoples’ Participation in the context of Area Protection and Management: International Approaches versus Regional Approaches in the Arctic, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 247 – 296.

Neumann (2012), A. Neumann, European Interests as regards Resource Exploitation in the Arctic: How Sustainable are European Efforts in this regard?, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 619 – 645.

Ngiviu (2014), T. Ngiviu, The Inughuit of Northwest Greenland: An Unacknowledged Indigenous People, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 142 – 161.

Niemivuo (2012), M. Niemivuo, What Could the Arctic Council Learn from the Council of Baltic Sea States in Promoting Arctic Governance?, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, p. 39 – 58.

Nuttal (2010), M. Nuttal, Oil and Gas Development in the North: Resource Frontier or Extractive Periphery?, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 225 – 243.

Nysten – Haarala & Kulyasova (2012), S. Nysten – Haarala & A. Kulyasova, Rights to Traditional Use of Resources in Conflict with Legislation: A Case Study of Pomor Fishing Villages in the White Sea Coast, Politics of Development in the Barents Region, 2012, p. 316 – 338.

Oreshenkov (2009), A. Oreshenkov, History Lessons for Settling Disputes on Litigious Territories, Vol. 7, Number 4, Russia in Global Affairs, 2009, p. 121 – 132.

Oreshenkov (2010), A. Oreshenkov, About Taxation in an Area of Application of Treaty on Spitsbergen, Vol. 4, Moscow Jornal of International Law, 2010, p. 164 – 169.

Otis & Laurent (2013), G. Otis & A. Laurent, Indigenous Land Claims in Europe: The European Court of Human Rights and the Decolonization of Property, Vol. 4, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2013, p. 156 – 180.

Ørebech (2012), P. Ørebech, The Barents Sea 2010 Norway-Russia Border: The Triumph of the Negotiation Principle at the Expense of the Median- and Sector Line Pretentions, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 505 – 517.

Ørebech (2012), P. Ørebech, The “Lost Mackerel” of the North East Atlantic—The Flawed System of Trilateral and Bilateral Decision-Making, Vol. 28, Issue 2, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 2013, p. 343 – 373.


Pappila (2014), M. Pappila, The Interplay of Russian Law, Indigenous People and the Oil and Gas Industry – A Need for Non-Governmental Regulation?, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 120 – 141.

Pauly (2010), L. W. Pauly, The Increasing Complexity of Global and Regional Governance: New Context for Polar Law, Vol. 2, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2010, p. 189 – 200.

Pedersen (2012), S. Pedersen, The Coastal Sami of Norway and Their Rights to Traditional Marine Livelihood, Vol. 3, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2012, p. 51 – 80.

Pelaudeix (2012), C. Pelaudeix, Inuit Governance and Contemporary Challenges: New Questions for Arctic Governance, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 155 -188.

Pelaudeix (2014), C. Pelaudeix, What is “Arctic governance”? A Critical Assessment of The Diverse Meanings of “Arctic Governance, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 398 – 426.

Pelaudeix & Rodon (2013), C. Pelaudeix & T. Rodon, The European Union Arctic Policy and National Interests of France and Germany: Internal and External Policy Coherence at Stake, Vol. 37, The Northern Review, 2013, p. 57 – 85.

Penikett & Goldenberg (2013), T. Penikett & A. Goldenberg, Closing the Citizenship Gap in Canada’s North: Indigenous Rights, Arctic Sovereignty, and Devolution in Nunavut, Vol. 22, Michigan State International Law Review, 2013, p. 23 – 65.

Pentassuglia (2014), G. Pentassuglia, Ethnocultural Diversity and Human Rights: Legal Categories, Claims, and the Hybridity of Group Protection, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 250 – 317.

Potter (2009), S. Potter, Protecting Antarctica from Non-Native Species: The Imperatives and the Impediments, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 383 – 399.

Permilovskiy (2012), M. Permilovskiy, The Axiological Approach to the Regulation of the Right to a Favourable Environment, Vol. 3, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2012, p. 162 – 185.

Prior (2013), T.L. Prior, Breaking the Wall of Monocentric Governance: Polycentricity in the Governance of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 185 – 232.

Rajan (2011), S. Rajan, Antarctic Continental Shelf and the Law of the Seas: A Future Winter of Discontentment?, National Conference on Science & Geopolitics of Arctic & Antarctic, 2011, p. 32 – 39.

Rangreji (2011), L.M. Rangreji, Protection of the Arctic Region: Are there some Lessons to Learn from the Antarctic Treaty System and International Law?, National Conference on Science & Geopolitics of Arctic & Antarctic, 2011, p. 240 – 247.

Ravindra (2011), R. Ravindra, India in Arctic and Antarctica and its Geopolitical Significance, National Conference on Science & Geopolitics of Arctic & Antarctic, 2011, p. 40 – 47.

Ravna (2011), Ø. Ravna, The Third Issue of Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 2, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2011, p. 1 – 3.

Ravna (2011), Ø. Ravna, Legal and Political Challenges in Governance of Northern Natural Resources, Vol. 2, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2011, p. 135 – 137.

Ravna (2011), Ø. Ravna, The Process of Identifying Land Rights in parts of Northern Norway: Does the Finnmark Act Prescribe an Adequate Procedure within the National Law?, Vol. 3, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2011, p. 423 – 453.

Ravna (2012), Ø. Ravna, Legal Protection of Coastal Sámi Culture and Livelihood in Norway, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2012, p. 261 – 278.

Ravna (2012), Ø. Ravna, New Insights and a Better Understanding of Issues Related to the Arctic and the High North, Vol. 3, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2012, p. 1 – 3.

Ravna (2013), Ø. Ravna, Human Rights at the Stake in the Circumpolar Regions, Vol. 4, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2013, p. 1 – 3.


Ravna (2013), Ø. Ravna, The Significance of Indigenous People, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2013, p. 137 – 138.

Ravna (2014), Ø. Ravna, The Fulfilment of Norway’s International Legal Obligations to the Sámi – Assessed by the Protection of Rights to Lands, Waters and Natural Resources, Vol. 21, Issue 3, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 2014, p. 297 – 329.

Ravna (2015), Ø. Ravna, Accessible Worldwide – and Higher Ambitions, Vol. 6, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2015, p. 1 – 2.

Ravna & Arntzen (2014), Ø. Ravna & S.K. Arntzen, An Important Contribution to Research on Fisheries Law and the Law of the Sea,Vol. 5, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2014, p. 1 – 2.

Rayfuse (2009), R. G. Rayfuse, Warm Waters and Cold Shoulders: Jostling for Jurisdiction in Polar Oceans, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 465 – 476.

Rothwell (2013), D.R. Rothwell, The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law: Contemporary Reflections and Twenty-First Century Challenges, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 233 – 251.

Rothwell (2014), D.R. Rothwell, Legal Challenges for Maritime Operations in the Southern Ocean, Vol. 28, Ocean Yearbook, 2014, p. 423 – 444.

Rottem (2013), S.V. Rottem, The Political Architecture of Security in the Arctic – Case of Norway, Vol. 4, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2013, p. 234 – 254.

Rottem (2015), S.V. Rottem, A Note on the Arctic Council Agreements, Vol. 46, Ocean Development & International Law, 2015, p. 50 – 59.

Roura & Hemmings (2013), R. Roura & A.D. Hemmings, Realising Strategic Environmental Assessment in Antarctica, Vol. 13, Issue 3, Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 2013, p. 483 – 514.

Roura & Tin (2011), R. Roura & T. Tin, Strategic Thinking and the Antarctic Wilderness: Contrasting Alternative Futures, Antarctic Futures, Springer, 2011, 253 – 271.

Sara (2011), M.N. Sara, Land Usage and Siida Autonomy, Vol. 2, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2011, p. 138 – 158.

Saul & Stephens (2014), B. Saul & T. Stephens, Introduction in Antarctic in International Law, Vol. 14/24, Sydney Law School Research Paper, 2014, p. 1 – 19.

Scarpa (2014), F. Scarpa, The EU, the Arctic, and Arctic Indigenous Peoples, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 427 – 465.

Scassola (2013), A. Scassola, An International Polar Code of Navigation: Consequences and Opportunities for the Arctic, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 271 – 297.

Scassola (2013), A. Scassola, Il regime giuridico dell’Artico: una nuova frontiera per il diritto internazionale (Eng. The Legal Regime of the Arctic: A New Frontier for International Law) by Fiammetta Borgia, Studi e documenti di diritto internazionale e comunitario 59, Editoriale Scientifica (2012), 590 pp. ISBN 978-88-6342-370-9, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 695 – 697.

Scassola (2013), A. Scassola, All Is Well in the High North? Contemporary Sources of Tension in the Arctic, Vol. 7, Issue 2, New Global Studies, 2013, p. 183 – 204.

Schröder - Hinrichs, Nilsson & Palsson (2013), J.U. Schröder – Hinrichs, H. Nilsson & J. Palsson, Sustainable Ocean Development in the Arctic: Making a Case for Marine Spatial Planning in Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration, Vol. 27, Ocean Yearbook, 2013, p. 503 – 530.

Scovazzi (2009), T. Scovazzi, Legal Issues Relating to Navigation Through Arctic Waters, Vol. 1, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2009, p. 371 – 382.

Selfors (2015), A.N.P. Selfors, One Valley, Three Hands: The Bilateral Negotiations of the Deatnu Agreement and Its Impact on Sami People’s Rights, Vol. 6, No. 1, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2015, p. 52 – 73.


Sellheim (2012), N, Sellheim, Problem-Solving Capabilities, Goal-Attainment and Effectiveness of the Barents Environmental Cooperation, Vol. 4, The Yearbook of Polar Law, p. 519 – 539.

Sellheim (2012), N. Sellheim, The Reflection of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in the Barents Environmental Cooperation, Vol. 3, No. 2, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 2012, p. 218 – 243.

Sellheim (2013), N. Sellheim, The Neglected Tradition? – The Genesis of the EU Seal Products Trade Ban and Commercial Sealing, Vol. 5, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2013, p. 417 – 450.

Sellheim (2014), N. Sellheim, ‘Direct and Individual Concern’ for Newfoundland’s Sealing Industry? – When a Legal Concept and Empirical Data Collide, Vol. 6, The Yearbook of Polar Law, 2014, p. 466 – 496.

Sellheim (2014), N. Sellheim, The Right not to Be Indigenous: Seal Utilization in Newfoundland, Arctic Yearbook 2014, 2014, p. 546 – 552.

Sellheim (2015), N. Sellheim, The Goals of the EU Seal Products Trade Regulation: From Effectiveness to Consequence, Vol. 51, Issue 3, 2015, p. 274 – 289.

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