© oxford university press 2009 part 4 building a sustainable city─are environmental conservation...

© Oxford University Press 2009

Part 4Building a sustainable city─Are environmental conservation

and urban development mutually exclusive?

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44 Building a Building a sustainable city─Are sustainable city─Are environmental environmental conservation and conservation and urban development urban development mutually exclusive?mutually exclusive?

44 Building a Building a sustainable city─Are sustainable city─Are environmental environmental conservation and conservation and urban development urban development mutually exclusive?mutually exclusive?




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4.1 How has the urban4.1 How has the urban population in Hong population in Hong Kong changed? Kong changed?




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What are settlements?A place where people live is known as a settlement.

( Rural / Urban ) settlement

( Rural / Urban ) settlement




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What are rural and urban areas?

Rural Urban

Population density Low High

Height of buildings Low High

Density of buildings Low High

Major land uses (provide some

examples)

Farmland, woodland, residential

Commercial, industrial, residential

Industries that people are engaged in

Mainly primaryMainly secondary

and tertiary

Differences between rural and urban areas

There are more than _____% of the population in Hong

Kong engaged in secondary and tertiary industries.

99




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Where are the rural and urban areas in Hong Kong?Rural areas are mainly

found in the ________________ and

________________.New Territories

outlying islands

The rural and urban areas in Hong Kong

Urban areas are mainly found in ________ Peninsula,

____________ Island and ____________.

KowloonHong Kong

new towns




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Where are the rural and urban areas in Hong Kong?

Population densityHigh Low

Urban Rural

Urban-rural continuum




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What are urban growth and urbanization?

Rural population

Urban population

1,000 people( ____% to total population)

Rural population

Urban population

2,000 people

( ____% to total population)

3,000 people

1,000 people

10 yearslater

Total population: 2,000 people Total population: 5,000 people

50 60

Population of Place A

( Urban growth / Urbanization ) refers to an increase in the actual number of urban population.

( Urban growth / Urbanization ) refers to a percentage increase in the urban population.




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Has Hong Kong experienced urban growth and urbanization?1961

Total population: 3,130,000Urban population: 2,754,000% of urban population: ___%

1976Total population: 4,402,000Urban population: 4,050,000% of urban population: ___%

2007

Total population: 6,953,000Urban population: 6,603,000% of urban population: ___%

88

92

95

Calculate the percentage of

urban population.

Is there any urban growth in this period

of time? ( Yes / No )

Is there urbanization in this period of time?

( Yes / No )




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What factors have led to urban growth and urbanization in Hong Kong?1 Rural-urban migration

Rural-urban

migration

In the 1960s and early 1970s, lots of young people moved from ( rural / urban ) areas to ( rural / urban ) areas.




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1 Rural-urban migration

Why is there rural-urban migration? Drag the factors shown in the middle to the correct category.

If the game cannot work properly, click here to download the latest Adobe Flash Player.




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1 Rural-urban migration

However, people need to overcome certain obstacles

for moving to the urban areas. What are these obstacles?

However, people need to overcome certain obstacles

for moving to the urban areas. What are these obstacles?

People are unwilling to leave their families and friends ...

Or have no money.




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What factors have led to urban growth and urbanization in Hong Kong?1 Rural-urban migration

However, rural-urban migration was not the major factor causing the rapid increase in the urban population in Hong Kong, because ...

The percentage of rural population was small (only around 10% during the 1970s).

The number of rural migrants involved in migration was small when compared with the size of urban growth.

Then, what has been the major source of urban

population growth?

Then, what has been the major source of urban

population growth?




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2 Migrants from the mainland of China

YearNatural increase

(No. of births – No. of deaths) (‘000)

Net Migration (No. of immigrants – No. of emigrants) (‘000)

Population growth (‘000)

Percentage share of net migration to population growth

1967 68.0 13.2 81.2 16.3

1971 59.4 40.7 100.1 40.7

1977 56.6 23.9 80.5 29.7

1981 61.9 31.5 93.4 33.7

1987 43.0 6.6 49.6 13.3

1991 39.9 23.4 63.3 37.0

1997 27.5 22.6 50.1 45.1

2001 15.9 31.6 47.5 66.5

2007 28.8 40.0 68.8 58.1

In the past decades, have migrants from other places

been the main source of urban population growth in Hong

Kong? ( Yes / No )

In the past decades, have migrants from other places

been the main source of urban population growth in Hong

Kong? ( Yes / No )

Source: Hong Kong Yearbooks; Hong Kong in Figures (2008 Edition)




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2 Migrants from the mainland of China

YearNatural increase

(No. of births – No. of deaths) (‘000)

Net Migration (No. of immigrants – No. of emigrants) (‘000)

Population growth (‘000)

Percentage share of net migration to population growth

1967 68.0 13.2 81.2 16.3

1971 59.4 40.7 100.1 40.7

1977 56.6 23.9 80.5 29.7

1981 61.9 31.5 93.4 33.7

1987 43.0 6.6 49.6 13.3

1991 39.9 23.4 63.3 37.0

1997 27.5 22.6 50.1 45.1

2001 15.9 31.6 47.5 66.5

2007 28.8 40.0 68.8 58.1

Among these migrants, most of them come from the mainland of China,

because ...

Source: Hong Kong Yearbooks; Hong Kong in Figures (2008 Edition)




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What factors have led to urban growth and urbanization in Hong Kong?2 Migrants from the mainland of China

1946-9: Civil War

1960s to 1970s

1990s

After 1997

A large influx of ( illegal / legal ) migrants from the mainland

Allowing a fixed amount of mainland residents to move to Hong Kong

Allowing 150 mainland residents to come to live in Hong Kong daily after the handover in 1997




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What factors have led to urban growth and urbanization in Hong Kong?3 Natural increase

1960s to 1970s:

( Low / High ) birth rate

( Low / High ) death rate

( Low / High ) natural increase rate

Birth and death rates in Hong Kong, 1966-2007Source: Census and Statistics Department




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What factors have led to urban growth and urbanization in Hong Kong?3 Natural increase Since the

1980s:The birth rate has been ( dropping / rising ) to ( lower / higher ) level.The death rate is ( low / high ).

The natural increase rate has decreased.

Birth and death rates in Hong Kong, 1966-2007Source: Census and Statistics Department




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Urban area

More job opportunities are available in the urban

areas!

Rural area

In Hong Kong, for example, economic development since the 1960s and 1970s has created many job opportunities and has attracted migrants from rural areas and the mainland of China.

What are the other causes of urban growth and urbanization?1 Economic development




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What are the other causes of urban growth and urbanization?2 Transport development

Poor transport network

It takes plenty of time for rural dwellers to get to the urban areas.

Urban area Rural area




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What are the other causes of urban growth and urbanization?2 Transport development

Well-developed transport network

People can migrate easily from rural areas to urban areas.

Urban area Rural area




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What are the other causes of urban growth and urbanization?

The Zhujiang Delta Region

Industrial development

The Zhujiang Delta Region

As ___________tion proceeds, people living in rural areas may give up their farming jobs and become factory workers. Rural areas will become urban areas.

industrializa

(Credit: China Features)

(Credit: Panorama Stock Photo Co. Ltd.)

3 Changing employment opportunities




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What are the other causes of urban growth and urbanization?Reclassification of areas previously defined as rural

Village A

Village B

Village C

Urban area




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© oxford university press 2009 part 4 building a sustainable city─are environmental conservation...

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