(, : , , , )

()3 /3 /

()4 /

() ()8/

() > 5x10-7 m() > 5x10 m

KoKo1x10-9 m < < 5x10-7 m

Mo < 1x10-9 m< 1x10 m

(, , )

(, )

2 ..

%: w/w, w/v, v/v %: w/w, w/v, v/v

Mo (Molarity, M): moles/ltMo (Molarity, M): moles/lt

M (molality, m):M (molality, m): moles/1000 gr

(Formality, F): F=M

K (Normality, N): gr-eq/lt

gr-eq = mol /g q

gr-eq = mol /

gr-eq = mol/ e g q

gr-eq = mol / ( x )( )

= n M

N1 V1 = N2 V2

HCI 1 M 0,1 NaOH 5 M 0,2

H Henry = f(P)

kk PPcc = = kk . . PP

Raoult

P1 = P1o N11nN 11

1 2 3 i

Nn n n ..... n

= + + + +

(osmol) (osmol)

V = n R T V n R T

( ) ( )

() ()

aCI 0.9% : 9 gr/lt / 58.5gr/mol = 0.15 mol/lt0 15x2=0 3 osmol0.15x2=0.3 osmol

5% : 50/180 = 0 28 mol/lt5% : 50/180 = 0.28 mol/lt0.28 osmol

, . .

= c

IzA 2log = c

g( )I 21 ( ) += zcI ii 22

- -

ArrheniusArrheniusBronsted & LowryL iLewis

= -log(H+), = -log(H+)

O

pHp

K( )3 2 3 3aKCH COOH CH COO+ + +

( )( )( )3

3

3

H CH COOa

CH COOH

a a H CH COOK

a CH COOH+

+ = ( )

( ) ( )( )3 3

3

CH COOH

a

CH COOHH K

CH COO+

= ( )( ) ( )( )

3

3a

CH COO

CH COOHlog H log K log+ = ( ) ( )

( )3

ag g g CH COO

pH pK log

= ( )( )( )

apH pK log

H K l

=

( )( )apH pK log

= +

CH3COONa2 M

CH3COOH3 M3 M

Buffer

0 2 M0.2 M

0 2c c , + =c

acpH pK logc= +

2c

V V l / l

2V c V mol / lt =3V c V mol / lt =

=(+)(-)/(+-)2=(+)( )/(+ )

1=(+)(+-)/(+)

Ko

1 10 9 5 10 71x10-9 m < < 5x10-7 m .

( ) )

(/) ( ) (/)(/, aerosol) ( )

Brown,

Donnan Donnan

,

, .

-

:

X

HH

6 08

AgNO3NH3NH3

Ag+ + 2 NH3 -> [Ag(NH3)2]+

H

O

H

H

N

HH

Cl

-

C O

H H H HH

22.3

, , ligands.

CO

COOC

CO

Ni(CO)4

[Ni(en)3]2+

[Ni(H2O)6]2+

[Ni(en)3]

[Ni(NH3)6]2+,

(EDTA)H2N CH2 CH2 NH2

EDTA Complex PbEDTA Complex Pb

2

4

6

T

6

trans

ciscis

cis-[Co(NH3)4Cl2] trans-[Co(NH3)4Cl2]

( )

Cd+2(aq) + 4OH-(aq) [Cd(OH)4]-2(aq)

K = [Cd(OH)4-2] / [Cd+2][OH-]4 [ ( )4 ] / [ ][ ]

Co+3(aq) + 5NH (aq) + NO -(aq) > Co(NH ) NO +2Co (aq) + 5NH3(aq) + NO2 (aq) -> Co(NH3)5NO2

K [C (NH ) NO +2] / ([C +3][NH ]5[NO ])K = [Co(NH3)5NO2+2] / ([Co+3][NH3]5[NO2-])

1/ K= 1/ K

. , .

NN

N NFe2+

N

HO O

X. 4 .

Werner

. , , ,

.

-

, .

d d , .

.