مصطلحات علمية.pdf

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  • Acclimatization

    .

    Active Layer

    .

    Adaptability

    Adaptive capacity

    Adaptation

    .

    :

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    Adaptation assessment

    .

    Adaptation benefits

    .

    Adaptation costs

    .

    Adaptive capacity

    )

    (

    .

    Aerosols

    0.01 10 .

    :

    .

    Afforestation

    / 50

    . .

    ) 2000(.

    Aggregate impacts

    /

    ( . )

    .

    .

    Albedo

    .

    . .

    .

    Algae

    .

    Algal bloom

    .

    :

    . 1-

    2- .

  • :

    106

    Alpine

    .

    Anthropogenic

    .

    AOGCM

    .climate model

    Aquaculture

    .

    Aquifer

    .

    Aragonite

    )(

    ) (

    ) (

    ) ( )

    (.

    Calcite .

    .Ocean acidification

    Arbovirus

    ( )

    .

    Arid region

    250

    .

    Atmosphere

    .

    .

    Attribution

    .Detection and attribution

    Baseline/reference

    ) ( /

    .

    .

    .

    .

    Basin

    .

    Benthic community

    .

    Biodiversity

    (. )

    Biofuel

    .

    .

    Biomass

    .

    .

    Biome

    ( )

    . .

    Biosphere

    /

    )

    ( ) (

    .

    Biota

    .

    Bog

    .

    Boreal forest

    ) .

  • :

    107

    6 (

    )50 100 (.

    .

    . .

    Breakwater

    .

    .

    C3 plants

    C3

    .

    C4 plants

    C4

    .

    Calcareous

    .

    .Ocean acidification Aragonite Calcite

    Calcite

    ) (

    .

    .

    .Ocean acidification Aragonite

    Capacity building

    ...

    Carbon cycle

    )

    (

    .

    Carbon dioxide (CO2)

    .

    .

    1.

    Carbon dioxide fertilization

    /

    . C3

    .C4

    Carbon sequestration

    /

    .

    Catchment

    .

    CDM (Clean Development Mechanism)

    .

    Chagas disease

    )Trypanosoma cruzi(

    :

    ) ( )

    (.

    Cholera

    ) (

    .

    Climate

    .

    .

    . 30

    .

    Climate change

    .

    .

    .Climate variability

  • :

    108

    Climate change commitment

    .

    .

    .

    .

    Climate model

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    Climate prediction

    )Climate projection( .

    )Climate (change) scenario( ) )

    Climate projections

    .

    .

    / /

    .

    Climate (change) scenario

    )(

    .

    .

    Climate sensitivity

    .

    Climate system

    :

    .

    . /

    Climate threshold

    .

    Climate variability

    )

    (

    .

    ( )

    Climate (. )

    .change

    CO2 fertilization

    Carbon dioxide CO2 .fertilization

    Coastal squeeze

    )

    (

    ) 6(.

    Coccolithophores

    (. )

    .Ocean acidification Calcite

    Committed to extinction

    .

    .Extinction

    Communicable disease

    ) (.

    Confidence

    .Uncertainty .

  • :

    109

    Control run

    .

    .

    Coral

    Limestone

    .

    Coral bleaching

    .

    Coral reefs

    )

    ) (

    ( )

    ( .

    Cryosphere

    . ) (

    Cryptograms

    Hornworts, Liverworts .

    Deforestation

    ( )

    . .

    Dengue fever

    .

    )DHF(

    . )DSS(

    Desert

    100 .

    Desertification

    .

    )UNCCD(

    : )1(

    / )2(

    )3( .

    Detection and attribution

    ( )

    .

    .

    .

    .

    Diadromous

    .

    Discount rate

    .

    Disturbance regime

    .

    Downscaling

    )10

    100 ( .

    Drought

    .

    Dyke

    .

    Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM)

    .

  • :

    110

    Ecological Community

    .Ecosystem .

    Ecological corridor

    .

    Ecophysiological process

    .

    .

    .

    Ecosystem

    .

    .

    Ecosystem approach

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    Ecosystem services

    )1( .

    )2(

    )3(

    )4(

    .)aesthetic(

    Ecotone

    (. )

    El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

    .

    .

    )ENSO(.

    .

    .

    .

    .

    Emissions scenario

    ( )

    ( )

    .

    1992

    .

    IS92.

    )Nakienovi et al., 2000( .SRES

    Endemic

    .

    .

    Ensemble

    .

    .

    .

    Epidemic

    .

    Erosion

    .

  • :

    111

    Eustatic sea-level rise

    .Sea-level rise

    Eutrophication

    ( )

    ) (

    .

    Evaporation

    .

    Evapotranspiration

    .

    Externalities

    .

    .

    .

    Extinction

    .

    Extirpation

    .

    Extreme weather event

    .

    .

    . .

    Feedback

    .

    .

    Food chain

    Trophic Food web .

    .level

    Food security

    .

    .

    Food web

    .

    Forecast

    Climate Climate prediction

    .projections

    Forest limit/line

    /

    .

    .

    Freshwater lens

    .

    Functional extinction

    .

    .Committed to extinction

    General Circulation Model (GCM)

    .Climate model

    Generalist

    .

    Glacier

    )

    ) (

    (.

    .

    Globalization

    .

    Greenhouse effect

    .

    ( )

    .

  • :

    112

    Greenhouse gas

    .

    )CO2( .

    )N2O( )CH4(

    )HFCs( )SF6(

    .)PFCs(

    Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

    .

    Gross National Product (GNP)

    .

    Gross primary production

    .

    Groundwater recharge

    .

    Groyne

    .

    Habitat

    .

    Hantavirus

    .

    .

    Heat island

    .

    Herbaceous

    .

    Human system

    .

    )

    (

    .AR4

    Hydrographic events

    .

    Hydrological systems

    .

    Hypolimnetic

    .

    Hypoxic events

    .

    Ice cap

    .

    Ice sheet

    .

    .

    .

    )( :

    .

    .

    Ice shelf

    )

    (

    .

    .

    Impact assessment (climate change)

    ) (

    .

  • :

    113

    Impacts (climate change)

    ) ( .

    :

    :

    .

    :

    Aggregate impacts .

    Non-market Market impacts

    .impacts

    Indigenous people

    .

    :

    .

    .

    .

    .

    Industrial revolution

    .

    .

    1950.

    Infectious disease

    .

    .

    Infrastructure

    .

    Integrated assessment

    .

    Integrated water resources management (IWRM)

    .

    )1( :1992

    )2(

    )3(

    )4(

    .

    Invasive species and invasive alien species (IAS)

    .

    Irrigation water-use efficiency

    100 .

    Isohyet

    .

    Joint attribution

    .

    .

    .

    Keystone species

    .

    Kyoto Protocol

    1997.

    .

    )

    ( )

    (

    1990

    / 2008 2012. 16

    2005.

  • :

    114

    La Nia

    El Nio-Southern Oscillation -

    (ENSO)

    Landslide

    .

    Large-scale singularities

    .

    )(.

    .

    Last Glacial Maximum

    21000 .

    Leaching

    .

    Leaf area index (LAI)

    .

    Legume

    )

    (.

    Likelihood

    .

    . Confidence Uncertainty

    Limnology

    .

    Littoral zone

    .

    Malaria

    ( )

    .

    300 .

    Market impacts

    / .

    .Non-market impacts

    Meningitis

    ) (

    .

    Meridional overturning circulation (MOC)

    Thermohaline circulation (THC)i

    Microclimate

    .

    .Climate

    Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

    191 2000

    2015.

    .

    Mires

    .Bog . /

    Mitigation

    .

    Mixed layer

    .

    Monsoon

    .

    Montane

    .

    Morbidity

  • :

    115

    .

    /

    )

    . (

    Morphology

    .

    Mortality

    .

    Net biome production (NBP)

    .

    Net ecosystem production (NEP)

    )

    ) (

    .)Net biome production (NBP)i

    Net primary production (NPP)

    .

    Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

    .

    No regrets policy

    ./

    Non-linearity

    .

    Non-market impacts

    .

    .Market impacts

    Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI)

    .

    North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)

    .

    .

    Ocean acidification

    )pH )

    .

    Ombrotrophic bog

    ) ( .

    Opportunity costs

    /

    .

    Ozone

    .

    )

    (.

    .

    .

    .)O2(

    . -

    Paludification

    .

    Particulates

    .

    .PM10 10

    Peat

    .

    Peatland

    .

    Pelagic community

  • :

    116

    )

    (.

    Pemafrost

    .

    Phenology

    )

    ( .

    Photochemical smog

    .

    Photosynthesis

    .

    Carbon dioxide fertilization

    .C4 plants C4 C3 plants C3

    Physiographic

    .

    Phytoplankton

    .

    .

    .Zooplankton .

    Plankton

    .

    .Zooplankton Phytoplankton

    Plant functional type (PFT)

    .

    Polynya

    .

    .

    Population system

    ( )

    .

    Potential production

    .

    Pre-industrial

    Industrial

    .revolution

    Primary production

    .NBP GPP NPP NEP .

    Projection

    .

    .

    .

    . Climate predictions Climate projections

    Pteropods

    .

    Pure rate of time preference

    .

    Radiative forcing

    ( ( 2

    ) )/

    .

    Rangeland

    .

    Recalcitrant

    .

    Reference scenario

    .Baseline/reference /

    Reforestation

    .

  • :

    117

    .)IPCC, 2000(

    Reids paradox

    ( )

    .

    Reinsurance

    ) ( .

    Relative sea-level rise

    Sea-

    .level rise

    Reservoir

    ( )

    . .

    .

    Resilience

    .

    Respiration

    .

    Riparian

    ) (

    .

    River discharge

    /

    . .

    Runoff

    .

    Salinisation

    .

    Salt-water intrusion/encroachment

    .

    )

    (

    (. )

    Savanna

    ) (.

    Scenario

    .

    .

    climate (change) scenario ) )

    Emissions scenario

    .SRES

    Sea-ice biome

    )

    ( .

    Sea-level rise

    .

    .

    /

    .

    .

    Sea wall

    .

    Semi-arid regions

    .

    . 250 100

    .Arid region

    Sensitivity

    ) .

    (

  • :

    118

    )

    (.

    Sequestration

    .Carbon sequestration

    Silviculture

    .

    Sink

    .

    Snow water equivalent

    /

    .

    Snowpack

    .

    Social cost of carbon

    .

    Socio-economic scenarios

    .

    SRES ): 6(.

    SRES

    )SRES) (Nakienovi et al., 2000( .

    2 1 2( 1 )

    :

    .

    Stakeholder

    .

    Stock

    .Reservoir

    Stratosphere

    9 10 )

    17 ( 50 .

    Streamflow

    /

    . .

    Sub-alpine

    .

    Succulent

    .

    Surface runoff

    .

    Sustainable development

    .

    Taiga

    .

    Thermal expansion

    ) ( .

    .

    Thermocline

    .

    Thermohaline circulation (THC)

    .

    .

    . .

    Thermokarst

    )(

  • :

    119

    .

    .

    Threshold

    .

    .

    Transpiration

    .

    Tree line

    .

    .

    Trophic level

    .

    Trophic relationship

    .

    Troposphere

    10 )

    9 )( 16

    ( .

    .

    Tsunami

    .

    Tundra

    .

    Uncertainty

    )

    (.

    .

    .

    ( )

    ) (.

    .Likelihood Confidence

    Undernutrition

    /

    . /

    Ungulate

    )

    (.

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

    1992 / 9

    150

    .

    . .

    1990 2000.

    / 1994.

    .Protocol Kyoto

    Upwelling

    .

    Urbanization

    ) (

    .

    Vagile

    / .

    Vascular plants

    .

    Vector

    Vector-borne .

    .diseases

    Vector-borne diseases

    ( )

    .

    Vernalisation

    /

    .

  • :

    120

    .

    Vulnerability

    .

    .

    Water consumption

    (. )

    .

    Water productivity

    .

    .Irrigation water-use efficiency

    / 100

    .

    Water stress

    .

    20

    .

    -

    - .

    Water-use efficiency

    . /

    .

    Welfare

    .

    .

    Wetland

    .

    .

    .

    Yedoma

    .

    Zoonoses

    .

    Zooplankton

    .

    .