مصطلحات علمية.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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Acclimatization
.
Active Layer
.
Adaptability
Adaptive capacity
Adaptation
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
Adaptation assessment
.
Adaptation benefits
.
Adaptation costs
.
Adaptive capacity
)
(
.
Aerosols
0.01 10 .
:
.
Afforestation
/ 50
. .
) 2000(.
Aggregate impacts
/
( . )
.
.
Albedo
.
. .
.
Algae
.
Algal bloom
.
:
. 1-
2- .
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:
106
Alpine
.
Anthropogenic
.
AOGCM
.climate model
Aquaculture
.
Aquifer
.
Aragonite
)(
) (
) (
) ( )
(.
Calcite .
.Ocean acidification
Arbovirus
( )
.
Arid region
250
.
Atmosphere
.
.
Attribution
.Detection and attribution
Baseline/reference
) ( /
.
.
.
.
Basin
.
Benthic community
.
Biodiversity
(. )
Biofuel
.
.
Biomass
.
.
Biome
( )
. .
Biosphere
/
)
( ) (
.
Biota
.
Bog
.
Boreal forest
) .
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:
107
6 (
)50 100 (.
.
. .
Breakwater
.
.
C3 plants
C3
.
C4 plants
C4
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Calcareous
.
.Ocean acidification Aragonite Calcite
Calcite
) (
.
.
.Ocean acidification Aragonite
Capacity building
...
Carbon cycle
)
(
.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
.
.
1.
Carbon dioxide fertilization
/
. C3
.C4
Carbon sequestration
/
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Catchment
.
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism)
.
Chagas disease
)Trypanosoma cruzi(
:
) ( )
(.
Cholera
) (
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Climate
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.
. 30
.
Climate change
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.
.Climate variability
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:
108
Climate change commitment
.
.
.
.
Climate model
.
.
.
.
.
Climate prediction
)Climate projection( .
)Climate (change) scenario( ) )
Climate projections
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/ /
.
Climate (change) scenario
)(
.
.
Climate sensitivity
.
Climate system
:
.
. /
Climate threshold
.
Climate variability
)
(
.
( )
Climate (. )
.change
CO2 fertilization
Carbon dioxide CO2 .fertilization
Coastal squeeze
)
(
) 6(.
Coccolithophores
(. )
.Ocean acidification Calcite
Committed to extinction
.
.Extinction
Communicable disease
) (.
Confidence
.Uncertainty .
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:
109
Control run
.
.
Coral
Limestone
.
Coral bleaching
.
Coral reefs
)
) (
( )
( .
Cryosphere
. ) (
Cryptograms
Hornworts, Liverworts .
Deforestation
( )
. .
Dengue fever
.
)DHF(
. )DSS(
Desert
100 .
Desertification
.
)UNCCD(
: )1(
/ )2(
)3( .
Detection and attribution
( )
.
.
.
.
Diadromous
.
Discount rate
.
Disturbance regime
.
Downscaling
)10
100 ( .
Drought
.
Dyke
.
Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM)
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110
Ecological Community
.Ecosystem .
Ecological corridor
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Ecophysiological process
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.
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Ecosystem
.
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Ecosystem approach
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.
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.
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Ecosystem services
)1( .
)2(
)3(
)4(
.)aesthetic(
Ecotone
(. )
El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
.
.
)ENSO(.
.
.
.
.
Emissions scenario
( )
( )
.
1992
.
IS92.
)Nakienovi et al., 2000( .SRES
Endemic
.
.
Ensemble
.
.
.
Epidemic
.
Erosion
.
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:
111
Eustatic sea-level rise
.Sea-level rise
Eutrophication
( )
) (
.
Evaporation
.
Evapotranspiration
.
Externalities
.
.
.
Extinction
.
Extirpation
.
Extreme weather event
.
.
. .
Feedback
.
.
Food chain
Trophic Food web .
.level
Food security
.
.
Food web
.
Forecast
Climate Climate prediction
.projections
Forest limit/line
/
.
.
Freshwater lens
.
Functional extinction
.
.Committed to extinction
General Circulation Model (GCM)
.Climate model
Generalist
.
Glacier
)
) (
(.
.
Globalization
.
Greenhouse effect
.
( )
.
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:
112
Greenhouse gas
.
)CO2( .
)N2O( )CH4(
)HFCs( )SF6(
.)PFCs(
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
.
Gross National Product (GNP)
.
Gross primary production
.
Groundwater recharge
.
Groyne
.
Habitat
.
Hantavirus
.
.
Heat island
.
Herbaceous
.
Human system
.
)
(
.AR4
Hydrographic events
.
Hydrological systems
.
Hypolimnetic
.
Hypoxic events
.
Ice cap
.
Ice sheet
.
.
.
)( :
.
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Ice shelf
)
(
.
.
Impact assessment (climate change)
) (
.
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:
113
Impacts (climate change)
) ( .
:
:
.
:
Aggregate impacts .
Non-market Market impacts
.impacts
Indigenous people
.
:
.
.
.
.
Industrial revolution
.
.
1950.
Infectious disease
.
.
Infrastructure
.
Integrated assessment
.
Integrated water resources management (IWRM)
.
)1( :1992
)2(
)3(
)4(
.
Invasive species and invasive alien species (IAS)
.
Irrigation water-use efficiency
100 .
Isohyet
.
Joint attribution
.
.
.
Keystone species
.
Kyoto Protocol
1997.
.
)
( )
(
1990
/ 2008 2012. 16
2005.
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:
114
La Nia
El Nio-Southern Oscillation -
(ENSO)
Landslide
.
Large-scale singularities
.
)(.
.
Last Glacial Maximum
21000 .
Leaching
.
Leaf area index (LAI)
.
Legume
)
(.
Likelihood
.
. Confidence Uncertainty
Limnology
.
Littoral zone
.
Malaria
( )
.
300 .
Market impacts
/ .
.Non-market impacts
Meningitis
) (
.
Meridional overturning circulation (MOC)
Thermohaline circulation (THC)i
Microclimate
.
.Climate
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
191 2000
2015.
.
Mires
.Bog . /
Mitigation
.
Mixed layer
.
Monsoon
.
Montane
.
Morbidity
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:
115
.
/
)
. (
Morphology
.
Mortality
.
Net biome production (NBP)
.
Net ecosystem production (NEP)
)
) (
.)Net biome production (NBP)i
Net primary production (NPP)
.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
.
No regrets policy
./
Non-linearity
.
Non-market impacts
.
.Market impacts
Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI)
.
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
.
.
Ocean acidification
)pH )
.
Ombrotrophic bog
) ( .
Opportunity costs
/
.
Ozone
.
)
(.
.
.
.)O2(
. -
Paludification
.
Particulates
.
.PM10 10
Peat
.
Peatland
.
Pelagic community
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:
116
)
(.
Pemafrost
.
Phenology
)
( .
Photochemical smog
.
Photosynthesis
.
Carbon dioxide fertilization
.C4 plants C4 C3 plants C3
Physiographic
.
Phytoplankton
.
.
.Zooplankton .
Plankton
.
.Zooplankton Phytoplankton
Plant functional type (PFT)
.
Polynya
.
.
Population system
( )
.
Potential production
.
Pre-industrial
Industrial
.revolution
Primary production
.NBP GPP NPP NEP .
Projection
.
.
.
. Climate predictions Climate projections
Pteropods
.
Pure rate of time preference
.
Radiative forcing
( ( 2
) )/
.
Rangeland
.
Recalcitrant
.
Reference scenario
.Baseline/reference /
Reforestation
.
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:
117
.)IPCC, 2000(
Reids paradox
( )
.
Reinsurance
) ( .
Relative sea-level rise
Sea-
.level rise
Reservoir
( )
. .
.
Resilience
.
Respiration
.
Riparian
) (
.
River discharge
/
. .
Runoff
.
Salinisation
.
Salt-water intrusion/encroachment
.
)
(
(. )
Savanna
) (.
Scenario
.
.
climate (change) scenario ) )
Emissions scenario
.SRES
Sea-ice biome
)
( .
Sea-level rise
.
.
/
.
.
Sea wall
.
Semi-arid regions
.
. 250 100
.Arid region
Sensitivity
) .
(
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:
118
)
(.
Sequestration
.Carbon sequestration
Silviculture
.
Sink
.
Snow water equivalent
/
.
Snowpack
.
Social cost of carbon
.
Socio-economic scenarios
.
SRES ): 6(.
SRES
)SRES) (Nakienovi et al., 2000( .
2 1 2( 1 )
:
.
Stakeholder
.
Stock
.Reservoir
Stratosphere
9 10 )
17 ( 50 .
Streamflow
/
. .
Sub-alpine
.
Succulent
.
Surface runoff
.
Sustainable development
.
Taiga
.
Thermal expansion
) ( .
.
Thermocline
.
Thermohaline circulation (THC)
.
.
. .
Thermokarst
)(
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:
119
.
.
Threshold
.
.
Transpiration
.
Tree line
.
.
Trophic level
.
Trophic relationship
.
Troposphere
10 )
9 )( 16
( .
.
Tsunami
.
Tundra
.
Uncertainty
)
(.
.
.
( )
) (.
.Likelihood Confidence
Undernutrition
/
. /
Ungulate
)
(.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
1992 / 9
150
.
. .
1990 2000.
/ 1994.
.Protocol Kyoto
Upwelling
.
Urbanization
) (
.
Vagile
/ .
Vascular plants
.
Vector
Vector-borne .
.diseases
Vector-borne diseases
( )
.
Vernalisation
/
.
-
:
120
.
Vulnerability
.
.
Water consumption
(. )
.
Water productivity
.
.Irrigation water-use efficiency
/ 100
.
Water stress
.
20
.
-
- .
Water-use efficiency
. /
.
Welfare
.
.
Wetland
.
.
.
Yedoma
.
Zoonoses
.
Zooplankton
.
.