personality is a dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment with the environment Allport (1948)

personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation. Cattel (1970)

The structure of personality The Id▪ original system of personality▪ reservoir of psychic energy ▪ world of subjective experience ▪ Works on pleasure principle▪ Biological

The Ego▪ reality principle ▪ executive of the personality▪ organized portion of id▪ psychological

The Superego▪ moral arm of personality▪ learning of moral values▪ sociological

Instincts Life instincts and death instincts

The distribution and utilization of psychic energy process of energy transformation from id

to ego – identificationAnxiety

a state of tension arising from external world

Identification modeling or imitation of one’s behavior

after that of someone elseDisplacement

inhibition of primitive object choices and the diversion of instinctual energy into socially acceptable and culturally creative channels

Repression – unconscious material Projection - attributing his own

undesirable characteristics to others Reaction formation - conversion of

an undesirable impulse into its opposite Rationalization - justification of

behaviour through the use of plausible, but inaccurate, excuses

Fixation – temporary halt of development

Regression - retreats to an early stage of development

Oral stageAnal stagePhallic stage

Oedipus complex Electra complex Castration anxiety Penis envy

Latency stageGenital stage

The psyche and life process energy – flow of energy

Ego - The ego is the conscious mind. The personal unconscious - It consists

of experiences that were once conscious but that has been repressed, suppressed, forgotten, or ignored

The collective unconscious - memory traces inherited from one’s ancestral past

The archetypes - themes which have existed in all cultures throughout history

The persona - It is the mask we wear in order to function adequately in our relationship with other people

The shadow - animal instincts that humans inherited in their evolution from lower form of life

The self - The self is the life’s goal The anima and animus - The

feminine archetype in man Jung called the anima and the masculine archetype in women he labeled the animus.

Characteristics that are pervasive and dominant in a person’s life he called the cardinal trait

Characteristics that control less of a person’s behaviour but are nevertheless important are called central traits

Characteristics that are peripheral to the person are called secondary traits

common traits or traits we share with others

personal dispositions or individual traits concerned a unique characteristic of the person

Functional autonomy The early development of a person is

characterized by the presence of peripheral motives. Gradually, there is a shift from reliance on such motives to ones which are more central to us

Extension of the sense of selfWarm relatedness to othersSelf acceptanceRealistic perception of realitySelf objectificationUnifying philosophy of life

Traits traits are relatively permanent and

broad reaction tendencies and serve as the building blocks of personality

Ability traits refer to the persons skill in dealing with the complexity of a given situation

Temperament traits refers to the stylistic tendencies of the individual

Dynamic traits refer to the motivation and interests of the person

Common traits refer to characteristic shared by many people.

Unique traits are those specific to one person.

Surface traits are simply a collection of trait elements, which obviously go together in many different individuals and circumstances.

The source trait is the underlying factor that controls the variation in the surface cluster of traits.

Physiological needsSafety needsLove and Belongingness needsSelf Esteem needsSelf Actualization needs

Organism The organism is the locus of all

experiences. Experience includes everything potentially available to awareness that is going on within the organism at any given moment

Self A portion of the phenomenal field gradually

becomes differentiated. This is the selfCongruence and incongruence

Extraversion – Introversion The typical extravert is sociable, like parties,

has many friends, needs to have people to talk to, and does not like reading or studying by himself

The typical introvert is quite, retiring sort of person, introspective, fond of books rather than people

Neuroticism – Stability The typical neurotic person is anxious,

worrying individual, moody and frequently depressed

The stable individual, on the other hand, tends to respond emotionally only slow and generally weakly. he is usually calm, even-tempered, controlled and unworried.

Psychoticism A highly psychotic person may be

described as being solitary, not caring for people. He is often troublesome, not fitting anywhere

A psychological tool that enables us to understand the structure or the elements that constitute a personality.

Building blocks of personalityEgo states means a state of the ‘ego’

or ’I’A person is in a particular ego state

at a particular moment and may be in another ego state a moment later

Parent ego state

Adult ego state

Child ego state

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Principal: Our values are getting erodedLecturer: yes, it is deteriorating

Principal :is the report readyLecturer : yes

Principal : You are again lateLecture :I am sorry sir

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Principal: is the report ready?Lecturer:do you think I have No other works

Lecturer:I want to discuss assignments…..Principal: you are always complaining

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Principal: will the report be ready(social level)I feel so anxious(psychological level)

Lecturer: yes, it will(social level)I am confident(psychological level)

Principal LecturerP

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I am ok, you are ok I am not ok, you are ok I am ok, you are not ok I am not ok, you are not ok

Subjective Techniques Interview Situational tests▪ Sociometric methods▪ Psychodrama

Self Report Inventories▪ Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

InventoryObjective Techniques

Observation Rating Scale

Projective Techniques Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test Word Association Test Sentence Completion Test

The process by which a person changes his behaviour to achieve a harmonious relation between himself and his environment

Maladjustment is the degree of disharmony between individual and environment

Always result from frustration and conflict Approach – approach confict Approach – avoidance conflict Avoidance – avoidance conflict

Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or emotional wellbeing or an absence of a mental disorder

Mental and emotional health refers to feelings, thoughts and actions of an individual specifically when a person faces stresses and challenges in his or her life

sense of contentment and well-beingcapable to deal with stresses of lifeThe feeling of self realizationability to strike balance in different

aspects of life intellectual development shows concerns for other

indulge your self in mind gamesMediation is one of the best

exercises for your mindhealthy fatsSpend more time with nature Exercise your body well focus on learning new things

mental hygiene the science of promoting mental health and preventing mental illness through the application of psychiatry and psychology

In 1908, the modern mental hygiene movement took root as a result of public reaction to Clifford beer's autobiography, A Mind That Found Itself