Prof.Dr: Mohamed Assal

Introduction to computer

Information system

System concepts System transfers inputs to outputs to achieve

certain objective.

Process (to achieve objectives)

Inputs Outputs

System concepts

1. Systems are interdisciplinary

o Systems are not isolated from one another.

o The development in certain field benefits other fields.

System concepts

2. Systems are Holistico The proper functioning of a system is a result

of the interdependence of its part.

o A system must be viewed as a whole, with all

parts considered

o This emphasis on the whole is known as

holism.

System concepts

3. Systems are differentiated o Systems are consists of different parts.

o The components of the CBIS

are computers, input and output

devices, data storage facilities,

personnel to manage and operate

the computers, and its associated equipments, programs

and of course managers who use the output.

System concepts

4. Systems are synergistico Synergistic means a measure of quality level.

o CBIS that combines information needs and

satisfies several with one set of data exhibits

greater synergism than the CBIS that

duplicates data for each application or worse

ignores additional use for data.

System concepts

5. Systems are hierarchical

System concepts

6. Systems must be regulated

System concepts

7. Systems are goal oriented

o A system is a set of related parts together to

achieve certain goal or objective .

o The CBIS is designed to satisfy the needs of

variety of users in the field of information

technology.

CBIS approachesThere are three major approaches for CBIS:

System Design.

System Analysis.

System Improvement.

System Design The system design steps are:

o Define the problem.o Identify system boundaries.o Establish system objectives.o Search for and generate alternatives.o Identify outputs of the alternatives.o Evaluate alternatives by comparing outputs

with objectives.o Choose the best alternative.o Implement the decision.

System Analysis

The system analysis is mainly applied the

systems being replaced ( not under

development).the analysis focuses on information

needs of managers served by the CBIS, both

needs satisfied by the existing system and those

unfulfilled needs that must also be satisfied by

the new system.

System Improvement System design is future oriented and it is an attempt

predict what will happen, system improvement looks to the past in order remedy deviations from system objectives. The steps for the system improvement are:

o Define the problem.

o Define the subsystems.

o Observe the behavior of the subsystem.

o Compare the observed behavior with the objective.

o Reduce the problems to sub-problems.

o Restore the system by correcting the sub-problems.

Organization Managerial Activities

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Organization Levels of Management

The term “Levels of Management’ refers to a line of

demarcation between various managerial positions in an

organization. The number of levels in management increases

when the size of the business

and work force increases and vice versa.

The level of management determines

a chain of command, the amount of

authority & status enjoyed by any

managerial position

Organization Management levels

Top Managers

Middle Managers

Knowledge & Data workers

Operational Managers

Management Levels

S_ Level

MM_ Level

K_ Level

O_ Level

Sales & Marketing

Human Resourc

es

Accounting

FinanceManufacturi

ng

Functional Areas

Information system that support the organization managerial activity

1. Transaction processing system(TPS).

2. Knowledge work system(KWS).

3. Office automation system(OAS).

4. Management information system(MIS).

5. Decision support systems(DSS).

6. Executive support systems(ESS).

1. Operational level

In the operational level, the served group is the operational

manager. This group uses operational level systems which are

called TPS. This group is tasked oriented, they perform

operational control.

1. Operational level

The main purposes of Transaction Processing System (TPS) at

that level

o Keeping track on elementary activities and transaction of

an organization.( e.g. sales, receipts payroll, flow of

material in a factory)

o Answering routine questions (e.g. How many parts in the

inventory? What happened to Mr. Ali’s payment?). TPS

includes basic operations such as (Storing , Retrieving,

Updating, and Sorting ).

2. Knowledge level In this level the served groups are:

Knowledge workers (engineers, technical staff, scientists

& professors).

Data workers (secretaries & book keepers). These group

use knowledge level systems.

2. Knowledge level These system are classified according to their users as

follows:

1. Knowledge workers use knowledge work system (KWS) to

carry out engineering and technical tasks. The purpose of

these systems is to help organization to integrate new

knowledge into business( e.g. AutoCAD, CAD, CAL

systems)

2. Knowledge level

2. Data workers use office automation systems (OAS) to help the

organization to prepare and control the flow of paper work. Also,

to perform all the clerical tasks of the organization into an

electronic way (e-mail, word processing systems).

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3. Middle management level

In MML the served groups are middle managers. Middle managers use middle management systems into two main functions:o Resource control (money, labor, equipment…). o Tactical planning.

3. Middle management level

MIS handles routine problems with predefined solution

procedures (i.e. fully structured). MIS helps managers in

decision making (not support). MIS usually serve managers in

weekly, monthly, and yearly results (i.e. not day-to-day

activities as TPS). MIS summarize data by using ( totals,

means, variances). MIS present outputs using pie, bar charts

and tables.

3. Middle management level

For tactical planning middle managers use decision support

system. DSS handles routine problems but with predefined

solution procedure(i.e. semi or unstructured problems). DSS

addresses certain problems and uses highly sophisticated

mathematical models to analyze the problems. DSS are highly

interactive and give their users the chance to change the

solution assumptions.DSS use more internal and external data

than ESS.

4. Top management level

Serve strategic and planning top managers. Unlike other types

of information systems, Executive Support Systems (ESS) are

not designed mainly to solve specific problems instead, ESS

provide a generalized computing and telecommunications

capacity that can be applied to a changing array of problems.

4. Top management level

Because ESSs are designed to be used by top managers who

may have little direct contact or experience with CBIS. They

have easy-to use graphic interface (i.e. highly user friendly

interface). ESSs are designed to use filter compress and track

critical data reducing time and effort required to obtain

information useful to top managers.

4. Top management level

ESS data are obtained from:

o External sources and events (large volume).

o Internal (historical) from MIS& DSS.

ESS answer questions like:

o What business should we be in?

o What are the competitors doing?

Remarks

Operational control: is a task oriented and it

ensures that work be performed according to

accepted standards.

Higher level managers impose standards, at the

operational level. Standards such as:

o Quality and resource utilization.

o Minimum volume of output.

o Maximum number of defective parts.

o Final completion date.

Relationship of systems to one another

Strategic level(ESS)

Middle Management

(MIS)

Middle Management

(DSS)

Operational level

Knowledge level

(KWS,OAS)

The Information Systems (IS) Department

The information systems (IS) department also

called the information technology (IT) department

is responsible for developing, running, and

maintaining the computers and information

systems in an organization, as well as processing

the vast amount of data that passes through the

organization to keep its critical systems (such as

transaction processing systems) running smoothly.

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The Role of the IS Department

IS team supports all workers in a business, and

supports the business' mission, as well. An IS

department's tasks include designing, planning,

installing, and maintaining systems; generating

reports; and cost control. Roles Players in an IS Department

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Managers Network Administrators

Computer Scientists Hardware maintenance Technicians

Systems Analysts Purchasing Agents

Database Specialists

Trainers

Building Information Systems

The Systems development life cycle (SDLC), or

Software development process in systems engineering,

information systems and software engineering, is a process

of creating or altering information systems, and the models

and methodologies that people use to develop

these systems. In software engineering,

the SDLC concept underpins many

kinds of software development

methodologies.

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Lesson review Mention system concept.

Explain System are differentiated.

Explain System are hierarchical.

Mention three major approaches for CBIS.

Explain system improvement.

Explain the managerial activities.

Explain the management levels supporting system.

Mention major types of information systems.

Mention the role of IS department.

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