呼吸系统呼吸系统

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

The General Description Composition

NosePharynx upper respiratory tract

Larynx

Trachea lower respiratory tract

Bronchi

Section 1 The Nose 鼻 I.External nose: Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae of nasi

II.Nasal cavity –divided into two halves by the nasal septum

Little region

Section 1 The Nose 鼻 I.External nose: Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae of nasi

II.Nasal cavity –divided into two halves by the nasal septum

Little region

Two parts:

Nasal vestibule 鼻前庭 Proper nasal cavity

固有鼻腔Lateral wall

Nasal conchae 鼻甲Nasal meatus 鼻道Sphenoethmoidal recess 蝶筛隐窝

Remove the middle nasal conchae

Semilunar hiatus

半月裂孔 Ethmoidal infundibulum

筛漏斗 Ethmoidal bulla 筛泡 Nasolacrimal canal 鼻泪管

Mucous membrane of nose• Olfactory region 嗅区• Respiratory region 呼吸区

Frontal sinus 额窦

Ethmoidal sinuses 筛窦 Sphenoid sinus

蝶窦

Maxillary sinus 上颌窦

III.The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose

Section 2 The Larynx 喉

Position － situated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C3 to C6

I.Layngeal cartilages

(I)Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨 Shield-shaped cartilage

Laryngeal prominence

(II)Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨 Complete ring of cartilage

(shaped like a signet ring)

(III)Arytenoid 杓状软骨 Paired, pyramid shaped

(IV)Epiglottic cartilage

会厌软骨 leaf-shaped elastic

cartilage

喉软

骨

II.Laryngeal joints

• Thyrohyroid membrane 甲状舌骨膜• cricothyroid joint 环甲关节• cricoarytenoid joint 环杓关节

• Quadrangular membrane

方形膜• Conus elasticus 弹性圆

锥– vocal ligament

– Median cricothyroid ligment

• Cricotracheal ligament

环气管韧带

III.Muscles of larynx IV .Laryngeal cavity

(I)Aperture of larynx 喉口 bounded by upper border

epiglottic cartilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch

Structure features• Two folds :

– Vestibular folds

– Vocal folds

• Two fissures

Rima vestibulithe

Fissure of glottis

Intermembranous part Intercartilagrnous part

(II)Three parts• Laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭• Intermedial cavity of larynx 喉中间腔

– Ventricle of larynx• Infraglottic cavity 声门下腔

Section 3 The Trachea and Bronchi

Position• Structure features

– Consists of about 16－ 20 C-shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages

– Carina of trachea

I.Trachea

Section 3 The Trachea and Bronchi

Position• Structure features

– Consists of about 16－ 20 C-shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages

– Carina of trachea

I.Trachea

II.Bronchi 支气管Right principal bronchus

Shorter, wider, and more vertical

Left principal bronchus

Narrower, longer, and more horizontal

Section 4 The Lungs 肺

PositionGeneral features• Cone-shaped• An Apex of lung• A Base of lung• Three surfaces• Three borders

• Medial surface– Hilum of lung– Root of lung

• Order of structures

From before backward: V.A.B. From above downward:

»R. － B. A. V. »L. － A. B. V.

Lobes and Fissure

• Right lung– Two fissures :

horizontal and oblique

– Three lobes

• Left lung– One fissure : oblique

– Two lobes

III. The Bronchial treeIV .Bronchopulmonary segments

Section 5 The Pleura胸膜

General features• Serous membranes

forming closed sacs• Two layers

– Visceral pleura －adheres to lung

– Parietal pleura －lines the thoracic cavity

pleural cavity: Two pleural layers continue

with each other at root

of lung formed a closed

potential space

– Contains a small amount of pleural fluid

– Subatmospheric pressure in it

Named parts of parietal pleura

• Cupula of pleura

• Costal pleura

• Mediastinal pleura

• Diaphragmatic pleura

Pleura recesses 胸膜隐窝• Costodiaphragmatic recesse 肋膈隐窝 They are the slit-like intervals and the lowest points of pleural cavities

• Costomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝

The surface projection of lower border of lung and pleurae

Lower border

Midclavicular lines

Midaxillary lines

Sides of the vertebral column

Lungs 6th rib 8th rib 10th rib

Pleura 8th rib 10th rib 12th rib

Section 6 The mediastinum

1.Definition 2.Divisions