+ sandipan dasgupta roll no: 10ms12, 4 th year bs/ms department of biological sciences
TRANSCRIPT
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Epidemics Pest attacks
Sandipan DasguptaRoll No: 10MS12, 4th Year BS/MS
Department of Biological Sciences
Biological Disasters
+A Biological Disaster is…
A form of devastating event caused mainly by pathogenic organisms.
Can kill / incapaciate people/ livestock/ plants.
Caused by: Bacteria –Bacillus anthracis Virus – Small pox virus Toxins – Botulinum toxin Fungi - Smut
Any such potential substance :
BIOHAZARD Symbol for Biohazard
+Common forms
Epidemics
SARS Epidemic oubreak - 2003
Image: Apoorva M, Nature Medicine, 2003
+Common forms
Epidemics
Pest attacks
Crown gall disease caused by Agribacterium tumiefaciens
Image: Kenyon College, OH
+Common forms
Epidemics
Pest attacks
Accidental release
Streptococcal enterotoxin
Image: Arizona State Univeristy, AZ
+Common forms
Epidemics
Pest attacks
Accidental release
Bioterrorism
Anopheles mosquito carrying Plasmodium
Image: Department of Health, State of Michigan
+Common forms
Epidemics
Pest attacks
Accidental release
Bioterrorism Cheap Easy to produce Easy to use
(E.g: Anthrax spores used in WWII)
EM of Bacillus anthracis
Image: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
+Significance of Biodisasters
Epidemics can cause depletion of people and economic activity. London Plague (1665), Spanish Influenza (1918)
Pest attacks damages crops and hence shapes the evolution of society. Irish famine (1845), Bengal famine (1771-76)
Biological Warfare – Manipulative tools with long term impacts and hard to mitigate. Bubonic plague used by Mongols in Europe
+Epidemics
Introduction of pathogen in susceptible population. Transmission chain. Common source outbreaks.
10 Infection 20 Infection 30 Infection ….
Usually come to halt by:
Immunity(Ex: Viral/bacterial borne: Japanese encephalitis)
Seasonal change(Ex: Vector borne: dengue)
Image: Hartford Univeristy, CT
Casu
alit
y index
Months
+Epidemics – common cues
Greater case load.
Unsual clustering.
Unseasonal.
Closely related pathogens.
Infection in humans after animals
Unusual route.
Unsual age distribution.
Uncommon/Exotic
Increased demand for symptomatic drugs.
Unusual symptoms in travellers.
Epedemiological Medical
+Pest
Organisms detrimental to human concern.
Common usage: For plant pathogens.
IPPC* definition of “Plant Pests”: Any species that is injurious to plant/plant product.
*International Plant Protection Convention
Root knot disease in potato caused by Meloidigyne chitwoodi (Image: U of Nebraska, Lincoln)
Scircophaga in Rice (Image: U of Nebraska, Lincoln)
+Common pests
Image: Crewe pest Control Agency, UK
Rats, rodents, beetles, termites, birds, chipmunks, spiders, cockroaches, mosquitoes, bedbugs, lice etc etc….
Sea gulls
and uncommon ones
+
Vulnerability analysis and Risk assess ment.
Environmental management.
Pick up early signals
Management of Epidemics Health is a state subject.
Primary responsibility of state health dept. and SDMA’s.
MoHFW provides technical, logistic and manpower support.
Components of Biodisaster management: Mobile Hospitlal
vans
Stock pile vaccines and medicines.
Isolation of infected patients
Coordination
Capacity building: R&D Healthcare
Surveillance.
+Management of Microbial Safety Laboratory microbes/microbial toxins: Potential source of infection to lab workers and transmission.
Biological laboratories to be operated with legitimate and justifiable limits.
General Management Plans:
Classify microbes w.r.t risk involved: Gr:1 Low Gr: 2
Moderate Gr: 3 High
Equip the lab according to the risk level: BSL 1 BSL 2 BSL 3 BSL 4
Training.
Surveillance.
Transport
Emergency action plan
+Management of Livestock Disasters Share of agriculture in India’s GDP: 24%
Share of animal husbandry in this: 25%
Potential threats: Natural disasters; Local and exotic diseases.
Consequences: Food scarcity. Economic crisis. Unemployment. Contamination. Loss of biodiversity.
Lump skin disease in cattle(Image: Food and Fertilizer Centre, Taipei)
Common Action Plans: Risk and Vulverability
Assessment. Capacity building. Check fodder poisoning. Vaccination. Disposal of corpses. R&D
+Management of Agridisasters Major threat: Cripples country’s economy and food
security.
Sailent features of agri-pest: High adaptibility, High fecundity, persistant propagation.
Major action plans: Integrated pest surveillance system. Standard Phyto-sanitary measures. Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
IPM focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage by managing the ecosystem.
Guiding principles of IPM: Set Action Thresholds Monitor and Identify Pests Prevention Control (Biological, Physical, Cultural)
+Conclusion
Epidemic and pest attacks are a major concern for India, with over 1.2 billion people and nearly half billion cattle population, with 80 % of people associated with agriculture.
Hard to mitigate as many diseases are contaigious, spread very fast, with mild initial symptoms.
Key: Early detection and assessing the risk of various groups.
Major groups to be involved: WHO MoHFW/ MoAgF NDMA State Health/Veterinary/Agricultual Department SDMA Local People/farmers.
+References National Disaster Management Guidelines: Biological
Disasters : ISBN: 978-81-906483-6-3: July 2008; NDMA
Guidelines for biological disasters: Bihar State Disaster Management Authority.
Livestock Population of India: National Dairy Development Board; July 2012.
SARS epidemic unmasks age-old quarantine conundrum, Approrva M, Nature Medicine, 2003
AcknowledgementDr. Sutapa Bose, Department of Earth Sciences, IISER Kolkata
Thank You