{ scientific method. develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation. steps...

{{Scientific MethodScientific Method

Develop a Develop a question or question or problem that can problem that can be solved through be solved through experimentation.experimentation.

Steps of the Scientific MethodSteps of the Scientific Method

1.1. Problem /Problem /QuestionQuestion

Stating the Problem: ExampleStating the Problem: Example

What invisible trail does a What invisible trail does a rattlesnake follow in tracking down rattlesnake follow in tracking down its bitten prey?its bitten prey?

Are all questions good Are all questions good scientific questions?scientific questions?

Hint: What do you remember the health Hint: What do you remember the health department investigative team activity?department investigative team activity?

* * Ex: personal opinion, values, or Ex: personal opinion, values, or judgments.judgments.

You be the Judge:You be the Judge: Is this a good testable question Is this a good testable question

1. Do flying saucers really exist?2. Which planet is the most interesting one to study?3. Which pill design – tablet, caplet, or capsule will dissolve faster?4.How much your pet “loves” you5.If you went “back” in time what would happen with a different decision6.If students behavior is related to getting an A in the class then behaving nice will result in more As.

Predict a possible Predict a possible testable testable answeranswer to to the problem or the problem or question. question.

• Your hypothesis is Your hypothesis is NOT a factNOT a fact

• Worded as an If. . . Worded as an If. . . Then statementThen statementExample: If Example: If soil soil temperaturestemperatures rise, then rise, then plant plant growthgrowth will will increaseincrease..

1.1. ..2.2. HypothesisHypothesis

Hypothesis ExampleHypothesis Example

If a snake wounds its victim, then the snake If a snake wounds its victim, then the snake follows the smell of its own venom to locate follows the smell of its own venom to locate the animalthe animal

Creating a Hypothesis from Creating a Hypothesis from testable questionstestable questions

Monty Python- witch scene hypothesisMonty Python- witch scene hypothesis

1. What type of pizza is preferred by fourth graders?2. How does the amount of daylight affect how many eggs laid by a chicken?3. How does room temperature affect student performance?4. How will batting practice affect a players batting average?

1.1. Chocolate may cause pimples.Chocolate may cause pimples.

2.2. Salt in soil may affect plant Salt in soil may affect plant growth.growth.

3.3. Plant growth may be affected by Plant growth may be affected by the color of light.the color of light.

4.4. Bacterial growth may be affected Bacterial growth may be affected by temperature.by temperature.

5.5. Ultraviolet light may cause skin Ultraviolet light may cause skin cancer.cancer.

Hypothesis: HWHypothesis: HW

Develop and follow Develop and follow a procedure. (list of a procedure. (list of each step)each step)

1.1. ..2.2. Background Background

ResearchHyotResearchHyothesishesis

3.3. ExperimentExperiment

Experiment: ExampleExperiment: Example Drag a dead mouse that has been struck Drag a dead mouse that has been struck

and poisoned by a rattlesnake along a and poisoned by a rattlesnake along a curved path on the bottom of an empty curved path on the bottom of an empty cagecage

Place the snake in the cagePlace the snake in the cage The snake follows the exact trail that has The snake follows the exact trail that has

been laid out been laid out Drag an unbitten dead mouse along the Drag an unbitten dead mouse along the

pathpath The snake seems disinterestedThe snake seems disinterested

Include tables, graphs, Include tables, graphs, and photographsand photographs

statement based on the statement based on the results of the results of the experiment.experiment.

Include a statement that Include a statement that accepts or rejects the accepts or rejects the hypothesis and hypothesis and recommend possible recommend possible improvements to the improvements to the procedure. procedure.


ResearchHyotResearchHyothesishesis


4.4. Collect and Collect and Analyze Analyze Data/GraphData/Graph

5.5. ConclusionConclusion

Conclusion: ExampleConclusion: Example

The scent of venom The scent of venom was the only factor was the only factor that could cause a that could cause a rattlesnake to follow its rattlesnake to follow its bitten victim.bitten victim.


ResearchResearch

3.3. HyothesisHyothesis


5.5. Collect and Collect and AnalyzeAnalyze

6.6. Communicate Communicate the Resultsthe Results

Mr. Lee- Scientific Method SongMr. Lee- Scientific Method Song

Setting Up a Good Setting Up a Good Experiment: Parts that are Experiment: Parts that are necessary. necessary.

▪ Measurements: Measurements: ((nnumbers) Scales, umbers) Scales, Rulers, Balances Rulers, Balances

Qualities: Qualities: (characteristics) smell, (characteristics) smell, look, hear, touch, taste look, hear, touch, taste

Observation:Observation:

Quantitative

Qualitative

Observation:Observation:

Quantitative #

QualitativeY

Qualitative looks

Quality/Qualitative

Word Meaning Examples Oral Practice

Quality (noun)

DFN: Essential character; distinguishing attribute; characteristic; superiority in kind

1. A quality of many mobile telephones is that they have a keyboard. . 2. Quality food is fresh and taste good.

1. A quality of a good friend is ________.

SYN: 1. Characteristic, feature; 2. superiority, excellence

Writing Practice: The most important ________________ of a great cell phone is __________________________ because it allows you to _____________________________________.

Qualitative (adj)

DFN: pertaining to or concerned with quality or qualities; involving distinctions based on characteristics;

1. Burning a log causes a qualitative change in its appearance.

1. A qualitative characteristic of your hair is that it is ______________________.

SYN: none 2. The doctor used the qualitative observations of skin redness to determine that the patient had a rash.

Writing Practice: __________________ data that a scientist would collect when observing birds in their natural environment might be _______________________________________________.

What is kept the What is kept the samesame in in an experimentan experiment

• Way to remember: how Way to remember: how does the school try to does the school try to control you? (how you control you? (how you dress to make you look dress to make you look the same). . . the same). . .

• Example: No hats in Example: No hats in classesclasses

Control Control ParameterParameter

Shaq wanted to find out how Shaq wanted to find out how basketball filled with different basketball filled with different substances would help his free-substances would help his free-throw. He uses the same ball, throw. He uses the same ball, same pressure, and same spot same pressure, and same spot where he threw the ball. He where he threw the ball. He changes what is in the ball changes what is in the ball helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.

What is the control parameter?What is the control parameter?

Shaq wanted to find out how basketball filled with different substances would help his free-throw. He uses the same ball, same pressure, and same spot where he threw the ball. He changes what is in the ball helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.

Samantha wanted to find out how Samantha wanted to find out how elevation affects car speed. She elevation affects car speed. She use the same car, ramp, release use the same car, ramp, release point for each of the trials. She point for each of the trials. She only changed the elevation of the only changed the elevation of the ramp.ramp.

What is the control parameter?What is the control parameter?

Samantha wanted to find out how elevation affects car speed. She use the same car, ramp, release point for each of the trials. She only changed the elevation of the ramp.

Quality/Qualitative

Word Meaning Examples Oral Practice

Variable (noun)

DFN: a. Something that varies or is prone to variation. b. Mathematics: A quality capable of assuming any of a set of values.

a. The variable in our experiment is the volume of liquid are heating..

b. In the expression a2 + b2 = c2, a, b, and c are variables.

c. The piece of information plotted on a graph are called variables

Something that _______ each time you look at it might be called a variable.

SYN: 1. Characteristic, feature; 2. superiority, excellence

Variable (adj)

DFN:a.Likely to change or vary; subject to variation; changeableb.Mathematics: having no fixed quantitative value.

a. Our weather has been quite variable lately, warm one day, cool the next.

SYN: ChangeableANT: Constant, Unchanging

Writing Practice: It is really important to record about the variables in an experiment because _______________________________.

OneOne thing you are thing you are changing in an changing in an experiment experiment (different)(different)

Also called Also called manipulated variablemanipulated variable

Goes on x-axis for Goes on x-axis for graphsgraphs

IndependentIndependent Variable Variable

What is the independent variable?What is the independent variable?

Shaq wanted to find out how basketball filled with different substances would help his free-throw. He uses the same ball, same pressure, and same spot same spot where he threw the ball. He where he threw the ball. He changes what is in the ball helium, changes what is in the ball helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.nitrogen, and oxygen.


Why do you think it is Why do you think it is important to have ONE important to have ONE independent variable?independent variable?

observed or observed or measured. measured.

(It is the result of (It is the result of changing the changing the independent independent variable.)variable.)

Also called Also called Responding VariableResponding Variable

Goes on y-axis for Goes on y-axis for graphs graphs

Dependent Dependent VariableVariable

Shaq wanted to find out how basketball Shaq wanted to find out how basketball filled with different substances would filled with different substances would help his free-throw. He uses the same help his free-throw. He uses the same ball, same pressure, and same spot ball, same pressure, and same spot where he threw the ball. He changes where he threw the ball. He changes what is in the ball helium, nitrogen, and what is in the ball helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.oxygen.

What is the dependent variable?What is the dependent variable?


For the Rainbow lab For the Rainbow lab what is the Independent what is the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable and Dependent Variable for that lab?Variable for that lab?

Identify control Identify control parameters, parameters, independent variable independent variable and dependent and dependent variablevariable

John watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the bread rise. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar. John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf? John adds the same amount of flour, salt, milk, and cooks it in the same oven. He performs the experiment. After talking with his teacher and conducting further research, he comes up with a hypothesis. “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.”

John watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the bread rise. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar. John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf? John adds the same amount of flour, salt, milk, and cooks it in the same oven. He performs the experiment. After talking with his teacher and conducting further research, he comes up with a hypothesis. “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.”

Humpty Dumpty had a problem falling off Humpty Dumpty had a problem falling off of walls. He decided to see which harness of walls. He decided to see which harness could keep him on top of the wall the could keep him on top of the wall the longest. He used the same location, longest. He used the same location, weather, and daily activity of sitting on weather, and daily activity of sitting on the wall. He tried five different harnesses the wall. He tried five different harnesses (save o lot, crack b no more, safety, (save o lot, crack b no more, safety, harness of life, and scrambled eggs no harness of life, and scrambled eggs no more). more).

Humpty Dumpty had a problem falling off of walls. He decided to see which harness could keep him on top of the wall the longest. He used the same location, weather, and daily activity of sitting on the wall. He tried five different harnesses (save o lot, crack b no more, safety, harness of life, and scrambled eggs no more).

Summarize in your own Summarize in your own words the difference words the difference between independent between independent and dependent variableand dependent variable

Variable Identification Worksheet 1:Variable Identification Worksheet 1:A scientist is doing an experiment to see what type of sugar makes cells grow faster. The data tables below show what is added to each test tube and the number of cells over time.

Test TubeNumber of cells added

Milliliters of water

Grams of sugar

Type of sugar

1 1000 100 5 fructose

2 1000 100 5 sucrose

3 1000 100 5 equal

4 1000 100 5 glucose

Number of cells test tube with:

Day Fructose Sucrose Equal Glucose

1 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

2 2,000 2,000 900 2,000

3 4,000 4,000 800 4,000

4 8,000 8,000 700 8,000

5 16,000 16,000 600 16,000



Grams of sugar

Type of sugar

1 1000 100 5 fructose

2 1000 100 5 sucrose

3 1000 100 5 equal

4 1000 100 5 glucose



1 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

2 2,000 2,000 900 2,000

3 4,000 4,000 800 4,000

4 8,000 8,000 700 8,000

5 16,000 16,000 600 16,000

Controlled Parameters:Number of cells added, Milliliters of water, and grams of sugar




Grams of sugar

Type of sugar

1 1000 100 5 fructose

2 1000 100 5 sucrose

3 1000 100 5 equal

4 1000 100 5 glucose



1 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

2 2,000 2,000 900 2,000

3 4,000 4,000 800 4,000

4 8,000 8,000 700 8,000

5 16,000 16,000 600 16,000

Independent Variable:Type of Sugar




Grams of sugar

Type of sugar

1 1000 100 5 fructose

2 1000 100 5 sucrose

3 1000 100 5 equal

4 1000 100 5 glucose



1 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

2 2,000 2,000 900 2,000

3 4,000 4,000 800 4,000

4 8,000 8,000 700 8,000

5 16,000 16,000 600 16,000

Dependent Variable: Number of Cells

4. Two students want to see which paper 4. Two students want to see which paper airplane will travel farther. They used the airplane will travel farther. They used the same type of paper, same color, same size, same type of paper, same color, same size, and the dart design. One student put a paper and the dart design. One student put a paper clip on the nose of his airplane. The other clip on the nose of his airplane. The other student does not.student does not.

Controlled Parameter Independent VariableDependent Variable

4. Two students want to see which paper airplane will travel farther. They used the same type of paper, same color, same size, and the dart design. One student put a paper clip on the nose of his airplane. The other student does not.

Type of paperColorSizeDart Design

Paper clip on nose

Travel farther

5. A class of students wants to figure out what makes cut roses last 5. A class of students wants to figure out what makes cut roses last longer and look prettier. The students decide to use red roses with a longer and look prettier. The students decide to use red roses with a 10 centimeter stem length from the same type of rose plant grown 10 centimeter stem length from the same type of rose plant grown in the same nursery. They put the roses in the same size of vase in the same nursery. They put the roses in the same size of vase filled with Aquafina water. To each vase they add 10 grams of a filled with Aquafina water. To each vase they add 10 grams of a different substance: sugar, salt, caffeine, baking soda, vinegar, different substance: sugar, salt, caffeine, baking soda, vinegar, fertilizer, and one vase has nothing added to it. They wait to see fertilizer, and one vase has nothing added to it. They wait to see which rose lasts longer.which rose lasts longer.

Controlled Parameter Independent VariableDependent

Variable

Stem LengthType of RoseNurseryVaseAquafina water10 grams

Different substance

Last longer

5. A class of students wants to figure out what makes cut roses last longer and look prettier. The students decide to use red roses with a 10 centimeter stem length from the same type of rose plant grown in the same nursery. They put the roses in the same size of vase filled with Aquafina water. To each vase they add 10 grams of a different substance: sugar, salt, caffeine, baking soda, vinegar, fertilizer, and one vase has nothing added to it. They wait to see which rose lasts longer.

6. A group of students want to determine which laundry soap works the best. They take 6 exactly the same socks (men's Haines) and put one half cup of oil on the bottom of the sock and let it dry. They then wash each sock separately using one fourth cup of their detergent to see which got cleaner. They tested Shout, Bleach, Tide, Downey, and Gain. One sock is washed only with water and no soap.

Controlled Parameter Independent VariableDependent Variable

Sock Oil amountOil LocationSocks Dried

Detergent Works best (cleaner)

6. A group of students want to determine which laundry soap works the best. They take 6 exactly the same socks (men's Haines) and put one half cup of oil on the bottom of the sock and let it dry. They then wash each sock separately using one fourth cup of their detergent to see which got cleaner. They tested Shout, Bleach, Tide, Downey, and Gain. One sock is washed only with water and no soap.

7. A veterinarian is testing out dog food in order to determine 7. A veterinarian is testing out dog food in order to determine which dog food helps dogs to lose weight the fastest while still giving which dog food helps dogs to lose weight the fastest while still giving enough nutrition. He takes 10 dogs of the same weight and breed enough nutrition. He takes 10 dogs of the same weight and breed and puts each of them on a diet for 6 months. Each dog is given 1/2 and puts each of them on a diet for 6 months. Each dog is given 1/2 gallon of water each day and 6 cups of dog food of the different gallon of water each day and 6 cups of dog food of the different kinds. The dogs are kept in cages to control their amount of kinds. The dogs are kept in cages to control their amount of exercise and are walked twice daily (morning, night) for 30 minutes exercise and are walked twice daily (morning, night) for 30 minutes each time. The dogs weight is measured each night at the same each time. The dogs weight is measured each night at the same time.time.

Controlled Parameter Independent VariableDependent

Variable

10 dogs of same weight and breedDiet 6 months½ gallon water6 cups dog foodCages (exercise)Walked 2 x a day 30 0munWeight same time

Different kinds of dog food

Lose weight the fastest

7. A veterinarian is testing out dog food in order to determine which dog food helps dogs to lose weight the fastest while still giving enough nutrition. He takes 10 dogs of the same weight and breed and puts each of them on a diet for 6 months. Each dog is given 1/2 gallon of water each day and 6 cups of dog food of the different kinds. The dogs are kept in cages to control their amount of exercise and are walked twice daily (morning, night) for 30 minutes each time. The dogs weight is measured each night at the same time.

Variables from HypothesisVariables from Hypothesis

If temperature increases then leave colors will If temperature increases then leave colors will change.change.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable *in front in if then statement and dependent is after then.

1. If there is high temperature then 1. If there is high temperature then it will cause an increase in radish it will cause an increase in radish germination.germination.

2. If you study with music then your 2. If you study with music then your test scores will increase.test scores will increase.

3. If food coloring is added to fish 3. If food coloring is added to fish food then the fish will die.food then the fish will die.

Data that is around the same Data that is around the same number.number.Example: Example: An experiment is done and if An experiment is done and if you get the same answer over you get the same answer over and over again the data is and over again the data is considered reproducible.considered reproducible.

Reproducible Reproducible DataData

Are the following Are the following reproducible results?reproducible results?

Example 1: 1, 10, 1, 1.0, 1.111

Example 2: 2.0, 1.999,2.01

Example 3: 3.0, 30, 3.3, 30.0

What makes something reproducible?

Trial Time (seconds)

Speed (meters/second)

1 12. 2 3.02 11.3 3.33 7.9 1.8

Average 11.9 2.4

Does this show reproducible?Does this show reproducible?



1 4.9 1.02 5.0 .93 4.8 1.1

Average 4.9 1.0

Example: 1.

Example 2.

Averages

4.073.424.394.96

Averages4.9

5.564.364.9



1 102.9 51.492 45.9 22.953 30.5 15.25

Average 59.8 29.9

Does this show reproducible?Does this show reproducible?

Example: 3.

Averages2.00

222

Create a chart that shows Create a chart that shows reproducible datareproducible data



1 2 3

Average

The volume of an object is 10 mL. Several The volume of an object is 10 mL. Several students measure its volume with a students measure its volume with a graduated cylinder. Is the data graduated cylinder. Is the data reproducible? Accurate?reproducible? Accurate?

Trial Volume1 10.0 mL2 10.0 mL3 10.0 mL

Average 10.0 mL


Average 10.0 mL


Average 3.0 mL


Average 10.0 mL

George Sara

Shelly Kevin

Evaluating Experimental Evaluating Experimental DesignDesign

Scenario: A group of students wanted to find Scenario: A group of students wanted to find out what stain removing substance will take out what stain removing substance will take away a stain the best .away a stain the best .

Mud stain Mud stain Mud stain Mud stain1 T Remover 1 T Remover 1 T Remover 1 T Remover1 gallon water 1 gallon water 1 gallon water 1 gallon water½ day line dry ½ day line dry ½ day line dry ½ day line dry

1. Controlled 2. Independent 3. Dependent

Parameter (s) Variable (s) Variable(s)

Scenario: A group of students wanted to find Scenario: A group of students wanted to find out what stain removing substance will take out what stain removing substance will take away a stain the best .away a stain the best .

Mud stain Mud stain Mud stain Mud stain1 T Remover 1 T Remover 1 T Remover 1 T Remover1 gallon water 1 gallon water 1 gallon water 1 gallon water½ day line dry ½ day line dry ½ day line dry ½ day line dry

Scenario: A group of students wanted to see Scenario: A group of students wanted to see what grows mold the best.what grows mold the best.

5g Bread 5g Apple 5g Macaroni 5kg LettuceIn Cupboard In Cupboard In Cupboard In Cupboard

1. Controlled 2. Independent 3. Dependent

Parameter (s) Variable (s) Variable(s)

Scenario: A group of students wanted to see Scenario: A group of students wanted to see what grows mold the best.what grows mold the best.

5g Bread 5g Apple 5g Macaroni 5kg LettuceIn Cupboard In Cupboard In Cupboard In Cupboard

Evaluating Experimental Evaluating Experimental Design WorksheetDesign Worksheet

Experiment 1: A group of students want to test red flowers to see how pot size affects plant growth. They place the red flowers in brown clay pots and give all of the plants 1 cup of dirt, 1 cup of water each day, and place them by the window. The students will then measure the growth of the plant over a period of 4 months.

1 cup dirt 1 cup dirt 1 cup dirt 1 cup dirt 1 cup dirt1 cup water 1 cup water 1 cup water 1 cup water 1 cup waterwindow window window window window

1. Controlled Parameters 2. Independent Variable(s) 3. Dependent Variable(s) __________________ ___________________ _____________________________________ ___________________ _____________________________________ ___________________ _____________________________________ ___________________ ______________________________________ ___________________ ___________________

Experiment 1: A group of students want to test red flowers to see how pot size affects plant growth. They place the red flowers in brown clay pots and give all of the plants 1 cup of dirt, 1 cup of water each day, and place them by the window. The students will then measure the growth of the plant over a period of 4 months.

1. Controlled Parameters 2. Independent Variable(s) 3. Dependent Variable(s) Red flower

Brown clay pot1 cup dirt1 cup waterBy windowPeriod (4 months)

Pot sizeLeaves

Growth of plant

1 cup dirt 1 cup dirt 1 cup dirt 1 cup dirt 1 cup dirt1 cup water 1 cup water 1 cup water 1 cup water 1 cup waterwindow window window window window

Experiment 2: A group of students want to test how medium orange colored goldfish get along with other colors of goldfish. (use your imagination that goldfish can come in other colors ) They put one goldfish in a glass 5 gallon of water fish tank. They then put in another color of gold fish. Each tank has one plant and one rock sculpture of the same size.

Tank A Tank B Tank C Tank D

Tank C Tank D

6. Controlled Parameters 7. Independent Variable(s) 8. Dependent Variable(s)__________________ ___________________ _____________________________________ ___________________ _____________________________________ ___________________ _____________________________________ ___________________ _____________________________________ ___________________ _____________________________________ ___________________ _____________________________________ ___________________ ___________________

9.Design Flaw:

10. How would you redesign the experiment:

Experiment 2: A group of students want to test how medium orange colored goldfish get along with other colors of goldfish. (use your imagination that goldfish can come in other colors ) They put one goldfish in a glass 5 gallon of water fish tank. They then put in another color of gold fish. Each tank has one plant and one rock sculpture of the same size.

Tank A Tank B Tank C Tank D

Tank C Tank D

6. Controlled Parameters 7. Independent Variable(s) 8. Dependent Variable(s)

9.Design Flaw:

10. How would you redesign the experiment:

Glass tank5 gallon of waterPlantRock sculpture

Different coloredDifferent sizes

Get Along

9.Design Flaw: Too many independent variables

10. How would you redesign the experiment: Check mass of each goldfish and make sure it’s the same

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