Speed = distance/time Velocity = displacement (distance with

a direction)/time Acceleration = change in velocity/time *Acceleration occurs when you speed

up, slow down, or change direction.

• Newton’s 1st law – An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted on by an outside force.

• Example: You are standing in a moving bus. The bus stops. You continue to move forward.

• Newton’s 2nd law- Force = mass x acceleration• Example: If you push a big car and a little car with

the same amount of force, the little car will accelerate more

• Newton’s 3rd law – for every force in nature, there is an equal and opposite force

• Example: You step forward out of a boat, the boat moves backward in the water

• Weight is an example of force• Weight = Mass x gravitational

acceleration (9.8 m/s2)• Gravitational Acceleration – rate at which

gravity pulls an object toward it. On the earth, all objects fall at a rate of 9.8 m/s2. Since the moon is so much smaller, acceleration due to gravity on the moon is 1.6 m/s2

• Gravity is dependent on the mass of objects and the distance between those objects

Mass is the amount of matter in an object and does not change

Weight is mass multiplied by gravity, weight can change

Example: A person has the same mass on the earth and the moon, but their weight is less on the moon

Work = force x distance two conditions must be met for work

to occur› the object must move through a distance› a force must act upon the object in the

direction the object moves

Do not change the amount of work, but change the direction or the distance of the force

• 6 types of simple machines• 1. Pulley - uses grooved wheels and a rope to

raise, lower or move a load.• 2. Lever - A lever is a stiff bar that rests on a

support called a fulcrum which lifts or moves loads. 

• 3. Wedge - an object with at least one slanting side ending in a sharp edge, which cuts material apart.

• 4. Wheel and axle - A wheel with a rod, called an axle, through its center lifts or moves loads.

• 5. Inclined plane - is a slanting surface connecting a lower level to a higher level.

• 6. Screw - is an incline plane wrapped around a cylinder

• When trading effort for distance, we gain the advantage of multiplying our effort force using what is called a mechanical advantage.

• The mechanical advantage is the ratio of the resistance force to the effort force and may be calculated using either force or distance:

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A rhythmic disturbance that transfers energy through matter and space; exists only as long as it has energy to carry.

Speed of a wave = wavelength x frequency

Compressional waves Examples: sound and seismic

– energy travels at a right angle to the medium, doesn’t have to have a medium

Example: light or electromagnetic waves, waves on a string, water waves

• Frequency increases from radio to gamma, wavelength decreases from radio to gamma

• Radio waves have the longest wavelength, lowest frequency, and the least amount of energy

• In visible light, the color red has the longest wavelength, lowest frequency, and the least amount of energy

• In visible light, the color violet has the shortest wavelength, highest frequency, and most amount of energy

• Gamma waves have the shortest wavelength, highest frequency, and most amount of energy

• Radio – radio, TV, and cell phone signals

• Microwave – microwave oven• Infrared – heat (cameras that can sense

different amounts of heat from objects)• Visible – what we see, colors• Ultraviolet – sunlight or tanning bed• X-ray – used by doctors to see your

bones and teeth• Gamma – nuclear radiation

• Reflection – wave hits a different medium a bounces back

• Example: aluminum foil reflecting sunlight• Refraction – wave slowing down or speeding up

when it hits a different medium• Example: light slows down in water, so a pencil

appear broken when part is in the water and part is not

• Interference – occurs when two waves meet• Example: Standing wave is when two waves add

together• Diffraction – bending of a wave around an object• Example: Colors that you see when looking at a cd

are caused by light being bent

Build up of charges on an object

• Friction – rubbing• Example: Rubbing a balloon on your hair makes

it stick to the wall or rubbing your feet on the floor to shock someone

• Induction – transferring charge by passing a charged object close to another object

• Example: taking that same balloon you rubbed on your hair and moving it near small pieces of paper, the paper will become charged and stick to the balloon.

• Conduction – transferring charge by direct contact

• Example: electrons moving from a battery through a wire

• Flow of electrons from negative to positive• Two types of current:

– Alternating Current – current flows in forward and reverse directions

• Example: Electricity in your home– Direct current – current only flows in one

direction• Example: Battery• Formula for Current is Ohm’s law: Current

(I) = Voltage (V) / Resistance (R)

Series Circuit – only has one pathway through which the current can flow

Parallel Circuit – has multiple pathways through which the current can flow

• Magnetism• Is due to charges (domains) inside of a material all

lining up in the same direction, so one side of the object is negative and one side is positive. These domains can be unaligned by jarring or heating a magnet.

• Electromagnets are created by placing a metal object inside a coil of wire and moving electric current through the wire. This causes the metal to become magnetic. You can increase the magnetism by increase the coils, increasing the voltage, or increases the number of coils.

• Generators (mechanical energy to electrical energy): when you spin a coil of wire inside two magnetic poles it produces an electric current.