** start of activity to meet physical or psychological need

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012

Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013

** Start of activity to meet physical or psychological need

otivation



Types of Motivation

Intrinsic motivation: Act itself is motivating or internally rewarding

** Extrinsic motivation: Outcome is separate from person



Instinct Approaches

Instinct approaches proposed that some human actions may be motivated by instincts, which are innate patterns of behavior found in both people and animals.



• Need: Requirement of material (e.g., food, water) essential for survival

• ** Drive: Need leads to psychological tension and physical arousal

• Drive-reduction theory: Act to reduce, satisfy need and reduce tension

Drive-Reduction Theory



** Primary drives: Involve the needs of the body

Acquired drives: Learned through experience

Primary and Acquired Drives



** Homeostasis - the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.



• Need for achievement (nAch): Desire to attain realistic and challenging goals

• Need for affiliation (nAff): Need for social interaction • Need for power (nPow): Need to control or influence others

Three Types of Needs



nAch and Personality

• View of self: Beliefs about one’s own abilities

• Locus of control:Internal vs. external

• Beliefs about intelligence:Fixed vs. changeable



Arousal Theory

Person has an optimal level of arousal to maintain

Sometimes level of arousal

is reduced.

Other times level of arousal

is increased.



Arousal and Performance



Sensation Seeking

Sensation seeker: Someone who needs more arousal than the average person



Incentive Approaches to Motivation

** Incentives: Things that lure people to action

Incentive approaches: Behavior is response to rewards of external stimulus

Expectancy-value theories • Beliefs, values,

importance



Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• ** Self-actualization: Lower needs satisfied, full human potential achieved– Growth vs. deficiency needs

• Peak experiences: Times when self-actualization is temporarily achieved



Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

*** Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ***Must fulfill the more basic needs, such as physical and security needs, before being able to fulfill the higher needs of self-actualization and transcendence.



Autonomy

Relatedness

Competence

The Components of Motivation

Self-determination theory (SDT): Social context of action has effect on type of motivation

** Intrinsic motivation - type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.



Hunger: Bodily Causes

HypothalamusVentromedial hypothalamus: May be involved in stopping eating when glucose level goes up

Lateral hypothalamus: Appears to influence onset of eating when insulin level goes up



Hunger: Bodily Causes

• Weight set point: Level of weight body tries to maintain

• Basal metabolic rate (BMR): Rate at which body burns energy when resting



Social Components of Hunger

• Social cues for when meals are to be eaten

• Cultural customs, food preferences, comfort foods

• Anticipation of food may result in insulin response and risk of diabetes



9.6 What are some problems in eating behavior, and how are they affected by biology and culture?

• Obesity: Body weight 20% over ideal weight for given height

• Leptin: Hormone that signals hypothalamus that body has had enough food• May play important role

in obesity

Maladaptive Eating Problems



“Feeling” part of consciousness

motion



Three Elements of Emotion

1. Physical arousal2. Behavior that reveals emotion3. Inner awareness of feelings



Physiology of Emotion

• Emotion associated with sympathetic nervous system activity

• Amygdala: Fear and facial expressions

• Hemispheres of the brain:– Positive emotions:

left frontal lobe– Negative feelings:

right frontal lobe– Interpreting facial expressions:

right hemisphere



Emotional Expression

• Various ways emotions are expressed

• Universal expressions– Biological basis

• Congenitally blind facial expressions

• Display rules



Labeling Emotions

Interpreting subjective feelings• Labeling and

culture



Common Sense Theory of Emotion

A stimulus (snarling dog) leads to an emotion of fear, which then leads to bodily arousal (in this case, indicated by shaking) through the

autonomic nervous system.



James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion.

9.8 How do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion differ?



Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A stimulus leads to activity in the brain, which then sends signals to arouse the body and interpret the emotion at the same time.



Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory

A stimulus leads to both bodily arousal and the labeling of that arousal (based on the surrounding context), which leads to the

experience and labeling of the emotional reaction.

9.9 What are the key elements in cognitive arousal theory, the facial feedback hypothesis, and the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion?



** Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion

A stimulus such as this snarling dog causes arousal and a facial expression. The facial expression

then provides feedback to the brain about the emotion. The brain then interprets the emotion and may also intensify it.



Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory

A stimulus causes an immediate appraisal (e.g., “The dog is snarling and not behind a fence,

so this is dangerous”). The cognitive appraisal results in an emotional response, which is then followed by the appropriate bodily response.

** start of activity to meet physical or psychological need

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