starter activity

Your teacher will give you a card describing a surgical practice or an individual who helped develop surgery. Place the card in the correct chronological position. Now decide which were the 3 most important advances.

Advances in surgeryAdvances in surgery

Prehistoric (3000 – 2000 BC)Prehistoric (3000 – 2000 BC) Ancient (2000 BC – 500 AD)Ancient (2000 BC – 500 AD) Medieval (500-1400)Medieval (500-1400) Renaissance (1400-1700)Renaissance (1400-1700) Industrial Age (1700-1900)Industrial Age (1700-1900) Twentieth Century and beyondTwentieth Century and beyond

D A J G S F M P L O H B N I K C Q E R

The colour code

refers to the

different periods of surgery we’ve

studied

Your taskYour task

Try to identify factors which helped Try to identify factors which helped the advance of medicine:the advance of medicine:

WarWar TechnologyTechnology GovernmentGovernment TradeTrade ChanceChance Individual geniusIndividual genius

How has surgery How has surgery developed in recent developed in recent

years?years?To revise the earlier advances in To revise the earlier advances in

surgerysurgery

To identify the key factors which To identify the key factors which have led to improvements in have led to improvements in twentieth century surgerytwentieth century surgery

Aims

Your taskYour task

Read p. 173-4 and find out the reasons why Read p. 173-4 and find out the reasons why surgery has improved in recent years. surgery has improved in recent years. Complete a spider diagram including the Complete a spider diagram including the following categories:following categories:

Improved anaestheticsImproved anaesthetics AntibioticsAntibiotics TeamworkTeamwork ResourcesResources Keyhole surgeryKeyhole surgery MicrosurgeryMicrosurgery

Improved anaestheticsImproved anaesthetics

1930s Helmuth Wesse discovered a 1930s Helmuth Wesse discovered a method of injecting anaesthetics into method of injecting anaesthetics into blood stream – allowing dosage to be blood stream – allowing dosage to be controlled and operations to last controlled and operations to last longerlonger

AntibioticsAntibiotics

Discovery & mass production of Discovery & mass production of penicillin helped to increase success penicillin helped to increase success rate of operationsrate of operations

Led to developments in more Led to developments in more complex surgical techniques e.g. complex surgical techniques e.g. transplants and replacement surgerytransplants and replacement surgery

Penicillin tablets – extremely difficult to obtain initially, but now

a very common drug

TeamworkTeamwork Dr Christian Barnard (below) – Dr Christian Barnard (below) –

doctor who pioneered heart doctor who pioneered heart transplant surgery required teams of transplant surgery required teams of doctors and who were expert in doctors and who were expert in different fields from different fields from anaestheticsanaesthetics to to cardiographycardiography

ResourcesResources

Complex operations very expensive – Complex operations very expensive – teams of surgeons, expensive drugs, teams of surgeons, expensive drugs, aftercare etc.aftercare etc.

Government and media question Government and media question how much should be spent on how much should be spent on healthcare and where resources healthcare and where resources should be directedshould be directed

Should the NHS pay for controversial operations like cosmetic surgery?

Keyhole surgeryKeyhole surgery

Reduces size of wound created and Reduces size of wound created and reduces chance of infectionreduces chance of infection

Fibre-optics and computer-assisted Fibre-optics and computer-assisted surgery have made this approach surgery have made this approach possiblepossible

MicrosurgeryMicrosurgery

Ability to attach fine blood vessels Ability to attach fine blood vessels and nerve endings, e.g. severed and nerve endings, e.g. severed limbslimbs

This picture shows the limb of a Taiwanese vet which was successfully reattached following an

incident at a zoo in Taiwan in 2007

PlenaryPlenary

What were some of the greatest What were some of the greatest steps forward in surgery that we steps forward in surgery that we have studied?have studied?

Why has modern surgery improved Why has modern surgery improved so much?so much?