· study on comprehensive support strategy for environment and development in the early 21st...

STUDY REPORT

ON COMPREHENSIVE SUPPORT STRATEGIES

FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY

THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN

March 2004

OVERSEAS ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION CENTER, JAPAN

Ministry of the Environment

Study on Comprehensive Support Strategy for Environment and Development

in the Early 21st Century

i

CONTENTS

1. Background and Objectives.......................................................................... 1

2. Outline of the Survey ..................................................................................... 3

3. Present Situation of Environmental Problems............................................ 5

3.1 Natural Environment....................................................................................................5

(1) Deforestation, Desertification and Land Degradation ...........................................6

(2) Biodiversity and Ecosystem ......................................................................................9

3.2 Urban Environment ....................................................................................................10

(1) Water Pollution ........................................................................................................12

(2) Air Pollution .............................................................................................................17

(3) Other Types of Pollution .........................................................................................21

(4) Solid Waste ...............................................................................................................23

(5) Treatment of Urban Waste Water .........................................................................38

4. Response to Problems Regarding Environment and Development ........ 42

4.1 Natural Environment..................................................................................................42

(1) Deforestation and Desertification...........................................................................42

(2) Biodiversity and Conservation of Ecosystem ........................................................42

4.2 Urban Environment ....................................................................................................43

(1) Air Pollution .............................................................................................................43

(2) Water Quality ...........................................................................................................44

(3) Solid Waste Management........................................................................................44

4.3 Social Environment .....................................................................................................45

5. Examination of Assistance Strategy........................................................... 47

5.1 Need for Assistance......................................................................................................47

(1) Necessity for Assistance for Environment and Development ..............................47

(2) Activities of International Organizations ..............................................................49

5.2 Assistance Policies........................................................................................................50

(1) Country Assistance Programme and Environmental Assistance........................50

(2) Examination of Possible Assistance Policies for the Environment Sector..........52

Attachment: Urban Environmental Problems in Pakistan - Case Study for Urban Environment in Hayatabad, Pashawar -

ii

ADB Asian Development Bank AJK Azad-Jammu Kashmir BAP Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CD&MD City Development and Municipal Department CDA Capital Development Authority CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CNG Compressed Natural Gas COD Chemical Oxygen Demand EcoISD Environmental Conservation Initiative for Sustainable Development EDCG Environmental Donors Coordination Group EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ENERCON National Energy Conservation Centre, MELGRD EU European Union FATA Federally Administrated Tribal Area FSMP Forestry Sector Master Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GNP Gross National Product GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit IEE Initial Environmental Examination ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KPT Karachi Port Trust LG&RD Local Government and Rural Development Department LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MELGRD Ministry of Environment, Local Government & Rural Development MMA Muttahidah Masjlis-Amal MST Ministry of Science and Technology MPCD Marine Pollution Controll Department NCS National Conservation Strategy NCS-MTR Mid Term Review, National Conservation Strategy NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NEAP-SP Support Programme, National Environmental Action Plan NGO Non Governmental Organization NLUP National Land Use Plan NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NQS National Environmental Quality Standard NSDP National Sustainable Development Programme NWFP North West Frontier Province NWFP-EPA NWFP Provincial Environmental Protection Agency

ABBREVIATION



iii

Pak-EPA Pakistan Federal Environmental Protection Agency PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, MST PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PEPC Pakistan Environmental Protection Council PEPF Pakistan Environmental Protection Fund (NGO) PEPO Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance PFI Pakistan Forest Institute PRGF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility PSDF Provincial Sustainable Development Fund PTA Pakistan Tanners Association RCB Rawalpindhi Cantonment Board RNE Royal Netherlands Embassy Rs. Rupees SAF Social Action Fund SAP Social Action Programme SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SMART Self-Monitoring and Reporting Tool SPM Suspended particulate matter TMA Tehsil Municipal Authority TSS Total Suspended Solids UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF UN International Children's Emergency Fund UNIDO United Nation Industrial Development Organization VETS Vehicle Emission Testing Station WHO World Health Organization WWF World Wildlife Fund



1

1. Background and Objectives The Islamic Republic of Pakistan (hereinafter referred to as “Pakistan”) is now facing a situation of a seriously worsening urban environmental pollution nationwide, including air pollution, water pollution and deteriorating waste management, primarily caused by progressive population concentration in urban areas against the background of a fairly high annual population growth rate of approximately 3%. Meanwhile, the insufficient capacity of the administration to deal with these problems is pointed out as a consequence of sluggish revenues and political confusion in the 1990’s which followed the high growth period of the 1980’s due to industrialisation. In rural areas, wide-ranging problems relating to the natural environment have been emerging. These include soil degradation, destruction of the ecosystem, desertification, forest depletion and a decline of biodiversity. Behind the aggravation of environmental problems in Pakistan, there appears to be special circumstances, such as the formation of slums (katchi abadis) due to the population inflow to urban areas and the emergence of new social and economic problems resulting from the intermittent arrival of refugees from Afghanistan over a quarter of a century. The environmental administration in Pakistan essentially started with the formulation of the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) in 1992. The 1990’s can be described as a decade dedicated to paperwork of which typical examples are the introduction of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) in 1993 and the enactment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) in 1997. This century, however, is seeing efforts to materialise concrete measures to proceed with the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) formulated in 2001. The Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center (OECC) has been entrusted by Ministry of the Environment (formerly the Environment Agency) in the past to conduct the following studies on environmental issues in Pakistan. • FY 1995: Study to Promote the Planning of Environmental Conservation in a Developing

Countries (March, 1996) • FY 2000: Study to Assist the Formulation of Environmental Conservation Plan in a

Developing Countries (March, 2001) The FY 1995 study was conducted to gather information on the general situation of environmental problems and environmental policies while the FY 2000 study was mainly conducted to examine the current situation of toxic industrial waste in Karachi which is the largest industrial city in Pakistan. The current institutions concerning environmental administration were also introduced in the study.

2

The friendly diplomatic relationship has been kept between Japan and Pakistan for more than 50 years. Despite the suspension of Japanese assistance to Pakistan due to the nuclear testing in 1998, the Government of Japan recommenced its ODA for Pakistan in 2001 as part of the assistance for peripheral countries of Afghanistan in order to contribute to the permanent peace and stabilisation of Afghanistan. In FY 2003, the work to prepare a country assistance programme for Pakistan, which is regarded as a leading country in South Asia, commenced. The objective of the present Study is to build an understanding of the latest important environmental problems and Pakistan’s response to these problems with a view to formulating a strategy to assist Pakistan to deal with such problems. The Study is intended to clarify the present situation surrounding environmental problems based on the results of a field survey, discussions with various organizations in Pakistan and a document survey. Moreover, the Study intends the implementation of a basic examination for the formulation of an appropriate assistance strategy to contribute to the development of and environmental conservation in Pakistan, taking Pakistan’s needs for external assistance in the field of the environment suggested by the above-mentioned results and Japan’s assistance policies for developing countries into consideration.



3

2. Outline of the Survey At the onset of the Study, the acquisition of field data as part of the Study was judged to be important together with the gathering of the latest national data for an accurate understanding of the present situation of the environment in Pakistan. Especially to the problems of the water environment with direct implications for health, the approaching to them from the field data was believed to be particularly important amidst the reported rapid deterioration of the urban environment. In the capital city, the Study involved a series of interviews with environment-related federal government organizations, especially the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) of the Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development (MELGRD) and the Capital Development Authority, information gathering concerning the environment nationwide in the capital and also visits in connection with waste treatment plans. In addition, a field survey was conducted which involved interviews with the provincial government of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and municipal authority of Peshawar, the capital of the said province which was selected from among major cities in Pakistan in view of its typical population size, and field investigation. As part of the field survey designed to analyse the urban environment from the viewpoint of the water cycle, a water basin for a case study was selected in the Hayatabad Town of Peshawar to establish the impacts of industrial waste water, domestic sewer and leachate of dumping site. The field survey plan was prepared to gather basic data on the social environment, to analyse the flow rate and water quality and to determine the quantity and quality of waste. This field survey was conducted with the cooperation of the Pak-EPA and the survey findings are shown in the Attachment of this Study Report. The Study also involved visits to the construction site of the central waste water treatment facilities of the Pakistan Tanners Association (PTA) as an example of efforts in the private sector to improve the environment, the Marine Pollution Control Department of Karachi Port Trust (KPT) and others in Karachi city which is the largest industrial city and sole port city in Pakistan. The present Report compiles the situation of environmental problems at a national level by subject issue and shows the characteristics of the urban environment as clarified by the field survey in boxes. The members of the Study Team and the survey schedule are shown below.

4

Members of the Study Team NAME Affiliation

Leader Katsuhiko YAMAMOTO Senior Researcher, OECC Japan Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd. Member Hiromi YAMAGAI “ Japan Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd. Member Shigeru SAI “ Kansai Environmental Engineering Center Co., Ltd. Member Hitoshi YOSHINARI “ Techno Chubu Co., Ltd. Member Tsuyoshi ANNO “ Japan Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd. Coordinator Hironori KUROKI “ Japan Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd.

< Survey Schedule > Year 2003 October 5 (Sun.) Narita Airport g Bangkok g Karachi 6 (Mon.) - Karachi g Islamabad (ISB)

- JICA Pakistan Office; Embassy of Japan in Pakistan 7 (Tues.) - Pak-EPA 8 (Wed.) - Islamabad g Peshawar (PSW)

- North-West Frontier Province Environmental Protection Agency (NWFP-EPA)

9 (Thurs.) - Survey at Peshawar (river environment/solid waste/waste water) - Forest and Environment Department, NWFP - City Development and Municipal Department, Peshawar

10 (Fri.) - Mayor and Deputy Mayor of Peshawar - Sarhad Development Authority

11 (Sat.) - Pakistan Environmental Protection Foundation (NGO) - Pakistan Forest Research Institute (MELGRD) - Vehicle Emission Testing Station (VETS, NWFP-EPA)

12 (Sun.) - Study tour of the city (two members move from PSW to ISB) 13 (Mon.) - NWFP Local Government and Rural Development Department

- Inspector General of Forest, MELGRD (Islamabad) 14 (Tues.) - Agriculture Research Council, the Ministry of Food and

Agriculture (MFA) - Capital Development Authority (Islamabad Capital Territory) - Environmental Department of the MELGRD

15 (Wed.) - Environmental Protection Council (MELGRD) - Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Ministry of

Science and Technology - Visit to the planned final disposal site of waste in the capital

16 (Thurs.) - Health Service Academy of the Ministry of Health - ENERCON (MELGRD) - UNDP NEAP-SP2

17 (Fri.) - JICA Pakistan Office and Embassy of Japan in Pakistan - Islamabad g Karachi

18 (Sat.) - Sindh Provincial Environmental Protection Agency - Ocean Pollution Control Bureau of the Port Karachi

Management Office - Pakistan Tanners’ Association - Departure from Karachi

19 (Sun.) - Arrival in Narita via Bangkok



5

3. Present Situation of Environmental Problems 3.1 Natural Environment

The goals, issues and programmes regarding the natural environment of the Ten Year Perspective Development Plan 2001-2011 are shown in Table 3-1-1 and Table 3-1-2. Table 3-1-1 Environment Goals in Ten Year Perspective Development Plan 2001-2011 (Natural Environment)

Benchmark Projection Goals

2001 2004 2010 2011

Forest cover (including state-owned and private forests)

4.8% of total land area 5.0 % 5.5 % 5.7 %

Protected areas under management (214 protected areas in Pakistan; 10.4% of the total land area of Pakistan)

4.0% of total land area 4.0 % 8.0 % 8.0 %

Land area affected by desertification 43.9 million hectares 43.9 million ha 40.0 million ha 40.0 million ha

Area under reclamation (National Drainage Programme)

1.00 million hectares 4.45 million ha 10.0 million ha 12.0 million ha

Table 3-1-2 Issues, Strategies and Programmes for Natural Environment Issues Strategies Programmes

Environmental Degradation Ecosystem Management: Degraded, damaged and unproductive ecosystems, such as forests, wildlife, freshwater, wetland, deserts, coastal and marine and other ecologically sensitive areas Deforestation: The deforestation rate is approximately 7,000–9,000 hectares per year. This contributes to erosion, water logging and salinization, resulting in the loss of grassland cover and the loss of habitat of flora and fauna. Rehabilitation, restoration and upgrading of the ecosystem

Establishment of a trust fund for the protection of fragile ecosystems. Afforestation of marginal and degraded land and encouragement of agro-forestry and social forestry; Encouragement of the community management of forestry and natural resources Conservation of biodiversity; sustainable use of biodiversity;

Upland ecosystem management; marine and coastal ecosystem management; irrigated ecosystem management; wetlands management; protected area management

Environmental Policy Issues Environment policies relating to the environment

National Sustainable Development Programme (NSDP); National Land Use Plan; Provincial Conservation Strategies; Forest Sector Master Plan; Biodiversity Action Plan; National Response Strategy on Climatic Change; Action Plan to Combat Desertification

Source: Ten Year Perspective Development Plan 2001-2011 and Three Year Development Programme 2001-2004

6

(1) Deforestation, Desertification and Land Degradation

1) Forests

The forest area (including scrub forests and farmland woods) in Pakistan accounts for only 4.9% of the total national land (88 million ha) even if forests in the Northern Areas (NAs) and AJK are included. This figure is much lower than that for other countries (for example, approximately 67% in Japan and 14% in China), primarily because of the natural environment in which forests are difficult to develop due to the coverage of 68 million ha (more than 77% of the national land) by arid or semi-arid areas with mean annual rainfall of 300 mm or less and the predominance of mountainous areas covered by snow and glaciers rising above the forest limit in areas with relatively high annual rainfall. Accordingly, sizable forests are coniferous forests (45%) found on south facing slopes in northern mountainous areas in the NAs and AJK and also in the western highlands, mainly in Balochistan Province, thorny bush forests (30%) mainly found in the lower reaches of the Indus Plain, riverine forests (8%) along Indus River and mangrove forests (7%) at the mouth of Indus River.

The ratio of forest area by province shows an especially high ratio of 32% for the AJK situated at the southern foot of the mountains, followed by 13 – 14% for both the NWFP and NAs. The forest area per capita is 1.06 ha for the NAs and 0.14 ha for the AJK but is extremely low at 0.02 – 0.07 ha for other provinces.

Forest administration is in the hands of the provincial forest departments. The MELGRD is responsible for the formulation and implementation of national policies, coordination of the parties involved in problems affecting more than one province. The federal activities for forest management, such as surveys, research, education and international treaties, are also conducted by the Pakistan Forest Institute, Zoological Survey Department and National Council of Conservation of Wildlife, all of which are affiliated to the MELGRD.

In 1992, the Government of Pakistan formulated the Forestry Sector Master Plan (FSMP) featuring the five fields of “Soil Conservation and Watershed Management”, “Forest Management”, “Wood Production and Industrial Development”, “Protection of the Ecosystem and Biodiversity” and “Provincial and Federal Institutional Strengthening” following examination of the socioeconomic conditions affecting forests and identification of the causes of forest depletion. This FSMP clearly indicated investment of Rs 48 billion (approximately US$ 1,900 million based on the 1992 foreign exchange rate) to increase the forest cover from 5% in 1992 to 10% in 2018. In response, the World Bank provided a loan of US$ 25 million for the Punjab Provincial Investment Programme while the ADB provided a loan of US$ 42 million and a loan of US$ 1.5 million for the NWFP Investment Programme and the revision and monitoring of the



7

FSMP respectively. The recent policy guidance of maintaining independence for the formulation of forest policies from political interference as well as the socioeconomic conditions suggests that the implementation of the FSMP in the past has not been necessarily smooth. Recent policies emphasise clarification of the resources management responsibility and stricter regulations and monitoring.

To be more precise, an afforestation campaign involving the private sector and NGOs is in progress with the cooperation of international organizations for the protection of nature and the World Bank. Some 142 – 172 million seedlings a year are being planted under this campaign, mainly in the NWFP and AJK, and some 28,8000 ha are said to have been planted in 2000. Meanwhile, deforestation is said to be attributed to disorderly cutting, the opening up of forests to create farmland, deterioration of the land fertility and decline of the river discharge. Despite the above-mentioned afforestation campaign and post-cutting reforestation efforts, the annual depletion of 7,000 – 9,000 ha is still observed. In reality, forest loss is estimated to be taking place at a rate of 40,000 ha (0.9% of the forest area) a year, necessitating a strong call for the employment of measures to arrest land degradation, participatory forest management and sustainable forest management.

Table 3-1-3 Forest Facts in Pakistan

Item Area (million ha) Percentage

A Total Land (include NAs & AJK) 87,980

B Total Forest Area 4,280 4.9% / A

C Productive Forest 1,120 26.2% / B

D Annual Afforestation (2000) 28.8 0.7% / B, 2.6% / C

E Annual Reforestation (2000) 23.8 0.6% / B, 2.1% / C

F Annual Loss of Forest 7 – 9 0.2% ± / B Source: Annual Progress Report 2001-2002, PFI, etc

Table 3-1-4 Internationally Supported Major Forestry Sector Projects Title Cost Duration Implementation Donor

Environmental Rehabilitation in NWFP and Punjab (ERNP)

31.80 m euros 7 years Forest Dep., Govt. of

NWFP & Punjab EC

Small Grants Programme for Operation to Promote Tropical Forests

15.132 m euros 5 years UNDP EC

Punjab Forest Sector Development US$ 33.75 m 6.5 years Punjab Forest Dep. WB

Balochistan Natural Resources Management Project US$ 17.8 m 6 years

Balochistan Forest and P&D Dep. - through a Project Management Unit

WB

Forestry Sector Project, NWFP 10.64 m euros

8 years 1996-2001

RNE (Netherlands)

8

Conservation of Mangrove Forests in the Coastal Areas of Sindh and Balochistan

1.47 m euros

5 years 1996-2003 RNE

(Netherlands)

Loan # 1403-PAK & TA # 2563 – PAK Forestry Project

US$ 23.297 + 14.145 m

7 years 1996-2003

Dep. of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife (FD) in NWFP

ADB

2) Desertification and Land Degradation

The UN Convention to Combat Desertification defines desertification as the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, primarily caused by human activities and climatic variations. In order to achieve the goals of the UN Convention, Pakistan takes the desertification control measures aimed at preventing and controlling all land degradation processes caused by human activities and climatic variation. Those measures are not simply preventing the spread of sand-covered land.

The phenomenon of desertification, in fact, includes all types of land degradation, such as soil erosion (water erosion and wind erosion), water-logging, salinization and surface soil covering by flood, all of which are highly noticeable in arid areas. The reason for the inclusion of land degradation in the broader definition of desertification is that the ecosystem in arid areas is extremely vulnerable to climatic variations, excessive harvesting and inappropriate land use.

As Pakistan has 68 million ha of arid or semi-arid areas with annual rainfall of 300 mm or less, mainly in Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan Provinces, accounting for some 80% of the total national land, it is generally vulnerable to land degradation.

Meanwhile, land degradation is also caused by such human factors as a decline of the erosion resistance due to cultivation and the excessive cutting of trees, the decline as well as over-running of vegetation due to over-grazing and inefficient water use due to deterioration of the old irrigation network.

Desertification control measures are considered to be part of the development efforts for sustainable agriculture and forestry and special emphasis is placed on the participatory management of natural resources and enhancement of the environmental awareness among the public. The control of soil erosion is important for watershed management for dams and is also expected to have the economic effect of suppressing the decline of the efficiency of hydropower generation by reducing the speed of sedimentation.



9

(2) Biodiversity and Ecosystem

Pakistan ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1994 and the Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan (BAP) formulated in 2000 was the first attempt to implement the CBD. This BAP was formulated based on agreement with the World Bank, GEF and IUCN and plans the implementation of 25 different activities for 13 components of the CBD in cooperation with the WWF.

Here, the reorganization and strengthening of the implementing bodies, particularly the MELGRD which plays a central role and provincial government organizations as front-line implementing bodies, are required to start with together with promotion of the cooperation of various government organizations, local communities and NGOs. Review of the protected area (PA) system where the management of more than 200 protected areas is found to be insufficient, strengthening of the system management and conservation through the use of sustainable bio-resources are considered to be important field activities.

The cooperation of international organizations includes the input of UNDP and EU funds via the GEF and the actual field work is being conducted by the forest departments of the NWFP and NAs, etc. with the cooperation of the WWF. The main projects in progress regarding conservation of the ecosystem and the protection of biodiversity are listed in Table 3-1-5. In addition, funding of Rs 4 million by the UNDP has been decided for the construction of the Islamabad Botanical Gardens under the NEAP-SP. Table 3-1-5 Major Projects for Biodiversity

Title Cost Area Funding Remarks Pakistan Mountain Areas Conservancy Project (MACP)

US$ 10.35 m NWFP, NAs 16,000km2

GEF, UNDP, IUCN, EU

Cooperation for the conservation of habitat and species, development, education, trust fund.

Protected Areas Management Project (PAMP)

US$ 10.73 m

3 PAs, Sindh, Balochistan, NWFP

GEF

Management of protected areas; community participation in the conservation and management of biodiversity; management of natural resources

Palas Conservation and Development US$ 5.6 m NWFP

EU, WWF, (UK)

Fragile ecosystem in the western Himalayas, particularly the protection of the bird diversity

Protection and Management of Pakistan Wetlands

(US$313,800) Balochstan, NWFP etc.

GEF, WWF

Various project proposals are prepared by the government and NGOs, aiming at community-based management. Each project cost is not yet finalised. The figure in brackets is funding for the MELGRD for project preparation.

10

3.2 Urban Environment

The goals, issues and programmes regarding the urban environment of the Ten Year Perspective Development Plan 2001-2011 are shown in Table 3-2-1 and Table 3-2-2. Table 3-2-1 Environment Goals in Ten Year Perspective Development Plan 2001-11 (Urban Environment)

Benchmark Projection Goals

2001 2004 2010 2011

Air pollution: cost of treating resulting human diseases

Rs. 25.0 billion Rs. 35.0 bil. Rs. 10.0 bil. Rs. 8.0 bil.

Access to adequate sanitation (percentage of population)

Urban: 59% Rural : 26%

65% 32%

76% 42%

80% 45%

Urban solid waste management 25% of total SW generated

30% 50% 55%

Table 3-2-2 Issues, Strategies and Programmes for Degradation of Urban Environment

Issues Strategies Programmes Air Pollution Suspended particulate matters in big cities are about 6 times higher than the WHO standards. Air pollution is mainly due to the following: • Vehicular emissions • Industrial gaseous emissions • Indoor air pollution Objective: Provision of a clean living and work environment

• Institutionalization of the

pollution charge enforcement system

• Inter-fuel substitution and the introduction of clean fuels

• Strict enforcement of the EIA regulations for gaseous emissions

• Control of the indoor air quality

Phasing out of lead from gasoline; phasing out of sulphur from diesel/furnace oil; promotion of CNG, including public transportation; periodic testing of motor vehicles and strengthening of the institutions for motor vehicle examination; full-scale implementation of the SMART programme; promotion of efficient wood stoves; promotion of biogas plants and extension of natural gas / bottled gas to forest areas

Water Quality The poor quality of waterways is causing a threat to health and the loss of aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. Sewage systems are also a significant source of the pollution of drinking water. Water pollution is mainly due to the pollution of surface and underground water resources caused by the following:

• Institutionalization of the

pollution charge system • Improvement of the operation

of the existing sewage system and treatment plants

• Installation of an additional number of treatment plants

• Control of the drainage of untreated domestic waste water into open streams where sewage systems exist

Improvement of the awareness of the effects of poor water quality on human health; capacity controlling drainage of untreated domestic waste water into open streams; improvement of existing sewage systems and treatment plants; empowerment of local governments for the collection of taxes for the development and management of municipal services



11

• Domestic, municipal and industrial effluent

• Pesticides and fertilizers • Disease burden due to the use

of untreated drinking water

• Management of fresh water resources

• Control of marine pollution • Increase of organic farming

with improved pesticides and fertilizer application

• Full implementation of the Self-Monitoring and Reporting (SMART) Programme for industry

• Establishment of a pollution charge system; enhanced enforcement of EIA regulations

• Environment zoning of industrial activities

• Improvement of pesticide and fertilizer application practice through information dissemination and education for farmers; alternative pest control methods

Solid Waste Management The existing capacity to safely dispose of solid waste is only 25% of the total solid waste generated by both municipal and industries. The main issues are as follows: • Inadequate and inappropriate

collection and disposal of municipal solid waste

• Lack of adequate disposal of industrial solid and toxic waste

• Empowerment of local government institutions for proper monitoring, collection and disposal of municipal and industrial solid waste

• Promotion of reuse and

recycling by the privatization of collection

• Introduction of a streaming waste collection system

• Composting of municipal solid waste

• Establishment of proper landfill sites

• Safe disposal of industrial toxic and hazardous waste and hospital waste

Development and implementation of innovative mechanisms by mobilizing local communities and resources for community-based disposal schemes; establishment of composting sites and municipal incinerators if required in all major cities and towns; streaming waste grading, recycling and waste collection; charge for waste collection and disposal; establishment of NEQS for industrial solid waste; establishment of regulations for the transportation and disposal of industrial solid waste

Source: Ten Year Perspective Development Plan 2001-2011 and Three Year Development Programme 2001-2004

12

(1) Water Pollution

1) Situation of Water Pollution

The situation of water pollution in Pakistan has been analysed based on the findings of various studies conducted in 2000 and thereafter, including river water quality investigation in Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Lahore, a water quality survey at drinking water sources for major cities and a water quality study on industrial waste water in Karachi as listed in the table below.

Table 3-2-3 Investigation Reports on Water Quality in Pakistan

Title Issue Study Period

1 Three Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad)

June, 2001 / JICA – Pak-EPA 4-29 Apr., 2000

2 Water Quality Status in Pakistan (Report 2001-2002) October, 2002 / PCRWR 2000

3 Investigation of Actual Conditions of Pollution by Industrial Toxins in Karachi

March, 2001/ OECC / Pak-EPA Jan.-Feb., 2001

4 Basic Study for Formulation of a Project to Deal With Industrial Waste Water in Karachi (Japanese) May, 2003 / JICA Mar., 2003

� River water Quality

When compared to the environmental standards in Japan (Type C Rivers), the DO, total nitrogen, BOD and coli-form group in rivers in Pakistan far exceed the relevant Japanese standards.

A BOD above 100 mg/litre is detected at 14 out of 20 sites in Lahore and three out of 20 sites in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. In the case of Lyari River and Maril River to which industrial waste water is discharged, the detected BOD and TSS values are 212 – 848 mg/litre and 71 – 636 mg/litre respectively, far exceeding the effluent standards.

� Environmental Load of Waste Water

Domestic and industrial waste water in Lahore initially undergoes simple treatment prior to storage at six ponds, followed by discharge to Ravi River. The total discharge volume is 963,772 m3/day and the BOD load is estimated to be 200 – 250 tons/day.

The city of Karachi discharges waste water at a rate of 1,280,000 m3/day, consisting of 1,100,000 m3 of untreated sewage, 100,000 m3 of treated sewage and 80,000 m3

of industrial waste water. The BOD load is estimated to be 220 tons/day from untreated sewage, 6 tons/day from treated sewage and 56 tons/day from industrial waste water, totalling 282 tons/day.



13

� Industrial Waste Water

Most of the samples of industrial waste water collected in Karachi exceeded the NEQS. Waste water from the leather industry in particular shows a chromium level of 110 mg/litre which is approximately 110 times higher than the relevant NEQS while waste water from the battery industry shows a lead level of 41.1 mg/litre which is some 82 times higher than the relevant NEQS. In regard to the BOD, waste water from the steel industry (85 mg/litre) and chemical industry (1,590 mg/litre) far exceeds the relevant NEQS standard of 80 mg/litre (discharge to inland water bodies).

� Pollution of Groundwater/Drinking Water

A survey on the drinking water quality was conducted at 287 sites in 21 cities and it was found that the coli-form group exceeds the relevant WHO standard at more than 70% of these sites, presumably because of the inflow of untreated domestic water to rivers, etc., contaminating the sources of drinking water. The levels of arsenic, fluorine and iron also exceed the relevant WHO standards are many sites.

The water quality survey on groundwater at seven sites in the industrial zone of Karachi detected values which even exceed the industrial effluent standards at two sites. The detected levels of such heavy metals as lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, arsenic and cyanogen exceed the relevant WHO standards for drinking water at most sites.

2) Situation of Damage to Health, etc.

The bacterial pollution of drinking water is likely to cause such diseases as diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid, cholera, hepatitis, stomach ailments and dyspepsia. Reflecting the finding that colon bacilli are found in more than 70% of the drinking water analysis samples, the number of patients and rate of incidence are high for diarrhoea, intestinal infections, amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery in urban areas, particularly in Multan and Peshawar. Water-borne diseases account for more than 60% of all deaths of those aged 14 years or younger.

3) Causative Factors for Water Pollution

The causative factors for water pollution are described in Table 3-2-4.

14

Table 3-2-4 Causative Factors for Water Pollution Causative Factors Characteristics of Pollution Sources Plant Operation (Industrial Waste Water)

• Industrial waste water is discharged practically untreated. Organic pollution and heavy metal pollution typically shown in terms of the BOD are believed to almost exclusively originate from industrial plants. Waste water from the leather industry and chemical industry contains a particularly high concentration of chromium.

• In Lahore, 963,772 m3 of waste water (including domestic waste water) a day is discharged to Ravi River via six treatment ponds, generating an estimated BOD load of 200 – 250 tons/day.

• Karachi has an industrial water demand of 80,000 m3/day and the BOD concentration of industrial waste water is approximately 700 mg/litre, causing a BOD load of 56 tons/day.

• Industrial waste water adversely affects not only river water but also groundwater through infiltration into the ground. As a result, contaminated groundwater is believed to be the source of such infectious diseases as dysentery, cholera and hepatitis as well as diarrhoea and digestive diseases.

• High levels of such heavy metals as mercury, chromium, lead, arsenic and zinc, etc. are detected in fish caught around the industrial zone and the coast of Karachi, causing concern in regard to adverse impacts on the local ecosystem.

Domestic Waste Water

• Domestic waste water is largely discharged without any prior treatment. In Karachi, while the BOD concentration of domestic water is thought to be one-third of that of industrial waste water, domestic waste water is still a major source of the organic pollution of water.

• The BOD concentration of urban waste water in Karachi is 200 mg/litre and the water demand and BOD load are estimated to be 1.2 million m3/day and 226 tons/day respectively.

Deterioration of Water Supply and Sewer Pipelines

• The development of the water supply system in large cities has fallen behind the demand increase and the theft of water through illegal connection to water supply lines is taking place. Illegal connection to sewer lines by households and plants is also common. As a result, there is much leakage from both types of service lines, causing a problem of pollution of the water supply.

4) Development Situation of Legal Framework

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS 1993; Revised NEQS 2000) form the only regulatory framework for urban and industrial waste water in Pakistan. The WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water are used as the standards for drinking water.

5) Water Quality Conservation Measures (by Pakistan and Donors)

� Measures Dealing with Stationary Emission Sources of Water Pollution: Self-

Monitoring, Reporting Tools System and Penalty System

The Pak-EPA has introduced several compulsory requirements to make local companies abide by the NEQS. These include self-monitoring and reporting by companies (NEQS Rules, 2001) and the payment of an industrial pollution charge by companies violating the effluent standards (Industrial Pollution Charge Rules, 2001).



15

� Preferential Tax System

A preferential tax system is included in the Law of Customs Duty as a system to provide incentives for companies to invest in the environment.

� Assistance by International Organizations

International assistance to improve water pollution in Pakistan is mainly provided in terms of capacity building (ADB and Norway, etc.) and the development and extension of cleaner production (UNIDO, ADB and the Netherlands, etc.). The Netherlands is providing funds and technical guidance for the Korangi central waste water treatment facilities in Karachi which are under construction by the Tanners Association.

� Japanese Assistance

At present, a long-term expert is dispatched to Pakistan to clarify the present situation of water pollution and to train human resources to assist the environmental administration in Pakistan.

In 2003, a basic study to formulate a project to mainly deal with industrial waste water in Karachi was conducted by the JICA. In addition, a preliminary study was conducted with a view to providing grant aid for a project to develop an environmental monitoring system in major cities.

Table 3-2-5 Japanese Assistance (Water Pollution)

Project Year of Reporting and Implementing Body Period

1 Three Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad) June, 2001 / JICA – Pak-EPA 4th – 29th April, 2000

2 Dispatch of Long-Term Experts JICA Continued from 1999

6) Monitoring System and Equipment, etc.

In order for a water analysis laboratory to obtain official authorization, application and approval based on the NEQS Rules 2001 (Approval of Laboratories Conducting Environmental Analysis) are required. According to the JICA’s Report, thirty five (35) laboratories are authorized in the nation.

Among public sector laboratories, the Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) of the Ministry of Science and Technology has an excellent range of equipment and conducts the analysis of the coliform group and others which the Pak-EPA is unable to analyse.

16

Downstream of a river in the Hayatabad industrial area

The river water appears black which is said to be caused by a paper mill and oil plant in the upperstream

Waste water treatment plant in the downstream of the Hayatabad

industrial area This plant only functions as a sedimentation basin and the bad odour of methane from the basin spreads around the plant. The Peshawar Municipal Authority has no plan to rehabilitate this plant but plans to construct a new plant further downstream and to develop a new housing complex by landfilling this plant.

Situation of Water Pollution and Improvement Efforts in Peshawar

• Situation of River water Pollution Rivers in the city of Peshawar are classified into natural rivers and irrigation channels. Basically, there is no natural water flow in the natural rivers apart from at the time of rain and urban and industrial waste water runs through these rivers throughout the year. One paper plant in the Hayatabad industrial area, which is the main industrial area in Peshawar, discharges “black liquor” which is waste water from the process of removing non-fibre substances. Water quality analysis using simple equipment found a pH value of 9.0 and a COD value of 100 mg/litre or higher, both of which are higher than the relevant effluent standards. Note: Generating process of black liquor The raw materials for paper are largely classified into wood and non-wood

(bamboo, ditch reeds, rice straw and kenaf, etc.). These are treated with sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide to remove the non-fibres from wood and to bind the fibres for non-wood. The solution resulting from this treatment is called black liquor which shows alkalinity. Even though it is not very toxic to the human body, it is still a major cause of organic pollution.

• Response by the EPA The NWFP-EPA demands that companies discharging industrial effluent conduct self-monitoring and submit reports (Self-Monitoring and Reporting by Industries, NEQS Rules 2001) and also provides guidance. As companies which were found to discharge polluting effluent have failed to implement improvement measures, the NWFP-EPA is preparing to bring cases to the Environmental Protection Tribunal in Lahore. While the integrated treatment of both domestic waste water and industrial waste water from the Hayatabad Town has been planned, waste water which is only treated at a sedimentation basin is currently discharged to a river because of the deterioration and damage of the waste water treatment plant.

• Situation of Drinking Water Drinking water is said to be polluted nationwide because of illegal connection to the water supply line. Peshawar is no exception and there are many places where a hole is made in the water supply pipe to take water without payment and the supply water is in contact with ambient water. A newspaper in Peshawar has reported that water-borne diseases (dysentery and cholera, etc.) frequently occur in suburban areas (Polluted Water Spreading Diseases in Peshawar Suburbs: The News on 2nd November, 2003).

Concern for pollution due to damage or illegal connection to the water supply line: This water supply line laid along the median strip has a hole and the standing water around it flows into the water supply system. g

Effluent from a paper mill in the Hayatabad i ndustrial area



17

(2) Air Pollution

1) Situation of Air Pollution

The general situation of air pollution in the three major cities in Pakistan can be

understood from the document listed below.

Table 3-2-6 Report on the Situation of Urban Air Quality Title Issue Study Period

Three Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad) June, 2001, JICA and Pak-EPA 4th – 29th April, 2000

The investigation on the air quality referred to in Table 3-2-6 was conducted in April, 2000 jointly by the JICA and the Pak-EPA, featuring roads with heavy traffic and industrial areas in Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The number of sampling sites for air quality analysis was 10, consisting of five in Lahore, three in Rawalpindi and two in Islamabad. Compared to the WHO standards, the NO2 and SPM levels were higher at two sites and all 10 sites respectively. Among heavy metals, the detected level of lead, presumably originating from vehicular emissions, far exceeded the standard. The detected levels of CO, SO2 and NO2 (as the difference between NOx and NO) were four to eight times higher than those in Japan. In Lahore, winter smog occurs due to the domestic fuel consumption for heating purposes and the use of low quality fuel at various plants and is said to be the cause of respiratory as well as cardiovascular illnesses.

2) Situation of Health Damage, etc.

Although the relation to air pollution has not been clearly established, the number of

people suffering from respiratory illnesses which are assumed to be caused by emission gases from vehicles and plant offgas is increasing in urban areas. Illnesses most affecting the public are cataracts and pneumonia, followed by such chronic illnesses as bronchitis and asthma and those affecting the pharynx and tonsils. Cataracts and pneumonia are two illnesses with a high rate of incidence, particularly in Abottabad and Peshawar.

In areas close to industrial areas in Islamabad, SPM, hydrogen sulphide and other

hazardous substances are discharged from ironworks and fertiliser plants and are said to cause serious health damage to local residents. In Lahore, 1,300 out of 3,000 plants are said to discharge harmful substances.

18

3) Causative Factors for Air Pollution The causative factors for air pollution are described in Table 3-2-7. Table 3-2-7 Causative Factors for Air Pollution

Causative Factor Characteristics of Pollution Sources Road Traffic (Mobile Sources)

• Vehicular emissions in Lahore are believed to be responsible for 92% of CO, 89% of CNHM (hydrocarbon), 63% of NOx, 50% of SO2 and 17% of SPM.

• The underlying reasons for the acceleration of air pollution due to vehicular emissions are (i) the significant increase of the number of vehicles (between 1991 and 1997, the rate of increase in Punjab Province was 11.54% for all vehicles, 9.52% for passenger cars, 13.62% for motorbikes, 9.83% for light trucks, 6.53% for large trucks and 6.1% for buses), (ii) the high average age of vehicles, (iii) the use of leaded petrol and (iv) the high pollutant emission level due to the high percentage of diesel engine vehicles and two stroke vehicles (motorbikes and auto-rickshaws).

Plant Operation (Stationary sources)

• Almost all plants emit exhaust gas without purification. In Islamabad, damage to the health of local people due to the emission of a large quantity of PM from an ironworks and hydrogen sulphide from a fertliser plant has been reported.

• A study by the Institute of Public Health Engineering and Research in 1983 estimated that plants were responsible for 68% of SPM.

• Winter smog is caused by the decline of the use of less polluting fuel (natural gas) by plants because of its priority sale to domestic users, resulting in the consumption of large quantities of low quality fuels (kerosene, diesel oil and coal) by plants.

Natural Origin • Plant offgas and vehicular emissions account for approximately 68% and 17% of SPM respectively with the remainder presumably originating from household and soil particles.

Source: Three Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad), June, 2001, JICA-PakEPA

4) Development Situation of Legal Framework While air quality standards are set under the NEQS 1993 and the Revised NEQS 2000,

the standard for NOx is the only practical standard for the ambient air quality. Meanwhile, standards regarding plant offgas, etc. are set for 16 items in addition to SO2 and NOx as well as a set of standards for vehicular emissions.

5) Air Quality Conservation Measures

� Measures to Deal with Stationary Sources of Air Pollution: Self-Monitoring and

Reporting Requirements and Penalty System The Pak-EPA has introduced self-monitoring and reporting by companies as

compulsory requirements to make companies abide by the NEQS. Any company found to exceed the emission standards based on a report compiled by the SMART



19

(Self-Monitoring and Reporting Tool) is required to pay an industrial pollution charge which is calculated based on the amount of excess emission.

� Preferential Tax System A preferential tax system is included in the Law of Customs Duty as a system to

provide incentives for companies to invest in the environment. � Measures to Combat Mobile Sources of Pollution: Establishment and Activities of

the VETS In 1997, the Vehicular Emission Testing Station (VETS) was established in

Peshawar with the assistance of the GTZ for the purpose of preventing air pollution originating from vehicular emissions. While the development of a national network of the VETS is planned, firm funding has not yet been secured.

� Japanese Assistance Since 1999, the JICA has dispatched a series of long-term experts to conduct

environmental monitoring and the training of human resources to assist the environmental administration in Pakistan. In addition, a preliminary study has been conducted with a view to providing grant aid for a project to develop an environmental monitoring system in major cities.

6) Monitoring System and Equipment, etc.

In order for a water analysis laboratory to obtain official authority, application and

approval based on the NEQS Rules 2001 (Approval of Laboratories Conducting Environmental Analysis) are required. There are 35 approved laboratories nationwide.

20

Situation of Air Pollution and Improvement Efforts in Peshawar

• Situation of Air Pollution

Using a simple analyser (detector tube), the air quality was analysed at a site on Saddar Road because of the seemingly high level of air pollution there. The analysis results are shown in the table below. Based on a simple comparison with the situation of air pollution in Japan (average annual values), the levels of NOx and SO2 detected at this site were some three times and eight times respectively higher than the Japanese levels. The air quality was poor enough to cause coughing and a sore throat.

Air quality measured on Saddar Road in Peshawar Item Saddar Road

(at 12:00 noonon 13 th October, 2003) National Average in Japan

(the Emission Gas Analysis Bureau, 2002)

NOx 0.2 ppm 0.073 ppm (NO average value + NO2 average value)

SO2 0.05 ppm 0.006 ppm

In the suburbs of Peshawar, there are more than 300 brick kilns where old tyres are used as additional fuel and the resulting black smoke is said to fill the sky around them from time to time. While the NWFP-EPA provides guidance, the use of old tyres is still popular because of their low cost and ability to make the produced bricks a reddish-brown colour which makes them appears like high quality bricks.

• Efforts to Regulate Vehicular Emissions in NWFP These photographs show the inspection conducted at the VETS which was established with the assistance of the GTZ. While emission control in Pakistan features black smoke and CO, the VETS only checks black smoke and issues a certificate of vehicle inspection to those passing the black smoke inspection.

Traffic jam at a roundabout in Peshawar The area is foggy because of the high number of diesel engine vehicles, auto-rickshaws and old cars with a high emission factor.

Brick production area The use of old tyres as fuel causes dense black smoke.



21

(3) Other Types of Pollution

1) Road Traffic Noise and Soil Pollution

� Road Traffic Noise

No published data is available on road traffic noise in Pakistan because of the absence of any relevant survey. The situation of road traffic noise measured in the Kantoment area along Saddar Road in Peshawar during the field survey showed an extremely high level of noise pollution. The 83.2 dB (A) recorded exceeds the suggested limit of the Noise Control Law of Japan by more than 8 dB (A).

Table 3-2-8 Road Traffic Noise Survey Result Using Simple Equipment

Survey Date 12:00 noon on 13th October, 2003 Location Saddar Road in Kantoment Area in Peshawar Result 83.2 dB (A), 10 min. Suggested limit by the Noise Control Law of Japan: 75 dB (A)

Table 3-2-9 shows the estimated number of vehicles in Pakistan which increased by fivefold in 20 years, suggesting that the problems of road traffic noise and air pollution due to traffic jams will become more prominent without improvement of the road conditions as well as the standard of the vehicles on the road.

Table 3-2-9 Number of Vehicles in Pakistan

Traffic Volume Vehicle Type Fuel Type (Petrol/Diesel/CNG/LPG) 1980 2000

Rate of Increase (%)

Delivery Vans (Suzuki Vans) D/P 8,503 109,722 1,190 Motorbikes P 287,622 2,113,078 634 Taxis P/D/CNG/LPG 148,334 748,909 405 Trucks D 34,193 158,649 364 Buses D 25,275 919,190 264 Auto-Rickshaws P 31,950 93,300 192 Total - 682,059 4,293,836 530

� Situation of Soil Pollution

Although there is no official data on soil pollution, it is said that agrochemicals of which the use has been prohibited are still leaving without management, resulting in soil pollution. As part of the pilot project in the NWFP, the GTZ conducted an inventory survey and discovered the existence of 185.5 tons of past-date pesticides at 150 illegal storage sites in the province. Ninety tons were subsequently restored at appropriate warehouses following their transfer to sealed safe containers, etc. and 50 tons were incinerated in the UK with the transportation cost being paid by Germany and the manufacturers. In the case of the remaining pesticides of which

22

the ownership was not established, it was decided to examine the possibility of their transfer to warehouses in other provinces where there was extra room for storage. No information was obtained regarding the areas and levels of soil pollution.

2) Causative Factors for Road Traffic Noise

The causative factors for road traffic noise are described in Table 3-2-10.

Table 3-2-10 Causative Factors for Road Traffic Noise Causative Factor Characteristics of Pollution Sources Sources • Relatively high ratio of vehicles with a comparatively high power level, such as

old/deteriorated/poorly maintained cars, auto-rickshaws and motorbikes • High level of vehicle travelling noise due to the poor road surface

Traffic Flow • Proximity of noise sources in urban areas due to traffic congestion caused by the heavy traffic volume

• Severe traffic congestion due to the non-observation of traffic regulations and mixed traffic (pedestrians, light vehicles and animals and motor vehicles)

3) Development Situation of Legal Framework

The Revised NEQS 2000 which were set forth pursuant to the provision of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Ordinance (1983) includes a noise standard for single vehicles. There is no environmental standard for noise in general areas or roadsides.

Table 3-2-11 Noise Standard of NEQS

Item Standard Measuring Method Noise 85 dB (A) To be measured at a distance of 7.5 m from the noise source

4) Road Traffic Noise Reduction Measures

Nationwide public awareness of the noise problem is not particularly high. However, the NWFP-EPA, traffic police and military police jointly conduct a campaign to control vehicles equipped with an excessively loud horn in Peshawar and have removed such horns from 3,517 vehicles.

Under the GTZ project, an inexpensive silencer for auto-rickshaw was developed with

the cooperation of the traffic police, Pakistani engineers, Union of Rickshaw Drivers and government officials to reduce the noise generated by auto-rickshaws. They installed the silencers to 7,400 auto-rickshaws in 2000 – 2001. It has been reported that the test results indicate a reduction of the noise level to 80 dB which is lower than the environmental standard for noise of 85 dB.



23

(4) Solid Waste

1) Situation of Solid Waste Management in Pakistan

The following paragraphs summarize the current situation regarding solid waste management in Pakistan, based on the following literature and field surveys implemented by the OECC Study Team in October 2003.

Table 3-2-12 Report on Solid Waste Management Conditions

Title Issue Study Period

Final Report For Domestic Solid Waste Management In Pakistan JICA April 2002 February 25 ~

April 15, 2002

JICA expert work report (Japanese) Akio Ishii Ibid

The Study on Comprehensive Flood Mitigation and Environmental Improvement Plan of Lai Nullah Basin In the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

CTI engineering International CO., LTD. Pacific Consultants International

July 2003

Ten Year Perspective Development Plan 2001-11 and Three Year Development Program 2001-04

Government of Pakistan Planning Commission

September 1, 2001

Revised Draft Hospital Waste Management Rules 2002

Environmental Health Unit Health Services Academy Ministry of Health Islamabad

2002

① Legislation and programmes regarding solid waste management

Pakistan currently has no comprehensive federal law for dealing with waste products; moreover, definitions concerning waste are not clearly established. Each province and city tackle waste management issues based on independently formulated guidelines and ordinances, however, some areas do not even have these limited systems. Even when such systems do exit, they are limited to routine waste collection and treatment, but no long-term plans (master plans) are compiled based on data of the actual amount of generated waste, etc.

② Discharged quantities of waste

It is said that 47,920 tons (19,190 tons in cities, 28,730 tons in rural areas) of waste is generated every day in Pakistan. However, since these figures are merely estimate values based on visual observations and so forth, they lack the reliability of actual measurements obtained from weighing equipment, etc.

③ Waste collection rate

24

Low waste collection rates lead to more illegal disposal and deterioration of urban landscapes, etc. The waste collection rate is reported as 25% (2001), but it is intended to increase this to 30% by 2004 and 50% by 2010 during the Ten Year Perspective Development Plan 2001-2011.

④ Hospital waste

Inappropriate disposal of hospital waste, in particular infectious waste, leads to epidemics of infectious diseases and so on. Accordingly, it is particularly necessary to treat infectious waste separately from domestic waste. The inappropriate disposal of infectious waste not only causes direct damage to the health of waste collection staff in hospitals and scavengers, etc. on disposal sites, but also the re-use of medical implements such as syringes, etc. can adversely affect ordinary patients. In Karachi, due to current shortages of plastic raw materials, there are reports of hospital waste derived from imported medical supplies being used to make recycled plastic.

Hospitals in Lahore and Shalamar previously compiled their own excellent guidelines for waste treatment, however, the federal Ministry of Health has since issued the Hospital and Biochemical Waste Management and the Hospital Waste Management Rules 2002, and the Specifications & Guideline on Hospital Waste Incinerators, and these prescribe methods for the handling, storage, transportation and disposal of hospital waste. However, nationally speaking, the level of awareness concerning hospital waste treatment is low and it is hoped that the above guidelines, etc. will be thoroughly advertised and regulations strengthened nationwide in future.

⑤ Final disposal situation

In Pakistan, there is hardly any planned development of disposal sites based on generated quantities of solid waste. Actual waste management is limited to waste collection, transportation and land filling, while waste carried into disposal sites is simply dumped in the open without undergoing any special treatment. There are hardly any disposal sites that implement earth covering following disposal.



25

2) International Assistance in the Waste Sector

The following table summarizes past assistance projects by international agencies in the waste sector.

Table 3-2-13 Assistance by International Agencies in the Waste Sector

Year City Donor Loan / Grant Name of Project Contents

1986- Islamabad Japan Grant Aid CMTA -

1989-91 Lahore World Bank Loan Garbage Collection & Disposal Project Collection equipment

1990-92 Karachi ADB Loan Karachi Special Development Project I Collection equipment

1991-92 Karachi Japan Grant Aid Karachi Environmental Improvement Project

Collection equipment

1992-93 Karachi Japan Grant Aid Karachi Environmental Improvement Project


1995-96 Peshawar ADB Loan Project Management Unit, Phase I Collection equipment

1995-97 Karachi ADB Loan Karachi Special Development Project II Collection equipment

1995- Hyderabad Spain Loan Hyderabad Development Authority Collection equipment

1996- Peshawar ADB Loan / Grant Aid Project Development Unit, Phase I Collection

equipment

1996-97 Peshawar Germany - Urban Industrial Environment Protection I Project study

1996- Rawalpindhi Japan Grant Aid Rawalpindhi Urban Waste Treatment Improvement Project Project study

1996- Rawalpindhi Japan Grant Aid Rawalpindhi Urban Waste Treatment Improvement Project


1996- Quetta Japan Grant Aid Quetta Urban Environmental Improvement Project Basic Design Study

Project study

1999-2001 Rawalpindhi UNDP - SWEEP

Citizen participation and citizen education

- Lahore Netherlands Grant Aid Hospital Waste Treatment System Shalimil Hospital incinerator

2002- EPA Japan Grant Aid JICA Short Term Experts t

Source: Report by JICA short-term expert (Akio Ishii, 2002)

26

3) Present Situation of Waste Management in Major Cities ① Outline of Waste Management in Major Cities

Following completion of the site surveys (Islamabad and Peshawar) by the OECC Study Team in October 2003, a questionnaire survey of waste management conditions was implemented via the local governments in five major cities (Peshawar, Multan, Hyderabad, Quetta, Faisalabad) in January 2004. By referring to the questionnaire findings given in the Final Report for Domestic Solid Waste Management in Pakistan issued by JICA in April 2002, it is possible to roughly ascertain the situation of waste management in Pakistan’s major urban centers.

Figure 3-2-1 Major Cities in Pakistan

Hyderabad

Arabian Sea

INDIA

Karachi

Hyderabad

Faisalabad Lahore

Islamabad Peshawar

Rawarpindi

Quetta Multan

CHINA

AFGHANISTAN

IRANIndus River

TAJIKISTANURKMENISTAN



27

Table 3-2-14 shows population, generated amount of waste and budget, etc. in major cities in Pakistan. The per capita amount of waste generated per day was calculated from the figures for population and generated amount of waste obtained from the questionnaire. Concerning budget, this was calculated per ton of waste.

The ratio of population targeted by waste collection varied from 100% in cities like Quetta to 20% or less in cities such as Peshawar. The waste collection rate was around 60-70% in most cities. As for budget per ton of waste, this also varied greatly from less than 100 to a few thousand rupees.

Overall, there are cases where the figures are thought to be no more than estimates, certainly for population but particularly for generated amounts of waste and collection amounts. An issue for future attention will concern how to acquire more accurate data.

Tables 3-2-15 and 3-2-16 summarize conditions regarding legislation, collection and transportation, installation of composting and incineration equipment, and external assistance, etc. in the five targeted major cities. In cases such as Hyderabad and Peshawar where inner city areas are divided into a number of cleansing districts, data are presented for each district.

Of the five cities, only Multan has no legal system concerning waste, whereas Peshawar has legislation but many people including even waste management personnel are not fully aware of it. Concerning collection and transportation, many of the cities pointed to shortages of collection equipment, budget and personnel. Concerning disposal sites, there are one or two for every city or cleansing district, however, hardly any of the cities implement the planned construction and selection of sites, and there are some cases where sites are causing pollution and other environmental problems.

28

Table 3-2-14 Generated Amounts of Waste and Budgets, etc. in Major Cities

Population Generated Amount of Waste Budget

Hazardous waste

City /Area Total

Collection Population

Collection Ratio

Per capita generated waste per

day

Estimated collected

waste

Estimated generated

waste

Collection rate

Hospital

waste

Industrial waste

Budget carried forward

Budget for the fiscal year

budget

Budget per ton of waste

(carry-over + budget for the

fiscal year) Unit person person ％ kg / head /

day ｔ/year ｔ/year ％ｔ

/year ｔ/year Rs. Rs. Rs./ ｔ

Multan 1,500,000 12Lacs 80% 186,800 365,000 51% 7,300 36,500 100,000,000 30,000,000 － Taluka city 510,000 408,000 80% 1.02 146,000 190,500 77% 7,300 30,000 150,000,000 － 1,027 Taluka Latifabad 500,000 350,000 70% 1.10 140,000 200,000 70% －－ 145,500,000 － 1,039 Taluka Qasimabad 150,000 105,000 70% 1.20 46,000 65,700 70% －－ 1,680,000 － 37

Cantonment Board 79,015 40,000 51% 0.25 4,000 7,300 55% －－ 1,200,000 － 300

Hyd

erab

ad

Total 1,239,015 903,000 73% 1.02 336,000 463,500 72% －－ 298,380,000 － 888

Quetta 1,400,000 1,400,000 100% 0.50 191,625 255,500 75% 10 100,000,000 90,000,000 992

Faisalabad 2,300,000 1,495,000 65% 0.50 273,750 419,750 65% 164 196,027,000 1,000,000 720

Peshawar City N/A Charsadda Road 537,138 39,835 7% 0.03 3,000 5,000 60% 2,500 3,000 220,331 40,000 87 Hayatabad 600,000 100,000 17% －－－－ 800 300 2,500,000 －－ Kohat Road 630,000 65,000 10% 0.003 400 600 67% 30 100 3,300,000 35,000 8,338

Pesh

awar

Total N/A

Islamabad * 600,000 250,000 42% 0.92 182,500 200,750 91% 110 － 85,000,000 － 466

Rawalpindhi * 1,500,000 1,000,000 67% 0.47 219,000 255,000 86% 7,300 － 16,000,000 303,500,000 1,459

Lahore * 7,000,000 4,900,000 70% 0.55 951,920 1,405,250 68% －－ 530,000,000 73,000,000 633

Karachi * 5,840,000 2,628,000 45% 0.5 1,314,000 2,920,000 45% －－－－－

* Quoted from the Final Report for Domestic Solid Waste Management in Pakistan April 2002. Note : 1 Rs. (rupee) ≒ 2 yen

28



29

Table 3-2-15 Solid Waste Management Situation in 5 Major Cities (1)

*1: Scheduled for construction in the near future. *2: The next disposal site is scheduled to be acquired within 6 months. *3: Land has been acquired for a new disposal site. *4: A written request has been submitted to the provincial government. *5: Related personnel are not aware of the conditions.

Collection/Transportation Disposal Sites

City / Area

Legislation Yes/No Collection methods, issues, etc No. of

sites Area Distance

from collection

Current conditions and problems Start of

use (year)

End of use

(year)

Multan

No *1 - Collection of inorganic solid waste is not implemented. - Mechanization of the collection system is needed. - Utilization of organic solid waste through composting

is a challenge.

1 site 10 acre 5～10km Environmental pollution in surrounding areas is a problem.

2001 2003 *2

Taluka city 15 ha 7km Opposition from residents living nearby.

2003 2013

Taluka Latifabad 43.5 ha 16km Located appropriately because there are no houses nearby.

2003 2032

Taluka Qasimabad 26 ha 2km Currently no plans for new disposal sites.

2003 -

Hyd

erab

ad

Cantonment Board

Yes - Collections are 1 or 2 times per day. - Decision of disposal sites is not planned. - It is necessary to supply collection equipment and

bolster staff.

4 sites (each area)

22 ha 4km Due to a residential area located nearby, a new site is required.

1947 -

Quetta

yes - Collection has been implemented in each of 2 cleansing districts since August 2001.

- Collection has been implemented in each of 2 cleansing districts since August 2001.

- Mechanization of the collection system is needed. - There are budget and staff shortages. - NGOs are involved in the primary collection of waste.

1 site 150 acre

16km Open dumping, i.e. not sanitary landfilling, is carried out. The site has a negative impact on the surrounding area, particularly due to dust in the dry season.

1982 2018 *3

20 acre 19km 1990 -

Faisalabad

yes - There are 3,477 cleansing personnel. - Primary collection by hand-pushed / donkey carts - Illegal dumping is a problem. - One-third of collection equipment in not functioning

due to poor maintenance. - Final disposal sites are far from relay stations. - More vehicle repair shops are required.

2 sites 40 acre 16km

Land is not being acquired for new disposal sites. *4 2003 -

Peshawar City

Charsadda Road

Hayattabad

Pesh

awar

Kohat Road

yes *5

- Collection charge: 20 rupees/household/month - Lack of funds, staff shortages, need for hazardous

waste management

several - - Planned selection of dumping sites is not implemented. The administrative section in charge of waste management does not have the powers to acquire land for disposal sites. A former brick-baking site is leased for use as a disposal site.

- -

29

30

Table 3-2.16 Solid Waste Management Situation in 5 Major Cities (2)

Composting Equipment Incineration Equipment External Assistance

City / Area Yes / No Scale (t/year) Yes / No Type of assistance Period Donor

Multan Yes 36,500 No Technical and financial March 2003 C.D.R.C

Hyderabad No ― No No ―

Quetta No *1 ― Yes (hospital)

Technical and financial (collection equipment)

1995 ＪＩＣＡ

Suitable site selection Human resource development

Equipment

1997， 2000-2002

DFID (UK) Faisalabad No ― Yes (hospital)

Collection equipment 2000 Hiroshima Peace Fund

Peshawar No ― No ― ― ―

*1: Scheduled for construction in the near future.

30



31

② Survey of waste management conditions in specific areas

The following pages describe the current situation of waste management in Islamabad and the Hayatabad Town of Peshawar based on the site surveys conducted by the OECC Study Team in October 2003.

In the Hayatabad Town of Peshawar, following the said site survey by the OECC Study Team in October 2003, the local government implemented a qualitative survey of waste and a survey of recycling conditions, etc. (January 2004). In the survey, which treated the said district as a model area, conditions of waste discharge (quantity and quality of waste), collection, transportation, landfilling and recycling were investigated, and the flow of solid waste from generation to disposal was quantitatively ascertained to provide data for use in future solid waste management.

32

Solid Waste Management in Islamabad and Rawalpindi (1)

The metropolitan area is composed of Islamabad (municipality independent of the four provincial governments), and Rawalpindi, which is a district of Punjab Province and contains a large army post “Cantonment”. Solid waste management as a rule is implemented according to district. Responsible authorities in the metropolitan region are the CDA (Capital Development Authority), which oversees solid waste management in Islamabad, the RCB (Rawalpindi Cantonment Board), in charge of military installations in Rawalpindi, and the TMA (Tehsil Municipal Authority), in charge of other urban areas. ■ Legal systems Ordinances concerning solid waste management are as follows: - The Local Government Ordinance 2001 (federal law), and - The Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2002 (provincial law). However, these ordinances only pertain to routine solid waste management activities, and there is no formulation of long-term solid waste management plans based on actual quantitative and qualitative waste data.

■ Collection rate and collection population Collection rates and collection populations in this area are as follows.

Table 3-2-17 Waste Collection Rate and Collection Population (Islamabad and Rawalpindhi) Organization

Items / Unit CDA RCB TMA Total

Generated waste (predicted value) t /day 550 900 700 2,150 Unit amount of discharge kg / person/ day 0.92 1.00 0.47 0.72 Collected amount t /day 500 700 600 1,800 Collection rate (area base) % 90% 78% 85% 83% Population 1000 people 600 900 1,500 3,000 Collection population 1000 people 250 900 1,000 2,150 Collection population ratio % 41% 100% 66% 71% JICA Study Team 2002

The slum (illegal residential district) known as “Kachi Abadi” is not included in the collection area, however, this is a hotbed for river dumping and other improper solid waste management practices. Waste incineration technology has not yet been introduced to this area. (Note) The above data are quoted from The Study On Comprehensive Flood And Environmental Improvement Plan Of Lai Nullah Basin In The Islamic Republic Of Pakistan July 2003. Figures differ from those given in Table 3-2-14.



33

Solid Waste Management in Islamabad and Rawalpindi (2)

■ Recycling by Scavengers There are approximately 200 scavengers in Islamabad, and 100 of these are active around final disposal sites (dumping sites). They are said to obtain an average daily income of 150~300 Rs., which is equivalent to the subsistence level in the city. Meanwhile, it is estimated they make a 1.5~2% contribution to recycling in Islamabad and 4% in Rawalpindi. However, since the waste they collect includes infectious waste, concerns are raised over damage to their health. ■ Collection/Transportation Collection stations in Islamabad are currently used by 34 directly managed lorries and 16 consigned trolleys (pulled carts by tractors). Many of the directly managed vehicles were provided in equipment supply assistance from Czechoslovakia in the past. Of the 30 vehicles supplied in this assistance, 20 are currently out of order, a situation indicative of the city’s inability to cover expensive maintenance costs with its current finances.

■ Dumping Sites Open dumping without earth covering is carried out at dumping sites except for the site in Rawalpindi close to the Airport; however, earth covering has recently come to be implemented at dumping sites in Islamabad too. Moreover, some of the compost carried into dumping sites is now re-used in city parks, etc. A new dumping site construction project is currently being advanced east of Lake Rawal approximately 22 km northeast of Islamabad, and geological surveys, etc. are being implemented by a local university in readiness for this. It is planned to construct a relay station on the way to the new site from the city and to carry out screening of saleable items.

Collection station in Islamabad (Vehicles on the verge of scrapping)

Land for the planned dumping site

34

Solid Waste Management in Hayatabad, Peshawar (1)

Hayatabad, located in the southwest of Peshawar, is a combined residential and industrial town that was developed as a model development town by the Sarhad (Frontier) Development Authority. The following paragraphs describe the solid waste management situation in Hayatabad, based on the OECC’s site survey as well as the investigation of the waste amount and components and the survey of recycling situation, etc., which were implemented in cooperation with the Pak-EPA in January 2004. ■ Waste discharge situation As a result of surveying the generated amount of waste by residential class in residential areas, the per capita amount of discharged waste was around 0.5 kg/person/day. It is estimated around 60 tons of waste is discharged in the residential area of Hayatabad every day, and that 40 tons of this is collected while the remaining 20 tons is abandoned on the streets, etc. (collection rate: approximately 67%).

■ Collection situation The Study Team observed collection conditions in the residential area of Hayatabad. Although there are two collection trucks, most of the collection work is carried out by donkey-pulled carts known as donkey cars. There are approximately 100 such donkey cars in Hayatabad Town, and 39 of these are employed in waste collection (1,100 Rs/month) while the remaining cars operate independently. Collection is carried out separately according to garbage and other domestic waste. Garbage is used for making compost and fertilizer. However, because this collection method causes traffic congestion in other areas, it cannot be called the most common approach in Peshawar.

■ Collection tariffs As is the case in the rest of Peshawar, a standard rate of 20 rupees per household is levied every month together with the water tariff. (Note): The contents are quoted from a report by the Government of Pakistan entitled Urban Environmental Problems In Pakistan (A Case Study for Urban Environment in Hayatabad, Peshawar).

Collection by donkey car



35

Text i le

Bones

Wood Paper Metal

Bread

Glass

Pampers(Diapers)

Used tea leaves Plastic,Rubber

Vegitables/fruits

/o the r

Vegitables/fruits/other Pampers (Diapers) Used tea leaves Plastic,Rubber Textile Paper Metal Glass Bones Wood Bread


■ Waste components In the donkey car collection stage, waste is separated into garbage, saleable items, and non-saleable items. Garbage is recycled as compost and fertilizer, while saleable items are sold in recycling shops known as Kabari shops. Upon surveying the qualitative makeup of approximately 100 kg of waste in the collection stage, components were found to be as follows. Garbage accounted for the major share (more than 90% of the total), whereas saleable items accounted for 5.6%.

(Note) The above contents, table and graph are quoted from a report by the Government of Pakistan entitled Urban Environmental Problems In Pakistan (A Case Study for Urban Environment in Hayatabad, Peshawar).

Table 3-2-18 Components of Waste in Hayatabad Town Items Weight (kg) (%)

Non-Salable Items Vegitables/fruits/other 650 90.3 Pampers (Diapers) 20 2.8 Used tea leaves 10 1.4 Total 680 94.4

Saleable Items Plastic,Rubber 8 1.1 Textile 4 0.6 Paper 8 1.1 Metal 2 0.3 Glass 4 0.6 Bones 6 0.8 Wood 3 0.4 Bread 5 0.7 Total 40 5.6

Grand Total 720 100

Figure 3-2-2 Components of Waste in Hayatabad Town

36


■ Dumping site The dumping site is not officially recognized, but it is part of a separate development plan in which the site is scheduled to be used as a car park in the future. Solid waste has been landfilled on the site for approximately six years and, according to the results of topographical surveying, it is estimated that 1,379 m3 of waste has been landfilled until now. Between 10~15 tons of waste continues to be landfilled every day. The dumping site is situated next to a river, and leachate is discharged directly into this. Since the survey was conducted during the dry season, the river contained no surface water, but leachate could be seen welling up from below puddles in the riverbed. Upon surveying the quality of the leachate in comparison with Japanese standards (ministerial ordinances prescribing technical standards for general solid waste disposal and industrial waste disposal sites), values were far above standards concerning BOD, COD, TSS and zinc, etc. in particular, and pollution was thus confirmed. Table 3-2-19 Results of Water Quality Survey on Leachate from the Dumping Site

Item Measurement Unit (Japanese Standard) Outside temperature 22.7 mg/l － Humidity 24.8 mg/l － Leachate temperature 26.7 mg/l － pH 9.25 mg/l － BOD 805 mg/l 60 COD 2,840 mg/l 90 TSS 300 mg/l 60 Nitrogen content 10.3 mg/l 120 Coliform group 2 x 104 (units/g) － 3,000（units /cm3） Oil 820 mg/l 5 (mineral fat)

30 (animal / vegetable fat) Lead 0.593 mg/l 0.1 Chrome 2.82 mg/l 2 Zinc 1.062 mg/l 5 Arsenic N.D. mg/l 0.1 Cadmium N.D. mg/l 0.1 Copper 0.381 mg/l 3

(Note) The above contents are quoted from a report by the Government of Pakistan entitled Urban Environmental Problems In Pakistan (A Case Study for Urban Environment in Hayatabad, Peshawar).

Current dumping site



37


■ Recycling situation In Hayatabad, too, large numbers of scavengers were observed during the solid waste collection stage and at the dumping site. Saleable items recovered from waste are sold at recycling establishments known as Kabari shops, of which there are about 20 in Hayatabad. The amount and value of saleable items sold to an average Kabari shop per day are as follows.

Table 3-2-20 Amount and Unit Value of Saleable Items Item Weighｔ

（kg/day/shop) Price

(Rs./kg) Bread 30 5 Bones 40 3 Plastic, Rubber 12 13 Metal 10 10 Glass (bottles) 5 3 Glass 4 1 Newspaper (English) 0.5 13 Newspaper (Urdu) + Note Books 1 8 Ghatta (Paper back, Cover) 4 4

Of the above saleable items, bread is consumed locally as feed for livestock. Bones are transported to Warirabad and Kala Shah Kako (Punjab Province), and mainly used by gelatine plants, as fodder for domestic poultry and as toothpaste. Glass is mostly transported to Gujrat (Punjab Province), Hattar and Haripur (NWFP), where it is used in ceramic and bottle plants. Metal, iron, scrap iron and tinplate are used in metal recycling plants. Items from Hayatabad are used in Peshawar and are also taken to Lahore, etc. Plastic items, too, are either used in Peshawar or a transported to Lahore for re-use as plastic rope, etc. Newspapers are re-used as wrapping paper, while books are handed over to recycled paper factories.

(Note) The above contents are quoted from a report by the Government of Pakistan entitled Urban Environmental Problems In Pakistan (A Case Study for Urban Environment in Hayatabad, Peshawar).

Screening and weighing at a Kabari shop Screened bread

38

(5) Treatment of Urban Waste Water

1) Situation of Urban Waste Water

� Relevant Legal Framework

In regard to the treatment of urban waste water in Pakistan, the Ministry of Environment introduced the National Unified Policy for Waste Water Treatment in April, 2001 and set forth the following principles to control the planning, design and operation of treatment facilities.

The National Unified Policy for Wastewater Treatment (April 2001) Ø The Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants to be run by the municipal

governments or industrial estates will carry out biological treatment only. Ø All individual industrial units and medical wastewater generators, whether

located within the municipal area, or in an industrial estate, will be connected to the municipal sewer systems, only if they pre-treat their wastewater in such a way that its chemical contents/characteristics and BOD conform to the National Environmental Quality Standards.

Ø No municipal sewerage treatment plant will be installed if a system of wastewater collection system is not in place and operational.

Ø In areas where an integrated water borne sewer system does not exist, it must be mandatory to pre-treat the domestic wastewater, through the construction of a septic tank of approved design, before connecting to an open drain or small-bore sewer.

The master plan for urban waste water treatment facilities for 24 cities in four provinces which was formulated based on the above Unified Policy examines a suitable treatment system for each city. The master plan also shows the treatment flows for waste water treatment facilities at paper, textile, composting, chemical, food and other plants to treat industrial waste water.

� Reality of Waste Water Treatment in Pakistan

Urban waste water in Pakistan consists of domestic, commercial and industrial waste water. In some cases, it also contains infectious waste water from hospitals. The uncontrolled discharge of industrial water to the urban sewerage system sometimes causes corrosion of the sewer pipes and even the extinction of bacteria at waste water treatment plants.



39

Given such a reality, the master plan mentioned above makes it a compulsory requirement for industrial waste water to be pretreated to the level which satisfies the relevant NEQS by each work place prior to its discharge to the sewerage system. The situation of waste water treatment in various cities in Pakistan is largely classified into the following three categories.

Table 3-2-21 Present Situation of Waste Water Treatment (in the 24 Cities Listed in the Master Plan) Category Type of System Cities Number %

I

Combined system up to at least secondary trunk lines with miscellaneous waste water, septic tank effluent and human sewage flowing through tertiary open channels

All cities in Punjab (10) and Sindh (3), Quetta, Khuzudar and Loralai in Balochistan

16 67

II

Different systems depending on the area • Old city area: pretreatment at a septic tank

prior to discharge to open channels • Newly developed area: standard sewer system

All cities in the NWFP 5 21

III No regular system Gwadar, Sibi and Usta Muhammad in Balochistan

3 12

Source: Master Plan for Urban Waste Water Treatment Facilities in Pakistan, 2002

The existing municipal waste water treatment facilities are shown in Table 3-2-14.

Table 3-2-22 Existing Municipal Waste Water Treatment Facilities in Seven Towns

Conventional* Stabilization Pond Aerated Lagoons No Treatment Name of City and Municipal Waste Water Generated (2003)

m3/day Quantity (m3/day)

% Quantity (m3/day)

% Quantity (m3/day)

% Quantity (m3/day)

%

Lahore (784,625) - - 450 0.06 - - 784,154 99.94 Faisalabad (352,200) - - 90,000 25.6 - - 262,032 74.4 Karachi (1,531,045) 135,000 8.8 108,000 7.1 - - 1,287,609 84.1 Hyderabad (185,434) - - 63,000 34.0 - - 122,386 66.0 Sukkur (63,819) - - Abandoned - - - 63,819 100.0 Peshawar (189,010) - - 60,000 32.0 8,000 4.2 120,588 63.8 Mardan (45,575) - - 18,000 39.5 - - 27,573 60.5

*Tricking Filters / Activated Sludge Source: Master Plan for Urban Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Pakistan, 2002

� Situation of Domestic Waste Water Treatment in Areas without Sewerage System

A septic tank appears to be installed at many households in the peripheral areas of cities where no sewerage system has been established. The master plan emphasises the importance of self-treatment prior to the discharge of human extract and other domestic waste water in areas without a sewage system and points out the importance of providing technical assistance, etc. for municipal authorities. However, the septic tanks currently used in peripheral areas of cities are believed to

40

fail to conduct sufficient fermentation due to the lack of an aeration system, making the introduction of such improvement measures as clear design standards and a subsidy system for septic tank installation necessary.

Situation of Waste Water Treatment in Islamabad

• Waste Water Treatment Plan for Islamabad

As Islamabad is the special capital territory, the development situation of its waste water treatment facilities, etc. is not described in the master plan. According to the interview results, the sewerage service rate in Islamabad is almost 100%, suggesting the implementation of a different waste wa ter treatment plan than those for other cities.

• Waste Water Treatment Plant in Islamabad This plant conducts aeration treatment. Waste water is discharged after appropriate treatment and the discharged water quality is regularly checked. Although methane gas is recovered, it appears that this gas is only used on the premises because of the absence of any power generation facilities. Power is supplied by a commercial power supplier.

Sedimentation Pond Aeration Treatment



41

Situation of Waste Water Treatment in Peshawar • Waste Water Treatment Map of Peshawar

Below is a map of the present waste water treatment network in Peshawar. The Study Team visited two existing waste water treatment plants marked A and B on the map. Plant A is located in the Hayatabad urban planning zone and consists of three water ponds. Aeration used to be conducted with the first water pond. However, its operation has been suspended due to electrical breakdown and it currently functions simply as a sedimentation pond. As a new plant � is going to be constructed to the north of the present plant, a decision has been made to close down Plant A for development of the site as a commercial zone. Two water ponds have been built at Plant B which are not yet in operation due to the lack of funding for maintenance purposes.

Waste Water Treatment Network in Peshawar

New Plant (under construction)

Existing Plant A (to be closed down)

Existing Plant B (not yet in operation)

Sewerage Network Drainage Network Existing Sewerage Plant Planned Site for New Plant

Existing Sewerage Plant A

42

4. Response to Problems Regarding Environment and Development 4.1 Natural Environment

(1) Deforestation and Desertification

The use of wood for fuel accounts for nearly 90% of the wood consumption in Pakistan and the wood consumption volume, excluding imported wood, is approximately double the forest growth volume, constituting one factor for deforestation. The Inspector General’s Office of the MELGRD has instructed each provincial forest department to formulate a long-term working plan for the purpose of sustainable forest management, has strengthened community-level activities, monitoring and afforestation, including the management of private land, and has approved the lower enforcement power of provincial governments. Meanwhile, the assistance by such international organizations as the EC, World Bank, ADB, the Netherlands and UNDP for the forestry sector in Pakistan emphasises improvement of the vicious relationship between the excessive exploitation of natural resources and poverty, focusing on the implementation of projects designed to (i) sustain the livelihoods of poor people, the number of which increases under vulnerable natural conditions, and (ii) establish sustainable forest management.

(2) Biodiversity and Conservation of Ecosystem

Alteration of the configuration of a watershed because of water use for an irrigation system, etc. has various impacts, including the diminishment of fresh water bodies in the lower reaches. As a result, the ecosystem for mangrove forest, birds and marine organisms are threatened in brackish water zone. Indiscriminate deforestation for fuel-wood, large-scale commercial logging and over-grazing have placed precious flora and unique fauna in a critical situation. In the NEAP 2001, the MELGRD lists ecosystem management as one of the four core fields. It has prepared the Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan 2000 and has been implementing some ecosystem conservation programmes which are specific to unique areas with NGOs and with the technical and financial assistance of such international natural environment protection organizations as the GEF, WWF and IUCN. At the federal level, the preparation of a red data book is in progress with the assistance of the SDC with its completion expected in a few years time.



43

There is a consensus among the organization involved in environmental conservation that a matter of the highest priority is the capacity building of primarily the provincial wildlife protection departments and forest departments which are responsible for practical conservation work of the natural environment. As the survival of the ecosystem relies on the characteristics of the geographical area, the participation of the local community affecting the local environment is essential for conservation of the natural environment. Accordingly, conservation projects which are appropriate for specific areas are being promoted to make the sustainment of the livelihoods of local residents compatible with conservation of the ecosystem in each area. 4.2 Urban Environment

(1) Air Pollution

Although air pollution in large cities in Pakistan is facing a critical situation, clear data indicating the causal relationship between air pollution and health damage or the rate of contribution by source is not readily available except for reports on the adverse impacts of offgas from certain plants on human health. General emphasis based on limited measured data is placed on SPM by comparing the local value with the relevant WHO guideline. While the NEQS sets forth the legal threshold for 18 items to stationary emission sources, NOx (annual median) is the only subject item in regard to the ambient air quality. In the case of vehicular emissions, only CO and black smoke are subject to the regulatory regime. In regard to stationary sources of air pollution, the SMART (self-monitoring and reporting tool) programme is being implemented as in the case of waste water and each provincial EPA monitors plants based on the plant offgas standards. One measure in progress to control mobile sources of air pollution is the conversion from fuel with high emission factors of NOx, etc. (diesel and the mixing of kerosene) to CNG with a low emission factor. Oil companies are planning to phase out leaded petrol in 2005. The VETS was established in Peshawar in 1997 with the assistance of the GTZ as part of the Urban Industrial Environment Protection (UIEP) Programme. While more than 5,000 vehicles have been inspected, further assistance for other cities has been suspended due to the shift of emphasis of the GTZ’s aid to capacity building and other reasons. While a project to effectively implement the SMART Programme and a project to introduce mobile VETSs nationwide have already been approved as NEAP-SP projects, funding sources

44

have not yet been found. A project to promote CNG as the main fuel for vehicles has also bee formulated as a NEAP-SP project but has not yet been approved.

(2) Water Quality The pollution of groundwater, which is a main source of drinking water together with river water, has become a serious problem. Groundwater pollution is inferred to be caused by untreated industrial waste water. Even though the NEQS set forth effluent standards, hardly any plants are equipped with a treatment system. Inspection by the provincial EPAs has found that most plants fail to meet the NEQS and plant owners appear to simply refuse to implement any improvement. Despite the establishment of a judiciary system consisting of environment courts and environment judges, the law enforcement capacity of the administration, including EPAs, is desperately weak. A programme designed to gradually improve the application of the SMART with the involvement of local support councils has been approved under the NEAP-SP to change the SMART from a theory to practice. Again, however, there is not yet any prospect of securing the necessary funding. The virtual lack of solid waste management is another cause of river water and groundwater pollution. The solid waste collection rate is said to be less than 50% in most cities and the dumping of solid waste in rivers is commonplace, particularly in slum areas which are not covered by a collection service. Even if solid waste is collected, many of the final disposal sites are located on a river bank without proper planning. The high environmental load, particularly during the dry season, is assumed to be caused by the direct discharge of urban sewage to rivers or discharge after a simple lagoon-type sewage treatment system. As described above, the complex mechanism of water pollution is caused by a variety of factors. One of the most fundamental problems at present is the lack of a system, as well as equipment, to conduct continuous water quality monitoring in an appropriate manner. The introduction of common waste water treatment facilities is planned so that Pakistani industries dominated by small and medium size enterprises with weak capitalisation can develop in harmony with the need for environmental conservation.

(3) Solid Waste Management Even prior to the decentralisation of provincial governments, solid waste collection and disposal was conducted by district-level public service departments. A medium to large size



45

city which constitutes a single district is now facing the need for large-scale exclusive disposal sites because the conventional make-shift method of renting private land can no longer cope with the increasing volume of solid waste resulting from progressive urbanisation. As in the case of many other parts of the world, the securing of public land for use as final disposal sites is a slow process because of opposition by local residents. When the purchase of land is necessary, the provincial government is required for provide a substantial budget. In Lahore, such planned purchase has been abandoned because the Punjab Provincial Government could not raise the required Rs 80 million to purchase the planned disposal site from its own revenue. This failure in the relatively rich Punjab Province has resulted in pessimism among public service departments in other provinces (districts). Even if final disposal sites can be secured, they are likely to be located in remote areas and there is concern that the financial situation of districts will make it impossible to meet the increased operation and maintenance cost of the transport vehicles. Meanwhile, the federal government is proceeding with participatory solid waste management projects along with a 3R (reduction, re-use and recycling) campaign. The federal government is also planning a guidance programme using national guidelines to deal with the different levels and methods of solid waste management by different administrative units. However, there is currently no prospect of funding the implementation of this programme. 4.3 Social Environment

The problem of poverty which is attracting international attention in aid circles can be considered to be both a causal factor for environmental problems and the vulnerability of people most affected by environmental deterioration. There has been a continual inflow of people to urban areas, partly because of the conflict in Kashmir, resulting in the establishment of slums called “katchi abadis” by the urban poor. The environment of these slums varies because of ethnic problems (including conflict and discrimination) and most of them do not receive such public services as water supply, sewerage, power supply and solid waste collection services. This situation is one of the factors for the worsening of the urban environment and people living in these slums are the most vulnerable to the adverse impacts of the worsening urban environment. Moreover, refugees from Afghanistan have been entering Pakistan since 1979. While these refugees are accommodated in many refugee camps in the NWFP and Balochistan, camps accommodating more than one million refugees (which is equivalent to almost half of the local Pakistani population) near Peshawar, the capital of the NWFP, have become a factor for the increasing environmental load of the city as in the case of katchi abadis.

46

The environmental problems in rural areas are typically forest depletion and desertification caused by over-grazing and indiscriminate cutting. The background for such practices is the social environment in which the poor who lack educational opportunities to acquire the knowledge and skills required for sustainable development are struggling to maintain their lives against the background of a fragile natural environment in the frontier areas to which they have been driven by various development programmes/projects.



47

5. Examination of Assistance Strategy

5.1 Need for Assistance

(1) Necessity for Assistance for Environment and Development

Pakistan has been experiencing a rapid deterioration of the environment in recent years as the progressive pollution of air and drinking water in urban areas, soil degradation in rural areas and the depletion or degradation of the natural environment, such as groundwater and forests, are highly noticeable. The fiscal expenditure to tackle environmental problems is extremely limited, partly because of the continual fiscal deficit since the 1990’s. Meanwhile, recent government policies for the environment have been largely confined to paper work, such as the establishment of the MERGRD and Federal EPA under the MERGRD and the formulation of the Environmental Conservation Strategy and the Environmental Protection Act. There has been a distinctive lack of effective environmental measures and the implementation capacity in terms of organization, facilities and equipment has not been sufficiently developed. A general understanding of the situation of the environment, which is essential for the planning of appropriate environmental measures, is also lacking as such understanding has only been sporadically obtained through a limited number of projects assisted by international assistance organizations, making it extremely difficult to establish the historical changes of the environment. Although the NEAP indicates the general direction for environmental measures in Pakistan, the number of projects or programmes which have actually been implemented in the field is small compared to the seriousness of the widespread environmental problems. Although the contents of the planned projects and programmes within the framework of the NEAP-SP reflect the need for international assistance for environmental problems as conceived by the Government of Pakistan, negotiations with the EDCG for funding have made little progress except for some exceptions. International assistance for the environment sector in Pakistan has instead centered on the implementation of projects which are planned and designed as a result of a direct approach made by international organizations and NGOs, etc. to such front-line organizations as the EPA, provincial forest departments and public service departments of municipalities. In discussions on assistance for the environment sector, the Pakistani side primarily requests applied technologies which are inexpensive to use and which are based on past experience to deal with specific problems to achieve improvement effects rather than large-scale projects or assistance involving advanced technologies. Good examples are the development and wide use of an emission gas and noise reducer for fitting to auto-rickshaws and a treatment system for each type of plant. Assistance for these technologies which could prove highly effective with small investment is hoped for based on proven technologies in Japan.

48

Pakistan’s assistance needs in the environment sector as inferred from the candidate projects under the NEAP-SP, ongoing projects and field survey results are listed below. Capacity building, including the development of human resources (staff members), and a programme designed to transform the awareness of all stakeholders, including local community members, are also necessary in connection with all of the listed needs.

1) Urban Environment < Monitoring >

• Establishment of a monitoring system to clarify the reality of environmental pollution < Industrial Environment Management >

• Promotion of the implementation of the SMART • Extension of cleaner production

< Air Pollution >

• Improvement of the vehicle emission gas inspection system and introduction of a vehicle inspection system

• Facilitation of a change of fuel to CNG • Reinforcement of the air quality testing facilities and training of technical staff

< Water Pollution >

• Reinforcement of the water quality testing facilities and training of technical staff • Development of centralised waste water treatment facilities for each type of business

or each industrial estate • Water supply using boreholes • Technological improvement and expanded use of septic tanks • Development of the sewerage system • Surveys and analysis of soil/groundwater pollution and development of technologies

to control such pollution < Solid Waste Management >

• Improvement of the administrative capacity for solid waste (including hazardous solid waste) management

• Improvement of planning, environmental measures, construction and management methods/technologies for final disposal sites

• Establishment of a participatory solid waste management system



49

2) Natural Environment < Ecosystem Conservation >

• Sustainable use and management of natural resources and conservation of biodiversity with resident participation

• Conservation of the rich ecosystem at wetland and mangrove forests • Ecosystem management at Protected Areas

3) Policies and Institution, etc. • Capacity building at the Pak-EPA and provincial EPAs • Conservation of energies • Basic examination of the application of a clean development mechanism (CDM),

including a greenhouse gas reduction project • Improvement of the efficiency of the use of irrigation water as a measure to combat

damage due to water-logging and salinization

(2) Activities of International Organizations

In the environment sector, the Environment and Development Coordinating Group (EDCG) was established in 1991 by the World Bank, UNDP, UNIDO, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Japan and others and is currently led by the UNDP. While each organization or donor conducts its own aid efforts, the UNDP launched the NEAP-SP in 2001 to achieve the self-reliant development of environmental measures and poverty reduction in Pakistan. Under the framework of a five year umbrella project, the UNDP is taking the initiative for technical cooperation and financial assistance as collaborative assistance for the EDCG. However, no priority field or sector has been determined by the EDCG and funding sources must be sought when ever a request for assistance is made by the Government of Pakistan. The main international organizations providing assistance for the environment sector in Pakistan are listed below by subject issue. • Capacity building of the administration

and environmental policies : UNDP, CIDA, SDC (Switzerland), NRE (the

Netherlands), NORAD (Norway), IUCN, JICA • Ecosystem conservation and natural

resources (forests, etc.) management : EU, WB, ADB, UNDP, IUCN, GEF

• Cleaner production : UNIDO, ADB • Vehicle emission gas control : CIDA (change to CNG), GTZ (VETSg2000) • Industrial waste water treatment : NRE (Karachi PTA) • Solid waste management : JICA, UNDP (g2000), GTZ (g2000) • Comprehensive improvement of local

environment (autonomy, community, water, air)

: ADB (Rawalpindi), GTZ (Peshawar)

• Development of alternative energy : GTZ (more efficient power generation and minimisation of social impacts)

50

5.2 Assistance Policies

(1) Country Assistance Programme and Environmental Assistance

The work to formulate the country assistance programme for Pakistan by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the present fiscal year is being led by the Country Study Group of the JICA and the draft report was prepared by the Field Task Force in September, 2003 (in Japanese). This Study Group has set “the establishment and development of a sustainable society” as the higher goal for Japan’s development assistance for Pakistan and has proposed “human development”, “economic development” and “local development” as the key approaches to achieve the said goal. The Study Group has also identified seven priority fields for assistance: � health, � education, � water, � development of economic infrastructure and the economy, � governance and economic reform, � agriculture and � the environment. In the field of the environment, “understanding of the reality of environmental pollution” and “improvement of the management capacity of the environmental administration” are considered to be key tasks. “Greenhouse gas control”, “an environmental monitoring development programme” and “solid waste treatment” are identified as desirable subjects for future Japanese cooperation. In its Environmental Conservation Initiative for Sustainable Development (EcoISD) issued in August, 2002, the Government of Japan states that “the active incorporation of environmental conservation elements” is one of the basic policies for environmental cooperation. This move reflects the need to consider linkage with environmental improvement in all priority fields to enable the provision of integrated assistance for the environment and development. The EcoISD states that “efforts will be made to improve environmental problems by incorporating environmental conservation elements in all development plans, projects and programmes to integrate poverty reduction and environmental conservation and also by assisting approaches which provide appropriate care for the environment”. From this point of view, the desirable approaches to environmental problems are described from among the recommended cooperation for each field listed in the draft report mentioned above.

1) Health

As an infectious disease control measure, it is obvious that improvement of the drinking water quality will greatly contribute to preventing water-borne diseases, making it important for local residents to properly understand the present situation of the water environment for not only drinking water but also water used for daily life. Assistance to improve awareness of the environment and hygiene among local residents is, therefore, desirable.



51

2) Governance

While a programme to assist decentralisation is scheduled, strengthening of the function to coordinate the administration at the district and lower levels responsible for providing daily public services and the provincial government responsible for providing the development budget for equipment renewal and the acquisition of disposal sites, etc. and for operating the Social Action Programme (SAP) is required for the smooth progress of solid waste management led by the local administration.

3) Water

The rehabilitation of irrigation facilities and the strengthening of water management to improve the efficiency of water utilisation can greatly contribute to mitigating the damage caused by water-logging and salinization. To achieve the desirable effects, it is essential that local residents and other stakeholders understand that the improvement of the environment by a project is advantageous for production. The provision of incentives for producers to properly maintain irrigation facilities is also necessary to make such maintenance work the basic approach to achieving sustainable agricultural production.

Improvement of the water supply and sewerage facilities will certainly improve both the water supply rate and hygiene conditions. Measures to ensure “the supply of clean water” should be examined by clarifying the situation of such factors for water quality deterioration as the contamination of water sources and the intrusion of waste water from the sewerage system to water supply lines because of the deterioration or improper pipe arrangement of the existing water distribution network. As in the case of solid waste collection, the water supply and sewerage services are operated and maintained at the district level. Accordingly, the issues of improvement of the administrative capacity at the district level and an appropriate tariff system should also be examined with a view to establishing a sustainable, comprehensive water supply and sewerage system.

4) Economic Development and Economic Infrastructure

The implementation of measures designed to promote small and medium size enterprises should be accompanied by a change of attitude on the part of these enterprises to the environment as many of them are sources or air or water pollution. The matters to be considered in connection with assistance for environmental improvement are not only “measures at the outlets”, including the observation of emission standards through the introduction of a self-monitoring system, etc., but also the “spread of cleaner production” and others. To be more precise, stimulation of the demand for environmental technologies involving the market mechanism and the development of the environmental industry through the establishment of suitable conditions for investment are desirable so

52

that reduction of the polluting environmental load in production processes can coexist with increased profits for enterprises.

The implementation of EIA without fail is desirable as part of the development of social infrastructure, including transportation-related infrastructure. Although the guidelines for IEE/EIA are in place, insufficient experience on the part of government organizations cannot be denied. EIA should, therefore, be conducted with the initiative of donors.

5) Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

One crucial issue for assistance to establish sustainable agriculture in the face of a natural environment which is vulnerable to the adverse impacts of drought, etc. is harmonisation of the preservation of livelihoods for poverty reduction with the sustainable management of natural resources. Farmers who are the main actors are mostly poor and lack the opportunity to learn knowledge and skills relating to environmental conservation. As the ecosystem reflects the particular character of a local area and may involve knowledge and information exclusive to local residents, the incorporation of both the participatory learning of local residents and the provision of environmental education for local residents in any plan/programme to assist development is important.

(2) Examination of Possible Assistance Policies for the Environment Sector

As discussed so far, environmental cooperation is the provision of assistance for the self-help efforts of developing countries in diverse fields. Here, assistance policies which primarily aim at achieving environmental conservation are examined. In the 1990’s, the World Bank tried to estimate the environmental damage in Pakistan in the form of compensation for health damage and the loss of human resources and work hours and produced a total figure of US$ 1.8 billion/year. As shown on the graph, approximately half of the damage (51%) is caused by solid as well as liquid waste from urban areas which far exceeds urban air pollution (21%) and farmland erosion (20%). Waste and air pollution are, therefore, the two main environmental problems of

Cost of Environmental Damage (US$ million/year)

Air Pollution,369

FarmlandErosion, 357

Graze LandErosion, 125

Waste, 883

Deforestation,8

PerishedMangrove,

15.7



53

urban life and the need for external assistance to solve these problems can be described as being stronger than other fields given the fiscal difficulties and insufficient capacity of provincial governments. The following points can be made in reference to the desirable approach for assistance to solve environmental problems in Pakistan based on the field survey results.

1) Environmental Monitoring Development Project An environmental monitoring development project has already been included in the list

of desirable assistance in the Draft Report of the Country Assistance Study Group of the JICA. Assistance for this field is very important as the need for such assistance is illustrated by the core status of clean air and clean water in the NEAP. In Pakistan, no continuous observation data on the air and water quality at fixed points has so far been available. The accumulation of such data for major cities in the future should prove to be a powerful tool for the planning of effective as well as economical environmental measures.

The Pak-EPA and provincial EPAs which will be the implementing bodies of this project

are not the only research organizations for environmental monitoring as some organizations of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Health possess suitable equipment for the planned monitoring. The clear setting out of the roles and responsible field for each organization is, therefore, desirable and the project is designed to ensure the mutually complementary nature of these organizations.

One serious problem relating to the measuring and analysis of the air and water quality is

the shortage of staff members with practical experience. Any technical cooperation programme should take collaboration with human development efforts, particularly training designed to enhance the quality as well as quantity of engineers/technicians conducting measuring and test, into careful consideration.

2) Solid Waste Management Project

A request for the provision of Japanese assistance has already been made for the Final

Disposal Station Construction Project in the capital of Islamabad. Solid waste management is one of the core issues of the NEAP and the need for solid waste management in Pakistan is extremely high.

54

The responsibility for solid waste management lies with local governments and routine solid waste management at the district level in particular poses a major task. In the midst of the ongoing decentralisation drive, however, the necessity to develop a legal framework at the federal level can be pointed out. While there is a NEAP-SP project to clarify the responsibility of the administration and to prepare unified guidelines for solid waste management at the federal level, this project has not yet reached the implementation stage. As solid waste is composed of complex elements which change in response to socioeconomic changes, a legal system should be developed to ensure the consistency of the basic definition of solid waste and the management responsibility for solid waste from a legal point of view.

The Government of Japan has provided ODA for mainly the procurement of collection

and landfill equipment for solid waste management and the local expectations for Japan’s continued assistance for solid waste management are quite high. Given the current emphasis on decentralisation, future Japanese assistance to enable the sustainable administration of solid waste management must take the following points into particular consideration.

� Secured provincial government funding to cover the equipment maintenance and

renewal cost (particularly as long-distance transportation is planned) � Availability of suitable sites for final disposal stations under a long-term plan � Improved awareness of environmental issues through the participation of local

residents and the autonomous management of organizations by local residents � Clarification of the responsibility and scope of authority of the administration,

private sector and local residents for solid waste management � Examination of a suitable recycling and resources collection system for each local

area based on a clear understanding of the socioeconomic characteristics of the area � Confirmation of the availability of a system to properly handle and manage

hazardous solid waste (a system to be incorporated in a project if necessary)



55

3) Water Environment Model Approach

� Current Situation of Water Environment Problems and Direction of Assistance

Since deterioration of the urban environment is frequently caused by multiple factors, it is possible to select appropriate countermeasures by ascertaining the degree of impact of each cause. For example, taking the case of Peshawar, it is thought that pollution of city rivers and other water bodies contaminates private wells, which take water from shallow wells, and eventually also has an impact on public water supply, which takes water from deep wells.

So far the actual state of water pollution in city rivers has not been ascertained by a uniform method in terms of the local water circulation system. Accordingly, although various causes of pollution are considered, for example, untreated industrial and domestic waste water, leachate from solid waste dumping sites, and infiltration by insufficiently treated sewage, there is no way of identifying the degree of impact of each cause.

In addition to grasping the actual state of pollution by environmental monitoring, it is also considered important to examine priority measures for water quality improvement upon selecting model districts (in consideration of the water circulation) and implementing intensive investigation of water flow and corresponding changes in water quality from a variety of angles. By doing this, it is possible to formulate a plan of environmental measures suited to each area, while at the same time obtaining basic indicators of environmental impact that can be applied throughout the rest of the country.

Criteria for selecting the model area should be that the area in question is representative of urban environmental deterioration throughout the country and that the class of people living in poverty has a major impact in terms of the social environment.

In terms of population, the largest cities in Pakistan are Karachi, the capital of Sind Province with a population in excess of 10 million, and Lahore, the capital of Punjab Province with a population of more than 5 million. These two far outstrip the other major cities in Pakistan that have populations of 1,000,000 or more. These include the third largest city of Faisalabad (2,250,000), fourth-placed Rawalpindhi (2,600,000 combined with tenth-placed Islamabad), fifth-placed Gujranwala (1,900,000), sixth-placed Multan (1,340,000), all of which are located in Punjab Province, seventh-placed Hyderabad (1,300,000, Sind Province) and eighth-placed Peshawar (1,200,000, NWFP).

Since Punjab Province is the economic center of the country and attracts most of the foreign assistance including that from Japan, it is thought that spreading assistance to other provinces will be an effective means of promoting national development and reducing poverty. Moreover, in terms of human security, which is one of the Phylosophy of Japan’s EcoISD, high priority is attached to assistance for North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and

56

Balochistan Province, which currently hold many refugees from Afghanistan. In consideration of city size and level of development assistance priority as described above, Peshawar, the capital of NWFP, is confronted with urban environmental problems concerning both air and water. Moreover, in terms of both urban size and the social environment, this city is regarded as suitable for selection as a model district to implement assistance for urban environmental issues in Pakistan.

In consideration of the above, Peshawar was selected as the target city for site investigation in the Study, and survey of the water environment in the Hayatabad Town of the city was implemented in order to ascertain the water cycle, water supply, water pollution, main pollution sources and pollution loads and to examine the direction of future water environment improvement.

� Case Study in Hayatabad, Peshawar

With a view to gauging water environment issues in Hayatabad Town, the following surveys were implemented in cooperation with the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) and the North-West Frontier Province Environmental Protection Agency (NWFP-EPA). Table 7.2-1 shows the survey items, while Figure 7.2-1 indicates the survey area and survey points. Table 7.2-1 Water Environment Survey Items in Hayatabad

Survey Item Main Survey Contents Existing materials survey - Social environment data:

Population, land use and plans, infrastructure development, facilities plans, etc.

- Natural environment data Weather, water quality (rivers, groundwater), number of wells, etc.

Field survey River water quality, groundwater quality, etc.



57

Legend

P.1 Water quality survey points Tube well points Phase.1 Hayatabad urban area

Figure 7.2-1 Sketch of Hayatabad Town and Map of Survey Points

2km

58

The water cycle schematic and pollution load obtained from the survey findings are as indicated below. Hayatabad Town consists of Phase 1~7 blocks, which are made up of residential areas and commercial land. An industrial estate is located on the west side of these. Since area and population data are not available for all blocks, the population of each block was computed from the estimated population in the Hayatabad residential districts and the area of each block. Table 7.2-2 Estimated Residential Population in Each Block

Block No.Item I II III IV V Ⅵ Ⅶ Total

Area (ha) 197.4 241.3 113.3 125.1 142.8 309.8 205.4 1335.0

Estimated population (people) 14,787 18,071 8,487 9,367 10,698 23,202 15,388 Approx.

100,000

[Water source situation] Peshawar is situated in a semi-arid zone with low annual rainfall. Rainfall during the Survey period was 68 mm/month in January 2004 and 486 mm/year in 2003. Compared with average rainfall over the past 10 years (average rainfall for January: 36 mm, annual average rainfall: 501 mm), these figures are more or less consistent with the average. The main source of water in Hayatabad is groundwater, and there are 53 tube wells in total in blocks 1~7. As for the industrial estate, occupants procure their own water supply, but details concerning this are unknown.

[Drainage situation] Looking at drainage conditions in Hayatabad, blocks 1~7 all have sewerage systems, however, because sewage treatment capacity is unable to keep up with the rapid increase in population, waste water from blocks 1~5 is actually discharged into Narai Kawar (River) after passing through a sewage treatment plant that isn’t in operation. Moreover, waste water from blocks 6~7 is discharged untreated into Narai Kawar and Gandao Kawar. Industrial waste water from the industrial estate is discharged into North Nallar (River) without receiving hardly any treatment.

[Water pollution situation and calculation of load] Table 7.2-3 shows the level of organic pollution (BOD concentration and its load) at each survey point and the town blocks considered to be the sources of pollution. BOD concentration at the survey points excluding P2, 4 and 5 indicated in Figure 7.2-2 exceeds the 80 mg/litre waste water standard (inland water bodies) prescribed by NEQS, and the level at P1 was found to be 323.5 mg/litre, which is more than four times the said standard. As for COD, the NEQS standard (150 mg/litre) is exceeded at all points, and the peak value, again at P1, was 2,240 mg/litre or approximately 15 times the standard level. It is thought this



59

pollution is mainly caused by industrial waste water and untreated waste water from blocks 6~7. In terms of heavy metals, lead and chrome levels exceed the standard at P1, P3, P4 and the dumping site. Judging from the state of the waste water, this pollution is thought to originate from industrial waste water. Table 7.2-3 Organic Pollution Loads at River Water Quality Survey Points

River Water Quality Survey Point

Survey Item / Pollution Load

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 Dumping

Site Leachate

NEQS discharge standard

for inland water

Flow rate (m3/sec) 0.22 0.24 0.1 0.007 0.002 0.36 0.07 - BOD5days (mg/l) 323.5 75.5 224 51.5 47.5 150.5 88.25 805 80 COD (mg/l) 2240 606 1394 329.5 221 570 614 2840 150 BOD load (t/day) 6.15 1.56 1.93 0.03 0.01 4.68 0.53 - COD load (t/day) 42.58 12.57 12.04 0.2 0.04 17.73 3.71 - Lead (mg/l) 0.395 0.374 0.514 0.692 0.494 0.297 0.198 0.593 0.5 Chrome (mg/l) 1.62 0.83 1.21 0.82 0.4 0.79 0.75 2.82 1.0 Suspected pollution source 6,7,IE 1～7 IE IE 6、7 1～5 Unknown -

(Note 1) Shaded areas indicate points in excess of the NEQS standard.

(Note 2) I. E. (Industrial Estate)

Moreover, per capita organic pollution load is computed as follows from the populations and pollution sources indicated in Tables 7.2-2 and 7.2-3. The daily per capita organic pollution load from Hayatabad residential district is reckoned to be between 58~76 g, which corresponds to roughly 1.5-2 times the average value of 40 g/day in Japan. The load value is influenced by river flow, however, since rainfall in the month prior to the survey was high at 68 mm/month, it is thought pollution load was on the low side at this time. Accordingly, in conditions of lower rainfall, when it is possible that river water dilution and biodegradation will not progress so much, the resulting water pollution will have an even worse effect on water use and fisheries resources. In particular, concerns are raised over the impact of population increase on river water supplies, odour and downstream river fisheries in future. Table 7.2-4 Estimated Organic Pollution Load (per person per day, residential district)

Population or number of plants

BOD load (t/day)

Unit BOD load (kg/day)

Load calculation

method

Reference value

Phase 1 - 7 100,000 5.78 0.058 P1+P2-P3 Phase 1 - 5 61,411 4.68 0.076 P6

0.04 kg/day

Industrial estate 24 factories 1.93 80.417 P3 -

(Note) Reference value: Daily per capita BOD load in Japan

60

[Groundwater pollution situation] According to the Water Quality Status in Pakistan (Report 2001-2002) by the Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Ministry Of Science & Technology (October 2002, surveys of well water have been implemented at 13 points in Peshawar, and these have shown that drinking water quality standards are exceeded only for coli-form group and sodium, whereas the standard for heavy metals (lead, chrome, etc.) is complied with. Judging from these conditions, it is thought that contaminated waste water from factories does not have an impact on the aquifer that provides drinking water. This aquifer is situated at depth of 36~47 m lower than an impermeable layer. Figure 7.2-3 illustrates in visual terms the water cycle and degree of organic pollution based on the above survey and analysis findings.

Figure 7.2-3 Schematic Water Cycle in Hayatabad

LEGEND

: Drainage Direction

: Water Quality Survey Point

: BOD Load (t/day)

Phase 6～7

Narai Kawar

Gandao Kawar

North Nallha

Phase 1～5

Dumping Site

Industrial Estate

Sewerage Plant (out of operation)

P.4

P.3

P.5

P.6

P.1

P.2 P.7

Leachate

Rain Fall (Peshawar) Monthly rain fall: 68mm (Jamuary 2004) Annual rain fall: 486mm (Jan.-Dec, 2003) Average monthly rain fall: 36mm (past 10 years) Average annual rain fall: 501mm (Past 10 years)

Discharge (Phase1～7) 8,784m3/day

Groundwater Level 36～47(G-m)



61

Judging from the water cycle and situation of pollution sources described above, the issues that need to be resolved in Hayatabad town, as well as the direction of countermeasures to such issues, are as follows. Table 7.2-5 Current Issues and Direction of Countermeasures

Pollution Source Direction of Countermeasures Industrial waste water The NEQS (for industrial waste water standards) have been

established, and NWFP-EPA is implementing the SMART Programme based on these standards. However, in reality, concentrations in excess of standards have been measured in rivers, indicating that it is difficult to realize improvement based on regulations alone. It is desirable to construct industrial waste water treatment facilities individually in each factory or communally in the industrial estate, while at the same time considering cost vs. effect.

Domestic waste water A sewerage system and treatment facilities are planned, however, in the urban area, the sustained operation and management of such facilities is not implemented due to problems in terms of operating capacity and budget. In addition to promoting appropriate maintenance of the sewerage system in the urban area, it is worth examining the installation of low budget but effective “Combined Treatment Septic Tank (CTST)” in peripheral areas not included in the urban area. CTST is characterized by aeration in biological treatment tank and combined collection of domestic wastewater and human excreta. In Japan, rapid technical advances are being made in CTST, which are now capable of reducing BOD discharge levels to 20 mg/litre or less. Another advantage is that these facilities can be individually installed in areas that have no roads and are unsuitable for constructing sewerage lines.

Taking the case of Peshawar as an example, efforts are being made to protect river water quality by disseminating the sewerage system and constructing city sewerage channels in important urban areas based on the sewerage plan indicated in Figure 7.2-5. However, in the suburban areas and peri-urban areas shown in Figure 7.2-5, no plans for waste water treatment exist. In such areas, it will be important in future to consider the introduction of combined treatment plans for domestic wastewater and human excreta based on the installation of Combined Treatment Septic Tanks (CTST) and water collection systems serving hundreds of people per community. Figure 7.2-4 illustrates a typical structure of CTST in Japan.

Concerning the introduction of combined household wastewater treatment facilities to communities in Peshawar, since these facilities boast a BOD removal rate of more than 90% and can sustain a discharge water quality of 20 mg/l, it is anticipated they can have a similar

62

or better effect than lagoon-type sewerage systems that already exist in the city. Moreover, because a treatment tank has enough capacity to serve around 500 people at a maximum, they possess ample potential for application to suburban communities.

However, it is necessary to examine issues concerning the sustained operation and maintenance of facilities. In the sewerage system master plan for 25 cities in Pakistan (2002), it is scheduled to minimize the user burden to 7.5 Rs (approximately 15 yen) per household per month, and maintenance costs will be augmented by selling treated effluent for agricultural use and using treated sludge in the cultivation of fruit trees and fish, etc. inside treatment plant grounds. Moreover, since the civic service tariff for water supply and waste collection is 20 Rs (approximately 40 yen) per household per month, when it comes to disseminating Combined Treatment Septic Tanks, it will be necessary to conduct public education campaigns and to consider the balance between maintenance cost and an appropriate tariff setting that can be borne by users.

(Combined collection treatment, premises sewage treatment septic tank)

Figure 7.2-4 Schematic Combined Treatment Septic Tank

Influent conduit

Sedimentation tankSediment ation tank

(No.1) (No.2)

Settling tankBiological contact aeration tank

Disinfection tank

Discharge conduit

Sludge circulation pipe (more than 40 mm dia.)

Cleaning holeAir lift pump adjustment valve

Air escape pipe

Air lift pipe Air pipe

Baffle

more



63

iv

ATTACHMENT

OECC Overseas Environmental

Cooperation Center, Japan

Urban Environmen tal Problems in Pakistan (A Case Study for Urban Environment in Hayatabad, Peshawar)

Pak-EPA/OECC Acknowledgments Study

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I feel great pleasure in expressing my gratitude to Mr. Asif Shuja Khan, Director General, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) for providing all possible help and encouragement in carrying out this study. Mr. Masashi ITO, JICA Expert Stationed at Pak-EPA has fully cooperated in the execution of this study. My sincere thanks to Dr. Bashir Ahmad, the then Director General, NWFP-EPA, who has extended full cooperation in all aspects of this study by providing technical advice and data input.

Mr. Zia-ul-Islam, Director (EIA/Monitoring) Pak-EPA has supervised this study right from planning to execution. His support and leadership during entire investigation was very much appreciable and highly acknowledged by all team members. Thanks are due to Mr. Ahsan Rafi Kiani, Deputy Director Pak-EPA for his valuable suggestions and technical input throughout study period. I am thankful to Pak-EPA lab team members, Mr. Sajid Mehmood, Mr. Ziagham Abass and Mr. Imran Ali for their help during sampling, spot testing and lab analysis of water samples. I will never forget the cooperation of Miss Nadia A. Abbasi, Technical Assistant/JICA for word processing, editing and proof reading of this report. Finally, I appreciate the technical and financial support provided by “Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center (OECC)” for the study. My sincere thanks to all OECC study team members especially Katsuhiko YAMAMOTO and Hiromi YAMAGAI for providing technical know how, in carrying out this study.

Dr. Zulfiqar H. Lodhi Chief Chemist

Pak-EPA – JICA Study


Pak-EPA/OECC Preface Study

ii

PREFACE

This report has been prepared by Pak-EPA as part of the institutional agreed work made in the 17th October 2003, with the Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA). The purpose of this agreed work assignment included:

The investigation on the field survey for urban environmental problem in Pakistan.

To carry out the site investigation in Peshawar city for Hayatabad, as an example to examine the urban environmental condition.

The survey was categorized:

i. Urbanization ii. Water cycle-volume and quality iii. Hydro-geological characteristics iv. River improvement and Sewage v. Current water use vi. Solid waste management and human waste treatment

In order to undertake the task following team was constituted:

i. Zia-Ul-Islam, Director (EIA/Mont). ii. Mr. Ahsan Rafi Kiani, Deputy Director (Admn/Finance) iii. Dr. Z. H. Lodhi, Chief Chemist iv. Mr. Sajjid Mahmood, Laboratory Assistant, CLEAN. v. Mr. Zaigham Abbass, Assistant Inspector, CLEAN. vi. Mr. Imran Ali, Assistant Inspector, CLEAN.

The Pak-EPA team initiated the study in the month of January 2004 and

accomplished the task by end of February 2004.

It is pertinent to mention here that this study could not have been accomplished without the guidance of Mr. Asif S. Khan, Director General, Pak-EPA and Mr. Mashashi ITO, long term, JICA, expert stationed at Pak-EPA. Active support of Dr. Mohammad Bashir, acting Director General, NWFP-EPA, remained a source of strength. It may also be worth mentioning that Dr. Z. H. Lodhi, Chief Chemist JICA played a pivotal role in successful completion of the study. Pak-EPA is indebted to Miss. Nadia A. Abbasi, Technical Assistance, to JICA, expert at Pak EPA for her cooperation.


Pak-EPA/OECC Preface Study

iii

I also take this opportunity to thank OECC, of providing this opportunity to work together for better understanding of environmental issues in urban settlement of Pakistan. It has certainly enhanced the capability and capacity of Pak-EPA. Special thanks to Mr. YAMAMOTO Katsuhiko and Mr. YAMAGAI Hiromi, for working closely with Pak-EPA.

Pak EPA looks forwarded that the support extended by OECC will continue and will be enhanced in future.

Zia Ul Islam Director (EIA/Mont.)

3rd March 2004


Pak-EPA/OECC Contents Study

iv

CONTENTS

PAGE No. PART 1 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THIS STUDY 1 1- PURPOSE OF STUDY 1 2- BACKGROUND OF PESHAWAR CITY 1 3- IMPLEMENTATION OF PAK-EPA AND NWFP-EPA 4 3.1 Organization on this study 4 3-2 Location of the Study Area 4 3-3 Scope of the Study 4 3-4 Terms of Study 5 3-5 Others 5 4- IMPLEMENTED SCHEDULE. 5 5- ACTUAL ACTIVITY ON HAYATABAD 8 5-1 General Information of Hyatabad 8 5-2 Data Collection 8 5-3 Field Survey on river water 9 5-4 Field Survey on Solid Waste 12 PART 2 15 IMPLEMENTATION of THIS STUDY 15 1- URBANIZATION 15 1-1 Area of Hayatabad 15 1-2 Land Use 15 1-3 Residential Area of Hayatabad 18 1-4 Green Area (Park area)/Open Space 19 1-5 Population and Household 20 1-6 Percentage/Coverage of Flush Toilet 20 1-7 Water Supply Population/Coverage 21 1-8 Hayatabad Industrial Estate 21 1-9 Urban Planning (Control of Urbanization) 23



v

2- WATER CYCLE 26 2-1 Rainfall 26 2-2 Field Survey on Water Quality 28 2-2-1 Testing Methods and Procedures 30 2-2-2 Laboratory Test Methods and Procedures 32 2-2-3 Analytical Results and Discussion 33 2-2-4 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) by Pak-EPA (Municipal and Liquid Industrial Effluents) 39 2-2-5 Pollution Load in Hayatabad Water Channel 39 3- Sewage Treatment Plant in Hayatabad 40 3-1 Existing System 40 3-2 Deficiencies of Existing Sewage Treatment Plant 40 3-3 Present Situation 41 3-4 Design Parameters adopted for existing 41 sewage Treatment plant. 4- Water Supply 43 4-1 City Water 43 4-2 Industrial Water 44 4-3 Tube wells location and their discharge for Public Service 44 4-4 Ground Water Quality of Hayatabad 44 4-5 Estimation of Number of Private Borehole/Dug wells 46 4-6 Current Water Use and Future Trend 46 5-Hydro-Geological Characteristics 47 5-1 Hydrology 47 5-2 Bore hole logs 47

PART 3 49 SOLID WASTE CHARACTERISTICS 49 1-VOLUME OF WASTE 49 1-1 Discharge Waste at each Section in Hayatabad 49 1-2 Daily Dumped Volume 57 1-3 Total Quantity of Dumped Waste (Topographic Survey) 58 2- QUALITY OF WASTE 61 2-1 Apparent Specific gravity 61



vi

2-2 Composition of Solid Waste 61 3- SOLID WASTE RECYCLING 62 3-1 Quality and Quantity of Picked Waste 62 3-2 Recycle Route and Value 64

SUMMARY 66 PHOTOS 67 ANNEXURE-A NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (For Municipal and Liquid Industrial Effluents, published in August 10, 2000)

ANNEXURE-B LAYOUT PLAN OF HAYATABAD, PESHAWAR WITH LOCATION OF TUBE WELLS

ANNEXURE-C LAYOUT PLAN OF PHASE VII OF HAYATABAD (Solid Waste Dumping Site)

ANNEXURE-D TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF SOLID WASTE DUMPING SITE PHASE VII, HAYATABAD


Pak-EPA/OECC List of Tables Study

vii

LIST of TABLES PAGE No. Table-1: Population of urban and rural areas of Peshawar,

1981 and 1998 Census. 3 Table-2: Peshawar mid year estimated population by sex,

1997-98 to 2002-2003 3 Table-3: Implemented schedule 7 Table-4: List of departments who extended help in

the investigation 9 Table-5: Water Survey points and Location 9 Table-6: Waste classification 13 Table-7: Land use analysis of Hayatabad 16 Table-8: Land use analysis of each phase 16 Table-9: Percentage distribution of Land use analysis

in each phase 17 Table-10: Land use analysis of Hayatabad Township (5-phases) 17 Table-11: Distribution and total no. of residential plots 18 Table-12: Detail of residential plots distribution in Hayatabad 19 Table-13: Phase wise distribution of green area/open space 19 Table-14: Population and Household size 20 Table-15: Sector wise distribution of industries in

Hayatabad Industrial Estate Peshawar 22 Table-16: Monthly Total Rainfall (mm) Data for Peshawar 27 Table-17: Mean of maximum and minimum temperature at Peshawar 27 Table-18: Daily rainfall data from 1st to 31st January, 2004 28 Table-19: Methodologies and instruments used for the

analysis of water samples 29 Table-20: Standard solution for color management 31 Table-21: Analytical Results of Water and Leachate Sample 33 Table-22: Relative Biodegradability of Leachate 37 Table-23: BOD and COD Load at Different Sampling

Locations in Hayatabad 39 Table-24: Design parameters adopted for existing Sewage 42

Treatment Plant Table-25: Yield of Tube wells operated by various 43

agencies in Peshawar region Table-26: Ground water quality of Hayatabad 45 Table-27: Per-Capita water availability in selected countries (m3) 46 Table-28: Water table depth and draw down within Peshawar region 48 Table-29: Residential Area Categories 49 Table-30: Average waste generated per person (Kg) in 50

each category of houses


Pak-EPA/OECC List of Tables Study

viii

Table-31: Data collection of solid waste in Hayatabad 51 from different categories/model houses

Table-32: Means of Transportation 57 Table-33: Capacity Occupied by waste 58 Table-34: Spare capacity of the dumping site 59 Table-35: Remaining portion of dumping in the areas marked 59 Table-36: Key characteristics of solid waste dumping site in Hayatabad 60 Table-37: Solid waste composition 62 Table-38: Average and total weight of saleable items for a single day 64 Table-39: Prices of saleable items 64


Pak-EPA/OECC List of Figures Study

ix

LIST of FIGURES PAGE No. Figure-1: Organization Chart of implemented investigation 6 Figure-2: Survey Points of water channels in Hayatabad Area 10 Figure-3: Total annual rainfall with mean of maximum and

minimum temperature at Peshawar. 26 Figure-4: Comparison of Dissolved Oxygen at different sampling

points in Hayatabad. 34 Figure-5: Comparison of Odor at sampling sites in Hayatabad 35 Figure-6: Comparison of Conductivity at different Sampling

Sites in Hayatabad 36 Figure-7: Comparison of BOD at different Sampling

Sites in Hayatabad 36 Figure-8: Comparison of COD at different Sampling

Sites in Hayatabad 37 Figure-9: Comparison of T-N at Sampling Sites in Hayatabad 38 Figure-10: Solid waste sorting process for quality check 61 Figure-11: Percent Composition of non-saleable items 63 Figure-12: Percent Composition of saleable items 63


Pak-EPA/OECC List of Photos Study

x

LIST of PHOTOS PAGE No. Photo-1: Leachate sample is being collected for Lab analysis 11 Photo-2: Drinking water samples is being collected from Public

points from Municipal water supply 12


Pak-EPA/OECC Abbreviations Study

xi

ABBREVIATIONS AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery BOD5 Five days incubation Biological Oxygen Demand CD & MD City Development and Municipal Department COD Chemical oxygen Demand DO Dissolved Oxygen MES Military Engineering Services m3/hr Cubic meter per hour mm millimeter mS/cm milli Simon per centimeter MSL Mean Sea Level NIH National Institute of Health NWFP North West Frontier Province NWFP-EPA North West Frontier Province Environmental

Protection Agency OECC Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan Pak-EPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency PC Project Clearance PDA Peshawar Development Authority PDH Public Health Department TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration TSS Total Suspended Solids SOP Standard Operating Procedures

Urban Environmental Problems in Pakistan (A Case Study for Urban Environment in Hayatabad, Peshawar)

Pak-EPA/OECC Part-1 Study General Information about this Study

1

PART 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THIS STUDY

1- PURPOSE OF STUDY

Following are the main purpose of the study. (i) To research the current problems related to environmental affairs of

urbanization, which are related to social circumstances and development plan.

(ii) To understand the efforts of Central, Provincial as well as Distict governments in solving the environmental problems.

(iii) To carry out site investigation in Hayatabad township (a study area) to grasp the actual contaminated conditions caused by waste water discharges from industrial, domestic and human waste.

(iv) To investigate the solid waste Management conditions in Hayatabad and to measure the quantity of dumped waste by applying the topographic survey on landfill site.

(v) To determine the chemical and biological characteristics of the leachate sample and wastewater samples collected from pre- selected sites.

(vi) To investigate the water demand from the usage and distribution system of the city water.

(vii) To investigate the quality and quantity of Solid waste picked from different categories of homes, collection points and disposal site and also find out the recycle route and value.

2- BACKGROUND OF PESHAWAR CITY The Peshawar valley appears first in history as forming part of the ancient kingdom of Gandahra. In 16th Century, the Emperor Babar had invaded Peshawar and took this route on his march down into subcontinent. Peshawar is the Provincial Capital of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP). Peshawar is a frontier town, the meeting place of the sub-continent and central Asia. It is also a place where ancient traditions mix with those of today, where the bazaar in the old city has changed little in the past hundred years. Until the mid fifties Peshawar was enclosed with in a city wall and sixteen gates. Of the old city gates the most famous was the Kabuli Gate but only the name remain now. Across the railway line was built the new modern Peshawar, the cantonment, like the ones which the British built near every major city for their administrative offices, military barracks, residences, parks and shops. The Peshawar “Sadder” (Cantonment) is a spaciously laid out neat and clean township. The Peshawar of the British Period (1849 to 1947) is the Cantonment but the Peshawar of independent Pakistan is the vast extension of the city west and east. Westward, on the road to the Khyber Pass, stretches a long line of educational and research institutions.



2

The main features of Peshawar city are summarized as:

1. The walled city: The area within the wall constructed in 1840.

2. The Cantonment: The area including the military establishment, low density residential areas, the government enclosures and the Saddar and regional area bazaars. 3. Areas around the Walled City:

In the early twentieth century, expansion of the areas around the walled city includes Sikandar Pura, Nishatarabad, Gulbahar, in the north east and Dabgari gardens in the west.

4. The Traditional Villages: Including Hassan Garhi, Nothia, Dheri Baghbanan, Nawan Killi, Tehkal Payan, Tehkal Bala and Pawake.

5. University Town: The low density residential area created for the elites.

6. Hayatabad: The satellite town developed by the Peshawar Development Authority (PDA), having all the modern services, infrastructures and facilities for its inhabitants.

7. Kacha Garhi Camp: The largest Afghan Refuges camp within the limits of the metropolitan. The city is now 25 Km from East to West and further expansion is not possible on this direction as it has reached the boundary of the tribal areas other than the Planned expansion at Hayatabad in the west unplanned and haphazard expansion is occurring in the various directions i.e., towards Dalazak road etc.

8. Regi Model Town: Regi Model township scheme is in progress. More than double in size of Hyatabad, Containing modern facilities developed by the City Development and Municipal Department (CD & MD) in the best interest of the government servants of the Province. The development work is in progress but it will take another 10 years for the town to be fully inhabited.



3

9. Population of Peshawar:

TABLE-1

POPULATION OF URBAN AND RURAL AREAS OF PESHAWAR, 1981 AND 1998 CENSUSES.

1981 1998 % change

in population

Sex ratio (males per

100 females) Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural % age 1981 1998

1084347

566248

518099

2019118

982816

1036302

53.7

112

111

Source: Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad.

TABLE-2

PESHAWAR MID YEAR ESTIMATED POPULATION BY SEX, 1997-98 TO 2002-2003

(In Thousands)

1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003

Both sex

Male Female Both sex





Male Female

2007

1055

952

2079

1093

986

2153

1131

1022

2229

1171

1058

2309

1213

1096

2391

1257

1134

Source: 1998 District census reports of NWFP, Population Census organization, Govt. of Pakistan.

Pak-E

PA

/OE

CC

3

P

art-1 Stu

dy

General Inform

ation about this Study

Urban E

nvironm

ental Problem

s in Pakistan

(A C

ase Study for Urban E

nvironm

ent in Hayatabad, P

eshawar)



4

10. Mean Temperature and Rainfall: The altitude of Peshawar is 352 meters from Mean Sea Level (MSL). The mean maximum and mean minimum temperature of Peshawar are 31ºC and 16ºC respectively. The monthly mean rainfall in Peshawar is 40 millimeter (mm).

3- IMPLEMENTATION OF PAK-EPA AND NWFP-EPA 3.1 Organization on this study

Figure-1 shows the organization chart of this study. This study was carried out with total management and overall Planning by Pak-EPA. Pak-EPA with collaboration of NWFP-EPA conducted survey on urbanization, water environment, solid waste management and topographic survey of dumping site to find out the total dumped volume of the solid waste. Japanese Ministry of Environment asked OECC to dispatch the study team to Pakistan to examine the Japan’s assistance to Pakistan for its environment and sustainable development in the early 21st century. Six members OECC study mission headed by Katsuhiko YAMAMOTO and Hironori KUROKI Visited Pakistan w.e.f. October 6, 2003 to October 19, 2003 to hold meetings with Pakistan Ministry of Environment, Director General Pak-EPA and Other related agencies/organizations. They also visited the study area (Hayatabad, Peshawar) and physically examined the environmental related problems over there and hold meetings with civic agencies, institutions and NWFP government officials. A memorandum of agreement was signed between head of OECC mission and Director General, Pak-EPA to research on the field survey for urban environmental problems in Pakistan (A case study of water environment in Hayatabad, Peshawar). 3-2 Location of the Study Area i) Project Offices: Main at Pak-EPA, coordination with NWFP-EPA in conducting the survey on water pollution, solid waste management and topographic survey of solid waste dumping site. ii) Study Area Location: Hayatabad township is situated approximately 15 Km south-west of the main center. The scheme is spread over an area of more than three thousands acres of land containing 22503 residential and about 300 commercial plots. 3-3 Scope of the Study The survey executed on the following categories in Hayatabad as a model area in Peshawar city.

1- Urbanization



5

2- Water condition (volume and quality) To collect the water samples from the pre-selected points (Leachate, Point-1 to Point-7) and analyzed for pre-determined parameters.

3- Hydro-geological characteristics To collect the data on geomorphic surface and borehole logs on several tube wells in Peshawar

4- Current-water use To investigate the water demand from the usage, distribution system of city water and well points.

5- Solid Waste Management - To investigate the volume and quality of solid waste through the process

of collection, transportation and disposal - Topographic survey of dumping site to find out the dumped volume over

the years. - Recycle route and value.

3-4 Terms of Study Pak-EPA to complete the investigation, compile a repot and submit it to OECC. 3-5 Others Any dispute related to the implementation of this survey will be settled amiably between OECC and Pak-EPA. 4- IMPLEMENTED SCHEDULE. Table-3 shows the time schedule on this investigation. Actual implementation plan was little delayed due to pressing engagements of Pak-EPA Officers in Islamabad due to SARC Summit and visit of foreign delegation at Pak-EPA. OECC study team visited Pakistan from October 5th , 2003 to October 8th , 2003 to conduct the preliminary study on urban environment especially the case study area, Peshawar and had meetings with different government departments to know the actual environmental problems in Pakistan. Pak-EPA Officers comprising Mr. Zia-Ul-Islam, Director, EIA/Monitoring and Mr. Ahsan Rafi Kiani, Deputy Director along with Dr. Zulfiqar H. Lodhi, Chief Chemist/JICA study conducted the pre-investigation visit to Peshawar w.e.f December 8th, 2003. They visited the study area and chalked out the actual study implementation program. During their stay in Peshawar, they have detailed meetings with the then Director General, NWFP-EPA about their role in this study and cooperation in data collection and survey on Solid waste management. Pre-investigation team also held meetings with the Chairman, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar and Officials of City Development and Municipal Department (CD & MD) about their cooperation and participation in this study.



6

FIGURE-1 ORGANIZATION CHART OF IMPLEMENTED INVESTIGATION

OECC

Pak-EPA

NWFP-EPA

Pak-EPA Officers and Lab-Staff

NWFP-EPA Officers and Lab Staff

Hayatabad (Peshawar) Study Area

Total Management, Overall Planning Compiling Report to OECC

Conduct survey on Urbanization/ Water Environment/

Solid Waste Management/Dumped Volume of Waste

Mr. ITO JICA Expert

Chief Chemist JICA Study

JAPAN MINISTRY of ENVIORNMENT

Urban

En

vironmental P

roblems in Pakistan

(A C

ase Study for Urban

Environm

ent in Hayatabad, P

eshawar)

Pak-E

PA

/OE

CC

6

P

art-1 Study

G

eneral Information about this S

tudy



7

TABLE-3

IMPLEMENTED SCHEDULE

Year 2003 Year 2004 S. No.

Items of activity

Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March 1. Visit of OECC study team to Pakistan to conduct

preliminary study on urban environment

2 Signing of memorandum of agreement for this study

3 Pre-investigation visit to Peshawar by Pak-EPA Officers and Chief Chemist/JICA to chalk out the survey implementation program and conduct meetings with concerned agencies/departments

4 Collection of data from different agencies/departments regarding urbanization, water cycle, hydrogeological characteristics etc.

5 Sampling and spot testing of water samples from the pre-selected sampling points (point 1 to point 7) and Leachate sample

6 Laboratory analysis of water samples for different parameters

7 Solid waste survey to investigate the volume and quality

8 Topographic survey of dumping site 9 Compilation of draft report 10 Final report printing and submission to OECC

Urban E

nvironmental P

roblems in

Pakistan

(A C


nvironment in

Hayatabad, P

eshawar)

Pak-E

PA

/OE

CC

7

P

art-1 Study

G

eneral Inform

ation about this Study



8

NWFP-EPA started their part of assignment from mid November, 2003 to early January 2004 for collection of data on Urbanization, water cycle and solid characteristics.

Pak-EPA study team comprising Mr. Zia-Ul-Islam, Director, EIA/Monitoring, Mr Ahsan Rafi Kiani, Deputy Director and three staff members from the Pak-EPA laboratory along with Dr. Zulfiqar H. Lodhi, Chief Chemist/JICA study launched the actual implementation study on water sampling and analysis and also extended cooperation to NWFP-EPA on their part of study on solid waste management. Spot testing was performed for certain parameters, those tend to change significantly with passage of time.

Portable equipment was used for in situ testing. For laboratory analysis, samples were preserved by the addition of certain chemicals to stabilize the parameters of concern.

Topographic survey was conducted by the surveyor from CD & MD under the supervision of Director General, NWFP-EPA.

Draft report submitted to OECC by the end of February, 2004, while the final report after the approval of OECC submitted. 5- ACTUAL ACTIVITY ON HAYATABAD 5-1 General Information of Hyatabad

Housing is a basic need and thousand families are struggling to have a roof over their heads. Rapid population growth, scarcity of government resources, urbanization and the developing imbalances between urban and rural areas has compounded the housing problem.

Due to imbalance supply and demand of housing, the housing backlog is increasing rapidly. The yearly addition to housing stock hardly caters to the 40 % of the population increase. The worsening supply & demand position manifests itself in over-crowding, deteriorating housing stock formation, katchi abadies, slums and encroachments.

To meet the challenge “Shelter for each”, the Peshawar Development Authority played its role and developed Hayatabad Satellite Township. The initial planning of the township was completed and developmental work was completed in 7 phases. The latest phase I-e phase VII was announced in 1992 and housing construction has very recently started in this last phase. 5-2 Data Collection Data generated in this study was collected from different departments. The list of those departments who extended help during this study is given below in Table-4.



9

TABLE-4

LIST OF THE DEPARTMENTS WHO EXTENDED HELP IN THE

INVESTIGATION

Survey Items

Departments

1 Urbanization (land use, vegetation, impermeable area, etc)

City Development & Municipal Department (CD & MD)

2 Urban Population Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan

3 Production amount of factories at Hayatabad

Sarhad Development Authority

4 Urban Planning Planning & Development Department, Govt. of NWFP

5 Monthly rainfall in Peshawar Pakistan Meteorological Department 6 Water quality Pak-EPA 7 Solid waste management Chief Officer, Town Municipal Administration,

Hayatabad 8 Solid Waste Quantity and Quality NWFP-EPA

5-3 Field Survey on river water Field survey on river water on pre-selected sampling points were undertaken by Pak-EPA Officers and laboratory staff.

Table- 5 shows water survey point with brief description of location.

TABLE-5

WATER SURVEY POINTS AND LOCATION

Survey Points

Location

P1 On Gandoa Khawar after leaving Hayatabad area before mixing with Narai Khawar

P2 On Narai Khawar after leaving Hayatabad area P3 Industrial waste water coming through North Nallah before joining main stream P4 North Nallah before entering industrial estate P5 Mid stream point on Gandao Khawar P6 Domestic/Municipal waste water coming from sewage Plant without any treatment P7 Next to solid waste dumping site on Gandao Khawar Schematic diagram of survey points on river water are shown in Figure-2.



10

FIGURE-2 SURVEY POINTS OF WATER CHANNELS IN HAYATABAD AREA

Dumping site in Phase-VII is not a proper landfill site. Therefore to collect the leachate sample from this site was a matter of great concern. After thorough visit of the dumping area by Pak-EPA officers, a site was selected in the depression, where still more solid waste dumping required. A hole of 0.5 meter wide and 1.5 meter deep was dug for this purpose. Soon after digging, a hole was filled with leachate and the sample was collected for analysis.

P4

P6

P5

P3

P1

P7

P2

Industrial Area

Sewage Disposal Plant

Residential Area

Dumping Site

Leachate Sample

GANDAO KHAWAR

NORTH NALLAH

NARAI KHAWAR



11

PHOTO-1

LEACHATE SAMPLE IS BEING COLLECTED FOR LAB

ANLAYSIS

Gandao Khawar (storm water channel) coming from upstream of Hayatabad passes through the Hayatabad area and next to the solid waste dumping site. A water sample from P7 sampling point was taken to see the quality of water coming from upstream.

Hayatabad area, a water sample was collected at P5 sampling point. The purpose of sampling at this point was to see the pollution load at mid stream. On the same channel, water sample was collected at sampling point P1 to see the pollution load at down stream.

Narai Khawar (another storm water channel) passes close to Hayatabad area. Sewage treatment plant (it’s no more functional) is discharging sewage water of Hayatabad in this channel. To know the quality of sewage water, a water sample at sampling point P6 was taken for laboratory analysis. Another sample was taken at sampling point P2 on the same channel, when it leaves the Hayatabad area to know the impact of pollution on this channel.

Industrial estate is situated on the south-west of Hayatabad. To observe the impact of water pollution by the industrial estate in Hayatabad area, two water samples were collected. One on the North Nallah before entering the Industrial area at P4 sampling point and the other sample on the same Nallah, when it leaves the industrial area at P3 sampling point.

Besides surveying the surface water in Hayatabad, two drinking water samples were also collected from two different sources. One sample of the drinking water was collected from the public point at Phase-VII sector from the Municipal water supply. The other drinking water sample was collected from the private bore hole.



12

PHOTO-2

DRINKING WATER SAMPLE IS BEING COLLECTED FROM PUBLIC POINT FROM THE MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY

5-4 Field Survey on Solid Waste

Field survey on solid waste was conducted with the collaboration of NWFP-EPA. The original survey was based around four components of the waste stream:

Total quantity of discharged waste Total quantity of collected waste Total quantity of the waste carried to landfill site (disposal site) Total quantity of dumped waste (assumed from the topographic survey)

Not only the quantity of waste was determined at different stages, the quality of waste was also characterized accordingly.



13

TABLE-6

WASTE CLASSIFICATION

Primary Classification

Secondary Classification (Examples)

1-

- Newspaper - Magazines - Printed materials - Paper board - Photocopy paper

2-

- Non leather - Carpet - Curtain cloth - Clothes

3-

- Soft drink bottles - Milk bottles - Retail carry bags - PVC - Tyres - Rubber products - Rubber pipes

4-

- Ferrous (steel cans, steel pipes, electrical appliances etc.)

- Non-ferrous (aluminum cans, copper pipes, aluminum windows soft drink cans)

5-

- Glass bottles - Jars - Jam jars - Window glass

6-

- Boxes from edible meat

7-

- Wood pieces - Wood pieces from furniture - Plywood - Sheets - Tree clippings

8-

- Traditional wheat bread baked at Tandoor (Oven) - Bakery bread - Home made bread (chapatti)

9-

- Disposable nappies - Sanitary nappies - Pampers

10-

- Used tea bags - Used tea leaves

11-

- Vegetables - Fruits - Food scraps

PAPER

TEXTILE

PLASTIC RUBBER

METAL

GLASS

BOXES

WOOD

BREAD

NAPPIES & SANITARY

TEA LEAVES

KITCHEN WASTE



14

The purpose of this survey was to obtain a quantitative estimate of the composition of solid waste from domestic premises with in the survey area. Sampling at “Source” (at the individual household level) has the advantage of allowing statistics on waste generation per household to be derived. Sampling methodologies and detail will be discussed in Part 2 (Implementation of the study). Sampling at source is also more likely to give representative results. In Hayatabad study area, there is no discrimination between the municipal solid waste generated from residential, commercial, institutional sources and hazardous waste generated from the hospitals and industrial sources. Therefore all types of waste generated from any source falls in the category of municipal solid waste. For transportation purposes, no mechanical equipment or vehicle are used from collection points to dumping sites. Donkey carts are being used for this purpose. 38 donkey carts are actually hired by the TMA for this purpose but many unregistered donkey carts are also collecting the solid waste for their livelihood. Dumping site is situated in Phase-7, Hayatabad. Due to complaints and immense pressure from the people residing in nearby houses, NWFP-EPA sends the notice to TMA to close this dumping site. Now no more dumping is taking place at this site since December 2003.


Pak-EPA/OECC Part-2 Study Implementation of This Study

15

PART 2 IMPLEMENTATION of THIS STUDY

1- URBANIZATION

One of the striking features of modern time is that there is great migration of population from rural to urban areas. This rural exodus is precipitated by stagnant economic and cultural life of the villages and vast opportunities of good standard of living in the urban areas. This generates a series of social, political, administrative, environmental & economic problems to the planners, policy makers and the inhabitants of the cities.

Migration from country side to the town adversely affects agricultural output and ultimately leads to economic stagnation in the rural areas. As a result it floods the labour market, increases unemployment and socio-economic problems of varied nature in the cities.

If such situations are not handled carefully and on time they could develop into unhealthy and problem oriented issues as is evident in the big cities like Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad & Peshawar.

One particular aspect of Peshawar is that due to influx of Afghan refugees since 1979, population pressure on Peshawar increases manifolds as compared to other major cities. The housing need and cheap labour resulted in a booming industry of construction in Peshawar. It also brought pressure on civic agencies and accelerated the deterioration of natural resources. 1-1 Area of Hayatabad

According to documents of planning cell of PDA, the township is spread over 3299

acres. The first and the last phases are equal size spread over 388 acres each while the rest other phases are smaller or larger than this size. Phase II is spread over 615 acres while phase V is reserved for offices and housing colonies for various Government and non government organization 1-2 Land Use

From the land use analysis it can be observed that almost half (51%) of the total area

is developed for residential plots. The second highest use of land is for roads which comes to 22% while the third and fourth category of land use is for the community services and open space. Details on land use are given in the following table.



16

TABLE-7

LAND USE ANALYSIS OF HAYATABAD

Category Area (acres) %age Residential 1682 51 Road 726 22 Open Spaces 297 9 Commercial 132 4 Community Services 429 13 Unassigned 33 1 Total 3299 100

Source: Planning Cell, PDA The ratio slightly varies from one phase to another phase. Detail information are

not available on all phases but one can get a fair idea by going through the documents available for phase II, V, VI stg-1 and Phase VII. A big chunk of land in Phase II and VII is occupied by Khawars or the hill torrents passing through these phases. Roads and streets have occupied around one fourth of the land while residential plots are ranging from 42-64% of land with an overall average of 51%. Details of acreage and percentage of land use available in each phase are given the following tables. TABLE-8

LAND USE ANALYSIS OF EACH PHASE

Allotted Area in Each Phases (Acres) Land Use I II III IV V VI Stg-

I VI

stg-II VII

Residential

- 365 NA NA 95.4 70.2 NA 143.5

Commercial - 1.05 NA NA 0.14 4.8 NA 11.9

Public Buildings

7.08 8.50 NA NA 6.9 16.9 NA 32.2

Road & Street - 119 NA NA 34.4 36.6 NA 74

Open Spaces 1.79 32.7 NA NA 7.8 8.46 NA 32.6

Community Services

9.29 - NA NA - - NA -

Service Industries

- - NA NA - - NA -

Khawars (Hill Torrents & Nullahs) - 89.9 NA NA 2.6 - NA 43.9

Total - 615.6 - - 147 137 - 338 Source: Respective PCs



17

TABLE-9

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USE ANALYSIS IN EACH PHASE

Allotted Area (%age)

Land Use I II III IV V VI Stg-I

VI VII

Residential NA 59.3 NA NA 64.8 51 NA 42.4

Commercial NA 0.17 NA NA 0.09 4 NA 3.5

Public Buildings 1.8 1.38 NA NA 4.7 12 NA 9.5

Road & Street NA 19.30 NA NA 23.4 27 NA 21.9

Open Spaces 0.5 5.30 NA NA 5.3 6 NA 9.6

Community Services 2.4 - NA NA - - NA -

Service Industries

NA - NA NA - - NA -

Khawars (Hill Torrents & Nullahs) NA 14.6 NA NA 1.8 - NA 13

Total - 100 - - 100 100 - 100 Source: Respective PCs TABLE-10

LAND USE ANALYSIS OF HAYATABAD TOWNSHIP (5-PHASES)

Category %age Residential 56.059 Commercial 1.009 Public Buildings 6.458 Roads & Streets 20.769 Open Spaces/ Mosques 5.245 Khawars (Hill Torrents and Nullahs) 10.46 Total 100

Source: PC-I Phase-IV



18

1-3 Residential Area of Hayatabad

The residential area is divided in to plots of different sizes. The biggest plot size is 2 kanals (10800 sq.ft) and the smallest one is the 3 Marals (710 sq ft). The highest number of plots (7394) are of 5 Marlas (1350 sq.ft) category followed by 10 Marlas (2700 sq ft) category. The 14 Marlas scheme is introduced only in the last phase (phase VII). Detail about the residential area of Hayatabad is given in the following tables:

TABLE-11

DISTRIBUTION AND TOTAL NO. OF RESIDENTIAL PLOTS

Source: Map of Hayatabad

Existing No. of Residential Plots of various sizes 22503 About 50% of the plots are developed and occupied by the people. Source: Planning Cell

Plot Size Sr. N.

Kanal/Marla Square feet (sq.ft)

No. of Plots

1. 2 Kanal 10800 1189

2. 1 Kanal 5400 5128

3. 14 Marla 3780 352

4. 10 Marla 2700 5480

5. 7 Marla 1890 1203

6. 5 Marla 1350 7394

7. 3 Marla 710 1750

Total 22496



19

TABLE-12

DETAILS OF RESIDENTIAL PLOTS DISTRIBUTION IN HAYATABAD

Sr. N. Plot Size 2

Kanal 1

Kanal 14

Marla 10

Marla 7

Marla 5

Marla 3

Marla Total

1. Phase-I 425 545 - 1201 - 1556 - 3727

2. Phase-II 698 1228 - 386 - 400 - 2712

3. Phase-III - 751 - 969 - 1264 552 3536

4. Phase-IV - 519 - 562 - 793 193 2067

5. Phase-V Stage-I 32 197 - 468 - 835 -

1532

6. Phase-VI - 574 - 947 1113 1777 737 5148

7. Phase-VI Stage-I - 413 - 159 78 136 52 838

8. Phase-VII - 408 324 499 - 835 364 2430

Total 1155 4635 324 5191 1191 7596 1898 21990

Source: PC-I Phase-VII

1-4 Green Area (Park area)/Open Space

According to original Master Plan, the green areas/ open spaces phase-wise were as under:

TABLE-13

PHASE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF GREEN AREA /OPEN SPACE

Sr. N. Phase No. of Green Areas/ Open Spaces Area (Acres) 1. Phase-I 17 11.50 2. Phase-II 8 8.228 3. Phase-III 14 10 4. Phase-IV 12 17.37 5. Phase-V 3 3.95 6. Phase-VI 5 14.40 7. Phase-VII NA NA

Total 59 65.448 NA: Not Available Source: Planning Cell, PDA



20

Although some of the green spaces have been converted for other land use, still a lot of green spaces are available such as Baghe Naran, Tatara Park, Khyber Park and Shalman Park, some of the famous recreational parks of Peshawar. 1-5 Population and Household

The population of Hayatabad township according to 1998 census is 45,000 with yearly growth of 3 %, while the estimated population according to Planning Cell of PDA is approximately 0.1 million. The main reason for this difference that more than 50% of the total houses in Hayatabad are occupied by Afghan refugees and therefore the estimated figure of the planning Cell of Peshawar Development Authority seem to be more realistic.

The average household size is estimated to be 8.5 but the actual may be slightly on higher side because it is very common that 2 to 3 families of Refugees share a single house. This was realized during the solid waste survey of the township where in 2 Kanal house the number of residents was 14 (Afghan refugees). TABLE-14

POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD SIZE

No. of Households 11250

Average household size 8.5 Present population of Hayatabad 11250 x 8.5 = 95625 persons

(Source: Planning Cell, PDA)

Population of Hayatabad: 0.1 Million (Source: Micro Municipal Services Proposal)

Constructed Houses: 12000 Approx. (Source: Micro Municipal Services Proposal) 1-6 Percentage/Coverage of Flush Toilet

Hayatabad is well Planned Township in Peshawar. So underground sewage pipelines are laid down for flush toilets and for the discharge of domestic and commercial used water. Therefore the coverage of flush toilets in township is 100%.



21

1-7 Water Supply Population/Coverage

No. of Installed Tube Wells 53 Discharge rate of each tube well 1 cusec. Since January 2004, 53 tube wells are operating for water supply purpose in

Hayatabad. The City and Municipal Development Department is responsible for the installation of new tube wells while the existing tube wells are operating by the Water Supply Section of the Town-III. No dug wells are operating in Hayatabad Township but there are many dug wells in the surrounding unplanned settlement all under the jurisdiction of town –III.

On average the tube well has capacity for the withdrawal of water ranging from 102-153 m3/hr. Approximately 13 hours/day operational time for a tube well.

These 53 tube wells were planned to cater water supply demand of the entire Hayatabad. As only 50 % of the residential area is occupied, therefore only 50 % of the tube wells are in operation and are fulfilling water supply demands of the consumers.

Water supply to all population in the Hayatabad township is being met by the Municipal water supply but in bigger homes (2 Kanals or 1 Kanals) with greater number of inhabitants required more water for usage.

So there are number of private bore holes in some homes. Exact numbers are not known because there is no such figure available with Municipal Department. Separate surveys are required for this purpose.

1-8 Hayatabad Industrial Estate

Hayatabad Industrial Estate is situated near Hayatabad Township. The infrastructure facilities like power supply and line communication are available. Besides all these other facilities like internal roads, drainage, and water supply network available. Some basic information are given below: Total No. of Plots 230 In industrial estate Hayatabad, majority of the units are of very small size, which normally works on order basis from the local market of Peshawar. These are few industries, which can be called medium industries otherwise all of them fall into category of light industries.

Most of the industrial units do not use the water in their regular process or do not keep record of the water use except some major units.

The following Tables give the detail of sector wise industrial units and individual industries situated in Hayatabad industrial area



22

TABLE-15

SECTOR WISE DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIES IN HAYATABAD INDUSTRIAL ESTATE PESHAWAR

S. No

Name of Sector No. of Industries

No. of Workers

Production Capacity

1. Pharmaceutical Industries 19 NA 69000 Bottles, 14756000 tabs, 9000 bags, 40000 I/V sets, 4-5 tons Sod. Silicate/ day

2. Iron Steel Industries 14 1521 35885 Kg steel/day, 27 ton cables & conductors /year, 250 sqft Tube well /day, 37155 kg home appliances /day

3. Food Industries 9 264 750 ctn/day, 8100 bakery Kg/day, 40 bag food/day, 40000 Brand cock/day, 10 b/s spices /day

4. Furniture Industries 12 269 40432 boards/year, 1430 sheet/day, 500 screws2

5. Package Industries 3 56 3000 ctn/day (2 factories) 6. Printing Industries 2 76 30000 sheet/day (1 factories) 7. Paper & Board Industries 1 110 25 ctn/day 8. Match Industries 11 1188 5707 ctn/day 9. Marble Industries 14 131 13400 sqft 10. Textile Industries 5 761 2000 Kg/day (2 factories) 11. Ghee Industries 3 80 170 ton/day 12. Ceramic Industries 2 425 50 pieces & 1800 sqft tiles/day 13. Plastic Industries 3 61 To be verified 14. Rubber Industries

(Two tyre Ind.) 2 checked

in IIDP 700 tyre/day

15. Adhesive Tape Industries (2 adhesive Ind.)

2 checked in IIDP

1500 Kg adhesive tape/day

16. Plastic Shopping Bag Industries (Twin Star & Shafi Ind)

2 checked in IIDP

3100 Kg shopping bags/day

17. Other Plastic and PVC Pipe Industries (Royal PVC, MKB Ind., Prime Star, Aryan petro, Ropeman Ind. Pvt, Shershah Engg.)

6 checked in IIDP

2600 Kg PVC /day, 500 ton plastic/day, 500 kg plastic ropes/day.

18. Concrete Industries 1 - 100 units/day 19. Fiber Glass Industries 1 7 5 tubs/day

Individual Industries 20. Chemical Industries 1 10 - 21. Roofcool Ind. Pvt. Ltd. 1 13 1-20 lak sqft 22. Frontier Foundry Pvt. Ltd. 1 100 - 23. Abaseen Pvt. Ltd. 1 4 - 24. Shamshad Flour Mills Pvt. Ltd. 1 13 -

1 No. of Workers for 5 industries only 2 Production data for 5 industries only

Total Sector wise Industrial Units = 110 Total Individual Industrial Units = 5 Total Units = 115



23

1-9 Urban Planning (Control of Urbanization)

Government is taking number of measures for Urban Planning. Different problems are confronting the Government due to rapid population growth and urbanization, especially in the mega cities of Pakistan. Although there is neither a coherent urban development policy nor an efficient and responsive mechanism for the delivery of municipal services. NWFP is the least urbanized province in Pakistan, where only 16.9 percent population lives in cities. The most populated city of NWFP is Peshawar, where rapid urbanization is taking place as compared to the other cities of the province.

Ministries of Housing/Environment and Urban Affairs Division of the Federal Government have prepared the three policy documents related to urban sector development. These documents are as follow:

1- National Human Settlement Policy Study (1990) 2- Management of Cities Policy (1990) and 3- National Housing Policy of Pakistan (1992)

Brief description about these government policies on urban planning are given below:

- National Human Settlement Policy This study advocates a re-orientation towards professionalism in urban

management, formulation of an urban land policy forming public-private partnership. Dismantling Housing and Physical Planning (H & PP) Departments and devolving all their functions to local governments.

A major finding of the study is that, “all the large cities of the country have high urban absorption costs compared to selected medium sized towns, which out perform them on efficiency-cost criteria.” However, conceding that the large cities will have to absorb a “substantial proportion of the forthcoming urbanization”, the study puts forward the following, efficiency based recommendations; (a) developing low-cast cities; (b) investing in selected large cities like Karachi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Sialkot and Peshawar while controlling growth of cities like Lahore, Quetta, Multan, and Gujranwala; (d) encouraging concentration in growth corridors of Peshawar, Nowshera-Mardan-Jahangira-Taxila-Haripur and Jhelum-Sialkot-Gujrat; and (e) developing rural service towns.

- Management of Cities Policy

The policy emphasizes the following strategic initiatives:

Strengthening urban local governments as an institution by introducing planning as a key innovation; changing laws and rules to allow city-wide perspective, greater local initiative and an improved decision making structure; introducing plan-oriented accounting and facilitating availability of trained manpower.

Devolving those functions to local governments which would increase administrative efficiency, equity and citizen welfare, commensurate with national and provincial systems integrity.



24

Increasing inter-governmental coordination by, inter alia, creating an umbrella institution for local governments, enabling inter-agency and inter-departmental coordination by evolving effective partnerships, inculcating good conventions and clear systems for case processing responsibilities.

- National Housing Policy

The policy aims at; (a) Accelerating housing production in urban and rural areas; (b) Making available suitability, located land and at affordable price; (c) Developing effective strategies for preventing formation of slums and katchi abadies; (d) Mobilizing resources for housing through personal savings; and (e) Developing new strategies and undertaking revision of policies from time to time.

Based on the policy objective outlined above the following initiative are recommended; (i) Housing to be a “highest priority sector” in the national development plans; (ii) Government to confine its role to providing sites and services, ensuring availability of building materials and to promote housing finance institutions, whereas actual construction of houses shall generally be left to the private sector; (iii) Greater emphasis on affordability, personal savings, self-help and cost recovery; (iv) No more katchi abadies recognition; (v) Ensuring wider application of low cast technology and optimum use of resources at the individual and national levels; and (vi) Coordinating the National Housing Policy with other development policies e.g. population, employment, social welfare, fiscal and monetary.

- National Conservation Strategy, (NCS)

Approved by the Pakistan Government in March, 1992, the document advocating; (a) greater public partnership in development and management; (b) merging environment and economics in decision and making; and focusing on long term improvements in the quality of life in Pakistan. For this purpose, it puts forward recommendations in 14 core areas, two of which are most relevant to Urban Environmental Sanitation Service (UES). They include

(a) Preventing and abating pollution and (b) Managing Urban Wastes

The next important step following approval of the NCS, was the formulation in 1993 of the National Environmental Quality Standards, (NEQS). The NEQS, inter alia relate to municipal and industrial liquid effluents.

- Role of provincial Department/Agencies At the provincial level there is a host of line departments and specifically

established agencies for the management of urban environment. Planning and Development (P&D) Department is the prime coordinating and monitoring agency in NWFP. The Department of local Government is overseeing the affairs of district, city and union councils. Department of Housing & Physical Planning and Public Health Engineering are responsible for developing and executing schemes related to site and



25

services as well as those related to water supply, sewage and drainage. Department of Excise and Taxation involves in the collection of urban immovable property tax.

- NWFP-Building Regulations, 1985

Provincial Urban Development Board-NWFP has notified NWFP-building Regulations on 7th April,1985. This is a complete document comprising twelve chapters. Chapter wise headings of these regulations are given below:- Chapter 1: Preliminary Chapter 2: Submission of Plans for Approval Chapter 3: Space requirement in and around building

Chapter 4: Internal Lighting and Ventilation including mechanical ventilation

Chapter 5: Building structure-constructional requirements Chapter 6: Drainage and Sanitation Chapter 7: Five resistance and five precautions Chapter 8: The Activities of Builders and Developers Chapter 9: Demolition Chapter 10: Relaxation Chapter 11: Penalties and Appeals Chapter 12: Licensing of Professional Architects/Civil

Engineers/Structural Engineer and Town Planners Further Amendments were made in theses regulations by Provincial Urban

Development Board-NWFP through notification on 20th February, 1989.

- Urban Planning and Development –Management System Government of NWFP has approved a project “Urban Planning and

Development Management System” for Peshawar in 1999. Study on this project has already been completed and now Government is planning to utilize this project.

- Land Use and Land Development Ordinance 2002

NWFP-EPA has drafted an ordinance for Land use and Land Development in the light growing human population and urbanization. This ordinance is still under process and has not been notified yet.

- Design Land Use Planning Process and its Legal Status in NWFP

NWFP-EPA has prepared a project proposal on “Design Land Use Planning Process and its Legal Status in NWFP”, the purpose of this project is to develop digital base maps for the entire NWFP at an appropriate scale by using remote sensing and GIS technologies. Also to assess the existing land use situation in NWFP and to prepare a provincial land use policy/Act.



26

2- WATER CYCLE 2-1 Rainfall Pakistan receives rainfall in summer and winter. In the transition period, the pattern and character of summer and winter rains over the northern parts of the county gets so intermixed that it becomes difficult to identify the dominant character. However, it can be generalized that the province of Punjab and Sindh get more rainfall in summer, while the provinces of Balochistan and NWFP get more rainfall in winter. Altitude also plays an important role as it affects the amount of precipitation on the windward and leeward side of the mountains. Peshawar, representing wide range of semi-arid sub mountainous plains, normally does not receive monsoon precipitation but mainly from western disturbance in winter.

Table-16 shows the monthly rainfall data since 1990 to year 2000. Total annual rainfall data for this period is also given. As described above, more rainfall was observed during winter period. Average annual rainfall in Peshawar area is around 480mm. Table-17 shows the mean of maximum and minimum temperature of Peshawar. Figure-3 shows total annual rainfall with mean of maximum and minimum temperature at Peshawar. Mean of maximum and minimum temperature over year show a uniform pattern except some increase in mean of minimum temperature was observed in the year 1998. In the year 2000, the rainfall was very low, 40mm, compared to the average annual figures. FIGURE-3

TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL WITH MEAN of MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AT PESHAWAR

Station InformationLatitude: 34.0 NLongitude: 71.6 EElevation: 360 meters above sea level

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Years

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Deg

ree

C

Yearly Rainfall Mean of Maximum Temp. Mean of Minimum Temp.



27

TABLE-16

MONTHLY TOTAL RAINFALL (mm) DATA for PESHAWAR

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total

Annual 1990 49.7 67.1 31.2 26.2 17 2.4 9.4 74.5 45 52 8.5 46.9 453.8 1991 8.7 - 53.5 - 71.4 1 13 20 5 2 3 8 364.3 1992 64.8 61.8 - - 58.4 2 4 102.9 28.7 10 Trace 30 579.5 1993 38.7 4.5 176.5 34.4 12. 35.4 55.4 Trace 56 11 - - 466 1994 17 77.5 60 80 25.5 14 162.5 37.8 55.1 55 1 56 642.3 1995 0 49 126.2 130.4 25.3 1 99 65 13 13 3 613 1996 20 74 75.8 38 14.5 12 17.8 110 51 203 42 Trace 667.1 1997 16 21 28.5 143.3 29 38 45.5 13 12 93.8 4 28.5 473.6 1998 44.6 114 97 69 31.5 25.5 97 85 21.5 7.5 Trace - 572.3 1999 150 28 73.5 12.5 6.5 48 24.5 36.5 15 11 24 0 417.5 2000 0 Trace 10 Trace 0 0 3 14 5 0 Trace 3 40 2001 Trace 0.6 22.1 19.4 16.7 4.3 53.6 11.1 7.2 Nil 16.5 Trace 263 2002 2.0 58.3 46.2 14.5 7.5 18.0 1 116.6 14.9 1.0 6.8 20.0 306.8 2003 21.0 83.2 59.9 71.6 12.8 8.7 73.2 51.6 45.2 32.0 8.6 19.0 486.8 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department TABLE-17

MEAN of MAXIMUM and MINIMUM TEMPERATURE ºC at PESHAWAR

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Mean of Maximum

29

30.5

29.4

29.9

30.4

28.8

30.0

31.2

30.9

30.2

Mean of Minimum

15.6

15.7

15.5

14

15.7

15.5

20.9

16.8

18.2

17.3

Source: Pakistan Statistical Year Book, 2003

Urban E

nvironm

ental Problem

s in Pakistan

(A C


nvironm

ent in Hayatabad, P

eshawar)

Pak-E

PA

/OE

CC

27

P

art-1 Stu

dy

Implem

entation of Th

is Study



28

Survey in Hayatabad was conducted w.e.f. 12 January 2004 to 20 January 2004 for water and solid waste quality study. Table-18 shows daily rainfall data for the month of January. Data shows no rainfall was observed before one week of study period. Only rainfall was observed during Solid Waste Study on 18th January 2004, which is 21.2 mm.

TABLE-18

DAILY RAINFALL DATA from 1st to 31st JANUARY, 2004

Date Rainfall (mm)

01-01-2004 Trace 02-01-2004 4.0 03-01-2004 Nil 04-01-2004 Nil 05-01-2004 Nil 06-01-2004 Trace 07-01-2004 Nil 08-01-2004 Nil 09-01-2004 Nil 10-01-2004 Nil 11-01-2004 Nil

12-01-2004 Nil Water Quality Study Period 13-01-2004 Nil

14-01-2004 Nil 15-01-2004 Nil 16.01.2004 Nil 17.01.2004 21.2 18.01.2004 1.0 19.01.2004 Nil

Solid Waste Quality Study Period

20.01.2004 Nil 21.01.2004 5.0

22.01.2004 14.2 23.01.2004 10.8 24.01.2004 7.8

25.01.2004 Nil 26.01.2004 Nil 27.01.2004 Nil 28.01.2004 Nil 29.01.2004 Trace

30.01.2004 3.7 31.01.2004 0.3 TOTAL RAINFALL 68.0

Source: Meteorological Office, Peshawar 2-2 Field Survey on Water Quality Table-5 (on page 9) shows the water survey points with their location beside the quality of Leachate collected from solid waste dumping site.



29

Table-19 shows the methodologies and instruments used during water survey and laboratory analysis of collected samples for different parameters. Temperature, pH, Dissolved oxygen, Odor, Turbidity and flow were determined on sampling points. While theses collected samples were analyzed for rest of the parameters in the laboratory.

TABLE-19

METHODOLOGIES AND INSTRUMENTS USED FOR THE

ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES

Parameters Test Method Instrument used Temperature Centigrade scale mercury

thermometer Zeal, England

pH Electrometric using combination electrodes

D-25, HORIBA, Japan

Dissolved Oxygen Membrane electrode Method DO-219, DKK-TOA, Japan Color Visual comparison method (2120 B)* - Conductivity Electrode method PW 9526 Digital Conductivity

Meter, Philips, England Odor Threshold Odor number (TON) by

dilution method (2150B)* -

Turbidity Comparison of intensity of light Turbidity meter, Orbeco Hellige, USA

Flow Digital current meter Tamaya, UC-204, Japan BOD5 5 days incubation, reduction on DO is

measured -

COD Colorimetric method DR/2000 spectrophotometer, HACH, USA

TSS Gravimetric, dried at 105ºC - Total Nitrogen Digestion and colorimetery HV-1601, SHIMADZU,

Spectrophotometer. Bacteriological Examination

Total viable count per gram -

Oil & Grease Extraction, evaporation and gravimetery

-

Lead Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

AS-929, UNICAM, England

Chromium

AAS

-do-

Zinc

AAS

-do-

Arsenic

AAS

-do-

Cadmium

AAS

-do-

Copper

AAS

-do-

*Standard Method for the Examination of water and wastewater, 18th Edition, 1992.



30

The sampling procedures followed by Pak-EPA team throughout field testing are briefly outlined:

- The water sampling and spot testing team was given complete instructions on the importance and significance of correct sampling procedures.

- Standard Sampling Procedures (SOP) was followed for the water sampling. - Samples were collected at locations where water was well mixed,

homogenized and flowing samples were taken at the middle of the channels.

- Samples were preserved in an ice box at or near 4ºC immediately after collection.

- Nitric acid (HNO3) was added to the sampling bottles in quantities sufficient to lower the pH of the samples to just below 2 to stabilize the concentration of dissolved metals.

- Sampling bottles were given identification numbers immediately after the samples were collected

- For E-Coli sampling, sterilized glass container was used and the sample was shifted immediately under control temperature to National Institute of Health (NIH) for bacteriological analysis.

2-2-1 Testing Methods and Procedures Certain physical and chemical properties of water/such as color, odor, pH, temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen, tend to change significantly with time and therefore requires on site testing. A brief description and calibration procedures for field equipments is given below Temperature: Temperature measurement was made with calibrated mercury thermometer of Zeal, England. pH: pH was measured using D-25 HORIBA, Japan. The meter was calibrated at three points against buffer solutions of 4, 7 and 9.2 pH prior to measurement. Dissolved Oxygen: Dissolved Oxygen (DO) measurement were made using DO-219, DKK-TOA, an instrument of Japan make. The manufacturer’s calibration procedure was followed to obtain the guaranteed precision and accuracy. The DO meter was calibrated before each measurement. Conductivity: Conductivity of spot samples were measured with PW9256, Digital conductivity meter, PHILIPS, England. The manufacturer’s calibrated procedure was followed to obtain the guaranteed precision and accuracy. The conductivity meter was calibrated by keeping an electrode in ambient air for some time. The conductivity should be displayed between 1.066-1.071 mS/cm.



31

Conductivity meter was also calibrated against Standard solution of Potassium Chloride (KCl) of known conductivity of 1.413 mS/cm. Color: “True Color” measurements were made by visual comparison of the samples with Platinum Cobalt Standards. Wastewater samples were filtered before the measurements were made for color. Standard solutions prepared for on-site color measurements are presented in Table- 20. The standard color solution was kept in an air-tight brown reagent bottle and proper dilutions were made before the color measurement.

TABLE-20

STANDARD SOLUTION for COLOR MEASUREMENT

Standard solutions Diluted to 50 ml

with Distilled water Color in Chloroplatinate units

0 0 0.5 5 1.0 10 2.0 20 5.0 50 7.0 70 9.0 90

10.5 105 12.0 120

Odor: Odor is recognized as a key quality parameter. For odor measurement “Threshold Odor Number” method was used, which is based on dilution of the sample with odor free water until the odor is barely perceptible to each tester. Turbidity: The Nephelometric method was used for turbidity measurement. This method compares the intensity of light scattered by the sample with the intensity of light scattered by a Standard reference suspension under defined conditions. The manufacturer’s operating and calibrated instructions were followed for accuracy and precision of results. Flow: Digital current meter of Tamaya UC-204, Japan was used to measure the flow of the stream. Besides measuring the velocity of water, depth and width of the stream was also measured for the determination of water flow in m3/sec (cubic meter per second).



32

2-2-2 Laboratory Test Methods and Procedures Test methods given in Table-20 were used for laboratory testing of the leachate and wastewater. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) method entails a 5-day incubation of the sample at 20ºC. DO was measured before and after incubation and BOD was computed from the difference between the initial and final Dissolved Oxygen. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) The COD is a measure of the oxygen equivalent of organic matter content of a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant. The sample was digested at 150ºC for two hours in a strong acid solution with a known excess of Potassium dichromate. Then by using the DR-2000 spectrophotometer, the sample was analyzed at 435nm. Suspended Solids: A well mixed known volume of sample was filtered through a weighed glass fiber filter. The residue was dried to a constant weight at 105ºC. The increase in weight of the filter represented the total Suspended Solids. Oil and Grease: For the determination of oil and grease, an absolute quantity of a specific substance was not measured. Rather, groups of substances with similar physical characteristics were determined quantitatively on the basis of their common solubility in an organic extracting solvent. N-hexane was used as solvent for the extraction of oil from the leachate and polluted water samples. Total Nitrogen: Sample was digested using autoclave at 120ºC temperature and 15 PSI pressure for 30 minutes. After filtering through filter paper, the filtrate was acidified at a control pH (2-3). Absorbance of the sample was checked using HV-1601 SHIMDZU Spectrophotometer. Instrument was calibrated before actual run with Standard solutions. Heavy Metals Analysis: Requirement for determining metals by Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) vary with metal and/or concentration to be determined. The method was used according to the concentration of different metals. Method 3 III (Metals by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) was used for the analysis of Lead, Chromium, Zinc, Cadmium and Copper. For Arsenic, Method 3114 (Metals by Hydride Generation) was used. These methods are taken from the “Standard Method for the Examination of water and wastewater, 18th Edition, 1992”. 2-2-3 Analytical Results and Discussion



33

Water samples collected from different sites of Hayatabad along with a leachate sample collected from the solid waste dumping site were analyzed for different parameters in Central Laboratory for Environmental Analysis (CLEAN) at Pak-EPA, Islamabad. Bacteriological examination of leachate sample was performed at National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad. Table-21 Shows the analytical results of these samples.

TABLE-21 ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF WATER AND LEACHATE SAMPLES

FROM HAYATABAD, PESHAWAR Unit: (mg/l, otherwise mentioned)

Survey Points Items (Units)

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P70 Leachate Sample

Ambient Air Temp. (ºC) 20.45 22.65 19.6 17.7 21.2 19.25 22.7 22.7 Relative Humidity (%) 26.25 24.35 25.2 27.2 24.35 28.25 24.8 24.8 Temperature (ºC) 17.3 19.60 20.3 16.4 15.80 19.7 20.8 26.70 pH 7.34 7.66 7.43 7.91 7.55 7.85 8.89 9.25 Dissolved Oxygen 0.77 0.59 0.71 4.93 2.46 1.48 1.41 1.20 Color (color unit) - 105 - 30 60 120 90 - Odor (TON) 200 70 200 8 17 50 140 24 Conductivity (mS/cm) 2.06 1.034 1.856 0.602 0.956 1.053 1.193 20.8 Turbidity (NTU) 241 114 307 316 54.5 153 131 296 Flow (m3/sec) 0.22 0.24 0.10 0.007 0.002 0.36 0.07 - BOD5days 323.5 75.5 224.0 51.5 47.5 150.5 88.25 805.0 COD 2240 606 1394 329.5 221.0 570 614 2840 TSS 400.0 500.0 700.0 335.0 200.0 900.0 320.0 300.0 Total Nitrogen 10.294 8.82 9.20 6.95 9.5 8.97 9.8 10.3

Total viable count - - - - - - - 7.6 x 104 Coliform organisms - - - - - - - 2 x 104 Faecal coliform organisms

- - - - - - - Negative

Salmonella - - - - - - - 6 x 103 Staphylococcus - - - - - - - 6 x 104 B

acte

riol

ogic

al

Exa

min

atio

ns

(per

gra

m)

Fungus - - - - - - - - Oil & Grease 600 80 260 50 40 80 120 820 Lead 0.395 0.374 0.514 0.692 0.494 0.297 0.198 0.593 Chromium 1.62 0.83 1.21 0.82 0.4 0.79 0.75 2.82 Zinc 0.145 0.285 0.073 0.251 N.D 0.318 0.313 1.062 Arsenic N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D Cadmium N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D Copper 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.149 0.087 0.045 0.090 0.381

Note: N.D means not detected, below detection limit

Temperature of a water body has a number of indirect effects on the biota because a change in temperature changes the solubility essential gases, including Oxygen.



34

Temperature at the seven sampling sites in Hayatabad was within the range of 16.4 to 20.8ºC. Where as the temperature of the leachate sample coming from the solid waste dump was 26.70ºC. High temperature was noted at P7, which is next to the dumping site. So the possibility of mixing of leachate with water body is ascertain. The second highest temperature was noted at P3, which is due to the industrial discharges.

pH basically the buffering capacity of the CO3-HCO3 system in water. The pH rises when the carbonates in the water are utilized by the microorganisms, while the decomposition of organic pollutants causes pH to drop to the acidic range. pH in this study ranges from 7.34 to 8.89, while the pH of leachate sample is 9.25. Maximum pH in sampling sites was noted at P7 sampling point. The reason is obviously same as discussed for water temperature. pH of leachate influences chemical and biological processes of precipitation, sorption and methanogenesis.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) determine whether or not biological changes are brought about by aerobic or anaerobic microorganisms in water body. DO in water depend upon the physical, chemical and biochemical activities taking place in water body. DO concentration noted during spot test ranged from 0.71 to 4.93 mg/l. Minimum DO values were observed at P2 and P3. The water on these sampling locations is mostly comprised of industrial effluents. Maximum value of DO was observed at P4, which is 4.93mg/l. this sampling point is on a water channel before entering the industrial estate, Hayatabad.

The DO level of the leachate was 1.20 mg/l. A comparison of DO concentration at different points in Hayatabad is shown in Figure-4.

FIGURE-4

COMPARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN AT SAMPLING

POINTS IN HAYATABAD

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 LeachateSampleSampling Locations

DO

(m

g/l)



35

Color in water is caused by the natural metallic ion (iron and manganese). Many industrial wastes are colored. The true color of the samples collected was measured by the visual comparison method using the Platinum Cobalt Standard method. This method is useful for measuring color of potable water and of water in which color is due to naturally occurring materials. This method is not applicable to most highly colored industrial wastewater. Therefore no color comparison was carried out for the water samples collected at P1 and P3 sampling sites and also the leachate sample because these samples are highly colored. The results of color measurement varied from 30 to 120 True Color Unit (TCU). The highest measurement was 120 TCU, sample taken from P6 (sewage disposal plant). The minimum value was 30 TCU (water before entering the Hayatabad industrial estate). The threshold odor test was carried out at sampling sites using odor-free water for comparison. Results are reported in TON (Threshold Odor Number). Results of the odor tests at seven sampling sites and leachate sample varied from 8 to 200 TON. The maximum value was 200 TON at sampling points P1 and P3. Water flow on these sampling points comprise excessive amount of industrial effluents. A comparison of odor noted at different sampling points is shown in Figure-5. FIGURE-5

COMPARISON OF ODOR AT SAMPLING SITES IN HAYATABAD

Conductivity characterizes the gross chemical position of water and is a measure of ability of water to conduct an electric current. A rise in the concentration of ions results in an increase in the conductivity. Conductivity values of the water samples and leachate range from 0.602 to 20.8 mS/cm. The highest conductivity was observed in leachate sample, which is 20.8 mS/cm. This means leachate sample has high concentration of dissolved solids. Figure-6 shows a comparison of conductivity noted at different sampling locations and leachate.

0

50

100

150

200

250


Odo

r (TO

N)



36

FIGURE-6 COMPARISON OF CONDUCTIVITY AT DIFFERENT SAMPLING

SITES IN HAYATABAD. BOD represents the quantity of oxygen required by bacteria and other microorganisms during biochemical degradation and transformation of organic matter present in waste water or leachate under aerobic condition. The BOD test is important in the analysis of sewage, industrial, polluted water and leachate coming from solid waste dumping site. It is best available method for accessing organic pollution and the most important parameter used in stream pollution control. BOD and BOD/COD ratios give valuable input regarding the difficulty to degrade the organic substances, the supply of carbon source in identification, or the maturity phase dominating the dumping site or landfill site. Test results of BOD at different sampling locations in Hayatabad varied from 47.5 to 323.5 mg/l. Whereas the BOD of the leachate sample is 805.0 mg/l. Figure-7 shows the comparison of BOD noted at the different sampling points and the leachate sample. FIGURE-7

COMPARISON OF BOD AT DIFFERENT SAMPLING SITES IN

HAYATABAD

0

5

10

15

20

25


Con

duct

ivity

(m

S/c

m)

0100200300400500600700800900

P 1 P 2 P 3 P 4 P 5 P 6 P 7 LeachateSampleSampling Locations

BO

D (m

g/l)



37

The highest concentration of BOD in water sample was noted at sampling site P1, which has the highest concentration of industrial waste. The second highest concentration was observed at P3, which is 224 mg/l. Water flowing through this site dominantly constituted by the industrial waste. The leachate sample has the highest BOD concentration. This is due to the kitchen waste dumped directly to the landfill site. This high BOD of leachate deteriorating the environment.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the measure of oxygen equivalent to the portion of organic matter in wastewater that is susceptible to oxidation by Potassium Dichromate. COD is an important test and gives a quick measure of pollution load of the stream, river, sewage, industrial wastewater and the leachate samples in Hayatabad varied between 221.0 to2240.0 mg/l. Here also like BOD the highest concentration of COD was measured at P1 sampling site. The second highest concentration was noted at P3. Minimum concentration was observed at sampling site P5, which is 221.0 mg/l.

COD concentration of the leachate was 2840.0 mg/l. The leachate of waste from the landfill sites in Germany usually contains higher BOD, higher COD and relatively lower salt compared to those in Japan. The following Table-22 gives the relative biodegradability of leachate:

TABLE-22

RELATIVE BIODEGRADABILITY OF LEACHATE

Biodegradability BOD/COD Low < 0.5

Medium 0.5 – 0.75 High > 0.75

BOD/COD ratio of the leachate sample collected from the solid waste dumping site in Hayatabad is 0.28. Which shows biodegradability of leachate sample is very low. Figure-8 shows a comparison of COD noted at different sampling locations in Hayatabad. FIGURE-8

COMPARISON OF COD AT DIFFERENT SAMPLING SITES IN

HAYATABAD

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

P 1 P 2 P 3 P 4 P 5 P 6 P 7 LeachateSample

Sampling Locations

CO

D (

mg/

l)



38

Total nitrogen (T-N) compounds in river and wastewater are important pollution indicating parameters. Nitrogen is considered a pollutant since it requires oxygen for oxidation in its unoxidized state, and because it contributes to the eutrophication of natural waters. The values of T-N detected from the different sampling locations in Hayatabad varies from 6.95 to 10.294 mg/l. The highest concentration of T-N was observed at P1 and P3, which is 10.294 mg/l and 9.20 mg/l respectively. The minimum T-N value was 6.95 mg/l, which was detected in the sample collected from P4 location. The leachate sample also shows high T-N value, which is 10.3 mg/l. The T-N value in leachate indicates the nutrient availability. Nitrogen in leachate present for long period of time. Figure-9 presents a comparison of T-N values noted at different sampling points in Hayatabad. FIGURE-9

COMPARISON OF T-N AT SAMPLING SITES IN HAYATABAD

Oil and grease (O&G) in the water interfere with the oxygenation. While testing the water and leachate samples, 600mg/l was observed at P1 sampling locations. This high O&G concentration in the Ganado Khawar is caused by heavy industrial discharges. Number of Ghee and Food industries and automobile workshops in the vicinity are also discharging their waste in this stream without any treatment leachate sample also shows highest O&G concentration, which is 820 mg/l. Heavy metals are found in industrial wastes in a variety of forms. Lead, Chromium, Zinc, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Copper were determined in water samples and leachate sample. Arsenic and Cadmium were not detected by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method. Which show the concentration of these metals are below detection limits of AAS. Chromium presence is very high in water as well as in leachate sample. Maximum concentration of chromium was found at P4 and P3 sampling locations, which were 0.692 mg/l and 0.514 mg/l respectively. High concentration of chromium in North Nallah passing through the industrial estate of Hayatabad reveals that industrial effluents contain high concentration of Chromium.

A Researcher from the Department of Chemistry, University of Peshawar found in his detail study that this Chromium is mostly coming from the match industries. There are about eleven (11) match factories, discharging their effluents directly in this Nallah.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

P1 P2 P3 P 4 P5 P6 P7 LeachateSample

Sampling Locations

T-N

(m

g/l)



39

The concentration of Chromium from the match factories effluent was found to be in the range of 11.0 ± 0.01 mg/l. Some match factories have chromium concentration as high as 38.91 mg/l. He further added that this concentration of Chromium is not total Chromium but Chromium (VI). Cr (VI) is more toxic than Cr (III). Therefore the Chromium concentration at sampling location P1, P3 and P4 are mostly comprised by Cr (VI). In leachate, heavy metals may act as inhibitors of biological stabilization process. High concentration of Zinc is present in leachate sample, which is 1.062 mg/l. concentration of lead, Zinc and Copper also vary on different sampling locations.

Bacteriological Examination was performed for leachate sample and some drinking water samples collected from Municipal water supply system and one from private bore hole. No faecal coliform was found in drinking water samples. Leachate sample shows high total viable count and coliform organisms, which are 7.6 x 104 and 2 x 104 respectively. Faecal coli form organisms is negative in leachate sample. 2-2-4 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) by Pak-EPA (Municipal and Liquid Industrial Effluents) Pak-EPA with the prior approval of Pakistan Environmental Protection Council has notified NEQS for Municipal and Industrial Effluents in 1993. With further amendments, revised NEQS was notified in August, 2000. Annexure-A shows the 32 Standards of liquid effluents. If we compare the values of different parameters observed at sampling points P1 to P7 in water channels in Hayatabad area, most of the parameters are well above the permissible limits of NEQS set by Government of Pakistan. 2-2-5 Pollution Load in Hayatabad Water Channel Concentrations of BOD and COD in river and wastewater are the most significant pollution indicators. Results from different sampling sites in Hayatabad show that BOD and COD loads calculated at these points varies from 0.01 to 6.15 t/day and 0.20 to 42.58 t/day respectively. Pollution load at different sampling locations are listed in Table-23

TABLE-23

BOD and COD LOAD at DIFFERENT SAMPLING LOCATIONS in HAYATABAD

Locations Parameters

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

Flow (m3/sec) 0.22 0.24 0.10 0.007 0.002 0.36 0.07

BOD5 (mg/l) 323.5 75.5 224.0 51.5 47.5 150.5 88.25 COD (mg/l) 2240.0 606.0 1394.0 329.5 221.0 570.0 614.0 BOD Load (t/day) 6.15 1.56 1.93 0.03 0.01 4.68 0.53 COD Load (t/day) 42.58 12.57 12.04 0.20 0.04 17.73 3.71



40

Maximum pollution load was noted at P1 sampling, where BOD and COD loading are 6.15 t/day and 42.58 t/day respectively. This sampling site receives the maximum pollution load of Hayatabad. The second highest pollution load location in terms of BOD and COD is P6 (effluents coming from domestic sewage disposal plant). Here the BOD and COD loading are 4.68 t/day and 17.73 t/day respectively. This Treatment Plant is non-operational since 1996. Therefore domestic sewage without any treatment as such are being disposed off from this Plant. That’s why the BOD and COD loading are very high. The third highest pollution loads locations are P2 and P3. The BOD and COD loadings at sampling points P2 and P3 are 1.56 t/day and 12.57 t/day, 1.93 t/day and 12.04 t/day respectively. At both these locations the pollution loads are more or less the same.

Same pollution load was noted at sampling point P7, which is next to the solid waste dumping site. Comparative high BOD and COD loadings at P7 site with P4 and P5 sampling sites are due to the mixing of leachate coming from the solid waste dumping site. 3- Sewage Treatment Plant in Hayatabad

3-1 Existing System

The Peshawar Development Authority had laid sewerage network for all the Phases of Hayatabad Township. The sewerage network for Phase I to V were constructed to carry the sewage from these Phase upto the site of Sewage Treatment Plant constructed in Phase-III ranging in diameters from 6 to 24 inches. This Sewage Treatment Plant was constructed initially for treatment of 1.2 MGD (Million Gallons per Day) of sewage from the initial development of population from first five Phases to be extended for an ultimate capacity of 4.0 MGD. The development in first five Phases had occurred at an accelerated rate resulting in increased population, increased quantity of sewage production and over loading of the Sewage Treatment Plant, which was not extended by Peshawar Development Authority. The development works of Phase-VI and VII had lagged. However, the sewerage networks for Phase-VI and VII were constructed but due to problem of pollution encountered at the previous Sewage Treatment Plant, the proposed Sewage Treatment Plant for Phases-VI and VII was constructed. The Sewage from the population in Phase-VI and VII entering into the sewerage network is at present flowing into the adjacent natural storm water nallah without treatment and is a source of pollution and environmental hazard for the surrounding areas. 3-2 Deficiencies of Existing Sewage Treatment Plant

As already explained, the existing Sewage Treatments Plant had been working

over loaded due to increased flow of raw sewage over and above the designed capacity and is causing environmental pollution in the adjoining areas. Foul smell is being emitted from the Sewage Treatment Plant and is disturbing the traffic on adjacent main roads.



41

The defused aeration could not be done due to damage to machinery. This plant had been operating for about 15 years without adequate maintenance and operation. There is no record of the testing of raw sewage or treated effluent. The flow measuring equipment has worn out and damaged and not working since unknown period. There is no record of flow measurements ever carried out for this plant. It is therefore not possible to comment on the performance of this Sewage Treatment Plant even during the initial stages of construction and commissioning as no design report or detail construction drawings for this Sewage Treatment Plant are available. No records of analysis of raw sewage or treated effluent are available with Peshawar Development Authority. As such the extent of treatment achieved in this plant during initial stages or thereafter cannot be commented upon. 3-3 Present Situation

The present Sewage Treatment Plant at Hayatabad located on main road in Phase- III is causing environmental problem in the adjoining areas with foul smell and disturbing the traffic on main road. The quality of treatment had been effected due to following reasons:

a) Overloading of the plant b) Damages to machinery due to inadequate operation and maintenance. c) Mechanical equipment is quite old and need extensive repairs and

rehabilitation.

This Sewage Treatment Plant was designed for biological treatment through oxidation ponds (Facultative and Maturation) in addition to diffused aeration using helixor tubes. The increased rate of development in the area resulted in larger flows of sewage overloading the Sewage Treatment Plant while the inadequate operation and maintenance resulted in damages to the machinery and degradation of the treatment process. The worn-out components of mechanical equipment need repairs and replacement.

The present sewage flow from first five phases has been assessed as 2.4 MGD against the designed capacity of 1.2 MGD. The population-based calculations of sewage inflow for first five phases of Hayatabad has been estimated as 3.105 MGD while the ultimate sewage flow has been assessed as 8.25 MGD.

Design parameters of the original design of this Sewage Treatment Plant are not available. The detailed construction drawings or as built drawings are also not available. The area available at site for extension of the treatment plant is inadequate for even the present flow of sewage on the basis of oxidation ponds for upgrading the existing plant. 3-4 Design Parameters adopted for existing sewage Treatment plant.

On the basis of available information, we have assessed the criteria / design

parameters adopted in the original design of existing Sewage Treatment Plant. These design parameters are summarized in Table-24



42

TABLE-24

DESIGN PARAMETERS ADOPTED FOR EXISTING SEWAGE

TREATMENT PLANT.

a) Designed population 32,000 persons b) Retention period in aeration lagoon 2.4 days c) BOD loading on facultative pond 250 kg/ha d) Retention period in facultative pond 12 days e) Retention period in maturation pond 8.4 days f) Total area of site at Sewage Treatment Plant 28 acres g) Area already utilized 17.6 acres h) Area available for extension 10.4 acres

The Peshawar Development Authority will be required to provide Sewage Treatment of 8.25 MGD (for full development) in case the existing Sewage Treatment Plant is shifted from its present site or 6.55 MGD capacity in case the existing Sewage Treatment Plant is upgraded and extended to 1.7 MGD capacity.

As already the PDA has decided to shift the existing the STP to another STP already constructed on Warsak road, Peshawar.

The above design parameters are quite conservative in comparison to the normally adopted parameters. The problem had arisen due to overloading and lack of proper operation and maintenance. We are of the opinion that this existing treatment plant can be upgraded with the following:

i) Rehabilitation of aeration equipment ii) Restrict of flow of sewage in to the existing Sewage Treatment Plant to its

designed capacity i.e 1.2 MGD only. iii) Provide adequate operation and maintenance to keep the plant in good

operating condition. iv) Provide extension to the Sewage Treatment Plant on the basis of oxidation

ponds to the extent of area available and capacity according to conservative design parameters adopted in the original design.

As the area available at the site of Sewage Treatment Plant is small,

calculation of capacity and dimension of the ponds proposed for extension are assessed on the basis of conservative criteria and aerated lagoons have been proposed to be changed to anaerobic pond to economize in the capital cost and also operation and maintenance costs of electrical and mechanical equipment. However, for additional safety a small curtain wall has been proposed to be constructed around aeration lagoons and anaerobic pond to restrict the fouls smells, if any, spreading to adjoining areas.



43

According to the design calculation, the extension work at the site of existing Sewage Treatment Plant Hayatabad will be capable of treatment of 0.5 MGD of sewage from a population of 14,000 persons while the total treatment plant capacity of upgraded and extended plant will be about 1.7 MGD. The upgraded existing Sewage Treatment Plant will treat sewage from a population of 46,000 persons satisfactorily.

4- Water Supply 4-1 City Water Description about the water supply to the Hayatabad Area is given previously in section 1-7. Number of Tube wells installed so far in Hayatabad and the average run of each tube well per day, give an approximate water supply to the Hayatabad residential and commercial areas, which is about 87,847 m3/day. Locations of the tube wells in Hayatabad is given on the map of Hayatabad in Annexure-B. The following Table-25 shows the yield of tube wells operated by various agencies in Peshawar region.

TABLE-25

YIELD OF TUBE WELLS OPERATED BY VARIOUS AGENCIES IN

PESHAWAR REGION.

No Responsible Agency/

Organization: Total No. of Tube

wells

Average Discharge

(m3/hr)

Average Operating Time (hrs)

Amount of water being Extracted (m3/day)

1. Town-III Hayatabad Township

53 127.5 13 87847

2. Town-I, Walled city 32 62.43 15 29965

3. Town-II Outside Walled City

84 60.10 15 75726

4. Cantonment Board 7 68.07 12 5718

5. MES 16 73.27 20 23446

6. PDA 18 104.77 13 24516

7. Town-IV, Rural Area 27 71.10 15 28795

8. PHD for Afghan Refugees Tube wells

6 27.22 16 2613

9. Shallow Wells 131 6.29 - 824



44

The above table does not cover all parts of Peshawar. This table shows how much water is being extracted from various parts of Peshawar per day. There are so many other agencies operating their tube Wells in Peshawar. Shallow wells data given in the table are much lower than the expected tube wells operating in the city. It is very difficult to get a precise data about the shallow wells being operated in Peshawar region because no such survey has been conducted by any agency in the past. This figure is reproduced from the survey conducted by the Engineering University, Peshawar two years back. Data about the number of tube wells being operated by the city Government (Town –I Town-IV) do not reflect the total number of tube wells. 4-2 Industrial Water Hayatabad industrial estate was established in early 1980s. At that time Hayatabad Township was not established. To arrange the water supply to the industry is the responsibility of the owner of the industry himself. Town-III government is not responsible to supply the water to the industrial estate. Therefore each industry has its own water supply system. No such data exist to know the usage of water by each industrial unit. Each industry extracts water from its own tube well. The only way to know approximately how much water is being used by the Hayatabad industrial estate. The flow of combined industrial units were monitored and found that approximately 8,640 m3/day industrial water is being used. 4-3 Tube wells location and their discharge for Public Service Tube wells locations are given on the map of Hayatabad township n Annexure-B. Each phase of Hayatabad is covered by the water supply through tube wells. Town-III is responsible to provide water connections to residential houses, Public and Commercial areas. Town-III charged water consumers on monthly basis on flat rates fixed for each category of houses as well as for commercial activities. 4-4 Ground Water Quality of Hayatabad A team comprising teachers and students from the University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar has conducted a study on ground water quality of Hayatabad last year. The following Table-26 shows the results of ground water quality of Hayatabad.



45

TABLE-26

GROUND WATER QUALITY OF HAYATABAD

Units: mg/l otherwise mentioned

Parameters Sampling Points

Medical Complex

Phase-I Phase-II Phase-III Phase-IV Phase-V Phase-VI

Source 25 28 23.4 25 27.0 20.0 22.1

Intermediate 25 28.5 22.9 26 26.0 20.0 22.1

Temperature (oC)

Consumer 25 28.7 23.2 25 26.6 22.4 22.1

Source 7.20 7.03 7.33 7.5 7.29 7.10 8.22

Intermediate 7.20 7.07 7.27 7.5 7.31 7.07 8.17

pH

Consumer 7.30 7.05 7.44 7.5 7.39 7.11 8.31

Source 0.54 0.54 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.50 0.63

Intermediate 0.55 0.52 0.66 0.62 0.60 0.50 0.63 Conductivity

(mS/cm) Consumer 0.55 0.52 0.65 0.63 0.61 0.49 0.61

Source 270 222 330 300 300 250 320

Intermediate 270 195 320 300 300 250 310 TDS

Consumer 280 199 330 310 310 260 310

Source 20 27 29 30 27 28 28

Intermediate 20 27 28 33 28 30 27

TSS

Consumer 22 30 30 30 30 30 27

Source 2.0 1.5 1.4 4.0 1.8 1.4 0.3

Intermediate 2.1 1.6 1.5 4.1 1.7 1.7 0.9

Turbidity (NTU)

Consumer 2.3 1.8 1.6 4.2 2.5 1.4 0.7

Source 120 203 60 135 56 52 56

Intermediate 125 204 40 125 52 50 50

Alkalinity

Consumer 125 207 62 120 58 46 52

Source 4.5 8.7 19.9 6.0 12.2 12.4 5.1

Intermediate 4.9 8.1 15.6 6.1 12.0 12.1 4.9

Dissolved Oxygen

Consumer 4.8 8.1 20.4 6.0 12.3 11.7 5.1

Source 290 87 300 280 280 250 266

Intermediate 280 103 270 285 182 324 222

Total Hardness

Consumer 285 107 266 290 218 202 246

Source 120 53 76 120 51 101 53

Intermediate 120 71 74 125 55 79 51

Hardness as Ca

Consumer 120 73 77 130 77 72 51

Source 170 35 224 160 229 149 213

Intermediate 160 33 196 160 127 245 171

Hardness as Mg

Consumer 165 34 189 160 141 130 195



46

Parameters Sampling Points

Medical Complex

Phase-I Phase-II Phase-III Phase-IV Phase-V Phase-VI

Source 5.00 2.05 3.60 3.15 2.80 2.30 2.0

Intermediate 5.25 2.10 3.20 3.35 2.60 1.70 1.8

Potassium

Consumer 5.15 2.08 3.10 3.70 2.70 1.60 1.6

Source 3.00 0.34 0.10 2.02 0.60 0.45 0.80

Intermediate 3.15 0.36 0.20 2.50 0.70 0.50 0.50

Iron

Consumer 3.20 0.36 0.15 2.70 0.70 0.65 0.50

Source 145 25 14 142 13 10 15

Intermediate 144 38 14 144 17 9 17

Chlorides

Consumer 147 39 13 142 14 10 17

Source 7.50 4.30 9.10 8.20 8.40 8.60 5.10

Intermediate 8.00 4.15 8.70 8.20 8.50 8.10 5.00

Nitrates

Consumer 8.10 4.15 8.60 8.20 8.20 8.50 5.10

4-5 Estimation of Number of Private Borehole/Dug wells Very few private bore holes are present in Hayatabad Township area. As mentioned earlier, Hayatabad Township is a well Planned city with all civic amenities. Presently, water supply for domestic and commercial usage is sufficient. Secondly the water table is also very deep; therefore to make a private bore hole is expansive. Only few houses of 2 or 1 kanal sizes with maximum inhabitants have private bore holes. Exact numbers are not known but the general survey conducted by Pak-EPA reveals that these private bore holes are very few. No dug wells are present in Hayatabad Township. 4-6 Current Water Use and Future Trend Pakistan, once a water surplus country, is now water deficient country. The rainwater is neither sufficient nor regular, to meet the growing needs of water. About 70% of annual rainfall occurs in the months of July to September. Table-27 gives the comparison of per-capita of water availability in some selected countries of the world. TABLE-27

PER-CAPITA WATER AVAILABILITY IN SELECTED COUNTRIES (m3)

Country 1955 1990 2025 China 4,597 2,427 1,818

Mexico 11,396 4,226 2,597 Philippines 13,507 5,173 3,072

USA 14,934 9,913 7,695 Pakistan 2,490 1,672 837

Source: Population action International



47

The situation in Pakistan indicates that country is nearing conditions of chronic water-stress below 1,000 m3.

In Hayatabad and Peshawar region depends almost on the ground water resources. With rapid population growth and urbanization, the water usage also increased many fold. Water requirement increases day by day. The continued abstraction of ground water has resulted in over-pumping and consequent lowering of ground water table in many areas. Efforts to recharge the depleting aquifers need to be undertaken immediately. 5-Hydro-Geological Characteristics 5-1 Hydrology

Hayatabad township is bound by Malagori and Khyber hill in west and south, in the east is Peshawar City and in north are small villages and recently developed townships. A very large township under development is the Regi Lalama which is double in size as compared to Hayatabad. On south is the Bara River while down north is River Kabul. Ground water is the major source of public water supply. The Peshawar Municipality, and its surrounding areas like cantonment and other settlements form a part of main hydrological basin. The aquifers, which are encountered here are the parts of the major aquifer system of Peshawar valley basin. As the sediments play an important role in hydraulic and geometric nature of aquifer, hence it is imperative to have a brief understanding about the deposition of alluvial sediments. Peshawar is a closed basin surrounded by hills on all sides, which have made it an intermountain basin. The sediment from the hills were brought into the basin by the stream originating in them and finally terminating into the basin. The basin exhibited semi lacstrin environments of deposition resulting in accumulation of thick clays in the central part, however, Hayatabad township is different than other parts of the basin because there the proximity of the hills resulted in the deposition of coarser material like gravels and boulders.

There are two major aquifer systems: Phratic (water table) aquifer system and Confined (artesian) aquifer system. Water table aquifer is found to a depth of 125 meters below ground surface and is mainly composed of coarse sand and gravels. Pumping test data of various tube wells in Hayatabad satellite town indicate good hydraulic properties of this aquifer system. 5-2 Bore hole logs The following Table-28 shows information about bore hole logs of several tube wells with in the various Phases of Hayatabad and Peshawar.



48

TABLE-28

WATER TABLE DEPTH AND DRAW DOWN WITHIN PESHAWAR

REGION

Location of Tube wells Water

Table depth

(m)

Limit of depth from which water

(m)

Length of well screen

(m)

Discharge (m3/hr)

Draw down

PMC office - 45-86 2 45 12

Chan Agha Colony 14 42-64 22 67.5 3

Khyber Colony 12 37-61 18 22.5 1

Shahi Bagh Well-1 2 24-67 10 45 15

Shahi Bagh Well-5 3 21-86 17 32.4 9

Hayatabad Phase-II 47 64-125 43 134 7

Hayatabad Phase-III 36 78-149 28 101 6

Hayatabad Phase-IV 40 72-149 30 101 6

Hayatabad Phase-V 45 91-145 29 101 6

The aquifer in Hayatabad Town is deeper as compared to other parts of Peshawar City and yield from the individual tube well is generally greater. Recently drilled tube-wells in Hayatabad Town have an average yield of about 102m3/hour, where as the Peshawar city area has an average yield of about 43 m3/hour. The gravel aquifer is interspersed with clay and its total depth from water is about 43 meters. Water table depth of shahi Bagh, Peshawar city ranges between 2-3 meters.

There is appreciable amount of ground water available in form of storage in pore spaces of the sediments. Transitivity values of the aquifer vary depending upon the litho logy and storing between 500 to 2000 m2/day. This suggests that sufficiently porous and permeable strata lie beneath the ground surface. The water-depth in Hayatabad is recorded to be around 45 meters near the hills and about 1 meter near Kabul river (10-15 km away) where logged conditions exist.


Pak-EPA/OECC Part-3 Study Solid Waste Characteristics

49

PART 3 SOLID WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

1-VOLUME OF WASTE This section provides information on the assessment of total waste quantities over time. 1-1 Discharge Waste at each Section in Hayatabad

i) Waste from residential area To know the total quantity of discharged waste in Hayatabad, model residents

were selected in the residential area. Also commercial, Public and road areas were selected for this purpose. Industrial area was not touched during this survey because industries do not discharge their solid waste to the municipal authorities for collection. By-law industries are bound to have their own arrangement for discharging their solid waste generated by industrial activities. Residential area was categorized as follow:-

TABLE-29

RESIDENTIAL AREA CATEGORIES

Area Division/Class Section

2 Kanal Houses Upper 1 Kanal Houses

Middle 10 Marla Houses 7 Marla Houses Lower Middle 5 Marla House R

esid

enti

al

Are

a

Lower 3 Marla Houses

To see the volume of discharge waste by each section of the society, the houses were categorized according to their covered area. It is generally understood that the peoples belong to the upper class having their residential house in 2 kanals or 1 kanal area. Table-29 shows the division residential area into four classes. Reason of categorizing the residential area is that refuse quantity and composition can be related to socioeconomic factors.

Two houses of each category were selected for the survey. Survey was conducted for 7 days period in a row, to see the volume of discharged waste over the week. Survey was conducted between January 14, 2004 to January 20, 2004. For this purpose collection vessels were lended to the model residents. Sort-and-weigh methodology was used for assessing the waste composition of each load of waste. This methodology has the advantage of greater accuracy.

Sampling plan was handed over to the staff deputed for the execution of this survey and explained them the activities, they had to undertake. Additional information on load source was collected from model residents by knowing the number of occupants in each model house.



50

Weight Bridges were used for weighing the refuse generated from each model houses. Scale having the accuracy upto 100g was used, so that the reliable weight of the lightest bins could be measured. The total mass of refuse from each model house was weighted prior to sorting as a cheek against the individual fractions. Then all fractions were weighted and totaled to check against the original mass. The same procedure was adopted daily over the study period.

According to this survey the average waste generated from the various types of houses is summarized in Table-30 below: TABLE-30

AVERAGE WASTE GENERATED PER PERSON (KG) IN

EACH CATEGORY OF HOUSES

Area of the Waste Number of inhabitants Average Waste generated (Kg)

Waste generated per person (Kg)

2 Kanals 17 7.1 0.42 1 Kanal 10 4.40 0.44 10 Marlas 14 6.5 0.47 7 Marlas 10 3.9 0.39 5 Marlas 6 6.1 1.0 3 Marlas 6 2.6 0.45

According to the above survey the waste generated per house is about 5.5 Kg. The

waste generated from the 5 Maralas house is exceptionally high (1 Kg per person). One explanation for this may be that there were no children in the house and all were adults and thus the average may be high as compared to all other houses included in the survey. Similarly the greater numbers of inhabitants in bigger plot sizes is either due to the fact that domestic servants also reside there or different portions of the same houses are rented out to more than one family, mostly Afghan refuges.

According to Sub Divisional Officer in-charge for solid waste collection and disposal, the total solid waste generated from the Hayatabad Township is 60 tones. Of this waste 40 tons is collected daily while the remaining 20 tons or one third is left in the street, disposed in the plots on which construction has not yet stared.

Waste generated per capita per day 0.5 Kg Waste generated per household per day 5.0 Kg Total Solid Waste generated per day 60 Tones Source: Micro Municipal Services Proposal

If we take the average of 5.5 or 5 Kg and the number of houses as 12,000 the

estimated figure comes to 66,000 Kg which is very near to the estimated figure of Municipal committee

Table-31 shows complete survey data of solid waste in Hayatabad generated from different categories of model houses. Table shows different fractions of solid waste generated daily during the survey period.



51

TABLE-31

DATA COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE IN HAYATABAD FROM DIFFERENT CATEGORIES /MODEL

HOUSES

Inhabitants of House Wastage

Area of

House

Date Kids Elders Total

Amount of Daily

Produced Solid

Waste in gms

Tea, Peel of eggs,

Shopping Bags etc

Ceramic Pamper

Vegetable &

Fruits Flakes

Plastic, Rubber Textile Paper Metal Glass Bones Wood Bread

2 Kanal

Wed

14-01-2004 7 10 17 6850 100 - 1050 3500 100 200 350 - 250 300 1000 -

Thu

15-01-2004 7000 120 250 1000 5000 130 - 250 - - 200 - 50

Fri

16-01-2004 5000 100 200 1000 3000 - 250 - - 100 250 - 100

Sat

17-01-2004 6000 130 - 1050 4200 70 - 100 250 - 50 - 150

Sun

18-01-2004 6000 120 110 1050 4250 100 - 50 - - 250 - 70

Mon

19-01-2004 10900 120 - 900 7100 250 - 1000 260 70 100 1000 100

Tue

20-01-2004 8000 100 - 1000 5350 750 250 250 - 50 100 - 150

Total: 49750 790 560 7050 32400 1400 700 2000 510 470 1250 2000 620

Average: 7107.14 112.86 80.00 1007.14 4628.57 200.00 100.00 285.71 72.86 67.14 178.57 285.71 88.57

Urban E

nvironmental Problem

s in Pakistan

(A C


nvironment in H

ayatabad, Peshawar)

Pak-EPA

/OE

CC

51

Part-3

Study

Solid Waste C

haracteristics



52


Area of

House


Amount of Daily

Produced Solid

Waste in gms

Tea, Peel of eggs,

Shopping Bags etc

Ceramic Pamper

Vegetable &

Fruits Flakes


1 Kanal

Wed

14-01-2004 3 7 10 4000 120 150 250 2360 150 250 250 250 - 200 - 20

Thu

15-01-2004 5400 150 - 500 3400 100 - 100 - 100 50 1000 -

Fri

16-01-2004 3500 170 - 300 2560 150 - 120 - - 100 - 100

Sat

17-01-2004 3500 200 - 350 2830 - - - - 50 50 - 20

Sun

18-01-2004 3000 100 - 250 2300 - 200 50 - - 100 - -

Mon

19-01-2004 6400 120 - 450 3700 100 100 500 280 - 100 1000 50

Tue

20-01-2004 5000 150 - 300 4350 - - 50 - 50 100 - -

Total: 30800 1010 150 2400 21500 500 550 1070 530 200 700 2000 190

Average: 4400.00 144.29 21.43 342.86 3071.43 71.43 78.57 152.86 75.71 28.57 100.00 285.71 27.14

Urban E


s in Pakistan

(A C


nvironment in H

ayatabad, Peshawar)

Pak-EPA

/OE

CC

52

Part-3

Study

Solid Waste C

haracteristics



53


Area of

House


Amount of Daily

Produced Solid

Waste in gms

Tea, Peel of eggs,

Shopping Bags etc

Ceramic Pamper

Vegetable &

Fruits Flakes


10 Marla

Wed

14-01-2004 5 9 14 7500 200 - 500 6330 50 - 20 250 50 100 - -

Thu

15-01-2004 6000 150 - 300 4900 100 100 250 - - 150 - 50

Fri

16-01-2004 5500 150 - 300 4900 50 - - - 100 - - -

Sat

17-01-2004 5000 200 - 250 4000 150 - 50 - 150 200 - -

Sun

18-01-2004 5000 250 - 250 4030 - - 20 - 100 250 - 100

Mon

19-01-2004 9300 200 - 300 7350 - - 300 - 50 100 1000 -

Tue

20-01-2004 7500 150 - 250 7050 50 - - - - - - -

Total: 45800 1300 0 2150 38560 400 100 640 250 450 800 1000 150

Average: 6542.86 185.71 0.00 307.14 5508.57 57.14 14.29 91.43 35.71 64.29 114.29 142.86 21.43

Urban E


s in Pakistan

(A C


nvironment in H

ayatabad, Peshawar)

Pak-EPA

/OE

CC

53

Part-3

Study

Solid Waste C

haracteristics



54


Area of

House


Amount of Daily

Produced Solid

Waste in gms

Tea, Peel of eggs,

Shopping Bags etc

Ceramic Pamper

Vegetable &

Fruits Flakes


7 Marla

Wed

14-01-2004 4 6 10 4000 250 - - 3150 100 - 200 150 100 - 50

Thu

15-01-2004 3000 250 - - 2480 120 - 150 - - - -

Fri

16-01-2004 3500 150 - - 3150 - - 100 - - - 100

Sat

17-01-2004 3500 100 - - 3250 - - - - 150 - -

Sun

18-01-2004 3000 150 - - 2350 - - - 250 250 - -

Mon

19-01-2004 5900 150 - - 4300 100 - 250 - 100 1000 -

Tue

20-01-2004 4500 200 - - 3800 - - - 250 - - - 250

Total: 27400 1250 0 0 22480 320 0 700 250 400 600 1000 400

Average: 3914.29 178.57 0.00 0.00 3211.43 45.71 0.00 100.00 35.71 57.14 85.71 142.86 57.14

Urban E


s in Pakistan

(A C


nvironment in H

ayatabad, Peshawar)

Pak-EPA

/OE

CC

54

Part-3

Study

Solid Waste C

haracteristics



55


Area of

House


Amount of Daily

Produced Solid

Waste in gms

Tea, Peel of eggs,

Shopping Bags etc

Ceramic Pamper

Vegetable &

Fruits Flakes


5 Marla

Wed

14-01-2004 0 6 6 6900 200 - - 5050 - 250 200 - - 200 1000 -

Thu

15-01-2004 6500 150 - - 5850 150 - - - 250 - - 100

Fri

16-01-2004 5000 200 250 - 4350 - - 100 - - - - 100

Sat

17-01-2004 5500 200 - - 4450 250 100 250 - - 250 - -

Sun

18-01-2004 4500 150 - - 4150 100 - - - - - - 100

Mon

19-01-2004 7850 150 - - 6300 - - 300 - - 100 1000 -

Tue

20-01-2004 6500 200 - - 6000 100 100 - - 100 - - -

Total: 42750 1250 250 0 36150 600 450 850 0 350 550 2000 300

Average: 6107.14 178.57 35.71 0.00 5164.29 85.71 64.29 121.43 0.00 50.00 78.57 285.71 42.86

Urban E


s in Pakistan

(A C


nvironment in H

ayatabad, Peshawar)

Pak-EPA

/OE

CC

55

Part-3

Study

Solid Waste C

haracteristics



56


Area of

House


Amount of Daily

Produced Solid

Waste in gms

Tea, Peel of eggs,

Shopping Bags etc

Ceramic Pamper

Vegetable &

Fruits Flakes


3 Marla

Wed

14-01-2004 3 3 6 1000 50 - - 750 - - - - 50 150 - -

Thu

15-01-2004 3250 70 - - 3170 10 - - - - - - -

Fri

16-01-2004 2500 50 - - 2430 - - 20 - - - - -

Sat

17-01-2004 2000 50 - - 1850 - - - - 100 - - -

Sun

18-01-2004 3000 70 - - 2830 - - - - - 100 - -

Mon

19-01-2004 3500 50 - - 3430 - - 20 - - - - -

Tue

20-01-2004 2700 50 - - 2550 - - - - 100 - - -

Total: 17950 390 0 0 17010 10 0 40 0 250 250 0 0

Average: 2564.29 55.71 0.00 0.00 2430.00 1.43 0.00 5.71 0.00 35.71 35.71 0.00 0.00

Note: 1). 14 Marlas Plots are only situated in Phase-7 & these are also under process

2). Vegetables and Fruits Flakes are used for feeding to Animals

3). Textile, Plastic, Rubber, Metal, Paper, Glass, Bones, Wood and Bread are selling items.

Urban E


s in Pakistan

(A C


nvironment in H

ayatabad, Peshawar)

Pak-EPA

/OE

CC

56

Part-3

Study

Solid Waste C

haracteristics



57

ii) Waste from Parks and Commercial areas Hayatabad is a newly settled town and has three parks and three mini markets. There are no separate arrangements for solid waste collection from parks and commercial markets. On average, there is one donkey cart collecting waste from parks, where the waste is normally plastic packages, tins etc. generated from fast food and drinks. Solid wastes generated from the commercial areas are mostly papers, paper-boards, packages materials, etc. the overall waste from these areas is estimated to be 1 ton/day. However, there is a weekly market on each Sunday, which adds an additional 1 ton solid waste on week end. 1-2 Daily Dumped Volume Town-III authorities in Hayatabad are mostly relay on donkey carts as major mode of transportation of solid waste from houses, parks, commercial areas etc. to the authorized dumping site. Beside donkey carts, there are two trucks used for this purpose. Table-32 gives means of transportation of solid waste to dumping site. TABLE-32

MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION

Type Number Collection

frequency Capacity Total capacity

Trucks 2 One Trip/day 5 tons per truck

10 Tons

Donkey carts 100 One Trip/day 300 Kg per cart

30 Tons

Among 100 donkey carts, 38 have been hired on monthly charge of Rs.1100/= per cart, while the remaining work as volunteers. Volunteer carts sell the saleable items from the waste and dispose off the rest. Table-32 shows the estimated waste quoted by the Municipal Staff of Town-III dealing with collection and disposal of solid waste from Hayatabad. The actual weight of the garbage taken by a donkey cart was measured on computerized weighing machine came to be 720 Kg. However, it seems that the amount of waste taken by the majority carts working as volunteers are very low and they are also selective in choosing the area. They mostly operate in those areas, where they can get maximum load of saleable items. Only 38 hired donkey carts carry 720 kg/cart garbage to the dumping site. Total dumped waste by these hired donkey carts are about 28 tons/day. This figure is very close to the estimated dumped waste per day by donkey carts given in Table-32. Every day these donkey carts collect the waste by going door to door from their nominated areas and then separate on spot saleable and non-saleable items. Hayatabad Town-III administration has also provided 350 drums having capacity of 1100 liters per drum in commercial and residential areas for garbage disposal. Two garbage collection trucks collect the waste from these drums.



58

After analyzing the data collected from waste generation and waste disposal, it is estimated that normally 50-60% of the waste is being collected by the Municipal authorities of Hayatabad. 1-3 Total Quantity of Dumped Waste (Topographic Survey)

Topographic survey of the solid waste dumping site in Hayatabad was carried out in December, 2003 by the help of the surveyor from the CD & MD of Hayatabad Town-III. This dumping site is situated in Phase-VII of Hayatabad. A map of Phase-VII Hayatabad, showing the dumping site is enclosed in Annexure-C.

Till December 2003, Phase VII dumping site was used for the disposal of solid waste by both trucks and donkey carts. The site has been abandoned after December, 2003. The exact data, when the Town-III started dumping waste in Phase-VII is not known. However, it seems that the same started in 1997 or later.

To know the total quantity of dumped waste over the period on this site, detail survey data is given in Table-33 to 35. Table-33 shows space capacity of dumping waste and Table-35 gives details about the remaining portions for dumping in the areas marked. Survey diagram is enclosed in Annexure-D.

TABLE-33

CAPACITY OCCUPIED BY WASTE

Area Length x Width x Depth Volume

cft 1

24540

x

29040

x

21216

8675

2 70

x

29590

x

234

22662

3

2115170

x

90

x

216.133.2

22379

4

285100

x

24580

x

1.5

8671

5 60

x

22515

x

1.5

1800

6 60

x

15

x

2.5

2250

7 150

x

24020

x

220.174.2

8865

8

90

x

27055

x

259

39375

9 90

x

30

x

1.5

4050

TOTAL 48727



59

TABLE-34

SPARE CAPACITY OF THE DUMPING SITE

Area Length x Width x Depth Volume

cft 1

2100200

x

25090

x

2148

115500

2

2150200

x

212575

x

233.1390.13

238175

TOTAL 353675 TABLE-35

REMAINING PORTION OF DUMPING IN THE AREAS

MARKED

Area Length x Width x Depth Volume cft

2 70

x

29095

x

6

38850

3

2115170

x

90

x

2714

134662

4

285100

x

24580

x

249

37578

5 60

x

22515

x

4

4800

8

90

x

27055

x

10

225000

TOTAL 440890 Total Capacity of the Site Waste Occupied volume 48727 1,378.97m3 Volume of Unused Trenches 353675 10,009.00m3 Spare Volume of the Used Area 440890 12,477.19m3

Grand Total 843292cft 23,865.16m3



60

Annual Dumping volume can be calculated from the Equation-A. Annual Dumping Volume = Equation-A

From the calculation in Table-33, total dump volume is 1,378.97 m3. So by using Equation-A, Annual dumping volume of the solid waste in Phase-VII is 229.83m3. Since 1st January 2004, a new site located at a distance of 15 Km from Hayatabad along the ring Road between Bara Chowk and Kohat road is used for waste dumping. This site is far away from the Hayatabad area, so only the waste collected by trucks are disposed off. An estimated 10-15 tons of waste is now being dumped per day. Since 1st to 28th January 2004, after the abandonment of Phase-VII site, donkey carts use to dump the waste in excavated areas of Kacha Garhi Camp (opposite Hayatabad Township). This particular site has been abandoned too after public complaints. Since 28th January onwards, waste is being disposed by donkey carts in an excavated area within the premises of Sewage Treatment Plant in Phase-III. As per discussion with the Sub Divisional Officer, In-charge for Solid waste collection and disposal in Town-III, there are all temporary arrangements and they are trying to find some permanent site for waste disposal. Following Table-36 below summarizes the main distinguishing characteristics of the dumping site in Phase-VII, Hayatabad.

TABLE-36

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE DUMPING SITE

IN HAYATABAD

Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages Poorly site No planning

Little or no site preparation No leachate management No gas management

Only occasional cover

No/Little compaction of

waste No fence No record keeping

Waste picking/selling

Easy access Low initial cost

Low initial cost Low initial cost

Low initial cost Aerobic decomposition Aerobic decomposition Access to waste pickers Low initial cost Material

recovery/income

Environmental contamination

Noxious site Unsightly, needs remediation Ground water or surface

water contamination Risk of explosion, Green

House Gases Vector/disease, unsightly Shorter, lifetime little

Indiscriminate use No record of landfill

contents Risk to Scavengers health

2- QUALITY OF WASTE

Dumping Volume Dumping Periods (Year)



61

In this section, the quality of Solid waste generated in Hayatabad area will be discussed. Also recovery of saleable items by scavengers and discard materials by weight and by percentage of generation will be discussed. 2-1 Apparent Specific gravity The main source of garbage collection in Hayatabad is donkey cart. The average volume of the loaded donkey carts were measured, which comes up 1.36m3. The average weight of garbage was measured on carts, by measuring the weight of loaded and unloaded carts, which is 0.72 tons. So the apparent specific gravity of the loaded donkey cart is 0.53 t/m3. The owner of the donkey carts segregate the solid waste on source during collection on door to door. So the volume and the weight of the donkey carts with saleable and non-saleable items were measured during this study. 2-2 Composition of Solid Waste According to the survey conducted, a fully loaded donkey cart was weighted on a computerized weighing machine at a facility available in Lahore Steel Mills, industrial estate, Hayatabad and thus the total waste came as 720 Kg. The weight was mixed thoroughly and divided into two equal sections. Two sections were chosen and then mixed again thoroughly and again separated them into four sections. This process was repeated again and finally about 90 Kg portion was taken for segregation. The following diagram shows the path of sampling test for the determination of composition of solid waste. FIGURE-10

SOLID WASTE SORTING PROCESS FOR QUALITY CHECK

1/4 1/4

1/4 1/4

1/4

1/4

1/8 1/8

1/8 1/8

1/8

1/8

1/16

1/16 1/16

1/16 1/16

1/16 Sample

Choose and take out

Choose and take out

Choose and take out

1 1/2 1/4 1/8



62

TABLE-37

SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION

Items Weight (Kg) % of Discard Waste

Total weight 720 Non-Saleable Items

o Vegetables/fruits/other organics

o Pampers o Used tea leaves

650

20 10

90.3

2.8 1.4

Saleable Items o Plastic, Rubber o Textile o Paper o Metal o Glass o Bones o Wood o Bread

8 4 8 2 4 6 3 5

1.1 0.5 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.7

Table-37 shows that the high percentage of discard waste about 90% is

vegetables/fruits and other organics like kitchen waste. Most of the discard vegetables/fruits are consumed by the carts owner for feeding their animals. The second highest percentage of discard non-saleable item is pamper (diapers). Pampers are 3% among non-saleable items, which go to the dumping site. The break down of saleable and non-saleable item is solid waste (in percentage by weight) are shown in Figure-11 and 12. Figure-11 shows the percent generation and discard of items to the dumping sites. While the Figure-12 shows the percent generation and recovery of saleable items by either scavengers or by cart owners. 3- SOLID WASTE RECYCLING 3-1 Quality and Quantity of Picked Waste As discussed earlier, saleable items are picked from the solid waste discard and sold in Kabari shops (those shops, who buy used items or saleable items collected from solid waste). No Kabari shops are allowed to operate inside the Hayatabad town area. However, there are approximately 20 shops on the Jamrud Road opposite Hayatabad Town, where 90% items come from Hayatabad area, while 10% come from Kacha Gari (Afghan refuges camp). Table- 38 shows the average weight of various saleable items receive at a typical Kabari shop per day. Survey was conducted in 20 shops to find out the total weight of saleable items. Therefore total weight of various items do vary from the average weight. However, the following average was estimated for single day survey.



63

FIGURE-11

PERCENT COMPOSITION OF NON-SALEABLE ITEMS

FIGURE-12

PERCENT COMPOSITION OF SALEABLE ITEMS

Vegetables/Fruits/other Organics,

95.5%

Pampers, 3%

Used Tea Leaves, 1.5%

Plastic Rubber Textile PaperMetal Glass BoxesWood Bread

20%

10%

5%

20% 10%

15%

7.5% 12.5%



64

TABLE-38

AVERAGE AND TOTAL WEIGHT OF SALEABLE ITEMS FOR

A SINGLE DAY

Items Weight (Kg) Total Weight, 20 Shops (Kg)

Bread 30 600 Bones 40 800 Plastic, Rubber 12 240 Metal 10 200 Glass (bottles) 5 60 Glass 4 48 Newspaper (English) 0.5 10 Newspaper (Urdu) + Note Books 1 20 Ghatta (Paper back, cover) 4 80

3-2 Recycle Route and Value Following Table-39 shows the values (Prices) of the various items in the market.

TABLE-39

PRICES OF SALEABLE ITEMS

Items Price Rupees per Kilogram

(Rs/Kg) Bread 5 Bones 3 Plastic, Rubber 13 Metal 10 Glass (Bottles) 3 Glass 1 Paper (English News Paper) 13 Paper (Urdu News Paper + Note Books) 8 Ghatta (Paper Back, Cover) 4

i) Bread Bread is used as a feed to animals. So it is consumed locally by the diary farmers or people who keep animals like buffalo, cow, etc. to sell the diary products in the market.



65

ii) Bones Bones collected from Hayatabad and all Peshawar areas are sent to Wazirabad and Kala Shah Kako in Punjab province. The main processing unit is Lies Pak Gelatin Ltd., situated at Wazirabad (Punjab). The bones are mainly used in poultry feed, toothpaste, match factory and manufacturing of gelatin. This gelatin is further used in sugar and medicine industries. Some gelatin is also exported to the countries like France and Japan. iii) Glass Glass collected from Peshawar area is mostly transported to Gujrat (Punjab Province) and Hattar, Haripur (NWFP Province). One glass recycling unit namely Ghani Glass Industry is situated in Hattar, Haripur. It is mainly used for the manufacturing of crockery and bottles. iv) Metals/Iron Scrap/Tin etc. The main buyers of these items are the steel re-rolling units situated in different parts of the country. Following units are the main buyers of metal/iron scrap from Peshawar city.

Noomi and Neelum Steel, Hayatabad Industrial Estate, Peshawar. Frontier Steel and Afandi Steel, Gadoon Amazai, Industrial Estate, Peshawar. Frontier Steel and Lahore Steel, Hayatabad Industrial Estate, Peshawar

A major chunk of this scrap is also sold to various buyers in Lahore. These metals

are mainly used in manufacturing of saria (Iron Rod used in construction), iron chains etc. v) Plastic The main buyers of these plastic items are either in Bara, Peshawar or in Lahore. These plastic are mainly used in Plastic ropes. vi) Papers Newspapers are used for making envelop. These paper envelop are sold in the shops for packing purpose. Paper, paperboard, cardboard, milk or drink cartons are also used in recycling paper mill.


Pak-EPA/OECC Summary Study

66

SUMMARY

The study was conducted with the financial collaboration of Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center (OECC), Japan to examine the impact of urbanization on environment. Hayatabad Township was chosen as a typical role model for the present study. Help was sorted from different departments to incorporate the relevant data in this study. A detail survey was conducted by Pak-EPA team members with NWFP-EPA assistance for both water environment and solid waste characteristics. To see the water quality from domestic and industrial discharges and the surface water quality, seven different points were selected for water sampling. Spot testing were performed for certain parameters. Organic pollutants like BOD and COD in these water channels vary from 47.5 to 323.5 mg/l and 221.0 to 2240.0 mg/l respectively. Highest BOD and COD concentrations were found at sampling point P1, which are 323.5 mg/l and 2240 mg/l respectively. The concentrations of heavy toxic metals like Lead, Chromium, Zinc and Copper vary among different locations. Arsenic and Cadmium could not be detected by AAS. By going through the analytical results of the water samples, it is concluded that the water discharge from Hayatabad Township is seriously degrading the down stream water bodies and ultimately River Kabul. A leachate sample was collected to examine the chemical and bacteriological parameters. Highest organic and inorganic pollutants were found in leachate sample. By analyzing the analytical data, it revealed the low relative biodegradability of the leachate of the dumping site. Seven days consecutive survey on Solid Waste characteristics of Quantity and Quality, generated a very useful data. To know the waste generation in residential area, model houses were divided in different categories. According to the survey waste generated per house is 5.5 Kg, where as waste generated per capita per day 0.66 Kg. It is estimated from the survey that the total generation of solid waste is 66,000 Kg per day in residential area. It is also estimated that the commercial and park areas generate an additional 1000 Kg of solid waste per day. The mode of transportation of solid waste is mainly donkey carts to the dumping site, situated at Phase-VII, which is now abandoned. Two garbage trucks are also used for waste collection from parks and commercial areas. These trucks also collect waste from some primary collection points. The donkey carts are collecting garbage from door to door. This service is provided by the owners of the donkey carts for their own interest to segregate the saleable items from this garbage. Most of the solid waste about 90% comprised is organic such as vegetables/fruits and other kitchen waste. Saleable or recycled items from solid waste generated in Hayatabad township is only 5.5%. Big chunk of solid waste, which is organic are also taken out before going to dumping site by the scavengers to use as a feed to animals. Presently there is no proper dumping site of solid waste in Hayatabad after shutting down the Phase-VII site. Now these two trucks are only dumping waste approximately 10 to 15 tons per day to the site located some 15 Km away from Hayatabad. Donkey carts owners are dumping garbage waste in ditches and excavated areas of Hayatabad Township until filing this report.


Pak-EPA/OECC Photos Study

67

PHOTOS MEASUREMENT OF FLOW RATE OF NARAI KHAWAR LABELLING OF WATER SAMPLES



68

SEGREGATION OF SALABLE ITEMS ON SOURCE COLLECTION DUMPING SITE (PHASE VII), NOW ABANDONED



69

SALEABLE ITEMS OF SOLID WASTE

SEGREGATION & WEIGHING IN KABARI SHOP BREAD



70

BONES TIN CANS & PLASTIC BOTTLES



71

NEWS PAPER, PLASTIC BOTTLES & RUBBER ITEMS

· study on comprehensive support strategy for environment and development in the early 21st...

Documents