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UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188

la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGSUnclassified Noe

2. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABIlITY OF REPORT

Approved for public release; distibution unlimited.2b. DECLASSIFICATICODOWNGRAOING SCHEDULE

4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)No. 2470

6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 74. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATIONBelvoir RD&E Center (NAA2")Materials, Fuels and Lubricants Dir. STRBE-VU _6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State., and ZP Code)

Rubber & Coated Fabrics Research DivisionFort Belvoir, VA 22060-5606

Sa. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBERORGANIZATION (it applicable)

So. ADDRESS (City State, andZIP Code) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS

PROGRAM PROJECT TASK IWORK UNITELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NO.

11. TITLE (Indude Sec i' Cilssiffsobn)Evaluation of Coated Fabrics for Pneumatic Equipment 9J)

12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)Paul E. Gaza, Dawn M. Crawford, and Brian J. David

13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Minh, Day) 15. PAGE COUNTFinal FROM & TO _ June 1988 , 20

16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION17,OnqATi CODES18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on revrse if necessary and idonfify by Olock number)

FIELD GROUP -SUB-GROUP Coated fabrics, elastomers, pneumatic quipmen t ) .

ABSTACT (Conauns on reverse ifdneessmn7d defify by block numb-er)

is report details the scope of work and results obtained in a program to evaluate the performance characteristics of Stypical commercial elastomer coated fabrics used to fabricate inflatable boats, such as those currently cited in MIL-B-53067 for 3-, 7-, and 15-person sizes. Comparison of the material test data with the criteria cited in the new combined

specification indicates that conformance is attainable. Likewise, in-house evaluation of performance of seams constructedfrom the candidate fabrics was generally acceptable. r r , %.-

It is concluded that MIL-B-53067, as drafted, is acceptable for procurement of pneumatic boats in the specified sizes. S

20. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABIUTY OF ABSTRACT ".. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONM UNCLASSlRIErUW~iLW TED []SAME AS REPORT E]' DTIc USERS[ Unclassified

22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL '' 22b. TELEPONE (include Area Code) 22c. Office SymbolPaul E. Gatza 703-664-5488 STRBE-VU

D Form 1473, JUN 86 Previous editions are obsolete. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE.UNCLASSIFIEDI

01

PREFACE

The US Army uses inflatable boats in 3-person, 7-person, and 15-person capacities during

reconnaissance, landing assault, and engineering bridging operations. These boats, designed in the

early 1950s, were fabricated from neoprene-coated nylon in accordance with MIL-C-14505, and

were autoclave-vulcanized under heat and pressure.

Current inflatable boat technology offers a variety of new materials and fabrication techniques.

Because hypalon and urethanes have gained prominence, thermal bonding procedures are now being

employed to reduce the high degree of labor-intensive operations involved.. To open up competition

to include these innovations, the Belvoir Research, Development and Engineering Center (BRDEC),

in 1987, developed performance specification MIL-B-53067, wherein essential performance and

design criteria are cited, but materials and fabrication methods are left to the contractor's discretion.

Concurrent with the promulgation of the new specification, an in-house program was conducted by

the Materials, Fuels and Lubricants Directorate in FY87-88 to assess the conformance of

commercial boat materials currently used by the end item fabricators. Materials and representative ''

seam structures were solicited through a Commerce Business Daily announcement 15 September

1986. This report summarizes the results and conclusions derived from that effort.

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CONTENTS

Page

Section I Background.............................................................1

Section 11 Experimental.............................................................. 1

Section HII Results and Discussion .................................................. 10

Section IV Conclusions..............................................................1

Tables

1 Characteristics of Coated Fabrics ..................................................... 2

2 Characteristics of Seams............................................................... 3

3 Test Paragraphs of MEL-B-53067 ..................................................... 4-5

4 Coated Fabric Test Results............................................................. 6-7

5 Seam Test Results ...................................................................... 8-9

lie WK

SECTION . BACKGROUND

Historically, procurement of pneumatic boats in the 3-, 7-, and 15-person capacity classes has beenin accordance with end item specifications MIL-B-13831, MIL-B-17775, and MIL-B-58022,respectively. These documents reference detailed configurational drawings; specific materials ofconstruction-such as neoprene-coated nylon, conforming to MIL-C-14505 or MIL-C- 17415; andend item performance requirements-such as leakage and inflation tests.

As directed by the Troop Support Command (TROSCOM), the Marine Division, Logistics SupportDirectorate, and the Rubber and Coated Fabrics Research Group, Materials, Fuels and LubricantsDirectorate, jointly drafted, coordinated and issued MIL-B-53067, combining all three boat classesinto one performance document which retains certain material controls and end item qualificationprocedures, but references no drawings. Thus, design is left open to the vendor, and procurement ofoff-the-shelf items is possible.

In order to ascertain the reasonableness of materials requirements, specifically for coated fabrics ofMIL-B-53067, the Marine Division solicited samples of potential candidate materials and theirrepresentative seam structures from commercial boat fabricators. It intended to also include samplesof actual coating compounds in the evaluation; however, industry was reluctant to comply, becausethey consider their compounds proprietary.

SECTION II. EXPERIMENTAL

A total of 17 coated fabric materials obtained from seven commercial boat suppliers were evaluated.All of these materials, designated as BF-1 through BF-17, except for two were derived from foreignsources. Corresponding representative seam structures were obtained for all candidate materialsexcept BF-4. All tests were performed in accordance with Tables 1 and 2, with the exception offungus resistance due to unavailable test facilities. Table 3 lists test paragraphs that detail theprocedures for testing materials specified in Tables I and 2. Other test methods are in accordancewith FED-STD-191 or American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures as indicatedin the tables.

Attempts made to prepare coating peel adhesion specimens which required an adhered reinforcing

back-up strip to prevent stretching of the thin coating layer were unsuccessful. Having noknowledge of the coating composition, it was impossible to find compatible adhesives for the back-up strips. Skiving the coating to initiate separation was also unsuccessful. Thus, no coatingadhesion data was obtained.

All test data are summarized in Tables 4 and 5. Since the candidate materials were not specificallysubmitted on the basis of conformance to either the 3-, 7-, or 15-person boat requirements, pass (P)

or fail (F) notations are included for each class. Actual MIL-B-53067 requirements are shown at thebottom of each test property column. The boat fabric materials designated BF-10, BF-l1, BF-12,BF-13, and BF-14 were supplied with both longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) seams.

Table 1. Characteristics of Coated Fabrics, MIL-B-53067 (ME)

TYPE REQUIREMENTTEST PARAGRAPH

PERSON CAPACITY OR TEST METHODITEM PROPERTY 3(I) 7(11) 15(111) OF FED-STD-1 91

1 Weight (oz/sq yd) 14 30 30 5041(MIN) (MIN) (MIN)

2 Tearing strength warp and a 25 25 5134fill (lb (MINI)

3 Breaking strength- warp 225 350 350 5102- fill 180 335 335(lb/in [MIN])

4 Weathering resistance after 80 so so 580415102"500 hours exposure at 5%elongation, warp and fill(percent retention of initialbreaking strength [MINI)

5 Puncture resistance (lb [MIN]) 90 110 110 4.5.2.9/5120

6 Low temperature creaseresistance:

Appearance after unfolding No cracking, peeling or delamination 4.5.2.10

7 Porosity (air retention) No leaks No leaks No leaks 4.5.2.13

S Fungus resistance No cracking, blistering or delamination of 5762".coating. Retention of breaking strength50% (MIN)

9 Blocking Specimens to separate within 5 seconds 4.5.2.11 I

10 Coating adhesion (initial) 12 20 20 4.5.2.12 is?

(lb/in [MIN])

11 Coating adhesion afterimmersion in distilled waterat 1 60F ± 2OF for thefollowing durations:14 days (lb/in) 8 10 10 4.5.2.1242 days (lb/in) 6 8 8 4.5.2.12

Specimens shall have exterior coating facing carbon arc. Alternate corex D filters shall be removed.

"Except specimens shall be prepared per method 5102 and the number of specimens reduced from 40 to 5 warp and5 fill. Leaching of specimens is unnecessary. The specimens shall be exposed to the soil for 8 weeks.

MIN -Minimum

2

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Table 2. Characteristics of Seams, MIL-B-306117 (ME)

TYPE REQUIREMENT

PERSON CAPACITY ASTM TEST METHODI1TEM PROPERTY 3(0) 7(11 15(111) OR TEST PARAGRAPH

1 Breaking strength (initial) 190 300 300 D 751 *(in (MINI) *4.5.2.14

2 Breaking strength afterimmersion in distilled water at1 60F ± 2OFfor thefollowing durations:

14 days (l 180 280 280 D 751/D 471/4.5.2.1442 days(Ib/in) 90 140 140 D 751 /D 471/4.5.2.14

3 Dead load shear resistance 0.1 inch slippage (MAX) 4.5.2.15under So in stress at200OF for 24 hours

4 Peel adhesion (initial) 12 20 20 D 413 machine method(lb/in (MINI) 4.5.2.14

5 Peel adhesion after immersionin distilled water at 1600F i 2OFfor the following durations:

14 days (11on) 10 10 0 413machine methodD 471/4.5.2.14

42 days (lbfin) 688 D 413 machine methodD 471 /4.5.2.14

All specimens must break in the coated fabric. Failure of any specimen in a seam area at any value shall constitutefailure of this test.

Except specimens shall be 2 inches wide.

MIN - Minimum

MAX -Maximum

3

p 3Nil

Table 3. Test Paragraphs of MIL-B-$3067 (ME)

4.5.2.9 Puncture resistance. FED-STD-191, method 5120 applies except that the ring clamp mechanismshall have an internal diameter of 3.00 inch, and the ball shall be replaced by a piering instrument shapedIke a flared, flat-tip screwdriver, having a width of 0.312, ± 0.010 inch, and a thickness of 0.031, ± 0.004 inch,at the extreme tip. The piercing tip edges shall be rounded to a 0.010 inch radius. The piercing instrumentshall be oriented to intercept the warp and fill threads at an angle of approximately 45 degrees. The averageof three test specimens shall be reported. Nonconformance to (Table I of this report] shall constitute failureof this test.

4.5.2.10 Low temperature crease resistance. Fold two coated fabric specimens (each 8 inches square) inhalf in each direction so that a folded comer occurs in the center of each specimen. Place each foldedspecimen under a 4-pound load and condition at -609F for 46 hours. At the end of the conditioning period,unfold the specimens while still at a temperature of -60°F and examine visually. Signs of cracking, peeling, ordelamination of any coating material or, nonconformance to [Table 1 of this report) shall constitute failure ofthis test.

4.5.2.11 Blocking. Place two coated fabric specimens 6 inches by 1 inch in an oven on a smooth surface insuch a manner that the ends are overlapped 1 inch. Place a 4-pound weight directly on the overlapped area.After conditioning at a temperature of 158 ± 2*F, for 4 hours, remove the weight and take the specimens fromthe oven and condition for 1 hour at 73 ± 30F. Attach one end of the specimen in a suitable clamping deviceallowing the free end to hang down. Suspend a 4-ounce weight from the free end of the specimens. Inabilityof the strips to separate within 5 seconds under 4-ounce load shall constitute failure of this test.

4.5.2.12 Coating adhesion. Samples of coated fabric shall be bonded face-to-face to provide specimensfor determining adhesion between the cloth and exterior coating(s), between the cloth and interior coating(s),between laminations of interior coatings and barrier (if used), and between laminations of exterior coatings.In forming this bond the specimens shall be subjected to no heat or pressure other than that normallyencountered in curing the coated fabric, except for minimal pressure necessary to ensure contact while thebond is setting.

4.5.2.12.1 Test procedure. The adhesion shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D 413, machinemethod except that the specimens shall be 2 inches wide. The specimens shall be of sufficient length toconduct adhesion tests for both initial values and after water immersions. The adhesion results obtained oneach immersed specimen shall be compared with the initial adhesion of the same specimen to determinepercentage of adhesion retained. The reported adhesion and percent retention shall be the average on notless than two specimens. Attempts shall be made to cut the coating back to the cloth and to determine theadhesion value at the coating-to-cloth interface. However, if a specimen separates at a plane other than thebond of the coating to cloht (such as between layers of coating materials or between barrier film and coaling)the adhesion value and the plane of failure shall be recorded. Immersed specimens shall be conditioned indistilled water at 73 ± 50F, for 30 to 90 minutes before testing. Testing of immersed specimens shall becompared within 3 minutes after removal from the conditioning water. Immersion of specimens shall be inaccordance with ASTM 0 471. Nonconformance to (Table 1 of this report) or any obvious bond failureevident after immersion but before stressing, even if the plane of failure is not sandwiched between the layersof fabric, shall constitute failure of this test.

4.5.2.13 Porosity test - (air retention). Three specimens (13 inches in diameter) of the coated cloth foreach boat type shall be individually tested on the test jig as shown in figure 1. The specimen shall be placed,(coated side up), on the holder and the plate collar tightly bolted thereon. Care should be taken to ensure aleaktight fit. Water shall be poured on top of the specimen, sufficient to keep the top of the specimencompletely covered at all levels of pressure. The specimen shall be inflated to an air pressure of 10 psi for 5minutes. The air bubbles on the cloth surface produced by air pressure closing the spaces between the clothand coating shall be removed. The cloth shall show no signs of leakage as evidenced by continuedproduction of air bubbles.

4

Table 3. Test Paragraphs of MIL-B-53067 (ME) (Continued)

4.5.2.14 Seam tests. The bonding together of any two or more pieces of coated fabric (such as lap joints, Sbutt joints, and closure, chafing or reinforcing patches, coated fabric flanges of valves, etc.) shall beconsidered as seams and shall be subjected to all seam tests specified herein, except chafing patches whicl,will only be tested for peel. The average breaking strength of five specimens for each type seam for eachtest shall be reported for conformance to [Table 2 of this report]. Breaking strength specimens shall be 2inches wide (parallel to the seam) and shall extend (perpendicular to the seam) 3 inches beyond both edgesof the seam. No part of the test specimens shall be coated or covered duing the water immersion periods.Specimens shall be cooled in the immersion fluids at 73 ± 5°F, for 30 to 90 minutes before testing. Testing ofimmersed specimens shall be completed within 3 minutes after removal from the immersion fluids. Theaverage peel adhesion strength of two specimens for each type seam shall be reported for conformance to[Table 2 of this report]. Peel adhesion specimens shall be of sufficient length to determine both the initial andafter water adhesion values on the same specimen. If seam construction involves the use of binding thread,then the peel specimen shall be prepared with threads removed. Nonconformance to [Table 2 of this report]shall constitute failure of this test. _

4.5.2.15 Dead load sheer resistance. The test specimens shall be 1.0 inch, ±0.020-inch wide, (parallel tothe seam) and coated fabric shall extend a rinimum of 3 inches (perpendicular to the seam) on each side ofthe seam. One index mark shall be scribed on each side of the seam to facilitate observation andmeasurement of slippage. Each specimen shall be subjected to a constant (dead load) tension force of50 ± 1/2 pound. at 200 ± 5F. After 24 hours examine each specimen while still under tension for signs ofslippage or separation. Three specimens shall be tested for each determination. Slippage, by any specimen,greater than specified in [Table 2 of this reportl shall constitute failure of this test.

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9

SECTION IL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As shown in Tables 4 and 5, none of the candidate coated fabrics nor their respective seamstructures met all MIL-B-53067 requirements. The most frequently failed coated fabric tests werethe low temperature (-60 IF) crease resistance, and blocking. For reasons described earlier, no datawas obtained on coating adhesion for these materials. Regarding the low temperature creaseresistance requirement at -600 F, it is believed that material qualification at -25*F and -40F shouldbe determined with a view toward amending MIL-B-53067 to provide for three classes of service.Most Army procurements have historically required -25*F serviceability, and only the Air Force hasa need for -60OF serviceability.

The high incident of failures for the blocking test is most likely due to the thermoplastic nature ofthe coating materials provided for this study. Although the coating compositions were not known, itis believed many were thermoplastic, thus explaining their "tackiness" after heat aging.

Among the seam tests, failures most frequently occurred in the seam breaking strength and peeladhesion after 42 days immersion in distilled water at 160*F. Both tests are recognized as beingsomewhat severe, but they are nevertheless considered critical in assessing end item boatperformance.

The only materials that passed the above seam tests were BF-14L and BF-17. However, BF-17 hadlow initial seam peel strength, failed the blocking test, and had marginal weathering resistance in thewarp direction (1% below the required 80% retention). BF-14T (and BF-12L) broke significantlyabove the required 300 pounds but, because the samples broke in the seam, failure was indicated.With the additional exception of low temperature crease resistance, BF-14 performed well.

It was noted that BF-5, BF-10L&T, BF-1 L&T, BF-12L&T, and BF-16 all exhibited zero peeladhesion after immersion in water for 42 days at 160*E Adhesion values recorded for each materialafter 14 days immersion indicated that the long term water exposure test is requisite to assure seamintegrity. Each seam material, with the exception of BF-5, also failed the dead load test. It wasevident that these seams not only failed due to the presence of water, but they were also sensitive tothe 200*F temperature. In an earlier, nonpublished study using MIL-C- 14505 and MIL-C-17415coated fabrics, dead load tests were also run at 1800F in both dry and humid (86% relativehumidity) environments. The use of more than one temperature, plus wet and dry conditions, wouldhave provided more meaningful performance information.

In any case, these results signify that the quality of a supplier's seams is variable and highlydependent upon the nature of coating materials, adhesives, and seaming processes used.

It is also noted that the percent retention of breaking strength after 500 hours exposure in theWeatherometer at 5% elongation was based on original observed breaking strength of the coated

10

1111 '1111 1w'1% 1W

fabric. This was regardless of whether the material passed or failed the initial (unaged) test. Thebreaking strength of the composite structure was essentially contributed by the textile reinforcement.Thus, values greater than 100% are most likely attributable to within-sample variations in the fabricstrength or to experiment error.

SECTION IV. CONCLUSIONS

Data generated in this state-of-the-art evaluation of vendor's off-the-shelf coated fabrics formanufacture of pneumatic floatation equipment indicate that the materials and seam requirements ofMIL-B-53067 are realistic and attainable. Performance in some tests was marginal and somematerials did poorly in seam peel and/or low temperature crease resistance. However, it is believedthat with slight modifications in formulations, coating processes, and adhesion techniques,acceptable, conforming end items can be produced. It is also concluded that:

" Although this laboratory was unable to obtain coating adhesion values, the test should beretained in the specification and vendors should be required to provide data.

" Coated fabric tear strength requirements appear to be somewhat low. It is known that tearstrength is inversely proportional to coating adhesion strength. Since coating adhesion was notobtainable, rationale for adjusting tear strength requirements is unavailable at this time.

* Only the Air Force has requirements for -60*F service (stowage in high altitude aircraft).Consideration should be given to categorizing end items for -25*F, -40*F, and -60'Fservice, as has been the previous history of TROSCOM procurements.

* Ponton floats and bridge erection rollers, currently procured as formerly prescribed for the 3-, 7-,and 15-person boats, should also be considered as end items amendable to acquisition in the

manner now possible under MLL-B-53067.

" Current Army Materiel Command (AMC) thrusts emphasize further extension of theshelf/service life of petroleum, oil and lubricants (POL) and pneumatic coatcd fabric end items.Concurrent with this philosophy, extending the duration of the accelerated weathering(Weatherometer) test-from 500 to 1500 hours-merits investigation. Results obtained in thisstudy were not deemed sufficiently discriminating.

11

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