© t. m. whitmore today agricultural and rural development issues internal colonization amazonia...
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© T. M. Whitmore
TODAY•Agricultural and Rural
Development IssuesInternal colonization
Amazonia continued
•Amazonian & tropical deforestation
•Contemporary agriculture in LA
•Population Geography of LA
© T. M. Whitmore
LAST TIME•Agricultural & Rural Development
III: Modernization of agriculture: The “Green Revolution”
IV: Dual agricultural systems or “The Productivity Paradox”
V: Internal Colonization of Tropical Lowlands
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Tropical Deforestation•Deforestation rates•Causes
Agricultural clearingPasture clearingTimber harvestingOil exploration/extractionPopulation growth?Degradation of lands in source
areas of migrantsPoor land tenure equity in source
areas of migrantsUrban poverty
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Amazonian deforestation•Wider consequences
In Brazilspeculation and abandoned lands
Loss of rare tropical rain forestDestruction of speciesDestruction of Indigenous people’s
traditional livelihoodConsequences for global warmingFails to solve land tenure problemLocal weather impacts
•Solutions?
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Mexican Agriculture-examples
•Dual system spatially and functionally
•Regions in Mexican agricultureNorthern irrigated oasesMesa Central and Bajío
Commercial, specialty, & small holder
Southern highland Mexico, lowlands near Gulf of Mexico, and Yucatan
Commercial & small holder
Bajío
Irrigated maize in Bajío
Tequila
Pulque
(like tequila & mezcal, pulque is from maguey, a species of agave – not a cactus
Magueys in fallow field C. Mexico
© T. M. WhitmoreTraditional maize cob storage
Milpa (i.e., field – usually corn) in Chiapas
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Commercial Agriculture in LA
•Argentina
•Chilean central valley
•Brazil
•Peru’s coastal oases
•Columbia’s coffee
•Specialty crops: coca, flowers, ferns
•Central America’s 3 Cs
Pam
pasW
ines
Argentine Soy(98% GMO)
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Soy Citrus
Frui
t
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© T. M. WhitmoreCut flower cultivation on ancient terraces; near Tarma, Peru
© T. M. WhitmoreCut flower cultivation on ancient terraces; near Tarma, Peru
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Fern growth under meshIn cloud forest in theSierra de las Minas, Guatemala
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coffee
coffee
coffee
Tropical plantation crops
Cotton, sugar
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Population (2006 estimates)
•Latin America & Caribbean ~ 566 m
•USA ~ 300 m
•World ~ 6,555 m
•Caribbean ~ 39 m
•Central America (with Mexico) ~ 149 m
•Mexico ~ 108 m
•South America (with Brazil ~ 378 m)
•Brazil ~ 187 m
•Mexico + Brazil ~ 295 m (> ½ of LA; ~ USA)
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Demography: Growth related
•Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)Meaning of “crude” in demographyCrude Birth Rate (CBR): live
births/1000 pop in a given yearCrude Death Rate (CDR):
deaths/1000 pop in a given yearCBR - CDR = RNI (assumes no
migration) in a given year
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Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)/yr
•Latin America ~ 1.5%/yr•USA ~ 0.6%/yr•World ~ 1.2%/yr•More Developed World ~ 0.1%/yr•Lesser developed world ~ 1.5% - 1.8%/yr•Caribbean ~ 1.2%/yr•Central America (including Mexico) ~ 1.9%•Mexico ~ 1.7 %/yr•South America (including Brazil) ~ 1.4%/yr
Brazil ~ 1.4%/yr•Notable extremes•Historical trends: 1950s - 1980s
Declining but less rapidly now
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)•= average total number of births to a
woman in her lifetime (superior to CBR)
•~ 2.1 => parents only replacing themselves (called replacement level fertility)need the extra 0.1 due to childhood
deaths
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Fertility (TFR)• Latin America ~ 2.5
• USA ~ 2.0
• World ~ 2.7
• More Developed World ~ 1.6
• Lesser developed world ~ 2.9 - 3.4
• Caribbean ~ 2.6
• Central America (including Mexico) ~ 2.7
• Mexico ~ 2.4
• South America (including Brazil) ~ 2.4
• Brazil ~ 2.3
• Notable extremes
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Death related (mortality)• Mortality
measured by “life expectancy at birth” (Eo)= AVERAGE projected span of life at the date for a pop
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)# deaths of infants (< 1yr)/1000 live
births in a given yr
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Life expectancy at birth (Eo) • Latin America ~ 72 yrs• USA ~ 78• World ~ 67• More Developed World ~ 77• Lesser developed world ~ 63 – 65• Caribbean ~ 69• Central America (including Mexico) ~ 74• Mexico ~ 75• South America (including Brazil) ~ 72• Brazil ~ 72• Individual extremes
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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)• Closely correlated with Eo & very diagnostic of
social underdevelopment and poverty• Latin America ~ 29 (per 1000 live births -or
2.9%)• USA ~ 6.9• World ~ 55• More Developed World ~ 7• Lesser developed world ~ 61 – 64• Caribbean ~ 38• Central America (including Mexico) ~ 27• Mexico ~ 25• South America (including Brazil) ~ 30• Brazil ~ 33• Individual extremes
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Population age structure - youth
•Youthful pops: % of pop < 15 years old•USA 20%•World 29%
Lesser developed World 32% - 35%More Developed World ~ 17%
•Latin America 30%Central America with Mexico 34%Caribbean 34%South America 29%
•Latin American extremes & consequences
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Population age structure - aged
•Aged pops: (> 65)
•USA 12%
•World 7%Lesser developed World 5%
•Latin America 6%Central America with Mexico 5%Caribbean 8%South America 6%
•Latin American extremes & consequences
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Population age structures•Population pyramid
•Concept of dependency ratio(pop aged 0-15 + pop aged 65+) *100/ Pop age 15-65
•USA dependency ratio100*(20% +12%)/68% = 47
•Developing world dependency ratio100*(32% + 5%)/63% = 59
•Latin America dependency ratio100*(30% + 6%)/64% = 56
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