© t. m. whitmore today urbanization in la causes & consequences the urban dual economy...
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© T. M. Whitmore
TODAY
•Urbanization in LACauses & consequences
•The urban dual economy
•Migration – the 3rd part of the population equationInternational within LAInternational to/from LA USA/LA migration
© T. M. Whitmore
LAST TIME- Questions?
•Population Geography of LAGrowthFertilityMortalityAge structure
•Urbanization in LASpatial patterns
© T. M. Whitmore
Roots of urban growth•Demographic
R—to—Urban migrationNatural increase
•EconomicIndustrializationRural stagnation
•Organizations Banks and governments
© T. M. Whitmore
Benefits from urban growth•Efficient provision of social services
•Cities are centers of information flow and knowledge
•Concentrated (and better educated?) labor pool
•Physical infrastructure often better
•Cities concentrate “human capital”
•Cities are a huge internal markets
•Easier linkages between industries
•Cities are often “better off”
© T. M. Whitmore
Urban growth I•Housing
First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums
Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city
Often close juxtaposition of rich and poor
© T. M. Whitmore
Elite housing, Santo Domingo
Mexico City country club
Mexican stock exchange
© T. M. WhitmoreWealthy homes in Morelia
© Pearson Education – Prentice HallElite house Cuidad Juarez
© W.H. Freeman & Co.
© T. M. Whitmore
Urban growth II•Planned developments•Self-help (often squatter) “slum” hous
ingFavelas (Brazil), colonias
proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.Seen as places of permanence25-40% of total pop in some citiesInitially settlements lack
infrastructureA main characteristic is
improvement•New purchased housing
Planned new housing area in Mexico City
Nezahualcoyotl:Planned housing area in Mexico City
Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people
Squatter housing in Mexico City
Mexico City inner city
© Pearson Education – Prentice HallSquatters outside Lima
© W.H. Freeman & Co.
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. Whitmore
Self-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Lima
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Saltillo
© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Tegucigalpa
© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Tegucigalpa
300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, complex has more than 10,000!
© T. M. Whitmore
Urban growth III•Subsidy and Sink effects
•Congestion
•Pollution
•Loss of urban open space
•Poor provision of basic services
•Ecological impacts & export of problems
•Poverty generally
•Employment not always good
Mexico City on a rare clear day
More typical Mexico City day
© T. M. WhitmoreUrban water, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreUrban water, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreSubsidence in Mexico City
© T. M. Whitmore
Subsidence in Mexico City
© T. M. Whitmore
The urban economy•Dual system
Formalcorporate, government, commerce, and major businesses
Minority of jobs?Informal
services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc.
Majority of jobs?
© T. M. Whitmore
Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa
Informal sector economy
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo
Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo
Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers
© T. M. Whitmore
Migration-the 3rd part of demography
•DefinitionsMore-or-less permanent change in
the locus of one’s lifeMust cross political boundary
•“Circulation” a temporary change in residence
© T. M. Whitmore
Migration — 4 major types
•1st type: International within Latin America
•2nd type: International to and from Latin America
•3rd type rural => rural migration
•4th type rural => urban migration
© T. M. Whitmore
International migration within
Latin America•Mostly labor circulation flows
•Industrial and urban destinations
•Rural origin to urban destination
© T. M. Whitmore
International to and from Latin America
•Colonial migrations100s of thousands of IberiansForced migration of ~10 m Africans
•19th century migrationsEuropeans to S Brazil, Argentina,
Uruguay, Costa RicaAsian indentured labor to Caribbean
& Guyana, Surinam, etc.•Contemporary migrations
Caribbean, Ecuador, “el Norte”
© T. M. Whitmore
Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador© Brad Jokish
© T. M. Whitmore
Example of International migration: Mexicans to US
•N limits of MexicoLoss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s
•Post-Mexican war in 1880s
•1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US => >500kBut small % of all immigration
© T. M. Whitmore
Example of International migration: Mexicans to US
II•1940s -1960s => Bracero program
•1980s and beyondIssue of illegal (undocumented)
•Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880s
•Spatial patterns of migration
• Issue of remittances