“ testing a 100kv / 20a solid-state fast switch and mod-anode regulator at the aps”
DESCRIPTION
“ Testing a 100kv / 20A Solid-State Fast Switch and Mod-Anode Regulator at the APS”. ASD – RF Group. “ Testing a 100kv / 20A Solid-State Fast Switch and Mod-Anode Regulator at the APS”. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
A U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Science LaboratoryOperated by The University of Chicago
Argonne National Laboratory
Office of ScienceU.S. Department of Energy
“Testing a 100kv / 20A Solid-State Fast Switch and Mod-Anode Regulator at the APS”ASD – RF Group
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“Testing a 100kv / 20A Solid-State Fast Switch and Mod-Anode Regulator at the APS”
Mercury - containing ignitron crowbars are commonly used to protect klystrons from arc damage. When an arc occurs, the crowbar closes and rapidly discharges the energy-storage capacitor.
An alternative way to protect a klystron is to use a switch that opens during an arc, using series arrays of insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs).
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Ideal switch: 1) Zero resistance or forward voltage drop in the on-state. 2) Infinite resistance in the off-state. 3) Switch with infinite speed. 4) Would not require any input power to make it switch.
Choice involves voltage, current, switching speed, drive circuitry, load, and temperature effects.
Most desirable primary characteristics are fast switching speed, simple drive requirements and low conduction loss.
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High Power MOSFET:
Has high input impedance and fast switching speed. For low voltage applications, power MOSFETs offer extremely low on-resistance, RDS(on),
and approach the desired ideal switch. In high voltage applications, MOSFETs exhibit increased RDS(on) resulting in lower
efficiency due to increased conduction losses.
BJTs Low conduction loss. BJTs and IGBTs have similar ratings in terms of voltage and current. The presence of an isolated gate in an IGBT makes it simpler to drive than a BJT. BJTs
require that base current be continuously supplied in a quantity sufficient enough to maintain saturation.
• BJTs have a much slower performance than MOSFETs.
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IGBTs IGBT technology offers a combination of the low conduction loss of a BJT and
the switching speed of a power MOSFET. IGBTs, like MOSFETs, are transconductance devices and can remain fully on
by keeping the gate voltage above a certain threshold. The IGBT has high input impedance and fast turn-on speed like a MOSFET. Although turn-on speeds are very fast, turn-off (tailing) of the IGBT is slower
than a MOSFET. Until recently, the feature that limited the IGBT from serving a wide variety of applications was initial IGBTs had current fall times of around three microseconds.
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BUILDING 420
I Fil.
BUILDING 420
-
+
SGR3
MATCHING TRANSFORMER
FUSED DISCONNECT
REGULATOR
VAC
TR SET
SCR'S
MOTORIZED/FUSEDDISCONNECT
LLRF
M
OUTSIDE INSIDE
:13.2 KV
HLRF
VARIABLE VAC
1.4KV
0 - 1400
STAGE 1 MODIFICATIONS, UVC 1.9 MW DC POWER SYSTEM FOR SR (SECTORS 38 + 40) and RF1 DRIVES TEST BED
Typical100KW RF
KLY HLRF-
+
Typical700KW RF
LLRF
to RF1
to TEST BED
CR
OW
BA
R
1.9MW
0 TO-95KVDC @20A
V MA
I Fil.
V MA
TESTBED
RF1KLY
Vc
FASTSWITCH
Vc
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Major parameters for fast opening switch transmitter system from Diversified Technologies, Inc. (DTI).
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FASTOPENINGSWITCH
DUMPRELAY
100M
VIN
1?
1uF
Vc
Vc-VMA
IMA
MOD ANODEREGULATOR
(LINEAR)
CFASTC
WIRETEST
MA
13M
1K
4M
VMA
10K
13M
-100KV@20AINPUT
D
2mH
DTI SOLID STATE OPENING SWITCH / MOD ANODE SUPPLY
FIL.PWR
25VDC20A
+K
-H
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Solid-state switch plate rated at 3.3 kV, 100A continuous; 36 plates are connected in series to achieve over 100 kV switch capability.
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Ch.1 = cathode voltage Ch.2 = cathode current Ch.3 = diode currentCh.4 = over current faultInput = 80kV from spotknocker (fault caused by arc test – output to ANL dummy load)
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Ch.1 = cathode voltage Ch.2 = cathode current Ch.4 = over current faultInput = 100kV from spotknocker
(fault caused by arc test – output connected to ANL dummy load)
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Series opening switches have substantial advantages over crowbars in the protection of RF amplifiers (klystrons).
1) Nearly immediate resumption of operation after an arc, during klystron conditioning.
2) Solid – State opening switches use no ignitron crowbars, therefore no mercury.
3) IGBTs can be much less expensive than vacuum tubes due to expected longer lifetimes.
4) Removal of crowbars can significantly lower stresses on upstream power components.
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5) Opening switches are made with excessive voltage capability, so the switch can operate even if several devices fail (IGBTs always fail shorted).
6) Because the energy – storage capacitor does not discharge during an arc, the RF could be turned again immediately after the arc clears. It is possible the beam may be retained during an arc.
- At APS, the accelerator beam will continue for approximately 30µs without RF. If a fault would clear within this time and the opening switch were to reclose, it is possible that no beam restart would be required.