the cardiovascular system: blood chapter 10 journey into molecular biology snake venom to blood
TRANSCRIPT
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The Cardiovascular System:Blood
Chapter 10
Journey into Molecular
Biology
Snake Venom to Blood
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Infection!!!• You have one. How does your body save
you?
• First we need to understand what blood is made up of.
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FunctionsTransportation:
oxygen and carbon dioxidenutrients waste products hormones
Regulation: pH & body temperature
Protection: Immune Response
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Characteristics
Connective tissueTemperature = 38 degrees CpH is slightly alkaline (basic):
7.35 to 7.454-6 liters of blood per adultConstitutes about 8% of total
body weight
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Components Plasma---55% Formed elements---
45%platelets
erythrocytesleukocytes
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Plasma
• Straw colored liquid
• 91.5% water; 7% proteins; 1.5% other solutes
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Platelets250,000 to
500,000µLHelp blood
clotting
Sometimes called thrombocytes
Work with Fibrin to make clots
Anucleate
Platelets (stained purple),
Platelets Spreading
Physiological Homeostasis
1 drop of blood = 50µL
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Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells
oBiconcave; 8 micrometers in diameter; no nucleus or other organelles
oContain hemoglobinoLive only about 120 daysoRBC production takes place in
red bone marrowo4 to 6 million µL; Outnumber
white blood cells 1000:1
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Hemoglobin
oIron containing proteinoBinds strongly, but reversibly
to oxygenoEach hemoglobin molecule
has four oxygen binding sitesoEach erythrocyte has 250
million hemoglobin molecules
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A Quick Review
• What is blood made up of?• What are the jobs of blood?• How do platelets help a wound
heal? • Where is hemoglobin located
and what is its job?Review: theClip
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Leukocytes:White Blood Cells
The Immune Response
NPRFlu and You
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Neutrophils
60 to70 % of all WBCsActive phagocytesNumber increases rapidly
during short term or acute infections
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Eosinophils
2 to 4 % of all WBCsIncrease during allergy
attacksReact to parasitic wormsInactivate some
inflammatory chemicals
The Parasite
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Lymphocytes
20 to 25 % of all WBCs
Provides Immunity (eg. Killer T-Cell)
Produces antibodies
Nucleus fills most of the cell
T-Cell KillingTarget
Cytotoxic T-Cell
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Humoral ImmunityB-Cells
• Long Term Memory
• B-Cells make antibodies which trigger a T-Cell reaction to kill the invader
• Vaccines, Chicken Pox, Viral Infections
Humoral Immunity
(Go animation)
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Leukemia• Type of cancer than can be found in the
Bone marrow or lymphocytes
• Produces too many white blood cells
• Symptoms: Cold, Fever, Easy Bruising, Bone Pain, Blood does not clot
• Treatment: Chemotherapy, Blood transfusion, Bone Marrow Transplant, and Stem Cell Transplant
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Computer Lab on White Blood CellsBe Sure to take notes of each type and Draw a Picture of Each
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HemostasisHemostasis Stoppage of blood flow
Result of a break in a blood vessel
Hemostasis involves three phases
Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
CoagulationBLEEDING
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Blood ClottingBlood Clotting Blood usually clots within 3 to 6
minutes
The clot remains as endothelium regenerates
The clot is broken down after tissue repair
Details of Blood Clotting
Video ClipOf
Blood Clot
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Undesirable ClottingUndesirable Clotting Thrombus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Embolus: Where will it end?
A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
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Bleeding DisordersBleeding Disorders Thrombocytopenia
Platelet deficiency
Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Normal clotting factors are missing
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Blood Groups and Blood Groups and TransfusionsTransfusions
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Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness
Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal
Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly
Transfused blood must be of the same blood group
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Incidence of Blood Types in the United States
Population Group
O A B AB Rh+
White 45 40 11 4 85Black 49 27 20 4 95Korean 32 28 30 10 100Japanese
31 38 21 10 100
Chinese 42 27 25 6 100Native American
79 16 4 1 100
Blood Type (percentage)
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ABO Blood GroupsABO Blood Groups Based on the presence or absence
of two antigens Type A Type B
The lack of these antigens is called type O
There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens
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The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child
The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems
In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
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Blood TypingBlood Typing Blood samples are mixed with anti-A,
anti-B, & anti-Rh serum and checked for coagulation.
Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
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Blood GroupsAB
B
A
O
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Blood Typing Game
Blood MovieUnited Str.
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Lymphatic SystemImmune response and Drainage
Lymphatic System
Palatine tonsils.
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Parts of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic Capillaries: pick up extra fluid from between cells.
• Lymphatic Vessels: Lymph capillaries merge into larger vesicles that carry lymph to the nodes.
• Lymph Nodes: Oblong structures that contain white blood cells (lymphocytes) that kill invaders.
• Lymph: Fluid in the lymphatic system.
Adam: LymphNode
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Where does the fluid go?
• Once clean it empties into the vena cava of the heart.
• Puts all spare fluid into the blood stream where it will be filtered in the kidneys.
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What about the Spleen?
• Spleen is a cardio and lymphatic organ
• Stores extra blood
• Checks blood and removes aged or damaged red blood cells.
• Also can play a role in body defense because of the high amount of lymphatic cells stored there.
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What are the 2 parts of the immune system?
• Nonspecific immunity: Protects from a wide variety of pathogens.
• Specific Immunity: Protection against a specific foreign agent through the lymphocyte response.
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What are the parts of nonspecific immunity?
• Species resistance: You don’t have the receptors• Mechanical Barriers: Skin and mucous• Chemical Barriers: Enzymes, Pepsin, Gastric
juices, tears• Inflammation• Phagocytosis: Neutrophils and monocytes• Interferon: Proteins made by cells that respond or
interfere with viruses and cancer.
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Specific Immunity: the antibodies
• You know about the lymphocyte response. Now learn about the type of antibodies.– IgG (Immunoglobulin G): Against bacteria,
viruses, and toxins– IgA: from Mother’s milk: respiratory viruses
and digestive disturbances– IgM: Attracts T-cells, macrophages.
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A disease of the lymphatic system?
• .
Elephantiasis LymphaticDisorders