11 ELA CRAM JAM

READING AND LIT: NONFICTION TYPES OF NONFICTION

Informational text- writing that informs or explains, in the form of business letters, memos, how-to passages, news stories, historical, scientific, and technical accounts (including digital sources) written for a broad audience. Narratives of events that actually happened.

Literary Nonfiction- Narrative writing in the form of an anecdote, a diary, a journal, a memoir, a biography, an autobiography, or another retelling of true events.

 Argumentation a.k.a. Persuasive Writing – Uses reasoning to influence ideas or actions, in the form of editorials, opinion pieces, speeches, letters to the editor, job application letters, movie and book reviews, and advertisements

NONFICTION: INFORMATIONAL TEXT

Purpose is to explain or inform Facts, statistics, articles/accounts User manuals, “How to’s”

LITERARY NONFICTION Journal vs. Diary

Journal is specific event/time in history. Diary is more private, personal thoughts and feelings

Biography- life story written by someone other than subject

Autobiography- Authors writes his or her own life story

Memoir- Also an autobiography, but the focus isn’t on the author; it’s on an experience or event

Anecdote- a shorter narrative story, “for example”

NONFICTION: ARGUMENTATION A.K.A. PERSUASIVE WRITING

Editorials, opinions, letters to the editor

Job application (Pick me! Pick me!)

Speeches, Movie and Book Reviews

Advertising

TYPES OF ARGUMENTS

Argument by authority- relies on statements from authority figures, experts or professionals to convince reader (celebrity endorser)

Argument by emotion- appeals to your feelings (sick babies, pets)

Argument by logic- appeals to reason or evidence (scientific trial)

ARGUMENTATION A.K.A. PERSUASIVE WRITING TYPES OF PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES

Appeal to fit in with the crowd (Bandwagon)

One sided information Simplified picture of complex issue

(stereotypes) Rhetorical questions (questions that

cannot be answered)Mr. Hamilton will cover this in further detail in

the next Domain.

CONTENT DOMAIN II: SPEAKING AND LISTENING Mr. Hamilton

TEST QUESTIONS WILL MEASURE:

Speaker and writer’s point of view

Credibility and accuracy of a source

Formatting and graphics

Reasoning and perspective

Vocabulary

Rhetoric is defined language choices or techniques that writers use to communicate or change perspective.

RHETORIC

READ THE FOLLOWING EXCERPT FROM A TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENT.

Did you know there’s a place you can go to see million-year-old popcorn, bacon, and soda straws? How about a giant version of Babe Ruth’s baseball bat? Or a miniature version of the Empire State Building? It’s not a museum or movie set—it’s Lewis and Clark Caverns, a natural limestone cave in southwestern Montana.

SAMPLE QUESTION

How does the language used in this advertisement contribute to the overall tone?

A Unusual questions suggest playfulness.

B Formal sentences suggest authority.

C Scientific terms suggest believability.

D Lighthearted joking suggests secretiveness.

ANSWER

In the excerpt, the unexpected and unusual images suggest a sense of playfulness intended to make viewers curious about the place being advertised, so the correct answeris choice A.

PROPAGANDA AND PERSUASION Argument by authority— relies on statements from authority figures, experts, or professionals to convince you of something. For example, an advertisement claiming that “three out of four dentists agree that this toothpaste is the best” is an argument by authority.

Argument by emotion— appeals to your feelings. Relief organizations often show pictures of people in very unfortunate situations to move you to donate money.

Argument by logic—

appeals to reason and evidence to convince you of something. For example, “People who have used our product have lost weight. You want to lose weight. If you buy this product, you will lose weight.” Beware of false logic, however. Just because some people buy a product and lose weight does not mean the product was responsible. That’s why weight loss ads often warn people that the results of their models are not typical.

TYPES OF PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES

1. Appeal to people’s desire to fit in and be part of the group. The basic premise is “you’re either with us or against us.”

2. Present only information that supports an idea. Negative or contradictory information is not presented.

3. Create a simplified picture of a complex situation, individual, or group through generalization or stereotyping. Most advertisers and writers today use stereotyping sparingly because of the negatives associated with it.

4. Ask rhetorical questions, or questions asked merely for effect with no answer expected, to persuade readers to agree with them.

ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN Arguably the most famous of Dr Pepper’s

advertising campaigns was their “Be a Pepper” series. These commercials referred to fans of Dr Pepper as “Peppers” and often featured crowd dance scenes with elaborate, over-the-top choreography. One popular ad jingle was:

I’m a Pepper, he’s a Pepper,She’s a Pepper, we’re a Pepper,Wouldn’t you like to be a Pepper, too?Be a Pepper ~ Drink Dr Pepper

SAMPLE QUESTION What persuasive technique is used

in this advertising campaign?

A It encourages people to become part of an “in” crowd.

B It asks a question that has no certain answer.

C It includes a catchy song.D It appeals to the senses.

SAMPLE ANSWER

The correct answer is choice A. This ad campaign is appealing to the need of people to fit in and be part of the crowd. The ad suggests that by drinking Dr Pepper, you will become part of a special group; you will “be a Pepper.”

SAMPLE QUESTION

Its ergonomic design features a wide, padded strap that distributes the weight of your belongings across your back and shoulders so it will not cause physical strain as ordinary bags

do.

Based on the sentence, the word ergonomic describes a design that is

A adapted for comfortB designed for fashionC lightweightD built for strength

SAMPLE ANSWER

Answer: A

Standard: Acquire and use academic and subject-specific words and phrases.

SAMPLE QUESTION

Its ergonomic design features a wide, padded strap that distributes the weight of your belongings across your back and shoulders so it will not cause physical strain as ordinary bags

do.

What audience does this advertiser MOST likely intend to reach?

A shoppers with many groceriesB athletes and team coachesC travelers with bulky luggageD students and young professionals

Answer: D

Standard: Demonstrate the ability to present a clear and distinct perspective and a logical line of reasoning.

CONTENT DOMAIN III: WRITING

Mr. Hamilton

TEST QUESTIONS WILL MEASURE

How to write a thesis or controlling idea

How to develop and strengthen argumentative and informative/explanatory texts by planning, revising, and editing

How to gather relevant information

TEST QUESTIONS WILL MEASURE How to provide a concluding statement

or section that supports the information or explanation presented.

How to use the writing process to develop, revise, and evaluate argumentative and informative/explanatory texts.

The controlling idea can often be found in one

or more of these places:

1. The title2. The thesis statement3. The conclusion

The subordinate, or supporting ideas of a passage can often be found in one or more of these places:

1. The topic sentence of each paragraph2. The body paragraphs

In a well-written passage, you’ll find evidence to support main and subordinate ideas in the body paragraphs. This evidence might include the following:

1. Facts2. Expert opinions3. Quotations4. Statistics5. Expressions of commonly accepted beliefs6. Extended definitions

YOU MAY BE ASKED A QUESTION IN THIS PARTICULAR FORM.

Which sentence BEST fits with the controlling idea of the report?

Which sentence is the BEST thesis for this essay?

PARALLELISM A.K.A. PARALLEL STRUCTURE

is the repetition of similar parts of a sentence or of several sentences to show that the phrases or sentences are of equal importance.

Example “I came, saw, and conquered.”

Read this sentence from the letter. How should the underlined part of the

sentence be written using parallel structure?

5) They help to prevent erosion and will be improving the quality of our water.

A. improved B. improve C. were improving D. have been improving

REPETITIONRepetition is part of parallelism. Good

writers may repeat words or phrases throughout their writing to emphasize a point.

ExampleThe king is dead, long live the king.

ANALOGY

Compares two like items

ExampleDay is to month as minute is to hour.

Day is to humans as night is to owls.

INFORMAL LANGUAGE

Howdy, y’all!

What’s up?

Let’s hit the beach. Those are some crazy threads!

FORMAL LANGUAGE Greetings, ladies and gentlemen.

How are you?

We should choose a seaside location forour vacation.

Your outfit is very unique.

PRIMARY SOURCESDefined as records of events by people

who witnessed or participated in events.

Example

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin by Benjamin Franklin

SECONDARY SOURCES

Defined as records of events by people who did not participate.

Example

The Life of Benjamin Franklin by Avery Hamilton

ANECDOTAL SCRIPTING

Defined as recording events in a literary work within the margins of a text.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Defined as information that summarizes the work, evaluates the author, intended audience, and evaluates usefulness

REFERENCE MATERIALS

Defined as informative, nonfiction resources, like a dictionary or an electronic source like GALILEO

SAMPLE QUESTIONWhich is the BEST source to consult for an

overview of American poets of the nineteenth century?

A an unabridged dictionary

B a textbook of American history

C a collection of experimental poetry

D an encyclopedia of American literature

SAMPLE ANSWER

The correct choice is D. An encyclopedia of American literature will give an overview of

literary movements and time periods; it will also list and describe writers of each time

period.

SAMPLE QUESTION

1. Which sentence is the BEST concluding statement for the report?

2. Which sentence MOST effectively emphasizes the need for regulations in school lunch programs?

STEPS IN THE WRITING PROCESS

1. Prewriting: Gathering Ideas, organizing thoughts

2. Drafting: Creating a rough version of a paper

3. Revising and Editing: Looking at your paper and making improvements

4. Proofreading: Polishing your paper to make sure it is free of errors

5. Publishing: Sharing your finished paper with others

SAMPLE QUESTION “Arriving late at the movie someone else was in our seats.”

Which, if any, would be the BEST way to revise this sentence?

A At the movie, we found someone else was in our seats arriving late.

B We found someone else was in our seats arriving late at the movie.

C Arriving late at the movie, we found someone else was in our seats.

D Someone else was in our seats, after arriving late at the movie.

SAMPLE ANSWER The correct choice is C because it

rewrites the sentence most clearly.

CONTENT 4: LANGUAGEDR. LOCK

COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS REVIEW

What is the correct way to write the underlined parts of the sentence?

The Peanutville Park area is a desirable location for the citizens of Peanutville because of it's abundance of large, mature trees.

A. citizen's, it's C. citizen's, its

B. citizens, its D. Leave as is

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

SENTENCESTRUCTURE

I am against school

uniforms.

Types

SIMPLEOne clause

School uniforms are a bad idea.

CompoundComplex

Compound SentenceDependentSubordinate

I am against school uniforms; they are a violation of our freedom of expression, which was established by the founding fathers of our

country.

ComplexMain Clause

+DependentSubordinate

For me, school uniforms would be a bad idea

Compound2 Main Clauses

Joined bySemicolon ; OR

Comma, + For and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Some like school uniforms, but I do not.

Some may like school uniforms; I do not.

Subject Verb Agreement

Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement

Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement

Commas Before Conjunctions

Aha, alas, awesome, come on, gee, good grief, ha, hey, hooray, look, no, oh, oh no, oops, ouch, well, what, whoops, wow, yes

EX

Gee, I love chocolate!

What punctuation should be used in this sentence between brother and we?

It was easy for me to donate a kidney to my brother we are very close.

A. : B. , C. ; D. ?

Parallelism or Parallel Structure- Using the same pattern of words.

Example: Not ParallelMary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.

ParallelMary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle.

 

MORE STUDY RESOURCES

EOCT Review page resources (link on MCHS home page) under Research and Test Prep on the left hand side

Packet from your ELA teacher Study Island EOCT Study Guide ( see link above)

GOOD LUCK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!